Psychedelic therapy

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interest in psychedelic drugs to treat humans end of life mindset has led to some small studies in the 21st century. The more recently published research strengthens the findings from the 1950s and 1960s showing the drug is extremely effective in reducing anxiety and depression in this patient population once carefully screened and has few adverse effects when administered in a psychotherapy setting and under medical supervision. The psychologists leading psychedelic drug therapy trials found that end of life patients often experience the emotional turmoil of dying more than the physical aspects. This mindset makes it difficult for patients to find meaning and enjoyment in life during their last few months or years. While all patients have completely different experiences on these mind altering drugs the research subjects interviewed all expressed they had, "heightened clarity and confidence about their personal values and priorities, and a renewed or enhanced recognition of intrinsic meaning and value of life." More recently, researchers have argued that psychedelic therapy is beneficial for these patients because it may specifically reduce their

1592:– "for reclining") refers to primitive, infantile needs and tendencies directed toward a pre-genital love object. Developed by two London psychoanalysts, Joyce Martin and Pauline McCririck, this form of treatment is similar to psycholytic approaches as it is based largely on a psychoanalytic interpretation of abreactions produced by the treatment, but it tends to focus on those experiences in which the patient re-encounters carnal feelings of emotional deprivation and frustration stemming from the infantile needs of their early childhood. As a result, the treatment was developed with the aim to directly fulfill or satisfy those repressed, agonizing cravings for love, physical contact, and other instinctual needs re-lived by the patient. Therefore, the therapist is completely engaged with the subject, as opposed to the traditional detached attitude of the psychoanalyst. With the intense emotional episodes that came with the psychedelic experience, Martin and McCririck aimed to sit in as the "mother" role who would enter into close physical contact with the patients by rocking them, giving them milk from a bottle, etc. 1236:

up to 72 hours that lead participants to insights that may change the way they view life and their ways of thinking; however, the mechanism of how this drug works to reduce substance use is not yet understood. Evidence suggests that ibogaine does have some reduction on opioid and cocaine misuse, but more well designed, larger randomly controlled trials are required to fully understand the therapeutic benefits. Significant adverse reactions were experienced by participants including cardiotoxicity, QT prolongation, ataxia, psychosis, and several fatalities were reported due to toxic adverse events. Analysis of the fatalities concluded that patients with cardiac comorbidities and that those that are taking concurrent medications are at higher risk of a medical emergency.

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clinician-ratings and self-ratings, the psychedelic treatment produced statistically significant lowered anxiety and depression, with sustenance for at least 6 months. The studies monitored for adverse effects from the drugs but no serious adverse effects were observed. Both studies also attributed the efficacy in part to patients experiencing a "mystical experience". A mystical experience is a very personal introspective experience where some sort of unity or transcendence of time and space is described. More research is necessary to expand generalizability of the conclusions. Also, more research is necessary to understand the biological properties of a mystical experience.

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market for psychedelic tourism is currently growing rapidly. While typically the vacation destinations for psychedelics are based in Central and South America there is a rise in western culture taking over their traditional practices. In the Netherlands there are psychedelic society retreats that range from $ 500–1200 that center on a ceremony in which tourists take magic mushrooms and trip together for around six hours. There are also underground psychedelic "guides" popping up around the United States that include leaders who claim to assist people through their trip similar to shamans in other cultures. An article in

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peyote, San Pedro, and psilocybin mushrooms. While other illicit drugs have been associated with increased criminal behavior, the researchers found that psychedelic substances were instead associated with reduced criminal behavior. Usage of these substances was associated with a 12% reduction in likelihood of assault, 18% reduction in likelihood of other violent crimes, 27% reduction in likelihood of committing larceny and theft, and 22% reduction in likelihood of committing other property crimes. These findings potentially support the use of psychedelic therapy in forensic and clinical settings.

67:. While conventional medications are usually taken without supervision at least once daily, in contemporary psychedelic therapy the drug is administered in a single session (or sometimes up to three sessions) in a therapeutic context. The therapeutic team prepares the patient for the experience beforehand and helps them integrate insights from the drug experience afterwards. After ingesting the drug, the patient normally wears eyeshades and listens to music to facilitate focus on the 165: 5194:

like a home than a hospital came to be known as a Hubbard Room, and at least one early psychedelic researcher told me that this whole therapeutic regime, which is now the norm, should by all rights be known as "the Hubbard method". Yet Al Hubbard, a.k.a. "Captain Trips" and "the Johnny Appleseed of LSD", is not the kind of intellectual forebear anyone doing serious psychedelic science today is eager to acknowledge, much less celebrate.

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underground networks consisting of sessions carried out both by licensed therapists and autodidacts within the community. Due to the largely illegal nature of psychedelic therapy in this period, little information is available concerning the methods that were used. Individuals having published information between 1980 and 2000 regarding psychedelic psychotherapy include George Greer,

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from LSD on alcohol misuse was also seen at 2 to 3 months and at 6 months, but was not statistically significant at 12 months post-treatment. Among the three trials that reported total abstinence from alcohol use, there was also a significant beneficial effect of LSD at the first reported follow-up, which ranged from 1 to 3 months after discharge from each treatment program."

1327:" status to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder in order to hasten the process for potential regulatory approval. The designation of "breakthrough therapy" fast-tracks the study of drugs where preliminary clinical evidence shows that they could be substantially more effective than therapies that are already available. 1297:

two months after the treatment. At the 12-month follow-up session, 68% no longer had PTSD. Phase 2 trials conducted between 2004 and 2010 reported an overall remission rate of 66.2% and low rates of adverse effects for subjects with chronic PTSD. In 2017, MAPS and the FDA reached an agreement on the special protocol for phase 3 trials.

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used to treat patients with neurotic and psychosomatic disorders. The name psycholytic therapy was coined by Ronald A. Sandison, literally meaning "soul-dissolving", refers to the belief that the therapy can dissolve conflicts in the mind. Psycholytic therapy was historically an important approach to psychedelic psychotherapy in

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magazine. It detailed his experience traveling to Oaxaca, Mexico and taking "magic mushrooms" (psilocybin) within the cultural practices that started the "trip" experience. Since that time there has been growing interest within the United States to travel for these unique psychedelic experiences. The

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Hypnodelic therapy, as the name suggests, was developed with the goal to maximize the power of hypnotic suggestion by combining it with the psychedelic experience. After training the patient to respond to hypnosis, LSD would be administered, and during the onset phase of the drug the patient would be

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In a prior 2014 study, researchers explored the relationship between recidivism and naturalistic hallucinogens in criminal justice populations with a history of substance use. The results concluded that hallucinogens promoted prosocial behaviors in a population which is typically associated with high

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trials of these studies, conducted in the U.S., Canada, and Israel, consisted of 107 participants who had chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD, and had had PTSD for an average of 17.8 years. Out of the 107 participants, 61% no longer qualified for PTSD after three sessions of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy

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residents. To become a psilocybin facilitator, an individual must complete a 120-hour regulated facilitator course, after which they may guide a client through a psilocybin experience. The facilitator may not engage the client in therapy; the therapeutic sessions held before and after the psilocybin

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in group psychedelic sessions) practiced group psycholytic therapy mainly from the early 2000s and until 2015. Meckel Fischer developed her own system of psycholytic therapy which she conducted underground, in group weekend sessions of 15 to 19 people, using medium dosages of psychedelic substances.

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A survey published in 2023 found strong support for psychedelic therapy among psychiatrists in the United States, revealing a significant positive shift in attitudes toward this treatment modality in comparison to a previous survey published in 2018. More than half of psychiatrists in the 2023 study

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scanning made it possible to examine the sites of action of hallucinogens in the brain. Furthermore, retrospective studies involving users of illicit drugs as voluntary subjects were conducted, allowing data to be collected on how psychedelics affect the human brain while simultaneously sidestepping

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felt psychedelics could alter the fundamental personality structure or subjective value-system of an individual to great potential benefit. Beginning in 1961, he conducted experiments with prison inmates in an attempt to reduce recidivism with short, intense psychotherapy sessions. Participants were

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A 2018 study found that men who had used psychedelic drugs in the past were less likely to commit violence against their current partners compared to those who had not used these substances. The study suggests that the use of psychedelic drugs in men might be associated with a reduced likelihood of

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Evidence is growing for the use of atypical psychedelics such as ketamine for treating depression in terminally ill patients, with repeated IV administration having the most therapeutic effect. These studies did not have any patients experience any serious adverse effects; however, ketamine-induced

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In 2022 a systematic review was published on the efficacy of ibogaine/noribogaine, an indole alkaloid with “anti-addictive” properties, to treat substance use disorders looking at studies up to December 2020. Oral ingestion of ibogaine leads to an intense psychedelic experience with effects lasting

1024:, then deputy director of the FDA Division of Anesthetic, Critical Care and Addiction Drugs explained a motivation for this change: "the agency was challenged legally in a number of cases and also underwent a process of introspection, asking 'Is it proper to treat this class of drugs differently?'" 918:

detailing various forces that had successfully discredited legitimate LSD research. The essay argues that individuals in government and the pharmaceutical industry sabotaged the psychedelic research community by canceling ongoing studies and analysis while labeling genuine scientists as charlatans.

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But though this mode of therapy would become closely identified with Osmond and Hoffer, they themselves credited someone else for critical elements of its design, a man of considerable mystery with no formal training as a scientist or therapist: Al Hubbard. A treatment space decorated to feel more

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The Food and Drug Administration describes the designation of breakthrough therapy as "a process designed to expedite the development and review of drugs that are intended to treat a serious condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement

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published research suggesting that psilocybin use is correlated with reduced criminal behavior. The researchers analyzed data from 480,000 U.S. adults collected by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health on their past use of psychedelics, including ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, LSD, mescaline,

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During the early 1950s and 1960s the National Institute of Mental Health sponsored the study of psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin and LSD to alleviate the debilitating anxiety and depression patients with terminal diagnoses may feel. While these early studies are hard to find, the resurgence of

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The ultimate goal of the therapy is to provide a safe, mutually compassionate context through which the profound and intense reliving of memories can be filtered through the principles of genuine psychotherapy. Aided by the deeply introspective state attained by the patient, the therapist assists

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Psycholytic therapy involves the use of low-to-medium doses of psychedelic drugs, repeatedly at intervals of 1–2 weeks. The therapist is present during the peak of the experience to assist the patient in processing material that arises and to offer support. This general form of therapy was mostly

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found that "In a pooled analysis of six randomized controlled clinical trials, a single dose of LSD had a significant beneficial effect on alcohol misuse at the first reported follow-up assessment, which ranged from 1 to 12 months after discharge from each treatment program. This treatment effect

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Psychedelic drugs are useful for exploring the subconscious because a conscious sliver of the adult ego usually remains active during the experience. Patients remain intellectually alert throughout the process and remember their experiences vividly afterward. In this highly introspective state,

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It is important to note that given the difficulties with appropriate blinding in trials of MDMA- and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy the results are likely overestimated. Furthermore, there are no superiority or non-inferiority clinical trials comparing MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to already

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A systematic review completed in 2023, containing studies from the past decade, looked at the ability of psychedelic therapy in combination with psychotherapy to help reduce substance use, cravings, and abstinence of addictions including alcohol, cocaine, opioids, and nicotine. Studies commonly

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Despite broad prohibition, unofficial psychedelic research and therapeutic sessions continued nevertheless in the following decades. Some therapists exploited windows of opportunity preceding scheduling of particular psychedelic drugs. Informal psychedelic therapy was conducted clandestinely in

938:" and have "no currently accepted medical use", effectively rendering them illegal to use in the United States for all purposes. Despite objections from the scientific community, authorized research into therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs had been discontinued worldwide by the 1980s. 4826:

In conclusion, MDMA and psilocybin show potential as therapeutic agents in highly selected populations when administered in closely supervised settings with intensive support. Evidence appears strongest for MDMA. By contrast, randomised findings for psilocybin are largely limited to short-term

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Patients spend most of the acute period of the drug's activity lying down with eyeshades listening to music selected beforehand and exploring their inner experience. Dialogue with the therapists the drug session(s) but essential during the preparation session before and the integration session

1115:. Although the history behind these substances has hindered research into their potential medicinal value, scientists are now able to conduct studies and renew research that was halted in the 1970s. Some research has shown that these substances have helped people with such mental disorders as 74:

As of 2022, the body of high-quality evidence on psychedelic therapy remains relatively small and more, larger studies are needed to reliably show the effectiveness and safety of psychedelic therapy's various forms and applications. On the basis of favorable early results, ongoing research is

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clinical papers detailing the use of psychedelic compounds (administered to approximately 40,000 patients) were published by the mid-1960s. Proponents believed that psychedelic drugs facilitated psychoanalytic processes, making them particularly useful for patients with conditions such as

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As of 2016, Johns Hopkins University and New York University have conducted large randomized, placebo-controlled studies. These two studies are some of the first large controlled studies measuring the effects of psychedelic therapy on depression and anxiety in cancer patients. Across

1490:. Additionally, it could potentially enhance motivation to change and decrease possible ambivalence about behavioral changes. Within psychedelic drug sessions, through a reevaluation of the concept of self and reconnecting with core beliefs and values, this can be achieved. 1308:

existent evidence-based treatments for PTSD, but given the effects reported in clinical trials of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD there is no reason to believe that this treatment modality is more effective than existent trauma-focused psychological treatments.

1223:, praising the results and recommending it as validation of Jung's spiritual experience. According to Wilson, the session allowed him to re-experience a spontaneous spiritual experience he had had years before, which had enabled him to overcome his own alcoholism. 2811:

Organization and Coordination of Federal Drug Research and Regulatory Programs: LSD [electronic resource]: Hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization, Eighty-Ninth Congress, second

1304:(CAPS) scores from baseline, with most of the patients no longer meeting the CAPS score for PTSD. Effects of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy can be observed up to 12 months after receiving 2-3 active sessions of moderate to high dose MDMA (75–125 mg). 1369:

A 2022 U.S. study found that use of classic psychedelics was associated with lowered odds of criminal arrest. The research suggests that 7 of the 11 arrest variables were reduced with lifetime psilocybin use. Peyote use was found to reduce the odds of

905:) resulted in the imposition of increasingly severe restrictions on medical and psychiatric research conducted with psychedelic substances. Many countries either banned LSD outright or made it extremely scarce, and, bowing to governmental concerns, 103:" status, which expedites the potential approval of promising drug therapies, to psychedelic therapies using psilocybin (for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder) and MDMA (for post-traumatic stress disorder). 1226:

A 1998 review of the effectiveness of psychedelic therapy for treating alcoholism concluded that due to methodological difficulties in the research prior to that time, it was not possible to state whether it was effective. A 2012

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questioned the shift of opinion, stating, "Perhaps to some extent we have lost sight of the fact that (LSD) can be very, very helpful in our society if used properly." In 1968, Dahlberg and colleagues published an article in the

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Golden TL, Magsamen S, Sandu CC, Lin S, Roebuck GM, Shi KM, Barrett FS (2022). Barrett FS, Preller KH (eds.). "Effects of Setting on Psychedelic Experiences, Therapies, and Outcomes: A Rapid Scoping Review of the Literature".

1468:. Research has suggested that the strength of these experiences, together with discussion of them soon after in a therapeutic session, could be a major determinant of how great the longer-term effects on symptoms will be. 1175:. In general, the mechanism of action of how these drugs have therapeutic effects is poorly understood. Their effects are strongly dependent on the environment in which they are given and on the recipient's state of mind ( 4791:

Kisely S, Connor M, Somogyi AA, Siskind D (March 2023). "A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the effect of psilocybin and methylenedioxymethamphetamine on mental, behavioural or developmental disorders".

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recidivism rates. The usage of hallucinogens has been found to reduce supervision failure in ex-convicts. This inherently encourages drug abstinence, including the use of alcohol, resulting in lower rates of recidivism.

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administered psilocybin during these sessions weeks apart with regular group therapy sessions in between. Psychedelic therapy was also applied in a number of other specific patient populations including individuals with

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effects of these drugs and their subsequent applications. Advances in science and technology allowed researchers to collect and interpret extensive data from animal studies, and the advent of new technologies such as

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Studies on the clinical effects of ayahuasca have found significant antidepressant and anxiety-reducing effects, leading to calls for further research to overcome methodological limitations in the existing studies.

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As of 2014, global treaties listing LSD and psilocybin as "Schedule I" controlled substances continues to inhibit a better understanding of these drugs. Much of the renewed clinical research has been conducted with

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bureaucratic difficulties associated with providing illegal substances to subjects. The new century also ushered in a broader change in political attitude towards psychedelic medicine—specifically within the

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She added and combined into this psycholytic group work, techniques of her own modified family constellation work, cathartic body work, evocative music, and periods of sharing and feedback within the group.

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ulcerative cystitis is a concern for repeated long-term administration. Qualitative studies are required to better understand the mechanism and thought process changes that lead to therapeutic outcomes.

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Moreton SG, Szalla L, Menzies RE, Arena AF (January 2020). "Embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science: reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics".

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Hendricks PS, Crawford MS, Cropsey KL, Copes H, Sweat NW, Walsh Z, Pavela G (January 2018). "The relationships of classic psychedelic use with criminal behavior in the United States adult population".

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Zeifman RJ, Yu D, Singhal N, Wang G, Nayak SM, Weissman CR (January 2022). "Decreases in Suicidality Following Psychedelic Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data Across Clinical Trials".

1479:(MET). Within a structured CBT intervention and a dose of psilocybin, patients are given the opportunity to experience cognitive and emotional states that are altered. With these psychedelic effects, 5780: 4949:

Hendricks PS, Clark CB, Johnson MW, Fontaine KR, Cropsey KL (January 2014). "Hallucinogen use predicts reduced recidivism among substance-involved offenders under community corrections supervision".

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However, a systematic review of human and animal studies showed that a single dose of LSD for treatment of AUD led to greater odds of improvement in alcohol consumption than control participants.

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have a personal or family history of primary psychotic or affective disorders like Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder, Bipolar 1 disorder, or psychotic symptoms in the setting of depression.

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Heink A, Katsikas S, Lange-Altman T (2017-05-27). "Examination of the Phenomenology of the Ibogaine Treatment Experience: Role of Altered States of Consciousness and Psychedelic Experiences".

4317:"Effects of existential interventions on spiritual, psychological, and physical well-being in adult patients with cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 1341:

There is limited evidence that reductions in suicidality scores can be observed immediately after administration of ayahuasca or psilocybin, observable up to 6 months after administration.

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The first article to bring attention to the uses of psychedelic drugs for mental health was titled, "Seeking the Magic Mushroom", written by Robert Gordon Wasson and published in 1957 by

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Smith KW, Sicignano DJ, Hernandez AV, White CM (April 2022). "MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis".

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began widespread distribution of LSD to researchers in 1949. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, scientists in several countries conducted extensive research into experimental

56:. As of 2021, psychedelic drugs are controlled substances in most countries and psychedelic therapy is not legally available outside clinical trials, with some exceptions. 1601:

placed into a state of trance. Levine and Ludwig found the combination of these techniques to be more effective than the use of either of these two components separately.

4219:"Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial" 1374:

and vehicle theft. Lastly, mescaline use was found to reduce drug possession/sale. No other substances shared a positive relationship with reducing criminal behavior.

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have used psychedelics as a way to gain access to the spirit world. Though western culture usually views the practice of shamans and medicine men as predominantly

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designed a form of psycholytic therapy, which was developed officially but was also used by some socio-politically motivated underground therapists in the 1970s.

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Bender D, Hellerstein DJ (January 2022). "Assessing the risk-benefit profile of classical psychedelics: a clinical review of second-wave psychedelic research".

4163:"Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial" 2969: 1646:

entitled "Welcome to the trip of your life: the rise of underground LSD guides" details various styles of guides that can be found within the United States.

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reported reductions in substance misuse, however, the quality of evidence is too low to draw solid conclusions on the efficacy of psychedelic treatments for

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Calleja-Conde, Javier; Morales-García, Jose Angel; Echeverry-Alzate, Víctor; Bühler, Kora Mareen; Giné, Elena; López-Moreno, Jose Antonio (November 2022).

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Van Court, R.C.; Wiseman, M.S.; Meyer, K.W.; Ballhorn, D.J.; Amses, K.R.; Slot, J.C.; Dentinger, B.T.M.; Garibay-Orijel, R.; Uehling, J.K. (April 2022).

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Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, et al. (May 2020). "Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy".

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Garcia-Romeu A, Richards WA (August 2018). "Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions".

3331: 1712: 1677:. As of March 2023, there are currently graduates who can practice as licensed facilitators; however, no licensed service centers are yet operating. 1396:

have severe cardiovascular disease including uncontrolled blood pressure, heart failure, coronary artery disease, or previous heart attack or stroke,

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Throughout the 1960s, concerns raised about the proliferation of unauthorized use of psychedelic drugs by the general public (and, most notably, the

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Barnett, Brian S.; Arakelian, Miranda; Beebe, David; Ontko, Jared; Riegal, Connor; Siu, Willie O.; Weleff, Jeremy; Pope, Harrison G. (2023-09-19).

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Amoroso T (2015). "The Psychopharmacology of ±3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its Role in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder".

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Jones GM, Nock MK (January 2022). "Psilocybin use is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests in US adults: A replication and extension".

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Humans have long consumed psychedelic substances derived from cacti, seeds, bark, and roots of various plants and fungi. Since ancient times,

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MDMA and ketamine are not a classical psychedelics but are sometimes discussed alongside classical psychedelics due to similarities in their

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for intranasal use for major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD), in conjunction with an oral antidepressant.

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Muthukumaraswamy SD, Forsyth A, Lumley T (September 2021). "Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials".

4366:"Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies" 2319: 2320:"Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review" 1665:) in treating a range of mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, addictions, obsessive compulsive disorder, and psychosis. 2275:

Romeo B, Karila L, Martelli C, Benyamina A (October 2020). "Efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis".

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patients are actively aware of ego defenses such as projection, denial, and displacement as they react to themselves and their choices.

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that are otherwise difficult to treat. However, many of these trials did not meet the methodological standards that are required today.

5544: 3358:"American Psychiatrists' Opinions About Classic Hallucinogens and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications: A 7-Year Follow-Up Survey" 3638:

Krebs TS, Johansen PØ (July 2012). "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

1095:, authorised psychiatrists can prescribe psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder. 5112: 5800: 3133: 1076: 71:, with the therapeutic team interrupting only to provide reassurance if adverse effects such as anxiety or disorientation arise. 5577: 864:

uses of psychedelic drugs. In addition to spawning six international conferences and the release of dozens of books, over 1,000

1215:. He ingested LSD for the first time on August 29, 1956. With Wilson's invitation, his wife Lois, his spiritual adviser Father 5528: 5500: 5475: 5318: 3546: 2944: 2679: 2563: 1702: 1687: 1059:

As of 2023, many new centers for psychedelics research have been launched, including the Centre for Psychedelic Research at

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Leary T, Metzner R, Presnell M, Weil G, Schwitzgebel R, Kinne S (1965). "A new behavior change program using psilocybin".

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In a MET environment, patients are able to reflect on their own behaviors to make changes in problematic manners, such as

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him/her in developing a new life framework or personal philosophy that recognizes individual responsibility for change.

5810: 4649:"Intranasal Esketamine (Spravato) for Use in Treatment-Resistant Depression In Conjunction With an Oral Antidepressant" 2489:

Guerra-Doce E (2 January 2015). "Psychoactive Substances in Prehistoric Times: Examining the Archaeological Evidence".

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As of January 1, 2023, psilocybin services facilitator training is available for individuals aged 21 and above who are

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A resurgence of public interest in psychedelic drug therapy in the 21st century has been driven in part by articles in

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was passed in 1970. LSD and many other psychedelics were placed into the most restrictive "Schedule I" category by the

5186: 3587: 2965: 1301: 1172: 828: 2587: 4742:"Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness" 1788: 1476: 1420:, involves the use of moderate-to-high doses of psychedelic drugs. The psychedelic therapy method was initiated by 1063:, the UC Berkeley Center for the Science of Psychedelics, the Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research at 699: 2367:"Pharmacological-assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1091:

expressed intentions to incorporate psychedelic therapy into their practice if regulatory approval is granted. In

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afterwards. The therapeutic team normally consists of a man and a woman, who are both present throughout the

1116: 1791:, and used the term 'psycholytic therapy' at the 1960 'European Symposium on Psychotherapy Under LSD-25' at 1456:. One aspect that occurs in most participants undergoing psychedelic therapy with moderate-to-high doses is 4113:

Nichols DE, Johnson MW, Nichols CD (February 2017). "Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm".

3862:"Psychedelic Treatments for Substance Use Disorder and Substance Misuse: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review" 2894: 1472: 1300:

Evidence shows that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy versus control shows clinically significant improvement in

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Sessa B (2016). "The History of Psychedelics in Medicine". In von Heyden M, Jungaberle H, Majić T (eds.).

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Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, et al. (December 2016).

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Mangini M (1998). "Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: a review of the program of research".

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Therapie mit psychoaktiven Substanzen: Praxis und Kritik der Psychotherapie mit LSD, Psilocybin und MDMA

2442:"MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A promising novel approach to treatment" 1497:

can be more cost-efficient, because therapists can split the costs among all participants of the group.

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Novak SJ (March 1997). "LSD before Leary. Sidney Cohen's critique of 1950s psychedelic drug research".

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Schimmel N, Breeksema JJ, Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart J, van den Brink W, Schoevers RA (January 2022).

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Ponomarenko, Polina; Seragnoli, Federico; Calder, Abigail; Oehen, Peter; Hasler, Gregor (2023-02-28).

4268:"Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin" 3109: 5086:"Therapeutic guidelines: dangers and contra-indications in therapeutic applications of hallucinogens" 2766:

Bonson KR (February 2018). "Regulation of human research with LSD in the United States (1949-1987)".

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Dahlberg CC, Mechaneck R, Feldstein S (November 1968). "LSD research: the impact of lay publicity".

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might help with psychiatric disorders, but only when administered in a controlled clinical setting.

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Hoskins MD, Sinnerton R, Nakamura A, Underwood JF, Slater A, Lewis C, et al. (January 2021).

3911:"Classic psychedelics and alcohol use disorders: A systematic review of human and animal studies" 3444:"Australia to allow prescription of MDMA and psilocybin for treatment-resistant mental illnesses" 1725: 1623: 1292:(MAPS) is conducting studies in the psychedelic treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. The 1283: 1216: 1060: 679: 646: 433: 1792: 1135:. Some of the well known particular psychedelic substances that have been used to this day are: 922:

Studies on medicinal applications of psychedelics ceased entirely in the United States when the

4994:"Men who have used psychedelics are roughly half as likely to commit intimate partner violence" 1453: 1429: 1241: 1164: 556: 473: 392: 128:

in nature, elements of psychotherapeutic practice can be read into the entheogenic or shamanic

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The main approach used in the contemporary resurgence of research, often simply called

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Ronald Sandison first referred to the psycholytic model in 1955 in a speech to the

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halted production of LSD in 1965. During a congressional hearing in 1966, Senator

5784: 5741:"As Oregon's first psilocybin facilitators graduate, an untested industry awaits" 5675: 5635: 5610: 4689:"FDA Calls Psychedelic Psilocybin a 'Breakthrough Therapy' for Severe Depression" 3908: 3412: 3086:"FDA Calls Psychedelic Psilocybin a 'Breakthrough Therapy' for Severe Depression" 2809: 2502: 1796: 1745: 1674: 1555: 1465: 1383: 1176: 963: 935: 732: 631: 468: 323: 293: 194: 182: 174: 53: 2933: 1971:"Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy" 5385: 5305:. Springer Reference Psychologie. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 1–26. 5172: 4617: 4567: 4381: 4080: 3702: 3685: 2713: 2696: 2335: 2195: 2038: 2021: 1987: 1938: 1921: 1611: 1533: 1437: 1421: 1188: 902: 849: 747: 636: 626: 621: 606: 413: 283: 5271: 5097: 5030: 4805: 4455: 2779: 2556:

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of detrimental schemas and self-identity can be modified positively.

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developed a branch of psychedelic therapy that utilized drugs like

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over available therapy on a clinically significant endpoint(s)."

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Psychedelic substances which may have therapeutic uses include

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There is some evidence that psilocybin in combination with

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The procedure for psychedelic therapy differs from that of

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discovered the psychoactive properties of LSD in 1943,

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Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (November 2015).

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Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies

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use medications like SSRI or MAO-I antidepressants,

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Psychedelic treatments for trauma-related disorders

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Regulation and prohibition in the late 20th century

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MAPS. 4715:"Breakthrough Therapy" 3971:Byock I (April 2018). 3207:Lewis T (2020-01-16). 3158:Anwar Y (2020-09-14). 2415:"Breakthrough Therapy" 1975:Harm Reduction Journal 1554:The Chilean therapist 1454:psychedelic experience 991: 393:Psychedelic literature 69:psychedelic experience 5806:History of psychiatry 5206:Van Eyghen H (2023). 5065:psychedelics.ucsf.edu 4794:Aust N Z J Psychiatry 3989:10.1089/jpm.2017.0684 3539:10.1007/7854_2021_298 2843:10.1176/ajp.125.5.685 1493:Psychedelic-assisted 1276:Further information: 1004:psychopharmacological 989: 976:Athanasios Kafkalides 793:Recreational drug use 675:Drug policy of Oregon 5816:Psychiatric research 5787:(1967) (entire book) 5721:ATMA Journey Centers 5426:(in German). Berlin. 5090:Psychedelic Medicine 4853:10.4088/JCP.21r14057 3362:Psychedelic Medicine 2931:Stolaroff M (1997). 2695:Dyck E (June 2005). 2548:Winkelman M (2007). 1793:Göttingen University 1736:Robin Carhart-Harris 1663:psilocybin mushrooms 1488:alcohol use disorder 1436:than to traditional 1325:breakthrough therapy 1040:designations by the 1038:breakthrough therapy 803:Self-experimentation 783:Prohibition of drugs 690:Legality of cannabis 101:breakthrough therapy 95:. The United States 5627:2022FunB..126..308V 5453:"Alternative Szene" 3819:Clinical Toxicology 3237:Dell Medical School 3213:Scientific American 3010:10.1503/cmaj.141124 2902:: 205032451876744. 1741:Roland R. Griffiths 1631:Psychedelic tourism 1501:Psycholytic therapy 1495:group psychotherapy 1481:cognitive reframing 1418:psychedelic therapy 1251:In terminal illness 1069:Dell Medical School 889:, and persons with 854:Sandoz Laboratories 665:Drug liberalization 544:Psychoactive cactus 63:using conventional 26:Psychedelic therapy 5783:2016-03-05 at the 5770:(Ch. 1 of Grof's, 5239:Letheby C (2020). 5117:The New York Times 5084:Frecska E (2007). 4695:. 25 November 2019 4069:Psychopharmacology 3493:10.1037/pha0000084 2768:Psychopharmacology 2324:Psychopharmacology 2184:Psychopharmacology 1655:Psilocybin therapy 1650:Psilocybin therapy 1618:The New York Times 1596:Hypnodelic therapy 1536:in Breathwork and 992: 685:Drug policy reform 339:Psychedelic trance 5772:LSD Psychotherapy 5670:(10): 2438–2447. 5530:978-0-9660019-4-5 5521:LSD Psychotherapy 5502:978-1-913274-30-6 5477:978-3-456-84606-4 5320:978-3-642-55214-4 4721:. 3 November 2018 4612:(10): 1689–1690. 4562:(10): 1687–1688. 4327:(11): 2531–2545. 4278:(11): 1182–1190. 4229:(12): 1165–1180. 4173:(12): 1181–1197. 3927:10.1111/adb.13229 3915:Addiction Biology 3548:978-3-031-12183-8 3004:(14): 1054–1059. 2946:978-0-9660019-1-4 2865:"Drug Scheduling" 2681:978-0-9641568-5-2 2565:978-0-275-99023-7 2283:(10): 1079–1085. 2246:10.1002/jcph.1995 1932:(10): 1669–1671. 1578:Anaclitic therapy 1378:Contraindications 1133:cluster headaches 948:Alexander Shulgin 911:Robert F. Kennedy 876:Researchers like 862:psychotherapeutic 846: 845: 738:Cognitive liberty 612:Alexander Shulgin 579:Psychedelic Press 299:Palm Desert Scene 242:Psychedelic music 215:Liquid light show 34:psychedelic drugs 5823: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5638: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5427: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5388: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4761: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4519:(9): 1133–1152. 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4336: 4334:10.1002/pon.4829 4312: 4306: 4305: 4295: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4158: 4147: 4146: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4022: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3968: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3881: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3705: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3021: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2962: 2951: 2950: 2938: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2911: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2753:10.1037/h0088612 2736: 2727: 2726: 2716: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2673: 2659: 2642: 2641: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2553: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2469: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2229: 2216: 2215: 2190:(6): 1907–1932. 2179: 2168: 2167: 2131: 2112: 2111: 2101: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2041: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2000: 1990: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1941: 1917: 1906: 1905: 1869: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1815: 1800: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1545:Other variations 1466:peak experiences 1386:for people who: 968:The Secret Chief 891:terminal illness 885:, children with 858:chemotherapeutic 838: 831: 824: 763:Neuroenhancement 521:San Pedro cactus 365:Psychedelic film 334:Psychedelic soul 329:Psychedelic rock 319:Psychedelic funk 314:Psychedelic folk 167: 144: 143: 89:terminal illness 54:mental disorders 5831: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5791: 5790: 5785:Wayback Machine 5764: 5759: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5656: 5652: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5592: 5574: 5570: 5561: 5559: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5519:Grof S (2001). 5517: 5510: 5503: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5464: 5460: 5449: 5445: 5429: 5428: 5416: 5412: 5365: 5361: 5352: 5350: 5340: 5336: 5321: 5299: 5295: 5252: 5248: 5237: 5233: 5204: 5200: 5189: 5175:(15 May 2018). 5170: 5166: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5109: 5105: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5015: 5011: 5002: 5000: 4990: 4986: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4932: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4880: 4876: 4837: 4833: 4789: 4785: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4693:Livescience.com 4687: 4686: 4682: 4645: 4641: 4606:Nature Medicine 4601: 4595: 4591: 4556:Nature Medicine 4552: 4548: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4362: 4358: 4321:Psycho-Oncology 4313: 4309: 4264: 4260: 4215: 4204: 4159: 4150: 4127:10.1002/cpt.557 4111: 4104: 4064: 4060: 4023: 4014: 3969: 3960: 3907: 3903: 3858: 3854: 3815: 3811: 3774: 3770: 3731: 3727: 3682: 3675: 3646:(7): 994–1002. 3636: 3632: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3576: 3572: 3549: 3522: 3518: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3458: 3440: 3436: 3393: 3389: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3336:Harvard Gazette 3330: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3166: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3090:livescience.com 3082: 3078: 3039: 3035: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2954: 2947: 2929: 2925: 2886: 2882: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2827: 2820: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2764: 2760: 2737: 2730: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2660: 2645: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2591: 2584:Skeptically.org 2578: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2487: 2483: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2363: 2359: 2316: 2312: 2273: 2269: 2230: 2219: 2180: 2171: 2132: 2115: 2070: 2063: 2018: 2014: 1967: 1963: 1926:Nature Medicine 1918: 1909: 1870: 1861: 1818:Nutt D (2019). 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1797:Hanscarl Leuner 1786: 1782: 1776: 1772: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746:Psychoplastogen 1683: 1675:psychotherapist 1652: 1633: 1607: 1605:Public interest 1598: 1580: 1556:Claudio Naranjo 1552: 1550:Claudio Naranjo 1547: 1527:Hanscarl Leuner 1503: 1414: 1409: 1384:contraindicated 1380: 1347: 1314: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1253: 1185: 1177:set and setting 1101: 984: 964:Myron Stolaroff 899: 842: 813: 812: 723: 715: 714: 660: 652: 651: 632:Psychedelic era 597: 589: 588: 559: 549: 548: 449: 439: 438: 409: 399: 398: 324:Psychedelic pop 294:Neo-psychedelia 195:Algorithmic art 183:Psychedelic art 177: 142: 114: 109: 23: 20: 12: 11: 5: 5829: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5789: 5788: 5775: 5763: 5762:External links 5760: 5758: 5757: 5732: 5705: 5650: 5621:(4): 308–319. 5615:Fungal Biology 5601: 5568: 5536: 5529: 5508: 5501: 5483: 5476: 5458: 5443: 5410: 5359: 5334: 5319: 5293: 5266:(7): 660–678. 5246: 5231: 5218:(4): 277–293. 5198: 5187: 5164: 5145:(2): 213–216. 5129: 5103: 5076: 5052: 5009: 4984: 4941: 4917: 4874: 4831: 4800:(3): 362–378. 4783: 4752:(2): 108–128. 4732: 4706: 4680: 4659:(6): 340–375. 4639: 4589: 4546: 4503: 4479: 4430: 4405: 4376:(9): 925–946. 4356: 4307: 4258: 4202: 4148: 4121:(2): 209–219. 4102: 4058: 4037:(3): 604–618. 4012: 3983:(4): 417–421. 3958: 3901: 3872:(5): 612–630. 3852: 3825:(4): 297–302. 3809: 3768: 3741:(3): 201–208. 3725: 3673: 3630: 3611:(4): 381–418. 3595: 3588: 3570: 3547: 3516: 3487:(4): 229–268. 3467: 3434: 3407:(6): 476–480. 3387: 3348: 3323: 3298: 3273: 3249: 3224: 3199: 3175: 3150: 3125: 3101: 3076: 3049:(5): 337–344. 3033: 2981: 2952: 2945: 2923: 2880: 2856: 2837:(5): 685–689. 2818: 2801: 2774:(2): 591–604. 2758: 2728: 2707:(7): 381–388. 2687: 2680: 2643: 2622:10.1086/383628 2600: 2571: 2564: 2540: 2516: 2481: 2452:(1): 231–232. 2432: 2406: 2377:(1): 1853379. 2357: 2310: 2267: 2240:(4): 463–471. 2217: 2169: 2142:(4): 291–316. 2113: 2084:(6): 603–620. 2061: 2012: 1961: 1907: 1880:(5): 391–410. 1859: 1830:(2): 139–147. 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1780: 1770: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1657:is the use of 1651: 1648: 1632: 1629: 1612:The New Yorker 1606: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1579: 1576: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1534:Stanislav Grof 1502: 1499: 1458:transcendental 1438:psychoanalysis 1422:Humphry Osmond 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1379: 1376: 1346: 1343: 1313: 1310: 1273: 1270: 1252: 1249: 1189:Humphry Osmond 1184: 1181: 1100: 1097: 983: 980: 903:counterculture 898: 895: 850:Albert Hofmann 848:Shortly after 844: 843: 841: 840: 833: 826: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 748:Harm reduction 745: 740: 735: 730: 724: 722:Related topics 721: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 650: 649: 644: 639: 637:Summer of Love 634: 629: 627:Owsley Stanley 624: 622:History of LSD 619: 614: 609: 607:Albert Hofmann 604: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 560: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 541: 536: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 509: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 450: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 414:Counterculture 410: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 372: 371: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 284:Hypnagogic pop 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 250: 249: 246: 245: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 190: 187: 186: 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 160: 159: 153: 152: 141: 138: 113: 110: 108: 105: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5828: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549:The Economist 5546: 5540: 5532: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5513: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5447: 5439: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5420:"Standpunkte" 5414: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5235: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5188:9780525558941 5184: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450:(2): 99–108. 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921:(6): e13229. 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3589:9780312283919 3585: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3165: 3164:Berkeley News 3161: 3154: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616:(1): 87–110. 2615: 2611: 2604: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2544: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497:(1): 91–112. 2496: 2492: 2491:Time and Mind 2485: 2477: 2473: 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