1371:
well aware of the high level of corruption in colleges and universities, including thanks to the media. Doctoral education is no exception, with dissertations and doctoral degrees available for sale, including for politicians. Russian
Parliament is notorious for "highly educated" MPs High levels of corruption are a result of universities not being able to break away from their Stalinist past, over bureaucratization, and a clear lack of university autonomy. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies are employed to study education corruption, but the topic remains largely unattended by the scholars. In many societies and international organizations, education corruption remains a taboo. In some countries, such as certain eastern European countries, some Balkan countries and certain Asian countries, corruption occurs frequently in universities. This can include bribes to bypass bureaucratic procedures and bribing faculty for a grade. The willingness to engage in corruption such as accepting bribe money in exchange for grades decreases if individuals perceive such behavior as very objectionable, i.e. a violation of social norms and if they fear sanctions regarding the severity and probability of sanctions.
2032:
175:, David Whyte reveals that corruption exists "across a wide range of venerated institutions" in the UK, ranked as one of the least corrupt countries by the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI). In a 2022 speech on "Modern Corruption," USAID Administrator Samantha Power stated: "Corruption is no longer just about individual autocrats pilfering their nation's wealth to live large", but also involves sophisticated transnational networks, including financial institutions hidden in secrecy. Responding to Whyte's book, George Monbiot criticized the CPI for its narrow definition of corruption that surveys mostly only Western executives about bribery. Similarly, others point out that "global metrics systematically under-measure 'corruption of the rich' - which tends to be legalized, institutionalized, and ambiguously unethical - as opposed to 'corruption of the poor'".
338:, corruption is permitted as a result of the cultural norms of the institution. In countries like the United States, there is a relatively strong sense of trust among strangers, one that is not found in Latin American countries. In Latin American countries, this trust does not exist, whereas the social norms imply that no stranger is responsible for the wellbeing or happiness of another stranger. Instead, the trust is found in acquaintances. Acquaintances are treated with trust and respectâa level of trust that is not found among acquaintances in countries like the United States. This is what permits for corruption in Latin American countries. If there is a strong enough trust within an administration that no one will betray the rest, corruptive policies will take place with ease.
2667:
the cause of the just. Such a savior would be like a man who has fallen among wild beastsâunable to join in the wickedness of his fellows, neither would he be able alone to resist all their fierce natures, and therefore he would be of no use to the State or to his friends, and would have to throw away his life before he had done any good to himself or others. And he reflects upon all this, and holds his peace, and does his own business. He is like one who retires under the shelter of a wall in the storm of dust and sleet which the driving wind hurries along; and when he sees the rest of mankind full of wickedness, he is content if only he can live his own life and be pure from evil or unrighteousness, and depart in peace and good will, with bright hopes.
2226:
Djankov and other researchers have independently addressed the role information plays in fighting corruption with evidence from both developing and developed countries. Disclosing financial information of government officials to the public is associated with improving institutional accountability and eliminating misbehavior such as vote buying. The effect is specifically remarkable when the disclosures concern politicians' income sources, liabilities and asset level instead of just income level. Any extrinsic aspects that might reduce morality should be eliminated. Additionally, a country should establish a culture of ethical conduct in society with the government setting the good example in order to enhance the intrinsic morality.
2694:
present age" and not to be ashamed to be peculiar or singular. They are advised not be friends of the corrupt world, because "friendship with the world is enmity with God." They are advised not to love the corrupt world or the things of the world. The rulers of this world, Paul explains, "are coming to nothing" While readers must obey corrupt rulers in order to live in the world, the spirit is subject to no law but to love God and love our neighbors as ourselves. New
Testament readers are advised to adopt a disposition in which they are "in the world, but not of the world." This disposition, Paul claims, shows us a way to escape "slavery to corruption" and experience the freedom and glory of being innocent "children of God".
721:
830:
2028:) can be an effective way for job-seekers to gain a competitive edge over others in the job-market. The idea is to cultivate personal relationships with prospective employers, selection panelists, and others, in the hope that these personal affections will influence future hiring decisions. This form of networking has been described as an attempt to corrupt formal hiring processes, where all candidates are given an equal opportunity to demonstrate their merits to selectors. The networker is accused of seeking non-meritocratic advantage over other candidates; advantage that is based on personal fondness rather than on any objective appraisal of which candidate is most qualified for the position.
247:
pay to bureaucrats to get around hurdles or speed things up." This is the kind of corruption associated with the "efficient grease hypothesis," which economists found burdensome to businesses in practice. Ang defines access money as "high-stakes rewards extended by business actors to powerful officials, not just for speed, but to access exclusive, valuable privileges." Most theories about bribery focus on speed money, but neglects access money. "From a businessperson's point of view, access money is less a tax than an investment... making it more sludge than grease." The
Unbundled Corruption Index measures the prevalence of these four types of corruption.
47:
365:
democracy, and yet London is a hub for money laundering. In a critique of the failures and politics leading up to the US financial crisis, a
Stanford financial economist noted, "In the real world, it turned out, important economic outcomes are often the consequences of political forces. During 2010, people within regulatory bodies told me privately that false and misleading claims were affecting key policy decisions... I saw confusion, willful blindness, political forces, various and sometimes subtle forms of corruption, and moral disengagement, first hand."
197:
491:
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contemporaries; so long as he rests content with this position, he is only a ÏίλαÏ
ÏÎżÏ , not a ÏÎčλÏÏÎżÏÎżÏ . For this title of honor is well and wisely conceived precisely by its stating that one should love the truth earnestly and with one's whole heart, and thus unconditionally and unreservedly, above all else, and, if need be, in defiance of all else. Now the reason for this is the one previously stated that the intellect has become free, and in this state, it does not even know or understand any other interest than that of truth.
2267:. There, for the first time the old principal-agent approach was moved back where mainly the victim (a society, private or public) and a passive corrupt member (an individual) were considered, whereas the active corrupt part was not in the focus of legal prosecution. Unprecedented, the law of an industrial country directly condemned active corruption, particularly in international business transactions, which was at that time in contradiction to anti-bribery activities of the World Bank and its spin-off organization
741:
anti-corruption investigation into those who had created it and the local municipality even considered demolishing the building at one point. The group of public servants involved in the toilet's procurement received various prison sentences for recklessness, malfeasance, misuse of power and document falsifications in a 2012 court case, but were cleared of their corruption charges and received compensation, which pushed the total construction cost and subsequent related financial losses to 352,000 euros.
2550:. Moreover, in order to further strengthen active corruption the prosecution of tax evasion during that decade had been severely limited. German tax authorities were instructed to refuse any disclosure of bribe recipients' names from tax declarations to the German criminal prosecution. As a result, German corporations have been systematically increasing their informal economy from 1980 until today up to 350 bn ⏠per annum (see diagram on the right), thus continuously feeding their black money reserves.
9026:"Nach Auffassung der Fraktion der SPD belegt auch der Bericht der Bundesregierung eindeutig, daĂ in den meisten auslĂ€ndischen Industriestaaten Schmier- und Bestechungsgelder in wesentlich geringerem Umfang als in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland steuerlich abgesetzt werden könnten. So mĂŒsse in fast allen Staaten bei Zahlungen in das Ausland der EmpfĂ€nger angegeben werden... Die AbzugsfĂ€higkeit der genannten Ausgaben (Schmier- und Bestechungsgelder) stelle eine steuerliche Subvention dar..."
1835:
1478:
1065:
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co-financing thus a specific nationalistic corruption practice (§4 Abs. 5 Nr. 10 EStG, valid until 19 March 1999) in contradiction to the 1994 OECD recommendation. The respective law was not changed before the OECD Convention also in
Germany came into force (1999). According to the Parliamentary Financial Commission's study, however, in 1994 most countries' corruption practices were not nationalistic and much more limited by the respective laws compared to Germany.
2522:
2186:
1124:
691:
2600:
1024:
1995:
actions, and it can involve only corrupt individuals or entire institutions where no person is individually liable for corruption. "Illegal forms of access money entail large bribes and kickbacks, but they can also include ambiguously or completely legal exchanges that omit cash bribes, for example, cultivating political connections, campaign finance, ârevolving doorâ practices."
2139:
draining public and private wealth while delivering no benefits in return. Speed money is akin to painkillers; it may relieve a headache but doesn't improve one's strength. Access money, on the other hand, is like steroids. It spurs muscle growth and allows one to perform superhuman feats, but it comes with serious side effects, including the possibility of a complete meltdown."
2250:
1198:
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Neither the law nor the administration is authorized to determine which expenses are not operationally justified and therefore not deductible. For the business expense deduction it is not a requirement that the recipient is specified. It is sufficient to elucidate to the satisfaction of the tax authorities that the payments are in the interest of the operation.
469:(especially in public sector). However, only in democratically controlled institutions is there an interest of the public (owner) to develop internal mechanisms to fight active or passive corruption, whereas in private industry as well as in NGOs there is no public control. Therefore, the owners' investors' or sponsors' profits are largely decisive.
331:
also included, "embezzlement, nepotism, smuggling, extortion, cronyism, kickbacks, deception, fraud, squandering of public money, illegal business transactions, stock manipulation and real estate fraud." Given the repeated anti-corruption campaigns it was a prudent precaution to move as much of the fraudulent money as possible overseas.
2419:
governmental subsidization (tax deduction), up to extreme cases as in
Germany, where foreign corruption was fostered, whereas domestic was legally prosecuted. The German Parliamentary Financial Commission rejected a Parliamentary Proposal by the opposition, which had been aiming to limit German foreign corruption on the basis of the US
9015:, page VII (Introduction): "Durch die OECD-Konvention und europaweite Abkommen wurden auch in Deutschland neue Anti-Korruptions-Gesetze geschaffen, so dass nun die Auslandsbestechung durch deutsche Unternehmen dem Strafrecht unterfÀllt und die Bestechungsgelder nicht mehr als Betriebsausgaben von der Steuer abgesetzt werden können."
323:. Specific acts of corruption include "bribery, extortion, and embezzlement" in a system where "corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception." Scholars distinguish between centralized and decentralized systemic corruption, depending on which level of state or government corruption takes place; in countries such as the
1004:, with the use of unethical and/or illegal conduct such as making false or misleading statements, hiding evidence from prosecutors, failing to disclose all relevant facts about the case, or even giving clients advice on how to commit crimes in ways that would make prosecution more difficult for any investigating authorities.
1387:
sectors and may appear as theft, embezzlement, nepotism, bribery up until extortion, or undue influence. It can occur anywhere within the sector, be it in service provision, purchasing, construction, and hiring. In 2019, Transparency
International described the 6 most common ways of service corruption as follows:
1383:, is systemic in the health sector. The characteristics of health systems with their concentrated supply of a service, high discretionary power of its members controlling the supply, and low accountability to others are the exact constellation of the variables described by Klitgaard on which corruption depends.
347:
finance and its consequences for democracy. Kristin Surak at the London School of
Economics explores the controversial practice of millionaires buying "golden passports" with no intention of actually migrating. In her words, "a full-blown citizenship industry that thrives on global inequalities" has arisen."
2487:
Canada: there is no general rule on the deductibility or non-deductibility of kickbacks and bribes. Hence the rule is that necessary expenses for obtaining the income (contract) are deductible. Payments to members of the public service and domestic administration of justice, to officers and employees
2468:
France: basically all operating expenses can be deducted. However, staff costs must correspond to an actual work done and must not be excessive compared to the operational significance. This also applies to payments to foreign parties. Here, the receiver shall specify the name and address, unless the
2234:
Creating bottom-up mechanisms, promoting citizens participation and encouraging the values of integrity, accountability, and transparency are crucial components of fighting corruption. As of 2012, the implementation of the "Advocacy and Legal Advice
Centres (ALACs)â in Europe had led to a significant
2125:
Rule of Law Index measures to evaluate adherence to the rule of law in 140 countries and jurisdictions around the globe. The annual index measures three forms of government corruption across the executive branch, the judiciary, the military and police, and the legislature: bribery, improper influence
2082:
involve the favouring of not the perpetrator of corruption but someone related to them, such as a friend, family member or member of an association. Examples would include hiring or promoting a family member or staff member to a role they are not qualified for, who belongs to the same political party
220:
corruption is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest. Economist Ian Senior defined corruption as an action to secretly provide a good or a service to a third party to influence certain actions which benefit the corrupt, a third party, or both in which the corrupt agent has
2537:
Particularly, the non-disclosure of the bribe money recipients' name in tax declarations had been a powerful instrument for Legal
Corruption during the 1990s for German corporations, enabling them to block foreign legal jurisdictions which intended to fight corruption in their countries. Hence, they
2499:
Austria: bribes justified by the operation (of a company) are deductible as business expenses. However, the tax authority may require that the payer names the recipient of the deducted payments exactly. If the indication of the name is denied e.g. because of business comity, the expenses claimed are
965:
corruption occurs when any institution, entity or person that is not controlled by the public sector company, household and institution that is not controlled by the public sector engages in corrupt acts. Private sector corruption may overlap with public sector corruption, for example when a private
874:
is not common in law enforcement in part because officers who do so normally face reprisal by being fired, being forced to transfer to another department, being demoted, being shunned, losing friends, not being given back-up during emergencies, receiving professional or even physical threats as well
479:
Public corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as tax collectors and the police, as well as corruption in processes of allocating public funds for contracts, grants, and hiring. Recent research by the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions
261:
occurs at a smaller scale and takes place at the implementation end of public services when public officials meet the public. For example, in many small places such as registration offices, police stations, state licensing boards, and many other private and government sectors. It may seem minor, but
8969:
Essay in Memory for Rolf Keller, 2003, Edited by Criminal Law professors from the Law Faculty of TĂŒbingen and the Ministry of Justice of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, page 104: "Nach der Legaldefinition des §11 I Nr.2a StGB versteht man unter einem AmtstrĂ€ger u. a. eine Person, die >>nach
2693:
acknowledges his readers must inevitably "deal with the world," and recommends they adopt an attitude of "as if not" in all their dealings. When they buy a thing, for example, they should relate to it "as if it were not theirs to keep." New Testament readers are advised to refuse to "conform to the
2274:
As early as 1989 the OECD had established an ad hoc Working Group in order to explore "the concepts fundamental to the offense of corruption, and the exercise of national jurisdiction over offenses committed wholly or partially abroad." Based on the FCPA concept, the Working Group presented in 1994
2153:
Corruption creates the opportunity for increased inequality, reduces the return of productive activities, and, hence, makes rent-seeking and corruption activities more attractive. This opportunity for increased inequality not only generates psychological frustration for the underprivileged but also
1386:
Corruption in health care poses a significant danger to public welfare. It is widespread, yet little has been published in medical journals about this topic. As of 2019, there is no evidence on what might reduce corruption in the health sector. Corruption occurs within the private and public health
1370:
in the higher education sector. Authoritarian regimes, including those in former Soviet republics, encourage educational corruption and control universities, especially during the election campaigns. This is typical for Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asian regimes, among others. The general public is
740:
tennis club acquired a very similar, but more advanced solution for 4,500 euros. Because of the inflated cost of the outdoor toilet, it was nicknamed the "Golden Toilet". Despite the investment, the "Golden Toilet" remained closed for years due to the dysfunctionality and was a subject of a lengthy
716:
The political act of "graft" (American English), is a well known and now global form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous and illegal use of a politician's authority for personal gain, when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits
375:
Since a high degree of monopoly and discretion accompanied by a low degree of transparency does not automatically lead to corruption, a fourth variable of "morality" or "integrity" has been introduced by others. The moral dimension has an intrinsic component and refers to a "mentality problem", and
277:
is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those without adequate policing
246:
Political economist Yuen Yuen Ang "unbundles corruption" into four types, encompassing both petty and grand corruption as well as legal and illegal versions: petty theft, grand theft, speed money, access money. According to her definition, speed money "means petty bribes that businesses or citizens
2666:
Disciples of philosophy ... have tasted how sweet and blessed a possession philosophy is, and have also seen and been satisfied of the madness of the multitude, and known that there is no one who ever acts honestly in the administration of States, nor any helper who will save any one who maintains
2582:
that were established specifically for such purposes. Because the crime was committed in 1999, after the OECD convention had come into force, this foreign corrupt practice could be prosecuted. It was the first time a German court of law convicted foreign corrupt practices like a national practice,
2339:
governance" are key to economic development. This criticism is based on the observed fact that a variety of countries, such as Korea and China but also the US in the 19th and early 20th century, saw high economic growth and broader socio-economic development coinciding with significant corruption
2279:
which was signed in 1997 by all member countries and came finally into force in 1999. However, because of ongoing concealed corruption in international transactions several instruments of Country Monitoring have been developed since then by the OECD in order to foster and evaluate related national
2171:
One neglected example of high growth with corruption is the American Gilded Age, which Yuen Yuen Ang has compared to China's Gilded Age. In both, she noted, "corruption evolved over time from thuggery and theft to more sophisticated exchanges of power and profit," and resultingly, both saw unequal
346:
While petty, grand, and systemic corruption, described above, are largely found in poor countries with weak institutions, a newer literature has turned to money politics in wealthy democracies and extreme global inequalities. Simon Weschle at Syracuse University examines the prevalence of campaign
330:
Corruption has been a major issue in China, where society depends heavily on personal relationships. By the late 20th century that combined with the new lust for wealth, produced escalating corruption. Historian Keith Schoppa says that bribery was only one of the tools of Chinese corruption, which
178:
Corruption and crime are endemic sociological occurrences that appear regularly in virtually all countries on a global scale in varying degrees and proportions. Recent data suggests corruption is on the rise. Each nation allocates domestic resources for the control and regulation of corruption and
2483:
Japan: in Japan, bribes are deductible as business expenses that are justified by the operation (of the company) if the name and address of the recipient is specified. This also applies to payments to foreigners. If the indication of the name is refused, the expenses claimed are not recognized as
1650:
acknowledged that academics, including philosophers, are subject to the same sources of corruption as the societies which they inhabit. He distinguished the corrupt "university" philosophers, whose "real concern is to earn with credit an honest livelihood for themselves and ... to enjoy a certain
2338:
In recent years, anti-corruption efforts have also been criticised for overemphasising the benefits of the eradication of corruption for economic growth and development, following a diversity of literature which has suggested that anti-corruption efforts, the right kind of institutions and "good
229:
Corruption is a complex phenomenon and can occur on different scales. Corruption ranges from small favors between a small number of people (petty corruption), to corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the
2225:
According to the amended Klitgaard equation, limitation of monopoly and regulator discretion of individuals and a high degree of transparency through independent oversight by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the media plus public access to reliable information could reduce the problem.
2114:
The Global Corruption Index (GCI), designed by the Global Risk Profile to be in line with anti-corruption and anti-bribery legislation, covers 196 countries and territories. It measures the state of corruption and white-collar crimes around the world, specifically money laundering and terrorism
1361:
Corruption in education is a worldwide phenomenon. Corruption in admissions to universities is traditionally considered one of the most corrupt areas of the education sector. Recent attempts in some countries, such as Russia and Ukraine, to curb corruption in admissions through the abolition of
2495:
Netherlands: all expenses that are directly or closely related to the business are deductible. This also applies to expenditure outside the actual business operations if they are considered beneficial to the operation for good reasons by the management. What counts is the good merchant custom.
2418:
In 1994, the German Parliamentary Financial Commission in Bonn presented a comparative study on "legal corruption" in industrialized OECD countries They reported that in most industrial countries foreign corruption was legal, and that their foreign corrupt practices ranged from simple, through
1994:
According to Ang, access money "encompasses high-stakes rewards extended by business actors to powerful officials, not just for speed, but to access exclusive, valuable privileges." Whereas bribery and extortion is always illegal and unethical, access money can encompass both illegal and legal
1981:
This includes such behavior as an influential person threatening to go to the media if they do not receive speedy medical treatment (at the expense of other patients), threatening a public official with exposure of their secrets if they do not vote in a particular manner, or demanding money in
2517:
Referring to the recommendation of the above-mentioned Parliamentary Financial Commission's study, the then Kohl administration (1991â1994) decided to maintain the legality of corruption against officials exclusively in foreign transactions and confirmed the full deductibility of bribe money,
2142:
Corruption can negatively impact the economy both directly, through for example tax evasion and money laundering, as well as indirectly by distorting fair competition and fair markets, and by increasing the cost of doing business. It is strongly negatively associated with the share of private
2138:
Different types of corruption harm in different ways, though not all are immediately growth-impeding. Following an "Unbundled Corruption" framework, Ang describes using the analogy of drugs: "Petty theft and grand theft are like toxic drugs; they directly and unambiguously hurt the economy by
1362:
university entrance examinations and introduction of standardized computer-graded tests have met backlash from part of society, while others appreciate the changes. Vouchers for university entrants have never materialized. The cost of corruption is that it impedes sustainable economic growth.
656:. The presence of fuel extraction and export is unambiguously associated with corruption, whereas mineral exports only increased corruption in poorer countries. In wealthier countries, mineral exports such as gold and diamonds are actually associated with reduced corruption. The international
364:
Much of existing literature focuses on explicit corrupt actions like bribery and embezzlement, endemic in poor countries (see below). For "money in politics," the causes are very different and largely ignored in conventional literature. For example, the UK is a developed economy with a robust
225:
extended the concept to include "legal corruption" in which power is abused within the confines of the lawâas those with power often have the ability to make laws for their protection. The effect of corruption in infrastructure is to increase costs and construction time, lower the quality and
712:
Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes. It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use
563:
The judiciary may be corrupted by acts of the government, such as through budget planning and various privileges, and by private acts. Corruption in judiciary may also involve the government using its judicial arm to oppress opposition parties. Judicial corruption is difficult to completely
1657:
To be a philosopher, that is to say, a lover of wisdom (for wisdom is nothing but truth), it is not enough for a man to love truth, in so far as it is compatible with his own interest, with the will of his superiors, with the dogmas of the church, or with the prejudices and tastes of his
1365:
Endemic corruption in educational institutions leads to the formation of sustainable corrupt hierarchies. While higher education in Russia is distinct with widespread bribery, corruption in the US and the UK features a significant amount of fraud. The US is distinct with grey areas and
8144:"Increase in the number of civil complaints against acts of corruption. [Social Impact]. ALACs. Promotion of Participation and Citizenship in Europe through the "Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres (ALACs)" of Transparency International (2009â2012). Framework Programme 7 (FP7)"
555:
is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter critically undermines the separation of powers, because it fosters financial dependence on the judiciary. The proper distribution of a nation's wealth, including its government's spending on the judiciary, is subject to
4016:
2316:
Traditionally anti-corruption policies have been based on success experiences and common sense. In recent years there has been an effort to provide a more systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies. They found that this literature is still in its
2440:
Belgium: bribe payments are generally tax deductible as business expenses if the name and address of the beneficiary is disclosed. Under the following conditions kickbacks in connection with exports abroad are permitted for deduction even without proof of the receiver:
9363:
Bribe-taking mania as one of the causes of bribery. The concept of psychological and psychotherapeutic approaches to the problem of bribery and bribe-taking mania. J. Aktualnye Problemy Ekonomiki i Prava" ("Current Problems in Economics and Law"), no. 4(24), 2012, pp.
532:, through the receiving or giving of bribes, the improper sentencing of convicted criminals, bias in the hearing and judgement of arguments and other forms of misconduct. Judicial corruption can also be conducted by prosecutors and defense attorneys. An example of
233:
A number of indicators and tools have been developed which can measure different forms of corruption with increasing accuracy; but when those are impractical, one study suggests looking at bodyfat as a rough guide after finding that obesity of cabinet ministers in
615:
Another example of military corruption, is a military officer or officers using the power of their positions to commit activities that are illegal, such as skimming logistical supplies such as food, medicine, fuel, body armor or weapons to sell on the local
2491:
Luxembourg: bribes, justified by the operation (of a company) are deductible as business expenses. However, the tax authorities may require that the payer is to designate the receiver by name. If not, the expenses are not recognized as operating expenses.
2280:
activities in combating foreign corrupt practices. One survey shows that after the implementation of heightened review of multinational firms under the convention in 2010 firms from countries that had signed the convention were less likely to use bribery.
1723:
accuses the rabbinical establishment of his time of hypocritically following only the ceremonial parts of the Torah and neglecting the more important elements of justice, mercy and faithfulness. Corruption was one of the important issues which led to the
355:
While not necessarily involving bribery, recent research documents the emergence of "a particular kind of large, non-state business group" that is akin to a mafia system in China. In this situation, the boundary between public and private actors blurs.
6946:
2461:
In the absence of the required conditions, for corporate taxable companies paying bribes without proof of the receiver, a special tax of 200% is charged. This special tax may, however, be abated along with the bribe amount as an operating expense.
2488:
and those charged with the collection of fees, entrance fees etc. for the purpose to entice the recipient to the violation of his official duties, can not be abated as business expenses as well as illegal payments according to the Criminal Code.
2333:
aims to achieve zero corruption through raising awareness on the societal hazards. After the lavish spending accusations on the Armenian anti-corruption council, through action strategies with implementation and observing instruments progress is
8174:"Impact on national legislation. [Social Impact]. ALACs. Promotion of Participation and Citizenship in Europe through the "Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres (ALACs)" of Transparency International (2009â2012). Framework Programme 7 (FP7)"
5993:
Osipian, Ararat. (2015). Global and Local: Standardized Testing and Corruption in Admissions to Ukrainian Universities. In Carolyn A. Brown (Ed.). Globalisation, International Education Policy, and Local Policy Formation (pp. 215â34). New York:
376:
an extrinsic component referring to circumstances like poverty, inadequate remuneration, inappropriate work conditions and inoperable or over-complicated procedures which demoralize people and let them search for "alternative" solutions.
660:
seeks to create best practices for good governance of gas, oil, and minerals, particularly focusing on the state management of revenue from these resources. Any valued natural resource can be affected by corruption, including water for
230:
everyday structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corruption). "Corruption of the rich" is particularly hard to measure and largely excluded from conventional metrics like the CPI.
6403:
Graeff, P., Sattler, S., Mehlkop, G. and Sauer, C. (2014). "Incentives and Inhibitors of Abusing Academic Positions: Analysing University Students' Decisions about Bribing Academic Staff" In: European Sociological Review 30(2) 230â41.
9157:"HRRS Februar 2008: Saliger/Gaede â RĂŒckwirkende Ăchtung der Auslandskorruption und Untreue als Korruptionsdelikt â Der Fall Siemens als Start-schuss in ein entgrenztes internationalisiertes Wirtschaftsstrafrecht? · hrr-strafrecht.de"
9127:"HRRS Februar 2008: Saliger/Gaede â RĂŒckwirkende Ăchtung der Auslandskorruption und Untreue als Korruptionsdelikt â Der Fall Siemens als Start-schuss in ein entgrenztes internationalisiertes Wirtschaftsstrafrecht? â hrr-strafrecht.de"
9048:"HRRS Februar 2008: Saliger/Gaede â RĂŒckwirkende Ăchtung der Auslandskorruption und Untreue als Korruptionsdelikt â Der Fall Siemens als Start-schuss in ein entgrenztes internationalisiertes Wirtschaftsstrafrecht? · hrr-strafrecht.de"
6803:
3988:
1531:"Arms for cash" can be done by either a state-sanctioned arms dealer, firm, or state itself to another party. It regards them as simply good business partners and not as political kindred or allies, thus making them no better than
7309:
9351:
2129:
The Unbundled Corruption Index (UCI) measures perceived levels of corruption in four categories: petty theft, grand theft, speed money, access money. It uses "stylized vignettes" instead of broadly worded survey questions.
5149:
717:
to illegally private interests of the corrupted individual(s) and their cronies. In some cases government institutions are "repurposed" or shifted away from their official mandate to serve other, often corrupt purposes.
2235:
increase in the number of citizen complaints against acts of corruption received and documented and also to the development of strategies for good governance by involving citizens willing to fight against corruption.
5973:
Osipian, Ararat. (2013). Recruitment and Admissions: Fostering Transparency on the Path to Higher Education. In Transparency International: Global Corruption Report: Education (pp. 148â54). New York: Routledge, 536
6920:
5568:
187:
also have a targeted goal which is supposed to reduce corruption in all of its forms substantially. Recent initiatives like the Tax Justice Network go beyond bribery and theft and bring attention to tax abuses.
2167:
to follow the government's development strategy. This 'profit-sharing' corruption model incentivizes government officials to support economic development, as they would personally benefit financially from it.
4988:
5405:
8722:
135:
that is undertaken by a person or an organization that is entrusted in a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's gain. Corruption may involve many activities which include
2320:
Anti-corruption policies that may be in general recommended to developing countries may not be suitable for post-conflict countries. Anti-corruption policies in fragile states have to be carefully tailored.
6942:
6767:
7609:
6103:
Osipian, Ararat. (2014). Will Bribery and Fraud Converge? Comparative Corruption in Higher Education in Russia and the USA. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 44(2), pp. 252â73
1893:
Bribery can sometimes form a part of the systemic use of corruption for other ends, for example to perpetrate further corruption. Bribery can make officials more susceptible to blackmail or to extortion.
841:
designed to obtain financial benefits, personal gain, career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing or selectively pursuing an investigation or arrest or aspects of the
5449:
2313:
The use of anti-corruption agencies have proliferated in recent years after the signing of UNCAC. They found no convincing evidence on the extent of their contribution, or the best way to structure them.
2469:
total amount in payments per beneficiary does not exceed 500 FF. If the receiver is not disclosed the payments are considered "rémunérations occult" and are associated with the following disadvantages:
6890:
5510:
2283:
In 2013, a document produced by the economic and private sector professional evidence and applied knowledge services help-desk discusses some of the existing practices on anti-corruption. They found:
732:
was a major Lithuanian scandal. In 2009, the municipality of Kaunas (led by mayor Andrius KupÄinskas) ordered that a shipping container was to be converted into an outdoor toilet at a cost of 500,000
572:
Military corruption refers to the abuse of power by members in the armed forces, in order for career advancement or for personal gain by a soldier or soldiers. One form of military corruption in the
6236:
Osipian, Ararat. (2009). âFeed from the Serviceâ: Corruption and Coercion in the StateâUniversity Relations in Central Eurasia. Research in Comparative and International Education, 4(2), pp. 182â203
5123:
3682:
6995:
6255:
Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Who is Guilty and What to Do? Popular Opinion and Public Discourse of Corruption in Russian Higher Education. Canadian and International Education Journal, 41(1), pp. 81â95
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6834:
6179:
Osipian, Ararat. (2010). Corruption in the Politicized University: Lessons for Ukraine's 2010 Presidential Elections. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 23(2), pp. 101â14
5914:
1391:, informal payments from patients, embezzlement, inflating services also the costs of services, favoritism, and manipulation of data (billing for goods and services that were never sent or done).
9104:
10062:
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deutschem Recht Beamter oder Richter ist. Die Vorschrift enthÀlt also eine vom Wortlaut her eindeutige EinschrÀnkung auf das deutsche Recht. AuslÀndische AmtstrÀger werden somit nicht erfasst."
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Osipian, Ararat. (2008). Political Graft and Education Corruption in Ukraine: Compliance, Collusion, and Control. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 16(4), pp. 323â44
5775:
2150:
activities, resources will flow from productive activities to corruption activities over time. This will result in a lower stock of producible inputs like human capital in corrupted countries.
668:
The presence or perception of corruption also undermines environmental initiatives. In Kenya, farmers blame poor agricultural productivity on corruption, and thus are less likely to undertake
6795:
6680:
8451:
Kaufmann, Daniel; Kraay, Aart. 2007. Governance Indicators : Where Are We, Where Should We Be Going?. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4370. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.
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Marquette, H. and Peiffer, C. (2018), "Grappling with the 'real politics' of systemic corruption: Theoretical debates versus 'real-world' functions", Governance Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 499-514.
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A study on foreign corrupt practices of industrialized OECD countries 1994 (Parliamentary Financial Commission study, Bonn) indicates widespread acceptance of bribes in business practices.
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at the U.S. Department of the Interior. The original caption for the cartoon is: "THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE, AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES."
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2570:. Siemens had paid almost âŹ3.5 million in bribes to be selected for a âŹ200 million project from the Italian corporation, partially owned by the government. The deal was handled through
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taxpayers' money. Evidence suggests that corruption can have political consequences- with citizens being asked for bribes becoming less likely to identify with their country or region.
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672:
measures to prevent soil erosion and loss of nutrients. In Benin, mistrust of government due to perceived corruption led small farmers to reject the adaptation of measures to combat
300:) is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system.
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and Pedro Vicente. It might be termed as processes which are corrupt, but are protected by a "legal" (that is, specifically permitted, or at least not proscribed by law) framework.
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8868:"Die Ablehnung erfolgte mit den Stimmen der Koalitionsfraktionen gegen die Stimmen der Fraktion der SPD bei Abwesenheit der Gruppen BĂNDNIS 90/DIE GRĂNEN und der PDS/Linke Liste."
2006:
is the illegal practice of using one's influence in government or connections with persons in authority to obtain favors or preferential treatment, usually in return for payment.
1638:
and a former French Minister of the Interior, were charged, accused, indicted or convicted with illegal arms trading, tax fraud, embezzlement, money laundering, and other crimes.
8604:
5542:
5145:
1699:
includes numerous examples of religious leaders calling attention to the corruption which existed in the religious practices and institutions of their time. The Jewish prophets
6370:
sipian, Ararat. (2007). Corruption in Higher Education: Conceptual Approaches and Measurement Techniques. Research in Comparative and International Education, 2(4), pp. 313â32
891:), recruit members of law enforcement into their ranks or encourage their members to join local police departments to repress minorities and covertly promote white supremacy.
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6312:
Osipian, Ararat. (2010). Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme: Political Corruption of Russian Doctorates. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 18(3), pp. 260â80
1944:
The political act of graft is when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected to maximize the benefits to private interests of the corrupt individuals.
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and in many cases, there were allegations that many of the attacks were covered up and victims were coerced to remain silent by officers of the same rank or of higher rank.
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6046:
Osipian, Ararat. (2013). Corrupt Organizations: Modeling Educators' Misconduct with Cellular Automata. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory, 19(1), pp. 1â24
8334:"Forgues-Puccio, G.F. April 2013, Existing practices on anti-corruption, Economic and private sector professional evidence and applied knowledge services helpdesk request"
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part of an investigation over Odebrecht Organization bribes to executives of Petrobras, in exchange for contracts and influence. Operation Car Wash is an ongoing criminal
6198:
Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Loyalty as Rent: Corruption and Politicization of Russian Universities. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(3/4), pp. 153â67
8287:
Jensen, Nathan M.; Malesky, Edmund J. (2017). "Nonstate Actors and Compliance with International Agreements: An Empirical Analysis of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention".
6122:
Osipian, Ararat. (2008). Corruption in Higher Education: Does it Differ Across the Nations and Why? Research in Comparative and International Education, 3(4), pp. 345â65
4978:"Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies: the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction"
6331:
Osipian, Ararat. (2014). Transforming University Governance in Ukraine: Collegiums, Bureaucracies, and Political Institutions. Higher Education Policy, 27(1), pp. 65â84
6141:
Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Grey Areas in the Higher Education Sector: Legality versus Corruptibility. Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, 1(1), pp. 140â90
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8265:
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2031:
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to ensure that the military officers follow the laws and conduct of their respective countries but sometimes the military police have levels of corruption themselves.
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4977:
2323:
Anti-corruption policies can improve the business environment. There is evidence that lower corruption may facilitate doing business and improve firm's productivity.
8714:
2429:
was signed by its members. It took until 1999, after the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into force, that Germany withdrew the legalization of foreign corruption.
2157:
Some experts have suggested that corruption stimulated economic growth in East and Southeast Asian countries. An often-cited example is South Korea, where President
875:
as having threats be made against friends or relatives of theirs or having their own misconduct exposed. In America another common form of police corruption is when
4366:
4076:
3683:"Administrator Samantha Power Delivers Remarks, "The Face of Modern Corruption," at the International Anti-Corruption Conference Plenary Session | December 6, 2022"
2057:
facilities. Examples include a judge improperly dismissing a criminal case or a customs official using their discretion to allow a banned substance through a port.
10184:
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1890:
and political benefits. The personal gain that is given can be anything from actively giving preferential treatment to having an indiscretion or crime overlooked.
327:
both types occur. Some scholars argue that there is a negative duty of western governments to protect against systematic corruption of underdeveloped governments.
6065:
Osipian, Ararat. (2009). Corruption Hierarchies in Higher Education in the Former Soviet Bloc. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), pp. 321â30
7601:
5678:
2662:, acknowledges the corrupt nature of political institutions, and recommends that philosophers "shelter behind a wall" to avoid senselessly martyring themselves.
736:(around 150,000 euros). It was to also require 5,000 litai (1,500 euros) in monthly maintenance costs. At the same time when Kaunas's "Golden Toilet" was built,
5600:
5441:
4794:
10123:
8025:
3922:
3743:
3619:
6886:
6735:
5652:
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966:
entity operates in conjunction with corrupt government officials, or where the government involves itself in activity normally performed by private entities.
9981:
9940:
2509:
UK: kickbacks and bribes are deductible if they have been paid for operating purposes. The tax authority may request the name and address of the recipient."
2327:
in the last decade has made tremendous progress in improving governance and the business environment providing a model to follow for post-conflict countries.
8987:
1584:
and elsewhere improperly obtaining a share of Angolan oil revenues. The scandal has subsequently been tied to several prominent figures in French politics.
9922:
5819:
5427:
5391:
5316:
5119:
5842:
4113:
1315:, and the firm is now present in South America, Central America, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Its leading company is
285:
and judicial branches in an attempt to provide independent services that are less subject to grand corruption due to their independence from one another.
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Osipian, Ararat. (2008). Corruption and Coercion: University Autonomy versus State Control. European Education: Issues and Studies, 40(3), pp. 27â48
6160:
Osipian, Ararat. (2009). Investigating Corruption in American Higher Education: The Methodology. FedUni Journal of Higher Education, 4(2), pp. 49â81
2476:
For corporations and other legal entities, a tax penalty of 100% of the "rémunérations occult" and 75% for voluntary post declaration is to be paid.
544:
bribes a prosecutor to open investigations and file charges against an opposing politician or a rival crime boss, in order to hurt the competition.
585:
480:(elected officials or bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face.
6485:
6293:
Osipian, Ararat. (2012). Economics of Corruption in Doctoral Education: The Dissertations Market. Economics of Education Review, 31(1), pp. 76â83
5622:
4399:
2099:
corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys." The index has been published annually by the non-governmental organization
648:
of corruption. Corruption includes industrial corruption, consisting of large bribes, as well as petty corruption such as a poacher paying off a
8684:
5951:
760:. It stated that the global corrupt and criminal actors either operated through or from Dubai. The city was also called a haven for trade-based
9958:
7544:
6568:
6391:
Heyneman, S. P., Anderson, K. H. and Nuraliyeva, N. (2008). The cost of corruption in higher education. Comparative Education Review, 51, 1â25.
1488:
1075:
10091:
9164:
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1922:
Examples include the misdirection of company funds into "shadow companies" (and then into the pockets of corrupt employees), the skimming of
657:
8889:
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Stephan, Constantin (2012), Industrial Health, Safety and Environmental Management, MV Wissenschaft, Muenster, 3rd edition 2012, pp. 26â28,
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In some countries people travel to corruption hot spots or a specialist tour company takes them on corruption city tours, as is the case in
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1399:
Labor unions leaders may be involved in corrupt action or be influenced or controlled by criminal enterprises. For example, for many years
609:
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772:
450:
It has been noted that in a comparison of the most corrupt with the least corrupt countries, the former group contains nations with huge
8588:
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5055:
4494:
3776:
1236:). Some negative behaviours by corporations may not be criminal; laws vary between jurisdictions. For example, some jurisdictions allow
10079:
9975:
9421:
Sharma, Vivek Swaroop. "Give Corruption a Chance" in The National Interest 128, November/December 2013: 38â45. Full text available at:
8386:
7895:
6658:
5532:
5503:"What should you do if you see police using excessive force? Legal experts say film it, just as bystanders did in George Floyd's death"
745:
250:
Whereas corruption with theft and speed money is endemic in poor countries, access money can be found in both poor and rich countries.
7020:
6864:
6274:
Osipian, Ararat. (2007). Higher Education Corruption in Ukraine: Opinions and Estimates. International Higher Education, 49, pp. 20â21
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5293:
2196:
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Rodrik, D. (2014), "An African Growth Miracle?", working paper No. 20188, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, June
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Osipian, Ararat. (2010). Corrupt Organizational Hierarchies in the Former Soviet Bloc. Transition Studies Review, 17(4), pp. 822â36
2172:
and risky growth. Biased narratives about Western development and global corruption metrics have obscured this historical pattern.
951:
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with higher-ranking officers in spite of their merit. In addition to that, the US military has also had many instances of officers
372:
corruption will occur if the corrupt gain is greater than the penalty multiplied by the likelihood of being caught and prosecuted.
4820:
4156:
2146:
Corruption reduces the returns of productive activities. If the production returns fall faster than the returns to corruption and
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prestige in the eyes of the public" from the genuine philosopher, whose sole motive is to discover and bear witness to the truth.
10051:
9916:
7965:
581:
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938:. Another form of misconduct is probation officers taking bribes in exchange for allowing paroles to violate the terms of their
807:. The Saudi-led coalition was alleged of attempting to buy influence in the UK. While the MPs registered the trips and gifts at
10139:
10056:
9078:"GeschĂŒtzt durch das Steuergeheimnis dĂŒrfen die Steuerbehörden Hinweise auf Korruption nicht an die Staatsanwaltschaft melden."
7669:
3388:
1446:
1400:
870:, officers are often known to respond by harassing and intimidating the witnesses as retribution for reporting the misconduct.
593:
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4586:
4557:
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4234:
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During the judicial proceedings it was disclosed that numerous such black accounts had been established in the past decades.
768:
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1277:. The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation â Petrobras. The company was ranked No. 58 in the 2016
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and/or other law enforcement members from accountability. One common form of police corruption is soliciting or accepting
171:, however, more recent research and policy statements acknowledge that it also exists in wealthy capitalist economies. In
10144:
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1708:
776:
8958:
the term "official" had been limited to German jurisdiction. Officials of other states legally were no "officials". See
8925:
7935:
5732:
2457:
The payer has to pay a lump-sum to the tax office to be fixed by the Finance Minister (at least 20% of the amount paid).
10312:
9869:
8631:
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in the 1990s. It led to arrests and judiciary actions in the 2000s, involving an illegal arms sale to Angola despite a
947:
914:. Police officers have also been known to sell forms of contraband that were taken during seizers (such as confiscated
851:
589:
496:
7639:
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Wang, Peng (2013). "The rise of the Red Mafia in China: a case study of organised crime and corruption in Chongqing".
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uncontrolled established a strong network of clientelism around Europe (e.g. SIEMENS) along with the formation of the
10045:
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9396:
McCormick, Richard L. "The discovery that business corrupts politics: A reappraisal of the origins of Progressivism"
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17:
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Switzerland: bribe payments are tax deductible if it is clearly operation initiated and the consignee is indicated.
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10227:
10134:
8793:
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3259:
2884:
2685:, in keeping with the tradition of Ancient Greek thought, also frankly acknowledges the corruption of the world (áœ
2244:
1442:
8496:
Kang, D.C. (Winter 2002), "Bad Loans to Good Friends: Money Politics and the Developmental State in South Korea",
3854:
2506:
US: (rough résumé: "generally operational expenses are deductible if they are not illegal according to the FCPA")
1780:
179:
the deterrence of crime. Strategies undertaken to counter corruption are often summarized under the umbrella term
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9934:
8980:
8361:
3433:
3264:
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1133:
184:
7851:
7098:"Pump & dump: How SEBI caught Arshad Warsi & others 'manipulating' stock prices in 'finfluencer' scheme"
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3709:
10252:
10021:
10015:
9487:
9389:
Li, Ling. "Politics of Anticorruption in China: Paradigm Change of the Party's Disciplinary Regime 2012â2017,"
6969:"Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report"
6782:"Chitra Ramkrishna arrested; CBI grills former NSE CEO in co-location scam after SEBI's mysterious yogi report"
5834:
4102:
3413:
3109:
2652:
Philosophers and religious thinkers have responded to the inescapable reality of corruption in different ways.
2465:
Denmark: bribe payments are deductible when a clear operational context exists and its adequacy is maintained.
1316:
1229:
1228:
that manage its activities), or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity (see
9422:
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5172:
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10287:
10129:
10027:
9987:
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5894:
5701:
4103:"Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand? A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption"
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3089:
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2421:
2260:
1986:
with the loss of their job by their superiors, if they continued with investigating a high-ranking official.
1416:
597:
152:
occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain.
8094:
7430:
3896:
Morris, S.D. (1991), Corruption and Politics in Contemporary Mexico. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa
1919:
involves using deception to convince the owner of funds or assets to give them up to an unauthorized party.
1842:
Bribery involves the improper use of gifts and favours in exchange for personal gain. This is also known as
10189:
10179:
10073:
9963:
9518:
8653:
8519:
5471:
3418:
2849:
2426:
2388:
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2263:(FCPA, USA 1977) was an early paradigmatic law for many western countries i.e. industrial countries of the
2206:
2092:
1616:
1553:
1547:
457:
Social norms have been posited as an explanation for why some environments are corrupt and others are not.
51:
8557:
8236:"OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Bearer of Transactions"
5354:
and Swilling, Mark, 2018, Shadow State: the Politics of State Capture, Johannesburg: Wits University Press
1690:
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or abusing their paroles. More rarely, police officers may deliberately and systematically participate in
829:
10282:
5231:
3918:
3333:
2407:
2288:
1037:
222:
38:
5406:"Alfa.lt â Kauno apskrities virĆĄininko administracija kreipÄsi ÄŻ teismÄ
dÄl "auksinio" tualeto griovimo"
2310:
provide assistance to national governments in term of diagnostic and design of anti-corruption policies.
1751:
advances the thesis that business leaders in the 1930s and 1940s collaborated with clergymen, including
950:
sections to investigate suspected police corruption or misconduct. Similar entities include the British
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8001:
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4522:
3244:
3184:
3149:
2303:
2277:
OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions
2268:
2104:
2100:
1588:
1380:
1326:. Odebrecht is one of the 25 largest international construction companies and led by Odebrecht family.
919:
811:
as per the rules, critics called it âabsolutely shamefulâ to accept donations from countries with poor
625:
573:
6477:
4391:
3799:
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Within less democratic countries, the presence of resources such as diamonds, gold, oil, and forestry
10212:
9689:
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5941:
5565:"White Supremacist Infiltration of US Police Forces: Fact-Checking National Security Advisor O'Brien"
5146:"U.S. Military personnel have been convicted of $ 50 million worth of crimes in Iraq and Afghanistan"
3214:
3194:
3189:
3084:
3069:
2704:
2292:
1262:
988:. Attorney misconduct can be either conducted by individuals acting on their own accord or by entire
9905:
6560:
4186:
Blavatskyy, Pavlo (18 July 2020). "Obesity of politicians and corruption in post-Soviet countries".
2406:
Though corruption is often viewed as illegal, a concept of "legal corruption" has been described by
9642:
9452:
3798:
Lehtinen, Jere; Locatelli, Giorgio; Sainati, Tristano; Artto, Karlos; Evans, Barbara (1 May 2022).
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804:
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705:
557:
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451:
46:
31:
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620:. There have also been instances of military officials, providing equipment and combat support to
9523:
8878:
7691:
7431:"United Nations Handbook on Practical Anti-Corruption Measures For Prosecutors and Investigators"
4859:"Causes and Effects of Corruption: What Has Past Decade's Empirical Research Taught Us? a Survey"
4039:
3284:
3164:
3074:
3029:
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2939:
2729:
2719:
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757:
380:
316:
9286:
In the World But Not of the World: Christian Social Thinking at the End of the Twentieth Century
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favored a small number of companies, and later used this financial influence to pressure these
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1137:
764:, as it gives space to free trade zones, with minimal regulatory laws and customs enforcement.
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833:
A 1902 cartoon depicts a police officer whose eyes are covered with a cloth labelled "bribes".
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not recognized as operating expenses. This principle also applies to payments to foreigners.
2122:
1438:
8113:
7887:
6650:
9577:
9502:
7209:
6856:
6717:
3543:
3523:
3463:
3373:
3363:
3299:
3249:
3239:
3209:
3159:
3144:
3129:
3104:
3094:
3034:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2914:
2894:
2844:
2804:
2784:
2714:
2673:
2658:
2376:
1850:. It is a common form of corruption. The types of favors given are diverse and may include
1764:
1752:
1744:
1629:
1428:
926:). Corruption and misconduct can also be done by prison officers, such as the smuggling of
788:
685:
548:
304:
149:
7752:"WJP Rule of Law Index | Explore the methodology, insights, dataset, and interactive data"
5864:
5289:
5264:
5247:
4954:
1148:
8:
10277:
9684:
9445:
8203:
7338:
7322:
4659:
3905:
Senior, I. (2006), Corruption â The World's Big C., Institute of Economic Affairs, London
3408:
3328:
3294:
3204:
3199:
3059:
2974:
2964:
2934:
2919:
2909:
2864:
2819:
2814:
2764:
2202:
2126:
by public or private interests, and misappropriation of public funds or other resources.
2050:
2045:
2021:
2015:
1813:
1784:
1696:
1647:
1450:
1257:
1233:
985:
975:
946:
themselves, either while on the job or during off hours. In most major cities, there are
529:
465:
Corruption can occur in many sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even
407:
8452:
2432:
2298:
The role of multilateral institutions has been crucial in the fight against corruption.
1686:
10297:
10085:
9767:
9627:
9572:
9332:
9025:
8981:"OECD: Recommendation of the Council on Bribery in International Business Transactions"
8858:
8823:
8501:
8399:
Kuipers, S. (2021), "Rethinking anti-corruption efforts in international development",
8312:
8125:
7583:
7479:
7384:
6507:
4888:
4495:"Political And Judicial Checks on Corruption: Evidence From American State Governments"
4203:
4008:
3989:"The Policy and Regulatory Engagement with Corruption: Insights from Complexity Theory"
3827:
3553:
3548:
3508:
3358:
3323:
3119:
2989:
2949:
2944:
2839:
2809:
2425:(FCPA from 1977), thus fostering national export corporations. In 1997 a corresponding
2108:
2003:
1975:
1843:
1682:
1612:
1330:
1312:
1285:
examined allegations of corporate and political collusion and corruption by Petrobras.
1282:
1278:
1266:
911:
899:
859:
696:
324:
141:
6528:
6511:
3954:
Locatelli, Giorgio; Mariani, Giacomo; Sainati, Tristano; Greco, Marco (1 April 2017).
196:
9815:
9762:
9590:
9585:
9497:
9344:
9336:
8596:
8527:
8380:
8316:
8304:
8077:
8059:
8006:
7859:
7832:
7587:
7514:
7483:
7370:
7218:
6590:
6541:
6533:
6459:
6449:
5813:
5421:
5385:
4958:
4880:
4776:
4735:
4710:
4611:
4582:
4553:
4339:
4296:
4230:
4207:
4012:
3831:
3819:
3717:
3662:
3583:
3568:
3393:
3353:
2445:
Payments must be necessary in order to be able to survive against foreign competition
1971:
1871:
1573:
1561:
1457:
1449:(SEBI) has barred various individuals and entities from trading on the exchanges for
1308:
903:
880:
838:
824:
669:
580:
or being given better treatment than their colleagues by their officers due to their
454:, and the latter contains nations with a high degree of social and economic justice.
412:
9427:
Wallis, John Joseph. "The concept of systematic corruption in American history." in
8129:
7751:
7661:
2621:
2583:
although the corresponding law did not yet protect foreign competitors in business.
1496:
1083:
10149:
9859:
9830:
9717:
9647:
9637:
9617:
9324:
8404:
8296:
8117:
8109:
7824:
7575:
7506:
7471:
6523:
5269:
5259:
5120:"#MeToo movement exposes failure of U.S. Military to take seriously sexual assault"
4950:
4892:
4870:
4844:
4768:
4693:
Lambsdorff, Johann. The New Institutional Economics of Corruption. Routledge, 2006.
4331:
4263:
4195:
4000:
3972:
3967:
3956:"Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room!"
3955:
3815:
3811:
3563:
3518:
3443:
3378:
3343:
2567:
2348:
2091:
Several organizations measure corruption as part of their development indexes. The
2025:
1939:
1863:
1817:
1543:
and records are often destroyed. It often breaks UN, national or international law.
1540:
1536:
1532:
1454:
1334:
867:
761:
547:
Governmental corruption of the judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and
369:
258:
132:
9328:
6414:
5013:
10106:
9810:
9805:
9482:
9084:
9032:
8966:
8865:
8459:
6376:
6356:
6337:
6318:
6299:
6280:
6261:
6242:
6223:
6204:
6185:
6166:
6147:
6128:
6109:
6090:
6071:
6052:
6000:
5980:
5901:
5595:
4704:
3656:
3398:
3383:
3348:
2295:. Principalâagent theories seem not to be suitable to target systemic corruption.
2054:
1927:
1915:
involve someone with access to funds or assets illegally taking control of them.
1879:
1768:
1733:
1674:
1608:
1500:
1434:
1342:
1237:
1221:
1213:
1087:
1043:
1013:
1001:
943:
895:
884:
876:
847:
799:(ÂŁ56,872). MPs also received gifts, including a ÂŁ500 food hamper, tickets for a
633:
621:
180:
5202:
771:
received a total of ÂŁ828,211 over a period of eight years from countries of the
490:
394:
Low levels of democracy, weak civil participation and low political transparency
10292:
9864:
9820:
9737:
7413:
7397:
7358:
6369:
6349:
6330:
6311:
6292:
6273:
6254:
6235:
6216:
6197:
6178:
6159:
6140:
6121:
6102:
6083:
6064:
6045:
6016:
5992:
5972:
3710:"Let's not fool ourselves. We may not bribe, but corruption is rife in Britain"
3598:
3438:
2690:
2615:
2610:
2543:
2530:
2158:
1875:
1748:
1704:
1620:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1577:
1565:
1404:
1270:
1225:
1202:
962:
935:
907:
871:
843:
673:
645:
8300:
7579:
7510:
7475:
4772:
4631:
Merle, Jean-Christophe, ed. (2013). "Global Challenges to Liberal Democracy".
4335:
2689:) and claims to offer a way of keeping the spirit "unspotted from the world."
2589:
1982:
exchange for continued secrecy. Another example can be a police officer being
1445:, have been rocked by several high-profile corruption scandals. At times, the
665:, land for livestock grazing, forests for hunting and logging, and fisheries.
10271:
9784:
9727:
9313:"Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon"
8914:
8627:
8600:
8531:
8408:
8308:
7863:
7836:
6537:
5740:
4962:
4884:
4780:
4734:. Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England: Harvard University Press.
4367:"Mismeasuring Corruption Lets Rich Countries Off the Hook | by Yuen Yuen Ang"
4160:
4077:"Mismeasuring Corruption Lets Rich Countries Off the Hook | by Yuen Yuen Ang"
4040:"Corruption as an international policy problem: overview and recommendations"
3823:
3721:
3528:
3453:
2682:
2579:
2096:
1883:
1867:
1859:
1796:
1779:" themselves through the appropriation of religion. In organizations such as
1776:
1760:
1756:
1729:
1716:
1678:
1420:
1304:
577:
335:
156:
6996:"Rs 144 crore wrongful profit! Sebi finds stock manipulation in 5 smallcaps"
6463:
5442:"Dubai's Role in Facilitating Corruption and Global Illicit Financial Flows"
4847:(1998), Controlling Corruption, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA
779:. The money was granted in the form of all-expenses-paid trips to 96 MPs by
632:, without approval from their superiors. As a result, many countries have a
9825:
9777:
9772:
9732:
9632:
9602:
9553:
9362:
8685:"Tour Bus Offers Sightseeing of Emblematic Corruption Spots in Mexico City"
7996:
7631:
7071:"I-T Department, SEBI begin crackdown on penny stock firms in PMO-led push"
6545:
5623:"Former corrections officer sentenced for smuggling contraband into prison"
5537:
5351:
2370:
2147:
1908:
1903:
1834:
1792:
1461:
1424:
898:
in order to secure convictions of suspectsâfor example, through the use of
888:
863:
812:
800:
780:
617:
440:
383:
study, the following factors have been attributed as causes of corruption:
235:
145:
54:
in the world in 2023; a higher score indicates lower levels of corruption.
9432:
7828:
7566:
Dobos, Ned (14 September 2015). "Networking, Corruption, and Subversion".
5591:"Police officer guilty of selling seized drugs back to dealers for profit"
1820:, multiple methods of corruption are used concurrently with similar aims.
1564:
over the secret and illegal sale and shipment of arms from the nations of
737:
9789:
9747:
9742:
9707:
9674:
9557:
8052:"Why has China's economy grown despite corruption and is now stagnating?"
5248:"Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Environmental and Resource Management"
3573:
3533:
3488:
3473:
2575:
2571:
2362:
2079:
1923:
1388:
1350:
1296:
1217:
1209:
808:
701:
649:
281:
The government system in many countries is divided into the legislative,
168:
164:
160:
8782:
8745:
8121:
6943:""Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case"
6768:""Who'll Invest in India if Scams Like This Happen?": Judge in NSE Case"
4682:
Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History
4004:
2521:
1379:
Corruption, the abuse of entrusted power for private gain as defined by
10242:
10063:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
9757:
9712:
9669:
8505:
8354:
8333:
6913:"Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal"
6750:"Trading 'queen' and mystery guru: Strange tale engulfs NSE in scandal"
5942:"Brazil Supreme Court judge handling graft probe killed in plane crash"
5472:"MPs accept ÂŁ800,000 worth of trips from states in Saudi-led coalition"
5274:
4937:
Kubbe, Ina; Baez-Camargo, Claudia; Scharbatke-Church, Cheyanne (2024).
4875:
4858:
4199:
3846:
3578:
2307:
1887:
1788:
1737:
1557:
997:
927:
662:
541:
537:
308:
128:
7418:
One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America
7402:
One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America
5232:
https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/publications/core_factors.pdf
3744:"How Exceptional Is China's Crony-Capitalist Boom? | by Yuen Yuen Ang"
866:
rings or other illegal activities. When civilians become witnesses to
397:
Higher levels of bureaucracy and inefficient administrative structures
241:
9679:
9607:
9567:
9548:
7966:"Challenging the chaebol: big business and corruption in South Korea"
7294:
5056:"Corruption in Our Courts: What It Looks Like and Where It Is Hidden"
4579:
Corruption and the secret of law: a legal anthropological perspective
3800:"The grand challenge: Effective anti-corruption measures in projects"
3513:
2563:
2433:
Foreign corrupt practices of industrialized OECD countries 1994 study
1967:
1963:
1953:
1847:
1300:
1288:
1249:
989:
939:
629:
521:
509:
201:
8485:
China's Gilded Age: The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption
8204:"IMF on OECD Convention, (page 3) Historical Background and Context"
7503:
China's Gilded Age: The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption
7341:, "Sketch for a history of the doctrine of the ideal and the real",
7149:"Fight against black money: Sebi bars 59 entities for evading taxes"
6796:"How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal"
6681:"How India's trading queen and mystery guru engulfed NSE in scandal"
5915:"Leia o manifesto dos Advogados que comparam Lava Jato à inquisição"
4328:
China's Gilded Age: The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption
4293:
China's Gilded Age: The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption
4257:
4227:
China's Gilded Age: The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption
1248:
PetrĂłleo Brasileiro S.A. â Petrobras, more commonly known as simply
748:, a global think tank, released a report claiming the Emirati city,
690:
148:
and it may also involve practices that are legal in many countries.
9752:
9722:
9492:
7721:
3484:
List of companies convicted of felony offenses in the United States
3478:
3423:
2547:
2287:
The theories behind the fight against corruption are moving from a
2075:
2071:
2066:
1800:
931:
653:
605:
505:
501:
320:
312:
217:
213:
5408:. 18 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017
5372:. 18 November 2017. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017
4936:
4267:
2513:"Specific" legal corruption: exclusively against foreign countries
2473:
The business expense deduction (of the bribe money) is eliminated.
2451:
A corresponding application must be made to the Treasury each year
984:
is a well known form of judicial misconduct. Such abuse is called
9664:
9562:
9352:
Informal payments for healthcare â The phenomenon and its context
9097:"Schattenwirtschaft â Umfang in Deutschland bis 2015 â Statistik"
5946:
4604:"Corruption, the Criminalized State, and Post-Soviet Transitions"
4138:
2559:
2526:
2382:
2358:
2330:
2302:
provides a common guideline for countries around the world. Both
2275:
the then "OECD Anti-Bribery Recommendation" as precursor for the
2163:
1959:
1829:
981:
923:
784:
517:
513:
417:
238:
was highly correlated with more accurate measures of corruption.
137:
9347:(2012). University Bielefeld â Center for InterAmerican Studies.
8558:"Meet the strangest startup in travel: CorruptTour | CNN Travel"
4575:"Deep Corruption in Indonesia: Discourses, Practices, Histories"
2154:
reduces productivity growth, investment, and job opportunities.
1978:
as well as exposure of an individual's secrets or prior crimes.
9992:
7813:"Unbundling Corruption: Revisiting Six Questions on Corruption"
7354:
3448:
2354:
2324:
1983:
1700:
1670:
1581:
1569:
1338:
1274:
796:
552:
205:
9429:
Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's economic history
8949:§ 4 chapter 5 no. 10 Income Tax Act, valid until 19 March 1999
8628:"Corruption redefined as tourism in Czech Republic â BBC News"
8520:"Czech Republic Has Its Answer to the Beverly Hills Star Tour"
8472:
Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty
6446:
Corrupt cities : a practical guide to cure and prevention
4821:"Political Economy, Blind Spots, and a Challenge to Academics"
3876:
1144:
846:" itself where force members collude in lies to protect their
9952:
9612:
9437:
7722:"World Justice Project | Advancing the rule of law worldwide"
4526:
4229:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. Chapter 1,
3797:
3593:
3428:
2653:
2299:
1916:
1912:
1855:
1851:
1720:
1712:
915:
855:
792:
753:
749:
733:
9013:
Korruption in Deutschland und ihre strafrechtliche Kontrolle
5370:""Auksinis" tualetas per mÄnesÄŻ atsieis 5 tĆ«kst. Lt â DELFI"
4547:
3953:
1970:
centre around the use of threats. This can be the threat of
700:, 26 January 1878, depicting U.S. Secretary of the Interior
9597:
7936:"South Korea: the corruption that built its economy | IIAS"
5865:"Brazil Petrobras scandal: Tycoon Marcelo Odebrecht jailed"
2590:
Historical responses in philosophical and religious thought
2264:
466:
183:. Additionally, global initiatives like the United Nations
9988:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
9024:
Parliamentary Financial Commission's study 1994, pp. 6â7:
6887:"SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case"
6736:"SEBI penalises BSE, NSE for 'laxity' in Karvy fraud case"
5800:. 10 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012
4795:"Londongrad: how the City became a money-laundering haven"
2249:
930:(such as drugs or electronics) into jails and prisons for
7632:"2021 Corruption Perceptions Index â Explore the results"
5868:
4330:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 11â12,
516:
to the right offers him gold coins from a purse, and the
10185:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
8262:"Country monitoring of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention"
5835:"Former Odebrecht CEO sentenced in Brazil kickback case"
5675:"Roselle Probation Officer Imprisoned for Taking Bribes"
4939:"Corruption and Social Norms: A New Arrow in the Quiver"
2479:
There may be a general fine of up 200 FF fixed per case.
2229:
2143:
investment and, hence, lowers the economic growth rate.
1539:, may work for them on the ground or with shipment. The
1197:
5768:"Brazil Arrests Head of Odebrecht in Petrobras Scandal"
4757:"The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China"
2566:
of criminal corruption against the Italian corporation
2060:
1775:
Business leaders, of course, had long been working to "
1295:
consisting of businesses in the fields of engineering,
894:
Another example is police officers flouting the police
7252:"Overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Angola"
266:
in institutions and fosters a culture of dishonesty.
9982:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
9941:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
9403:
Mantzaris, E., Tsekeris, C. and Tsekeris, T. (2014).
8453:
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7588
7505:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 10,
5762:
5760:
5758:
4732:
The Golden Passport: Global Mobility for Millionaires
4295:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 10,
4047:
Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics
1962:
is the use of positive inducements for corrupt aims,
1349:, Curitiba Branch, and judicially commanded by Judge
528:
Judicial corruption refers to the corruption-related
9923:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
8589:"On the Crony Safari, a Tour of a City's Corruption"
7436:. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
7310:"French writer says he's a "mosquito" in arms trial"
6443:
4525:. U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre. Archived from
4259:
Does "Grease Money" Speed Up the Wheels of Commerce?
2095:(CPI) ranks countries "by their perceived levels of
1691:
Detraction § Controversies involving detraction
1329:
In 2016, the firm's executives were examined during
996:. Mob lawyers are attorneys who seek to protect the
391:
Higher levels of market and political monopolization
303:
Factors which encourage systemic corruption include
208:
exhorting the public to "Just say no to corruption".
10124:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
9405:
Interrogating Corruption: Lessons from South Africa
9393:, 28:115, 47â63, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2018.1497911
9368:Heidenheimer, Arnold J. and Michael Johnston, eds.
8654:"So much corruption, stuffed into one Chicago tour"
8328:
8326:
5173:"Is Gang Activity Increasing in the U.S. Military?"
4857:Dimant, Eugen; Tosato, Guglielmo (1 January 2017).
3913:
3911:
1759:approach to Scripture which would de-emphasize the
1736:of widespread corruption, including the selling of
1281:list. From 2014 to 2021, an investigation known as
242:
Petty Theft, Grand Theft, Speed Money, Access Money
8715:"Using tourism to teach Mexicans about corruption"
8026:"How Exceptional Is China's Crony-Capitalist Boom"
6415:"Transparency International â What is Corruption?"
5755:
4652:"Severe Poverty as a Violation of Negative Duties"
2133:
9042:
9040:
8422:American Economic Review: Paper & Proceedings
7921:Mo, P.H. (2001). Corruption and Economic Growth.
7888:"How Does Corruption Hinder China's Development?"
7290:"Angolagate: les principaux acteurs de l'affaire"
6011:
6009:
767:A report in September 2022 revealed that British
27:Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power
10269:
8323:
7175:"Sebi goes after companies rigging share prices"
5818:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5426:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5390:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4188:Economics of Transition and Institutional Change
3908:
1897:
8780:
8743:
8420:Rodrik, D. (2008), "Second-Best Institutions",
7782:"Absence of Corruption | WJP Rule of Law Index"
6857:"BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs"
6718:"BSE Sensex drops as corruption scandal weighs"
5364:
5362:
5360:
5245:
4256:Kaufmann, Daniel; Wei, Shang-Jin (April 1999),
4110:World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series
3986:
3917:
3877:"Financial Secrecy Index â Tax Justice Network"
2533:data from Friedrich Schneider, University Linz.
10092:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
9959:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
9890:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
9037:
7123:"Sebi bans FIIs, brokers for GDR manipulation"
6512:"Corruption in global health: the open secret"
6006:
5939:
5314:
4157:"Are overweight politicians less trustworthy?"
992:. A well known example of such corruption are
30:"Corrupt" redirects here. For other uses, see
9453:
8286:
5649:"Solitary Confinement and Prison Guard Abuse"
5290:"SOS, Missouri â State Archives Publications"
2238:
1485:The examples and perspective in this section
1224:having a separate legal personality from the
1072:The examples and perspective in this section
658:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
10195:United Nations Convention against Corruption
10175:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
9311:Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021).
8487:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
7345:, E. Payne, trans. (1974) Vol. 1, pp. 21â22.
7246:
7244:
7046:"SEBI Cracks Down on Misuse of Penny Stocks"
6595:Transparency International Health Initiative
5357:
5246:Tacconi, Luca; Williams, David Aled (2020).
4856:
4754:
4577:. In Monique Nuijten, Gerhard Anders (ed.).
3589:United Nations Convention against Corruption
2611:texts from within a religion or faith system
2254:United Nations Convention against Corruption
1838:An election leaflet with money stapled to it
1711:for failing to live up to the ideals of the
752:, of being an enabler of global corruption,
428:Contagion from corrupt neighboring countries
10233:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
10068:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
9912:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
9370:Political corruption: Concepts and contexts
9356:Journal of Health Economics, Policy and Law
9310:
8070:
6558:
5730:
5317:"Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan"
4608:Corruption, global security, and world orde
4255:
3987:Minto, Andrea; Trincanato, Edoardo (2022).
3960:International Journal of Project Management
3804:International Journal of Project Management
1052:Learn how and when to remove these messages
350:
10080:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
9976:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
9460:
9446:
9377:Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption
8403:, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.
8092:
6437:
5446:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
5252:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
5241:
5239:
4755:Rithmire, Meg; Chen, Hao (December 2021).
4185:
2553:
2209:this issue before removing this message.
1947:
1664:
1503:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1410:
1147:. Please do not remove this message until
1090:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
803:, an expensive watch and a day out at the
746:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
445:Lack of proper policies against corruption
406:Large ethnic divisions and high levels of
155:Corruption is perceived as most common in
8818:
8816:
8814:
8781:Kaufmann, Daniel; Vicente, Pedro (2011).
8744:Kaufmann, Daniel; Vicente, Pedro (2011).
8682:
8470:Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. (2012).
8093:Olken, Benjamin A; Pande, Rohini (2012).
7329:, E. Payne, trans. (1974) Vol. 1, p. 141.
7241:
7198:
7196:
6527:
6399:
6397:
5273:
5263:
5038:
4874:
3971:
3687:U.S. Agency for International Development
2640:Learn how and when to remove this message
2357:. Corruption tours have also occurred in
2053:refers to the misuse of one's powers and
1519:Learn how and when to remove this message
1185:Learn how and when to remove this message
1167:Learn how and when to remove this message
1106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1000:of criminal enterprises as well as their
191:
10010:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
8586:
8393:
6993:
6827:"The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris?"
6700:"The fall of NSE: Corruption or hubris?"
6387:
6385:
5090:"11 Facts About Military Discrimination"
4975:
4465:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
4392:"Mishler v. State Bd. of Med. Examiners"
4100:
2697:
2520:
2248:
2030:
1833:
1795:and, at the same time, they likened the
1755:, in order to develop and promote a new
1196:
1143:Relevant discussion may be found on the
952:Independent Police Complaints Commission
858:in exchange for not reporting organized
837:Police corruption is a specific form of
828:
719:
689:
576:is a military soldier being promoted in
564:eradicate, even in developed countries.
489:
195:
45:
10052:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
9917:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
9409:International Journal of Social Inquiry
8625:
8114:10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110917
7325:, "On Philosophy in the Universities",
6500:
5895:Commercial dollar: quotation and charts
5832:
5324:Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14
5236:
5203:"International Crime Threat Assessment"
4702:
4601:
4262:(Working Paper), Working Paper Series,
4037:
3769:"Insights | WJP Rule of Law Index 2022"
3707:
2562:was convicted in the District Court of
1783:, the prayer breakfast groups, and the
1707:berate the rabbinical establishment of
1535:. Arms smugglers, who are already into
1345:investigation being carried out by the
1216:refers to crimes committed either by a
14:
10270:
10140:Freedom of information laws by country
10057:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
9167:from the original on 24 September 2015
9137:from the original on 24 September 2015
9058:from the original on 24 September 2015
8993:from the original on 24 September 2015
8811:
8474:, Crown Business Publishing, New York.
8385:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
8216:from the original on 24 September 2015
7917:
7915:
7913:
7882:
7880:
7312:. Reuters via Tiscali. 1 January 2009.
7193:
7095:
6975:from the original on 22 September 2022
6949:from the original on 22 September 2022
6923:from the original on 21 September 2022
6893:from the original on 21 September 2022
6506:
6394:
5875:from the original on 30 September 2020
5845:from the original on 30 September 2020
5778:from the original on 30 September 2020
5482:from the original on 18 September 2022
5213:from the original on 23 September 2021
5183:from the original on 26 September 2020
5152:from the original on 28 September 2020
5126:from the original on 17 September 2020
5020:from the original on 27 September 2020
4818:
4610:. Brookings Institution. p. 197.
4145:from the original on 24 November 2005.
3389:Corporate Accountability International
2039:
1447:Securities and Exchange Board of India
288:
10004:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
9946:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
9875:International Anti-Corruption Academy
9441:
8895:from the original on 26 November 2013
8634:from the original on 31 December 2015
8242:from the original on 5 September 2015
7976:from the original on 16 November 2022
7612:from the original on 15 February 2018
7565:
7443:from the original on 24 February 2021
7270:from the original on 25 November 2020
6382:
5571:from the original on 31 December 2020
5452:from the original on 9 September 2020
5265:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083949
5053:
4955:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-095535
4905:
4729:
4630:
4548:Lorena Alcazar, Raul Andrade (2001).
3857:from the original on 20 December 2021
3654:
2525:Development of the shadow economy in
2342:
2230:Enhancing civil society participation
1998:
1307:. The company was founded in 1944 in
1256:
508:), the Bad Judge, depicted as having
10223:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
10218:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
9999:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
9929:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
9431:(U of Chicago Press, 2006). 23â62.
8799:from the original on 21 January 2013
8762:from the original on 21 January 2013
8664:from the original on 10 October 2017
8518:Carney, Gordon Fairclough And Sean.
8095:"Corruption in Developing Countries"
7923:Journal of Comparative Economics, 29
7792:from the original on 8 February 2023
7762:from the original on 8 February 2023
7732:from the original on 31 October 2019
7702:from the original on 8 February 2023
7672:from the original on 8 February 2023
7602:"Favoritism, Cronyism, and Nepotism"
7461:
7229:from the original on 15 January 2016
6867:from the original on 11 January 2023
6837:from the original on 11 January 2023
6806:from the original on 11 January 2023
6661:from the original on 3 December 2021
6631:from the original on 3 December 2021
6559:Vian, Taryn; Norberg, Carin (2008).
6425:from the original on 1 December 2019
5712:from the original on 16 October 2022
4730:Surak, Kristin (19 September 2023).
4572:
4167:from the original on 28 January 2021
3779:from the original on 8 February 2023
3319:1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal
2775:Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2593:
2179:
2061:Favoritism, nepotism and clientelism
1646:The 19th-century German philosopher
1580:embargo, with business interests in
1471:
1117:
1058:
1017:
639:
341:
10145:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
10040:National Anticorruption Directorate
10034:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
8683:PolĂtico*, Animal (27 March 2017).
8178:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
8148:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
8049:
8023:
7994:
7910:
7877:
7849:
7810:
7666:Global Corruption & ESG Indexes
7543:. 30 September 2013. Archived from
7541:"Just what are you trying to pull?"
7496:
7202:
5702:"Work of Lawyers for 'Mob' Studied"
5700:Jr, Stuart Taylor (12 March 1985).
4474:from the original on 9 October 2017
4364:
4321:
4286:
4220:
4074:
4056:from the original on 9 October 2017
3993:European Journal of Risk Regulation
3741:
2448:They must be common in the industry
2401:
2203:create a more balanced presentation
1687:Casuistry § Early modern times
1467:
1201:Petrobras headquarters in downtown
610:sexually assaulting fellow officers
269:
253:
24:
9870:Group of States Against Corruption
9304:
8833:. 8 September 1994. pp. 4â6.
8607:from the original on 22 April 2016
8517:
7499:"Introduction: China's Gilded Age"
7302:
7282:
6824:
6697:
5940:Raquel Stenzel (20 January 2017).
5699:
5500:
5170:
5100:from the original on 22 April 2021
5070:from the original on 1 August 2020
4943:Annual Review of Political Science
4324:"Introduction: China's Gilded Age"
4119:from the original on 12 April 2019
3851:United Nations and the Rule of Law
3559:Second economy of the Soviet Union
212:Stephen D. Morris, a professor of
25:
10324:
10046:Investigative Committee of Russia
9107:from the original on 31 July 2015
8840:from the original on 8 March 2021
8568:from the original on 7 March 2016
8538:from the original on 6 March 2016
8268:from the original on 11 July 2015
7946:from the original on 28 June 2022
7642:from the original on 19 June 2022
6601:from the original on 16 June 2020
6571:from the original on 28 July 2020
6561:"Corruption in the Health Sector"
6488:from the original on 24 July 2020
6027:from the original on 28 July 2020
5954:from the original on 8 April 2022
5798:"Corporate Structure | Odebrecht"
5533:"Police Punish the 'Good Apples'"
5315:Hamilton, A.; Hudson, J. (2014).
5296:from the original on 28 July 2019
5039:Barenboim, Peter (October 2009).
4918:from the original on 28 July 2020
4906:Khair, Tabish (20 January 2019).
4819:Admati, Anat (15 November 2019).
4649:
3847:"Sustainable Development Goal 16"
3708:Monbiot, George (18 March 2015).
2035:Euro bank notes hidden in sleeve.
1403:were substantially controlled by
1033:This section has multiple issues.
957:
10238:Russian anti-corruption campaign
10228:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
10135:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
9291:
9278:
9269:
9260:
9251:
9242:
9233:
9224:
9215:
9206:
9197:
9188:
9179:
9149:
9119:
9089:
9070:
9018:
9005:
8973:
8952:
8943:
8931:from the original on 9 July 2015
8907:
8871:
8852:
8774:
8737:
8725:from the original on 11 May 2017
8707:
8695:from the original on 27 May 2017
8676:
8646:
8619:
8587:Bilefsky, Dan (12 August 2013).
8580:
8550:
8511:
8490:
8477:
8464:
8445:
8436:
8427:
8414:
8367:from the original on 31 May 2011
8347:
8280:
8254:
8228:
8196:
8166:
8136:
8086:
8043:
8017:
7988:
7958:
7928:
7898:from the original on 3 July 2022
7843:
7804:
7774:
7744:
7714:
7684:
7654:
7624:
7594:
7559:
7533:
7490:
7455:
7423:
7407:
7391:
7376:
7364:
7348:
7332:
7316:
7203:Lin, Tom C. W. (14 April 2016).
7167:
7141:
7115:
7089:
7063:
7038:
7013:
6994:Sreedhar, Vidya (21 June 2023).
6987:
6961:
6935:
6905:
6879:
6849:
6818:
6788:
6774:
6760:
6742:
6728:
6710:
6691:
6673:
6643:
6613:
6583:
6565:Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute
6552:
6470:
6407:
6362:
6343:
5681:from the original on 23 May 2021
5655:from the original on 23 May 2021
5629:from the original on 23 May 2021
5603:from the original on 23 May 2021
5545:from the original on 1 July 2020
5513:from the original on 23 May 2021
4994:from the original on 7 June 2016
4365:Ang, Yuen Yuen (22 March 2024).
4075:Ang, Yuen Yuen (22 March 2024).
4019:from the original on 27 May 2022
3844:
3260:Corruption in the United Kingdom
2885:Corruption in the European Union
2598:
2245:List of anti-corruption agencies
2184:
2121:is one of the eight factors the
2103:since 1995. On the supply side,
1476:
1443:National Stock Exchange of India
1122:
1063:
1022:
520:to the left gives him a pair of
472:
221:authority. World Bank economist
10074:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
9935:National Supervisory Commission
8500:, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 177â207.
7997:"Profit-Sharing, Chinese Style"
7850:Ang, Yuen Yuen (22 June 2021).
7811:Ang, Yuen Yuen (9 April 2020).
7692:"WJP Rule of Law Index Factors"
7096:Rampal, Nikhil (3 March 2023).
7021:"Sebi ban pinches penny stocks"
6655:Federal Bureau of Investigation
6625:Federal Bureau of Investigation
6324:
6305:
6286:
6267:
6248:
6229:
6210:
6191:
6172:
6153:
6134:
6115:
6096:
6077:
6058:
6039:
5986:
5966:
5933:
5907:
5887:
5857:
5833:Fonseca, Pedro (8 March 2016).
5826:
5790:
5724:
5693:
5667:
5641:
5615:
5583:
5557:
5525:
5494:
5464:
5434:
5398:
5345:
5308:
5282:
5225:
5195:
5164:
5138:
5112:
5082:
5047:
5032:
5006:
4969:
4930:
4899:
4850:
4838:
4812:
4787:
4748:
4723:
4696:
4687:
4674:
4643:
4624:
4595:
4566:
4541:
4515:
4492:
4486:
4450:
4438:from the original on 7 May 2019
4414:
4402:from the original on 7 May 2019
4384:
4358:
4315:
4280:
4249:
4214:
4179:
4149:
4131:
4094:
4068:
4031:
3980:
3947:
3899:
3890:
3434:Federal Bureau of Investigation
3265:Corruption in the United States
2875:Corruption in Equatorial Guinea
2368:Films about corruption include
2134:Relationship to economic growth
1989:
1767:, which were more congenial to
1394:
1041:or discuss these issues on the
185:Sustainable Development Goal 16
10022:Investigation Task Force Sweep
10016:National Accountability Bureau
9488:Corruption in local government
9476:Corruption in different fields
9467:
9317:Journal of Development Studies
8424:. Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 100-104.
8050:Ang, Yuen Yuen (10 May 2024).
8024:Ang, Yuen Yuen (10 May 2024).
7995:Ang, Yuen Yuen (8 June 2021).
7852:"The Robber Barons of Beijing"
6657:. U.S. Department of Justice.
6627:. U.S. Department of Justice.
6448:. Oakland, Calif.: ICS Press.
4908:"The root cause of corruption"
4709:. Cambridge University Press.
4703:Weschle, Simon (9 June 2022).
4606:. In Robert I. Rotberg (ed.).
4458:"Material on Grand corruption"
4038:Elliott, Kimberly Ann (1997).
3973:10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010
3869:
3838:
3816:10.1016/j.ijproman.2022.04.003
3791:
3761:
3742:Ang, Yuen Yuen (10 May 2024).
3735:
3701:
3675:
3648:
3612:
3414:Corruption in local government
3110:Corruption in Papua New Guinea
2086:
1763:and emphasize themes, such as
1317:Norberto Odebrecht Construtora
1291:is a privately held Brazilian
1261:), is a semi-public Brazilian
512:, is shown taking bribes: the
13:
1:
10130:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
10028:Central Anticorruption Bureau
9416:A Social Theory of Corruption
9391:Journal of Contemporary China
9329:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622
7858:. Vol. 100, no. 4.
6529:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32527-9
6444:Klitgaard, Robert E. (2000).
4926:– via www.thehindu.com.
3605:
3125:Corruption in the Philippines
3090:Corruption in North Macedonia
3065:Corruption in the Netherlands
2618:that critically analyze them.
2422:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
2413:
2261:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
2175:
2083:as you, regardless of merit.
2009:
1898:Embezzlement, theft and fraud
1641:
1417:1992 Indian stock market scam
1374:
434:Lack of commitment to society
10190:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
10180:International asset recovery
9964:Central Vigilance Commission
9519:Corruption Perceptions Index
9361:Garifullin Ramil Ramzievich
9288:(2000), See also John 15:19.
9076:Transparency International:
8783:"Legal Corruption (revised)"
8746:"Legal Corruption (revised)"
8626:Cameron, Rob (2 June 2014).
7497:Ang, Yuen Yuen, ed. (2020),
5731:eddiegilman (20 July 2016).
4976:Hamilton, Alexander (2013).
4322:Ang, Yuen Yuen, ed. (2020),
4287:Ang, Yuen Yuen, ed. (2020),
4221:Ang, Yuen Yuen, ed. (2020),
4101:Hamilton, Alexander (2017).
3928:. World Bank. Archived from
3419:Corruption Perceptions Index
2850:Corruption in Czech Republic
2454:Payments must be appropriate
2427:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
2199:to an individual's viewpoint
2093:Corruption Perceptions Index
1930:and other corrupt activity.
1617:Union for a Popular Movement
1356:
1007:
679:
460:
319:; low pay; and a culture of
52:Corruption Perceptions Index
7:
10248:2017â2019 Romanian protests
8790:Economics and Politics, v23
8753:Economics and Politics, v23
4863:Journal of Economic Surveys
4581:. Ashgate. pp. 53â54.
3627:siteresources.worldbank.org
3334:Anti-globalization movement
3311:
1846:or, in the Middle East, as
1556:, also known informally as
1499:, discuss the issue on the
1243:
1149:conditions to do so are met
1086:, discuss the issue on the
567:
483:
452:socio-economic inequalities
39:Corruption (disambiguation)
10:
10329:
10253:2017â2018 Russian protests
9885:Transparency International
9860:Global Financial Integrity
9398:American Historical Review
8498:International Organization
8401:Journal of Financial Crime
8289:International Organization
8102:Annual Review of Economics
8002:Cambridge University Press
7260:Transparency International
7205:"Financial Weapons of War"
3245:Corruption in Turkmenistan
3185:Corruption in South Africa
3150:Corruption in Saudi Arabia
2346:
2304:Transparency International
2269:Transparency International
2242:
2239:Anti-corruption programmes
2105:Transparency International
2101:Transparency International
2064:
2043:
2013:
1951:
1937:
1901:
1827:
1823:
1807:
1668:
1589:Jean-Christophe Mitterrand
1587:42 individuals, including
1545:
1414:
1381:Transparency International
1011:
980:Corruption facilitated by
973:
822:
724:The Kaunas "Golden Toilet"
683:
626:private military companies
574:United States Armed Forces
497:The Good and the Bad Judge
494:In the Renaissance fresco
36:
29:
10313:Abuse of the legal system
10213:2011 Azerbaijani protests
10203:
10163:
10114:
10105:
9898:
9852:
9843:
9798:
9700:
9690:Offshore financial centre
9541:
9532:
9511:
9493:Interest group corruption
9475:
8301:10.1017/S0020818317000443
7662:"Global Corruption Index"
7580:10.1007/s10551-015-2853-4
7511:10.1017/9781108778350.001
7476:10.1007/s12117-012-9179-8
7464:Trends in Organized Crime
5904:. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
4773:10.1017/S0305741021000576
4633:Spheres of Global Justice
4573:Znoj, Heinzpeter (2009).
4336:10.1017/9781108778350.001
3921:; Vicente, Pedro (2005).
3469:Kaunas golden toilet case
3215:Corruption in Switzerland
3195:Corruption in South Sudan
3190:Corruption in South Korea
3085:Corruption in North Korea
3070:Corruption in New Zealand
2705:Corruption in Afghanistan
2527:(West-) Germany 1975â2015
2293:collective action problem
1679:Benefice § Pluralism
1263:multinational corporation
1254:Portuguese pronunciation:
818:
730:Kaunas golden toilet case
694:A political cartoon from
359:
10155:Whistleblower protection
9643:Cryptocurrency and crime
8965:12 November 2022 at the
8409:10.1108/JFC-08-2021-0176
7343:Parerga and Paralipomena
7327:Parerga and Paralipomena
4684:(3rd ed. 2020) p . 383.
4602:Legvold, Robert (2009).
3504:Non-disclosure agreement
3459:Investigative magistrate
3339:Appearance of corruption
3275:Corruption in Uzbekistan
3220:Corruption in Tajikistan
3050:Corruption in Montenegro
3025:Corruption in Mauritania
3015:Corruption in Luxembourg
2830:Corruption in Costa Rica
2750:Corruption in Bangladesh
2740:Corruption in Azerbaijan
2289:principal agent approach
1933:
1554:MitterrandâPasqua affair
1548:MitterrandâPasqua affair
1541:money is often laundered
1368:institutional corruption
1347:Federal Police of Brazil
969:
805:Royal Windsor Horse Show
646:increases the prevalence
558:constitutional economics
534:prosecutorial misconduct
388:Greed of money, desires.
351:State-Business Collusion
336:Latin American countries
32:Corrupt (disambiguation)
9524:Economics of corruption
9384:Syndromes of Corruption
9284:Andrew L. Fitz-Gibbon,
9083:3 December 2019 at the
8831:Bonn Parliament records
8458:11 October 2022 at the
7786:worldjusticeproject.org
7756:worldjusticeproject.org
7696:worldjusticeproject.org
6917:Business Standard India
6825:Rangan, MC Govardhana.
6754:Business Standard India
6698:Rangan, MC Govardhana.
5054:Pahis, Stratos (2009).
3773:worldjusticeproject.org
3658:How Corrupt is Britain?
3285:Corruption in Venezuela
3165:Corruption in Singapore
3075:Corruption in Nicaragua
3030:Corruption in Mauritius
3010:Corruption in Lithuania
2940:Corruption in Indonesia
2730:Corruption in Australia
2720:Corruption in Argentina
2554:Siemens corruption case
2395:All the President's Men
2111:, but stopped in 2011.
1948:Extortion and blackmail
1726:Investiture Controversy
1665:Religious organizations
1560:, was an international
1411:Stock market corruption
758:illicit financial flows
431:Low levels of education
226:decrease the benefit.
10303:Corporate liquidations
10150:UK Bribery Act of 2010
9906:Oficina AnticorrupciĂłn
9655:Noble cause corruption
9512:Measures of corruption
9375:Heywood, Paul M. ed.
9350:Cohen, Nissim (2012).
6591:"The Ignored Pandemic"
6478:"Combating Corruption"
5900:11 August 2021 at the
5043:. The European Lawyer.
3499:Noble cause corruption
3369:Command responsibility
3305:Corruption in Zimbabwe
3230:Corruption in Thailand
3225:Corruption in Tanzania
3175:Corruption in Slovenia
3170:Corruption in Slovakia
3135:Corruption in Portugal
3115:Corruption in Paraguay
3100:Corruption in Pakistan
3045:Corruption in Mongolia
3020:Corruption in Malaysia
2880:Corruption in Ethiopia
2825:Corruption in Colombia
2800:Corruption in Cameroon
2795:Corruption in Cambodia
2790:Corruption in Bulgaria
2780:Corruption in Botswana
2679:
2540:European Single Market
2534:
2256:
2036:
1839:
1805:
1781:Spiritual Mobilization
1601:Jean-Charles Marchiani
1205:
1002:criminal organizations
834:
725:
709:
606:personal relationships
525:
305:conflicting incentives
209:
192:Definitions and scales
173:How Corrupt is Britain
121:
9880:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
9660:Professional courtesy
9623:Honest services fraud
9414:Rajan, Sudhir Chella
7970:kyc360.riskscreen.com
7829:10.1525/gp.2020.12036
7726:World Justice Project
6621:"FBI Detroit History"
5478:. 16 September 2022.
3655:Whyte, David (2015).
3539:Professional courtesy
3494:Multinational Monitor
3404:Corporate malfeasance
3290:Corruption in Vietnam
3280:Corruption in Vanuatu
3270:Corruption in Uruguay
3255:Corruption in Ukraine
3235:Corruption in Tunisia
3180:Corruption in Somalia
3155:Corruption in Senegal
3140:Corruption in Romania
3080:Corruption in Nigeria
3055:Corruption in Myanmar
3040:Corruption in Moldova
3005:Corruption in Liberia
3000:Corruption in Lebanon
2955:Corruption in Ireland
2930:Corruption in Iceland
2925:Corruption in Hungary
2905:Corruption in Germany
2900:Corruption in Georgia
2890:Corruption in Finland
2870:Corruption in Estonia
2860:Corruption in Ecuador
2855:Corruption in Denmark
2835:Corruption in Croatia
2770:Corruption in Bolivia
2760:Corruption in Belgium
2755:Corruption in Belarus
2745:Corruption in Bahrain
2735:Corruption in Austria
2725:Corruption in Armenia
2710:Corruption in Albania
2698:Corruption by country
2664:
2614:without referring to
2524:
2389:The Constant Gardener
2252:
2123:World Justice Project
2119:Absence of corruption
2034:
1837:
1773:
1568:to the government of
1439:Bombay Stock Exchange
1353:since 17 March 2014.
1258:[ËpÉtÉŸoËbÉŸas]
1200:
832:
783:(at least ÂŁ319,406),
769:Members of Parliament
723:
693:
634:military police force
493:
422:Political instability
199:
49:
10288:Political corruption
9844:Institutions dealing
9578:Conflict of interest
9503:Political corruption
9031:8 March 2021 at the
8864:8 March 2021 at the
8824:"Drucksache 12/8468"
8755:. pp. 195â219.
8689:www.insightcrime.org
7894:. 13 December 2018.
7210:Minnesota Law Review
6863:. 25 November 2010.
6651:"FBI Albany History"
6522:(10214): 2119â2124.
6419:www.transparency.org
6375:28 July 2020 at the
6355:28 July 2020 at the
6336:28 July 2020 at the
6317:28 July 2020 at the
6298:28 July 2020 at the
6279:28 July 2020 at the
6260:28 July 2020 at the
6241:28 July 2020 at the
6222:28 July 2020 at the
6203:28 July 2020 at the
6184:28 July 2020 at the
6165:28 July 2020 at the
6146:28 July 2020 at the
6127:28 July 2020 at the
6108:28 July 2020 at the
6089:28 July 2020 at the
6070:28 July 2020 at the
6051:28 July 2020 at the
5999:28 July 2020 at the
5979:28 July 2020 at the
5060:The Yale Law Journal
4552:. pp. 135â136.
4550:Diagnosis corruption
4289:"China's Gilded Age"
4223:"China's Gilded Age"
3544:Political repression
3524:Privilege (evidence)
3464:Industrial espionage
3374:Conflict of interest
3364:Blue wall of silence
3300:Corruption in Zambia
3250:Corruption in Uganda
3240:Corruption in Turkey
3210:Corruption in Sweden
3160:Corruption in Serbia
3145:Corruption in Russia
3130:Corruption in Poland
3105:Corruption in Panama
3095:Corruption in Norway
3035:Corruption in Mexico
2995:Corruption in Latvia
2985:Corruption in Kuwait
2980:Corruption in Kosovo
2970:Corruption in Jordan
2960:Corruption in Israel
2915:Corruption in Greece
2895:Corruption in France
2845:Corruption in Cyprus
2805:Corruption in Canada
2785:Corruption in Brazil
2715:Corruption in Angola
2622:improve this article
2484:operating expenses.
2107:used to publish the
1765:individual salvation
1753:James W. Fifield Jr.
1745:Princeton University
1574:Government of France
1497:improve this section
1487:may not represent a
1429:NSE co-location scam
1084:improve this section
1074:may not represent a
789:United Arab Emirates
744:On 7 July 2020, the
686:Political corruption
549:developing countries
530:misconduct of judges
425:Weak property rights
403:Low economic freedom
379:According to a 2017
309:discretionary powers
150:Political corruption
50:A map depicting the
37:For other uses, see
9685:Offshore investment
9011:Britta Bannenberg,
8859:Drucksache 12/8468:
8524:Wall Street Journal
8483:Ang, Y. Y. (2020).
7817:Global Perspectives
7638:. 25 January 2022.
7339:Arthur Schopenhauer
7323:Arthur Schopenhauer
7129:. 22 September 2011
6724:. 25 November 2010.
6510:(7 December 2019).
6508:GarcĂa, Patricia J.
5921:on 30 November 2016
5177:The Balance Careers
5014:"Drug Policy Facts"
4761:The China Quarterly
4662:on 11 February 2015
4511:on 3 December 2015.
4502:Projects at Harvard
4005:10.1017/err.2021.18
3409:Corporate tax haven
3329:Accounting scandals
3295:Corruption in Yemen
3205:Corruption in Sudan
3200:Corruption in Spain
3060:Corruption in Nepal
2975:Corruption in Kenya
2965:Corruption in Italy
2935:Corruption in India
2920:Corruption in Haiti
2910:Corruption in Ghana
2865:Corruption in Egypt
2820:Corruption in China
2815:Corruption in Chile
2765:Corruption in Benin
2051:Abuse of discretion
2046:Abuse of discretion
2040:Abuse of discretion
2016:Business networking
1814:systemic corruption
1785:Freedoms Foundation
1697:history of religion
1648:Arthur Schopenhauer
1636:François Mitterrand
1533:regular gun runners
1234:corporate liability
1230:vicarious liability
1136:of this section is
986:Attorney misconduct
976:Attorney misconduct
773:Saudi-led coalition
622:criminal syndicates
408:in-group favoritism
313:monopolistic powers
294:Systemic corruption
289:Systemic corruption
10283:Concepts in ethics
10086:Warioba Commission
10024:(Papua New Guinea)
9768:Regulatory capture
9573:Commercial bribery
9400:86 (1981): 247â74.
9382:Johnston, Michael
9185:2 Peter 1:4, 2:20.
8593:The New York Times
7892:ChinaPower Project
7385:Ninety-five Theses
7127:The Times of India
7077:. 20 November 2017
7000:The Economic Times
6831:The Economic Times
6800:The Economic Times
6704:The Economic Times
6685:The Economic Times
6484:. 4 October 2018.
6404:10.1093/esr/jct036
5772:The New York Times
5706:The New York Times
5041:Defining the rules
4876:10.1111/joes.12198
4680:R. Keith Schoppa,
4529:on 20 January 2018
4200:10.1111/ecot.12259
3923:"Legal Corruption"
3689:. 14 December 2022
3554:Regulatory capture
3549:Poisoning the well
3509:Operation Car Wash
3359:Bribe Payers Index
3324:Academic careerism
3120:Corruption in Peru
2990:Corruption in Laos
2950:Corruption in Iraq
2945:Corruption in Iran
2840:Corruption in Cuba
2810:Corruption in Chad
2535:
2343:In popular culture
2257:
2109:Bribe Payers Index
2037:
2004:Influence peddling
1999:Influence peddling
1976:false imprisonment
1840:
1787:, they had linked
1683:Mental reservation
1613:Paul-Loup Sulitzer
1451:stock manipulation
1331:Operation Car Wash
1313:Norberto Odebrecht
1283:Operation Car Wash
1279:Fortune Global 500
1267:petroleum industry
1206:
936:abuse of prisoners
912:falsified evidence
900:surveillance abuse
881:Neo-Nazi Skinheads
835:
726:
710:
704:investigating the
586:sexual orientation
526:
437:Extravagant family
325:post-Soviet states
298:endemic corruption
236:post-Soviet states
210:
142:influence peddling
122:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10101:
10100:
9839:
9838:
9816:Election security
9763:Political scandal
9498:Police corruption
9358:, 7 (3): 285â308.
9161:hrr-strafrecht.de
9131:hrr-strafrecht.de
9052:hrr-strafrecht.de
8082:978-3-86582-452-3
8030:Project Syndicate
8005:. Rochester, NY.
7547:on 9 October 2017
7520:978-1-108-47860-1
7025:Business Standard
6919:. 21 March 2022.
6889:. 13 April 2022.
6597:. 19 March 2019.
4845:Klitgaard, Robert
4741:978-0-674-24864-9
4716:978-1-009-06273-2
4706:Money in Politics
4617:978-0-8157-0329-7
4588:978-0-7546-7682-9
4559:978-1-931003-11-7
4371:Project Syndicate
4345:978-1-108-47860-1
4302:978-1-108-47860-1
4236:978-1-108-47860-1
4081:Project Syndicate
3748:Project Syndicate
3668:978-0-7453-3529-2
3584:Trial in absentia
3569:Sexual misconduct
3394:Corporate warfare
3354:Business oligarch
2650:
2649:
2642:
2616:secondary sources
2223:
2222:
2201:. Please help to
2193:This section may
2020:Networking (both
1972:physical violence
1872:employee benefits
1625:Philippe Courroye
1562:political scandal
1529:
1528:
1521:
1309:Salvador da Bahia
1269:headquartered in
1195:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1056:
904:false confessions
877:white supremacist
839:police misconduct
825:Police corruption
670:soil conservation
640:Natural resources
598:religious beliefs
413:Gender inequality
400:Low press freedom
342:Money in Politics
18:Public corruption
16:(Redirected from
10320:
10112:
10111:
9850:
9849:
9831:Vote suppression
9718:Crony capitalism
9648:Hawala and crime
9638:Money laundering
9618:Graft (politics)
9598:Confidence trick
9539:
9538:
9533:Forms or aspects
9462:
9455:
9448:
9439:
9438:
9343:Butscher, Anke.
9340:
9323:(8): 1373â1396.
9298:
9295:
9289:
9282:
9276:
9273:
9267:
9264:
9258:
9255:
9249:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9231:
9228:
9222:
9219:
9213:
9210:
9204:
9201:
9195:
9192:
9186:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9172:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9093:
9087:
9074:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9044:
9035:
9022:
9016:
9009:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8992:
8985:
8977:
8971:
8960:fĂŒr Rolf Keller"
8956:
8950:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8930:
8919:
8911:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8894:
8883:
8875:
8869:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8839:
8828:
8820:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8798:
8787:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8761:
8750:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8650:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8515:
8509:
8494:
8488:
8481:
8475:
8468:
8462:
8449:
8443:
8440:
8434:
8431:
8425:
8418:
8412:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8384:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8366:
8359:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8330:
8321:
8320:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8221:
8215:
8208:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8180:. Archived from
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8150:. Archived from
8140:
8134:
8133:
8099:
8090:
8084:
8074:
8068:
8067:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8021:
8015:
8014:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7932:
7926:
7919:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7884:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7636:Transparency.org
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7421:
7411:
7405:
7395:
7389:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7352:
7346:
7336:
7330:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7298:. 28 March 2007.
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7269:
7256:
7248:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7200:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7181:. 12 August 2015
7171:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7155:. 20 August 2015
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6971:. 7 March 2022.
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6756:. 21 March 2022.
6746:
6740:
6739:
6738:. 13 April 2022.
6732:
6726:
6725:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6531:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6411:
6405:
6401:
6392:
6389:
6380:
6366:
6360:
6347:
6341:
6328:
6322:
6309:
6303:
6290:
6284:
6271:
6265:
6252:
6246:
6233:
6227:
6214:
6208:
6195:
6189:
6176:
6170:
6157:
6151:
6138:
6132:
6119:
6113:
6100:
6094:
6081:
6075:
6062:
6056:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6021:sites.google.com
6017:"ararat.osipian"
6013:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5917:. Archived from
5911:
5905:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5871:. 8 March 2016.
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5817:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5774:. 20 June 2015.
5764:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5739:. Archived from
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5677:. 16 June 2017.
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5599:. 2 April 2013.
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5501:Miller, Ryan W.
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5366:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5326:. Archived from
5321:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5267:
5243:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5122:. 29 July 2020.
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4982:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4878:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4767:(1): 1037â1058.
4752:
4746:
4745:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4658:. Archived from
4647:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4504:. Archived from
4499:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4429:supremecourt.org
4426:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4163:. 30 July 2020.
4153:
4147:
4146:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4107:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3919:Kaufmann, Daniel
3915:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3629:. Archived from
3624:
3616:
3564:Social influence
3519:Penny stock scam
3444:Graft (politics)
3379:Crony capitalism
3344:Biens mal acquis
2677:
2645:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2542:in the upcoming
2402:Legal corruption
2349:Kleptocracy Tour
2218:
2215:
2188:
2187:
2180:
1940:Graft (politics)
1818:grand corruption
1633:
1537:arms trafficking
1524:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1468:Arms trafficking
1453:, especially in
1335:money laundering
1325:
1299:, construction,
1260:
1255:
1190:
1183:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1048:
1026:
1025:
1018:
948:internal affairs
885:Neo-Confederates
879:groups, such as
868:police brutality
787:(ÂŁ197,985), the
777:Yemeni Civil War
762:money laundering
630:terrorist groups
536:, occurs when a
275:Grand corruption
270:Grand corruption
259:Petty corruption
254:Petty corruption
133:criminal offense
118:
112:
106:
100:
94:
88:
82:
76:
70:
64:
58:
21:
10328:
10327:
10323:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10268:
10267:
10266:
10257:
10205:
10199:
10167:
10165:
10159:
10116:
10107:Anti-corruption
10097:
9894:
9846:with corruption
9845:
9835:
9811:Electoral fraud
9806:Ballot stuffing
9794:
9696:
9534:
9528:
9507:
9483:Corporate crime
9471:
9466:
9307:
9305:Further reading
9302:
9301:
9296:
9292:
9283:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9252:
9247:
9243:
9238:
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9229:
9225:
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9216:
9211:
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9202:
9198:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9170:
9168:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9138:
9125:
9124:
9120:
9110:
9108:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9085:Wayback Machine
9075:
9071:
9061:
9059:
9046:
9045:
9038:
9033:Wayback Machine
9023:
9019:
9010:
9006:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8983:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8967:Wayback Machine
8957:
8953:
8948:
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8928:
8917:
8913:
8912:
8908:
8898:
8896:
8892:
8881:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8866:Wayback Machine
8857:
8853:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8812:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8792:. p. 195.
8785:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8748:
8742:
8738:
8728:
8726:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8698:
8696:
8681:
8677:
8667:
8665:
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8651:
8647:
8637:
8635:
8624:
8620:
8610:
8608:
8585:
8581:
8571:
8569:
8556:
8555:
8551:
8541:
8539:
8516:
8512:
8495:
8491:
8482:
8478:
8469:
8465:
8460:Wayback Machine
8450:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8428:
8419:
8415:
8398:
8394:
8378:
8377:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8357:
8355:"Archived copy"
8353:
8352:
8348:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8324:
8285:
8281:
8271:
8269:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8185:
8184:on 17 July 2019
8172:
8171:
8167:
8157:
8155:
8154:on 14 June 2018
8142:
8141:
8137:
8097:
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7886:
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7868:
7866:
7856:Foreign Affairs
7848:
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7232:
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7153:Hindustan Times
7147:
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6855:
6854:
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6809:
6807:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6784:. 7 March 2022.
6780:
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6428:
6426:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6383:
6377:Wayback Machine
6367:
6363:
6357:Wayback Machine
6348:
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6329:
6325:
6319:Wayback Machine
6310:
6306:
6300:Wayback Machine
6291:
6287:
6281:Wayback Machine
6272:
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6262:Wayback Machine
6253:
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6234:
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6215:
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6196:
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6177:
6173:
6167:Wayback Machine
6158:
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6148:Wayback Machine
6139:
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6129:Wayback Machine
6120:
6116:
6110:Wayback Machine
6101:
6097:
6091:Wayback Machine
6082:
6078:
6072:Wayback Machine
6063:
6059:
6053:Wayback Machine
6044:
6040:
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6015:
6014:
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6001:Wayback Machine
5991:
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5971:
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5902:Wayback Machine
5892:
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5606:
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5596:TheGuardian.com
5589:
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5155:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5094:DoSomething.org
5088:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5052:
5048:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5016:. 7 July 2021.
5012:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4980:
4974:
4970:
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4921:
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4701:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4656:thomaspogge.com
4650:Pogge, Thomas.
4648:
4644:
4629:
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4618:
4600:
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4589:
4571:
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3702:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3661:. Pluto Press.
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3399:Corporate crime
3384:Corporate abuse
3349:Business ethics
3314:
3309:
2700:
2678:
2671:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2556:
2515:
2435:
2416:
2408:Daniel Kaufmann
2404:
2351:
2345:
2247:
2241:
2232:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2136:
2089:
2069:
2063:
2055:decision-making
2048:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2001:
1992:
1956:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1928:electoral fraud
1906:
1900:
1832:
1826:
1810:
1769:free enterprise
1734:Catholic Church
1693:
1675:Cardinal-nephew
1669:Main articles:
1667:
1644:
1627:
1609:Arcadi Gaydamak
1550:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1494:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1435:stock exchanges
1431:
1415:Main articles:
1413:
1397:
1377:
1359:
1343:corporate crime
1319:
1253:
1246:
1238:insider trading
1226:natural persons
1222:business entity
1214:corporate crime
1191:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1142:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:Corporate crime
1010:
978:
972:
960:
944:organized crime
920:stolen property
896:code of conduct
827:
821:
697:Harper's Weekly
688:
682:
642:
570:
486:
475:
463:
448:
362:
353:
344:
291:
278:of corruption.
272:
264:it erodes trust
256:
244:
223:Daniel Kaufmann
194:
181:anti-corruption
120:
116:
114:
110:
108:
104:
102:
98:
96:
92:
90:
86:
84:
80:
78:
74:
72:
68:
66:
62:
60:
56:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10326:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10263:
10262:
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10258:
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10250:
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10230:
10225:
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10098:
10096:
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10083:
10077:
10071:
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10054:
10049:
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10037:
10031:
10025:
10019:
10013:
10007:
10001:
9996:
9990:
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9979:
9973:
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9961:
9956:
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9949:
9948:
9943:
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9914:
9909:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9865:Global Witness
9862:
9856:
9854:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9821:Gerrymandering
9818:
9813:
9808:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9780:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9738:Ghost soldiers
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9704:
9702:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9687:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9651:
9650:
9645:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9594:
9593:
9588:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9551:
9545:
9543:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9479:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9465:
9464:
9457:
9450:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9425:
9419:
9412:
9411:, 7 (1): 1â17.
9401:
9394:
9387:
9380:
9373:
9366:
9359:
9348:
9341:
9306:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9290:
9277:
9268:
9259:
9250:
9241:
9232:
9223:
9214:
9205:
9196:
9187:
9178:
9148:
9118:
9088:
9069:
9036:
9017:
9004:
8972:
8951:
8942:
8906:
8870:
8851:
8810:
8773:
8736:
8706:
8675:
8660:. 3 May 2017.
8645:
8618:
8579:
8562:travel.cnn.com
8549:
8510:
8489:
8476:
8463:
8444:
8435:
8426:
8413:
8392:
8346:
8322:
8279:
8253:
8227:
8195:
8165:
8135:
8085:
8069:
8042:
8016:
7987:
7957:
7927:
7909:
7876:
7842:
7803:
7773:
7743:
7713:
7683:
7653:
7623:
7593:
7574:(3): 467â478.
7558:
7532:
7519:
7489:
7454:
7422:
7420:(2015), p. 86.
7414:Kevin M. Kruse
7406:
7398:Kevin M. Kruse
7390:
7375:
7363:
7347:
7331:
7315:
7301:
7281:
7240:
7192:
7179:Business Today
7166:
7140:
7114:
7088:
7062:
7037:
7012:
6986:
6960:
6934:
6904:
6878:
6848:
6817:
6787:
6773:
6759:
6741:
6727:
6709:
6690:
6672:
6642:
6612:
6582:
6551:
6499:
6469:
6454:
6436:
6406:
6393:
6381:
6361:
6342:
6323:
6304:
6285:
6266:
6247:
6228:
6209:
6190:
6171:
6152:
6133:
6114:
6095:
6076:
6057:
6038:
6005:
5985:
5965:
5932:
5906:
5893:Economia UOL.
5886:
5856:
5825:
5789:
5754:
5743:on 10 May 2017
5723:
5692:
5666:
5640:
5614:
5582:
5556:
5524:
5493:
5463:
5433:
5397:
5356:
5344:
5307:
5292:. Sos.mo.gov.
5281:
5235:
5224:
5194:
5163:
5148:. 5 May 2015.
5137:
5111:
5081:
5046:
5031:
5005:
4968:
4929:
4898:
4869:(2): 335â356.
4849:
4837:
4811:
4786:
4747:
4740:
4722:
4715:
4695:
4686:
4673:
4642:
4623:
4616:
4594:
4587:
4565:
4558:
4540:
4514:
4485:
4449:
4413:
4383:
4357:
4344:
4314:
4301:
4279:
4248:
4235:
4213:
4194:(2): 343â356.
4178:
4148:
4130:
4093:
4067:
4030:
3979:
3966:(3): 252â268.
3946:
3907:
3898:
3889:
3868:
3837:
3810:(4): 347â361.
3790:
3760:
3734:
3700:
3674:
3667:
3647:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3599:Whistleblowers
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Fraternization
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
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3177:
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3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
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3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
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3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
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3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
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2987:
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2977:
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2967:
2962:
2957:
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2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
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2857:
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2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2691:Paul of Tarsus
2669:
2648:
2647:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2568:Enel Power SpA
2555:
2552:
2544:European Union
2531:shadow economy
2514:
2511:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2434:
2431:
2415:
2412:
2403:
2400:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2296:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2205:. Discuss and
2192:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2159:Park Chung Hee
2135:
2132:
2088:
2085:
2065:Main article:
2062:
2059:
2044:Main article:
2041:
2038:
2014:Main article:
2011:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1952:Main article:
1949:
1946:
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1926:money, scams,
1902:Main article:
1899:
1896:
1876:company shares
1828:Main article:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1806:
1749:Kevin M. Kruse
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1643:
1640:
1621:Georges Fenech
1605:Pierre Falcone
1597:Charles Pasqua
1593:Jacques Attali
1566:Central Europe
1546:Main article:
1527:
1526:
1491:of the subject
1489:worldwide view
1484:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1412:
1409:
1396:
1393:
1376:
1373:
1358:
1355:
1305:petrochemicals
1271:Rio de Janeiro
1245:
1242:
1203:Rio de Janeiro
1193:
1192:
1175:
1174:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1078:of the subject
1076:worldwide view
1071:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1009:
1006:
974:Main article:
971:
968:
963:Private sector
959:
958:Private sector
956:
908:police perjury
872:Whistleblowing
844:thin blue line
823:Main article:
820:
817:
795:(ÂŁ66,695) and
684:Main article:
681:
678:
674:climate change
641:
638:
569:
566:
485:
482:
474:
471:
462:
459:
447:
446:
443:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
415:
410:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
361:
358:
352:
349:
343:
340:
290:
287:
271:
268:
255:
252:
243:
240:
193:
190:
115:
109:
103:
97:
91:
85:
79:
73:
67:
61:
59: 100 â 90
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10325:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10308:Corporate law
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10202:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10164:International
10162:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10119:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10093:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10081:
10078:
10075:
10072:
10070:(South Korea)
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10047:
10044:
10041:
10038:
10035:
10032:
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10023:
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10017:
10014:
10011:
10008:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9977:
9974:
9971:
9968:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9954:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9930:
9927:
9924:
9921:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9897:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:International
9851:
9848:
9842:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9785:State capture
9783:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9728:Elite capture
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9699:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
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9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
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9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
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9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9540:
9537:
9535:of corruption
9531:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9463:
9458:
9456:
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9449:
9444:
9443:
9440:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9423:
9420:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9381:
9378:
9374:
9371:
9367:
9365:
9360:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9309:
9308:
9294:
9287:
9281:
9272:
9263:
9254:
9245:
9236:
9227:
9218:
9209:
9200:
9191:
9182:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9152:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9122:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9073:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9043:
9041:
9034:
9030:
9027:
9021:
9014:
9008:
8989:
8982:
8976:
8968:
8964:
8961:
8955:
8946:
8927:
8923:
8916:
8910:
8891:
8887:
8880:
8874:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8855:
8836:
8832:
8825:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8795:
8791:
8784:
8777:
8758:
8754:
8747:
8740:
8724:
8720:
8719:The Economist
8716:
8710:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8679:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8606:
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8598:
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8590:
8583:
8567:
8563:
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8529:
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8486:
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8473:
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8417:
8410:
8406:
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8257:
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8212:
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8199:
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8153:
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8131:
8127:
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8119:
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8103:
8096:
8089:
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8079:
8073:
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8061:
8057:
8053:
8046:
8031:
8027:
8020:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7991:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7961:
7945:
7941:
7940:www.iias.asia
7937:
7931:
7924:
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7916:
7914:
7897:
7893:
7889:
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7865:
7861:
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7807:
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7757:
7753:
7747:
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7697:
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7687:
7671:
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7637:
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7603:
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7522:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7493:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7458:
7439:
7432:
7426:
7419:
7415:
7410:
7404:(2015), p. 7.
7403:
7399:
7394:
7387:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7367:
7360:
7356:
7351:
7344:
7340:
7335:
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7319:
7311:
7305:
7297:
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7266:
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7103:
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6990:
6974:
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6892:
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6858:
6852:
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6805:
6801:
6797:
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6755:
6751:
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6694:
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6630:
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6555:
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6530:
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6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6455:0-585-26666-2
6451:
6447:
6440:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6400:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6378:
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6054:
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6022:
6018:
6012:
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6002:
5998:
5995:
5989:
5982:
5978:
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5969:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5815:
5799:
5793:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5570:
5567:. June 2020.
5566:
5560:
5544:
5541:. July 2020.
5540:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5429:
5423:
5407:
5401:
5393:
5387:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5353:
5352:Chipkin, Ivor
5348:
5333:on 2 May 2014
5329:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
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5249:
5242:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5171:Powers, Rod.
5167:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5069:
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5035:
5019:
5015:
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4990:
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4909:
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4877:
4872:
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4864:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4800:
4799:www.icaew.com
4796:
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4683:
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4325:
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4298:
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4290:
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4269:
4268:10.3386/w7093
4265:
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4224:
4217:
4209:
4205:
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4197:
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4182:
4166:
4162:
4161:The Economist
4158:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3935:on 5 May 2015
3931:
3924:
3920:
3914:
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3902:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3856:
3852:
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3809:
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3794:
3778:
3774:
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3764:
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3711:
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3688:
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3678:
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3659:
3651:
3636:on 5 May 2015
3632:
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3597:
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3555:
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3547:
3545:
3542:
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3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Pump and dump
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
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3480:
3477:
3475:
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3467:
3465:
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3457:
3455:
3454:Goldman Sachs
3452:
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3447:
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3440:
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3435:
3432:
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3427:
3425:
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3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
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3101:
3098:
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2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:New Testament
2675:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2644:
2641:
2633:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:This section
2605:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:Liechtenstein
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2456:
2453:
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2411:
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2379:
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2329:
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2319:
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2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
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2255:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:public sector
2094:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:entertainment
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:sexual favors
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1797:welfare state
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:social Gospel
1758:
1757:hermeneutical
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:Martin Luther
1727:
1722:
1718:
1717:New Testament
1714:
1710:
1709:Ancient Judea
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:Harshad Mehta
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:the Teamsters
1392:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1171:
1168:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
967:
964:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
887:(such as the
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
831:
826:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
731:
722:
718:
714:
707:
706:Indian Bureau
703:
699:
698:
692:
687:
677:
675:
671:
666:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
561:
559:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
492:
488:
481:
477:
473:Public sector
470:
468:
458:
455:
453:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
384:
382:
377:
373:
371:
366:
357:
348:
339:
337:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
286:
284:
279:
276:
267:
265:
260:
251:
248:
239:
237:
231:
227:
224:
219:
216:, wrote that
215:
207:
203:
198:
189:
186:
182:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:kleptocracies
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
127:is a form of
126:
119: No data
107: 19 â 10
101: 29 â 20
95: 39 â 30
89: 49 â 40
83: 59 â 50
77: 69 â 60
71: 79 â 70
65: 89 â 80
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
9995:(Madagascar)
9919:(Bangladesh)
9826:Vote pairing
9778:Rent-setting
9773:Rent-seeking
9733:Failed state
9633:Match fixing
9603:Embezzlement
9582:Corporation
9554:Black market
9468:
9428:
9415:
9408:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9376:
9369:
9355:
9345:"Corruption"
9320:
9316:
9293:
9285:
9280:
9275:Romans 13:8.
9271:
9266:Romans 13:1.
9262:
9253:
9248:1 John 2:15.
9244:
9235:
9230:1 Peter 2:9.
9226:
9221:Romans 12:2.
9217:
9208:
9199:
9190:
9181:
9169:. Retrieved
9160:
9151:
9139:. Retrieved
9130:
9121:
9109:. Retrieved
9100:
9091:
9072:
9060:. Retrieved
9051:
9020:
9012:
9007:
8995:. Retrieved
8975:
8954:
8945:
8933:. Retrieved
8921:
8909:
8897:. Retrieved
8885:
8873:
8854:
8842:. Retrieved
8830:
8803:25 September
8801:. Retrieved
8789:
8776:
8766:25 September
8764:. Retrieved
8752:
8739:
8727:. Retrieved
8718:
8709:
8697:. Retrieved
8688:
8678:
8666:. Retrieved
8657:
8648:
8636:. Retrieved
8621:
8609:. Retrieved
8592:
8582:
8570:. Retrieved
8561:
8552:
8540:. Retrieved
8523:
8513:
8497:
8492:
8484:
8479:
8471:
8466:
8447:
8438:
8429:
8421:
8416:
8400:
8395:
8369:. Retrieved
8349:
8337:. Retrieved
8295:(1): 33â69.
8292:
8288:
8282:
8270:. Retrieved
8256:
8244:. Retrieved
8230:
8218:. Retrieved
8198:
8186:. Retrieved
8182:the original
8177:
8168:
8156:. Retrieved
8152:the original
8147:
8138:
8122:1721.1/73081
8105:
8101:
8088:
8072:
8055:
8045:
8033:. Retrieved
8029:
8019:
8000:
7990:
7978:. Retrieved
7969:
7960:
7948:. Retrieved
7939:
7930:
7922:
7900:. Retrieved
7891:
7867:. Retrieved
7855:
7845:
7820:
7816:
7806:
7794:. Retrieved
7785:
7776:
7764:. Retrieved
7755:
7746:
7734:. Retrieved
7725:
7716:
7704:. Retrieved
7695:
7686:
7674:. Retrieved
7665:
7656:
7644:. Retrieved
7635:
7626:
7614:. Retrieved
7605:
7596:
7571:
7568:J Bus Ethics
7567:
7561:
7549:. Retrieved
7545:the original
7535:
7524:, retrieved
7502:
7492:
7470:(1): 49â73.
7467:
7463:
7457:
7445:. Retrieved
7425:
7417:
7409:
7401:
7393:
7383:
7378:
7366:
7350:
7342:
7334:
7326:
7318:
7304:
7293:
7284:
7272:. Retrieved
7258:
7231:. Retrieved
7214:
7208:
7183:. Retrieved
7178:
7169:
7157:. Retrieved
7152:
7143:
7131:. Retrieved
7126:
7117:
7105:. Retrieved
7101:
7091:
7079:. Retrieved
7075:Moneycontrol
7074:
7065:
7053:. Retrieved
7049:
7040:
7028:. Retrieved
7024:
7015:
7003:. Retrieved
6999:
6989:
6977:. Retrieved
6963:
6951:. Retrieved
6937:
6925:. Retrieved
6916:
6907:
6895:. Retrieved
6881:
6869:. Retrieved
6860:
6851:
6839:. Retrieved
6830:
6820:
6808:. Retrieved
6799:
6790:
6776:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6730:
6721:
6712:
6703:
6693:
6684:
6675:
6663:. Retrieved
6654:
6645:
6633:. Retrieved
6624:
6615:
6603:. Retrieved
6594:
6585:
6573:. Retrieved
6564:
6554:
6519:
6515:
6502:
6490:. Retrieved
6481:
6472:
6445:
6439:
6427:. Retrieved
6418:
6409:
6364:
6345:
6326:
6307:
6288:
6269:
6250:
6231:
6212:
6193:
6174:
6155:
6136:
6117:
6098:
6079:
6060:
6041:
6029:. Retrieved
6020:
5988:
5968:
5956:. Retrieved
5945:
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5919:the original
5909:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5859:
5847:. Retrieved
5838:
5828:
5802:. Retrieved
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5771:
5745:. Retrieved
5741:the original
5736:
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5705:
5695:
5683:. Retrieved
5669:
5657:. Retrieved
5643:
5631:. Retrieved
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5594:
5585:
5573:. Retrieved
5559:
5547:. Retrieved
5538:The Atlantic
5536:
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5506:
5496:
5486:16 September
5484:. Retrieved
5475:
5466:
5454:. Retrieved
5445:
5436:
5410:. Retrieved
5400:
5374:. Retrieved
5347:
5335:. Retrieved
5328:the original
5323:
5310:
5298:. Retrieved
5284:
5255:
5251:
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5206:
5197:
5187:24 September
5185:. Retrieved
5176:
5166:
5156:24 September
5154:. Retrieved
5140:
5128:. Retrieved
5114:
5104:24 September
5102:. Retrieved
5093:
5084:
5072:. Retrieved
5063:
5059:
5049:
5040:
5034:
5024:24 September
5022:. Retrieved
5008:
4996:. Retrieved
4984:
4971:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4920:. Retrieved
4911:
4901:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4840:
4828:. Retrieved
4824:
4814:
4802:. Retrieved
4798:
4789:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4731:
4725:
4705:
4698:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4660:the original
4655:
4645:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4607:
4597:
4578:
4568:
4549:
4543:
4531:. Retrieved
4527:the original
4517:
4506:the original
4501:
4493:Alt, James.
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4464:
4452:
4440:. Retrieved
4428:
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4395:
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4370:
4360:
4349:, retrieved
4327:
4317:
4306:, retrieved
4292:
4282:
4271:, retrieved
4258:
4251:
4240:, retrieved
4226:
4216:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4151:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4109:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4080:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4046:
4033:
4021:. Retrieved
3999:(1): 21â44.
3996:
3992:
3982:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3939:25 September
3937:. Retrieved
3930:the original
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3871:
3861:25 September
3859:. Retrieved
3850:
3845:Doss, Eric.
3840:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3772:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3747:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3714:The Guardian
3713:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3686:
3677:
3657:
3650:
3640:25 September
3638:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3626:
3614:
2680:
2665:
2659:The Republic
2657:
2651:
2636:
2627:
2620:Please help
2608:
2585:
2574:accounts in
2557:
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2148:rent-seeking
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2070:
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2019:
2002:
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1990:Access money
1980:
1957:
1943:
1921:
1909:Embezzlement
1907:
1904:Embezzlement
1892:
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1793:Christianity
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1462:penny stocks
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1425:Ketan Parekh
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1395:Labor unions
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1293:conglomerate
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864:prostitution
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791:(ÂŁ187,251),
781:Saudi Arabia
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169:mafia states
165:narco-states
154:
146:embezzlement
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10168:and efforts
10166:instruments
10117:enforcement
10059:(Singapore)
9972:(Indonesia)
9908:(Argentina)
9790:State crime
9748:Mafia state
9743:Kleptocracy
9708:Clientelism
9675:Tax evasion
9558:Grey market
9297:Roman 8:21.
9212:1 Cor 7:30.
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9194:James 1:27.
8158:5 September
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5207:irp.fas.org
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3574:Tax evasion
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3489:Meritocracy
3474:Kleptocracy
2630:August 2020
2576:Switzerland
2572:black money
2529:. Original
2363:Mexico City
2334:noticeable.
2115:financing.
2087:Measurement
2080:clientelism
2072:Favouritism
1924:foreign aid
1860:real estate
1799:to godless
1777:merchandise
1738:indulgences
1728:. In 1517,
1634:the son of
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1433:The Indian
1389:absenteeism
1351:Sergio Moro
1320: [
1297:real estate
1218:corporation
1210:criminology
994:mob lawyers
809:Westminster
702:Carl Schurz
650:park ranger
161:oligarchies
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10278:Corruption
10272:Categories
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10088:(Tanzania)
10018:(Pakistan)
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9670:Slush fund
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9257:1 Cor 2:6.
9239:James 4:4.
8188:6 November
7796:8 February
7766:8 February
7736:8 February
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7646:8 February
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7274:21 January
6979:11 January
6953:11 January
6927:11 January
6897:11 January
6871:11 January
6841:11 January
6810:11 January
6665:3 December
6635:3 December
6605:7 December
6575:7 December
6516:The Lancet
6492:7 December
6482:World Bank
6429:7 December
6031:1 December
5958:20 January
5925:20 January
5716:16 October
5476:The Ferret
5217:31 October
4998:12 January
4985:World Bank
4666:8 February
4523:"Glossary"
4396:Justia Law
4123:11 January
3783:8 February
3606:References
3579:Tax havens
2347:See also:
2308:World Bank
2243:See also:
2176:Prevention
2010:Networking
1984:threatened
1888:employment
1880:privileges
1864:promotions
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1747:professor
1642:Philosophy
1558:Angolagate
1375:Healthcare
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1134:neutrality
1038:improve it
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928:contraband
663:irrigation
652:to ignore
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538:politician
522:partridges
315:; lack of
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10126:(pending)
10094:(Vietnam)
10082:(Ukraine)
10042:(Romania)
10036:(Romania)
10012:(Nigeria)
10006:(Myanmar)
9984:(Liberia)
9955:(Croatia)
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9799:Elections
9680:Tax haven
9608:Extortion
9568:Collusion
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9171:21 August
9141:21 August
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5575:1 January
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4963:1094-2939
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1458:small-cap
1405:the Mafia
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1301:chemicals
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5337:30 April
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2306:and the
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1244:Examples
1138:disputed
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2359:Chicago
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2207:resolve
1960:bribery
1830:Bribery
1824:Bribery
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1619:deputy
1572:by the
1265:in the
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934:or the
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910:and/or
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775:in the
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