162:
209:. Torpedoes can be used while the vessel is submerged and invisible to her target, while deck guns are used on the surface. Torpedoes were expensive, unreliable, and a submarine only carried a limited number of them. Ammunition for a deck gun, oppositely, was inexpensive and plentiful in comparison. As a result, submarine captains preferred to surface and use their deck gun on most targets. However, when encountering a warship, submarine commanders could recognise the threat they posed and use a torpedo, or simply not engage.
772:
748:
1018:
799:
760:
784:
20:
231:
By seeming to be a suitable target for the U-boat's deck gun, a Q-ship was intended to lure a submarine into surfacing to attack. Once the U-boat was vulnerable, perhaps even gulled further by pretence of some crew dressed as civilian mariners "abandoning ship" and taking to a boat, the Q-ship would
441:
After the war, it was concluded that Q-ships were greatly overrated, diverting skilled seamen from other duties without sinking enough U-boats to justify the strategy. Estimates differ due to the uncertainty of the attribution of lost submarines, but in a total of approximately 150 engagements,
433:
quotes no fewer than 157 named submarine decoy vessels converted from other types of ship, in addition to another ten whose name was unknown. It agrees with LeFleming about the number of sloops and PC-boats. These ones were completed as Q-ships, disguised as coastal freighters and differed from
123:
of "sailing under false colours". As a long standing element of naval tactics, warships may legally disguise themselves in various ways in transit, so long as the proper flags are hoisted before firing commences. Numerous examples exist of the tactic, used both defensively and offensively.
446:
in effectiveness. Around half of Q-ship successes took place in June to
September 1915, after which the ships were much less effective. With the second round of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, Q-ships sunk only 3 submarines, dwarfed by the ~28 sunk by undisguised warships.
434:
regular service PC-boats. None were lost in the war. The Flower-class sloops were designed on merchant ship lines thus making them easily adaptable for conversion to Q-ships, 39 being completed as such while the other was converted after being torpedoed. These all had single
228:("U-boat trap"). A Q-ship would appear to be an unarmed merchant ship and so an easy target, but in fact were warships that carried hidden armaments. A typical Q-ship might resemble a tramp steamer sailing alone in an area where a U-boat was reported to be operating.
1134:, the main base of operations is a Q-ship, a converted lumber carrier. The crew are mercenaries and former US covert and military personnel who carry out missions around the world in support of US policy while earning their living performing mercenary operations.
110:
in
Ireland, as Haulbowline Dockyard in Cork Harbour was responsible for the conversion of many mercantile steamers to armed decoy ships in World War One, although the majority appear to have been converted in larger navy yards such as Devonport.
442:
British Q-ships destroyed or assisted in the loss of around 12-15 U-boats and damaged 60, at a cost of 27-38 Q-ships lost out of ~200. Q-ships were thus responsible for under 10% of all U-boats sunk, ranking them well below the use of ordinary
379:(Q.17) while becalmed and without engines or wireless. Forced to return fire early, they managed to sink one U-boat and avoid two torpedo attacks. Sanders was promoted to lieutenant commander, eventually commanding the topsail schooner
855:, sent a coded dispatch to Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier (CESF), requesting immediate consideration of the manning and fitting-out of "Queen" ships to be operated as an antisubmarine measure. The result was "Project LQ."
839:
commanders found peacetime conditions prevailing along the coast: towns and cities were not blacked-out and navigational buoys remained lit; shipping followed normal routines and "carried the normal lights."
810:
By 12 January 1942, the
British Admiralty's intelligence community had noted a "heavy concentration" of U-boats off the "North American seaboard from New York to Cape Race" and passed along this fact to the
1940:
1645:
1201:
In DC Comics Star
Spangled War Stories #71 (reprinted in DC Comics Weird War #1) the story "The End of the Sea Wolf!" is a postwar "flashback" story of a U-boat commander engaging a Q-ship in WWII.
573:
was hit by all three on her port bow; following a number of internal explosions, she broke in two, the forward section sinking immediately and the aft section sinking later in heavy seas. Although
404:
opened fire. The submarine appeared to sink and he claimed a victory. However, the badly damaged submarine managed to struggle back to port. With his ship accurately described by the survivors of
978:
was not successful in engaging any enemy submarines, although she is believed to have damaged two friendly subs with depth charges when they were improperly operating in her vicinity.
1121:, when he was court-martialed and subsequently decorated for his actions aboard a Q-ship (the captured German officers disappeared and were allegedly burned alive in the boiler).
707:
were torpedoed and sunk on 21 and 29 June 1940 without even sighting a U-boat. The rest of the vessels were paid off in March 1941 without successfully accomplishing any mission.
240:
flag). When successfully fooled, a U-boat could quickly become overwhelmed by several guns to its one, or defer from firing and try to submerge before it became mortally wounded.
1670:
98:
Though legally recognised as an acceptable tactic of military deception, they have attracted much controversy, enjoying only marginal success during WWI and none in WWII.
438:
as the merchant ship silhouette was left to the builders. The "Flower-Q's" were employed mainly on convoy and anti-submarine work. Nine were lost during the war.
1555:
982:
was also withdrawn from Q-ship duty in 1943 and served out the remainder of World War II as an armed transport in the South
Pacific and Aleutian Islands.
2279:
2264:
2269:
2259:
212:
A solution to this was the creation of the Q-ship, one of the most closely guarded secrets of the war. Their codename referred to the vessels'
2254:
1831:
336:. About a dozen of the U-boat sailors survived and swam towards the merchant ship. The commanding officer, allegedly fearing that they might
1729:
2823:
1826:
1047:
in 1922 and served as the London
Division RNR drill ship until 1988, when she was sold privately and remains moored at King's Reach on the
302:
232:
drop its panels and immediately open fire with its deck guns. At the same time, the vessel would reveal her true colours by raising the
1674:
1076:, the main character Thomas Hudson commands a Q-ship for the US Navy around Cuba as he hunts the survivors of a sunken German U-boat.
1063:
poem "Kilmeny" is about a Q-ship, a
British trawler equipped with two deck guns, that destroys a German submarine during World War I.
1009:
have brought suggestions from some security experts that Q-ships be used again to tempt pirates into attacking a well-defended ship.
182:
that were harassing its sea-lanes. Convoys, which had proved effective in earlier times (and would again prove effective during the
1743:
1816:
396:, while the ship sustained heavy shellfire, waited until the submarine was within 80 yards (73 m), whereupon he hoisted the
2774:
2226:
1935:
1875:
175:
1930:
1541:
1283:
717:, was converted in September, 1940, to carry a torpedo defense net, four 4-inch (100 mm) guns, four torpedo tubes, two
2535:
364:
1601:
Marder, Arthur (November 1972). "The
Influence of History on Sea Power: The Royal Navy and the Lessons of 1914–1918".
1968:
1471:
1380:
1353:
989:
for its Q-ships (AG, AK, AO, IX and PYc were all used). This and the unprecedented use of duplicate hull numbers for
511:
1563:
2990:
2816:
1897:
2975:
1902:
1796:
1195:
421:
by H. M. LeFleming, the Royal Navy converted 58 from merchant ships (18 were sunk by U-boats), in addition to 40
2719:
1885:
1162:
As with other naval concepts, the idea of a Q-ship has also been applied to space vessels in fictional works:
1836:
1392:
1072:
816:
1491:
1089:, Japanese Q-ships make two appearances with one surprising the Walrus and the second being attacked by the
2757:
2809:
2519:
1890:
468:
1925:
835:(literally, "a strike on the kettledrum" and sometimes referred to in English as "Operation Drumbeat").
2868:
2211:
986:
194:
would only start to become available at the start of 1916, and so almost the only chance of sinking a
2551:
2512:
2274:
1757:
1258:
139:
858:
Five vessels were acquired and converted secretly at the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine:
2496:
2239:
1920:
1263:
486:, vessels designed to disrupt enemy trade and sink merchantmen, rather than attack enemy warships.
455:
The
Imperial German Navy commissioned six Q-boats during the Great War for the Baltic Sea into the
281:
1416:
2767:
2289:
1960:
265:
2099:
516:, which sank a number of ships with a total tonnage of 145,960 t including the Norwegian tanker
2752:
2305:
2029:
1865:
1821:
730:
563:
533:
372:
84:
806:
exhibiting non-regulation attire typical of U.S. sleeper ship duty to imitate merchant vessels
2880:
2504:
2488:
894:
408:, Sanders and his crewmen were all killed in action when they attempted a surprise attack on
280:
received a cash award. The following month an even smaller converted fishing trawler renamed
128:
2846:
2668:
2480:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2134:
1870:
1148:
1085:
1041:
925:
68:
2162:
386:
in command of which he was awarded the Victoria Cross for an action on 30 April 1917 with
161:
8:
2985:
2940:
2875:
2861:
2594:
2527:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2120:
2071:
2050:
1987:
1844:
1789:
1181:
1175:
1080:
1034:
951:
The careers of all five ships were almost entirely unsuccessful and very short, with USS
848:
2155:
1994:
1973:
1724:
2832:
2673:
2648:
2610:
2578:
2559:
2543:
2148:
2141:
2008:
1618:
1117:, 2 November 1938. Geoffrey Firmin reflects back to his time as a naval officer during
812:
722:
711:
422:
345:
88:
2001:
57:
into making surface attacks. This gave Q-ships the chance to open fire and sink them.
2935:
2714:
2698:
2688:
2653:
2169:
2106:
2092:
2043:
1763:
1701:
1537:
1467:
1376:
1349:
1248:
1139:
1106:
1101:
1006:
940:
831:
341:
327:
255:
187:
50:
2980:
2602:
2221:
2127:
2057:
2015:
1857:
1610:
1228:
1223:
1170:
1067:
549:
504:
483:
1311:
Hank Whipple (2015). ""Sailing Under False Colours": An historic Ruse De Guerre".
2586:
2113:
1980:
1880:
1748:
1738:
1114:
852:
718:
521:
351:
1417:"Captain Andrew Dougall Blair (1872-1955) – Remembering War – Tauranga Memories"
2955:
2905:
2887:
2851:
2085:
2078:
2036:
1782:
1218:
368:
305:(47 mm) gun. The British crew fired nine rounds from their 3-pounder into
294:
120:
61:
1950:
309:
at close range, sinking her with the loss of all hands despite the attempt of
2969:
2734:
2724:
2633:
2284:
2183:
2176:
2064:
1767:
1705:
1692:
Beyer, Edward F. & Beyer, Kenneth M. (1991). "U. S. Navy Mystery Ships".
1243:
1125:
1096:
747:
736:
602:
435:
426:
119:
The general idea and legal framework for the Q-ship derives from the classic
1330:
771:
2929:
2678:
2663:
2638:
2464:
2216:
2206:
2022:
1945:
1210:
1187:
1130:
1060:
1048:
1017:
631:
397:
320:
233:
191:
183:
92:
79:
1719:
1512:
1441:
2658:
2643:
2201:
1734:
1233:
1166:
1118:
963:
867:
788:
459:. None were successful in destroying enemy submarines. The German Q-ship
74:
371:(VC). New Zealanders Lieutenant Andrew Dougall Blair and Sub-Lieutenant
2856:
1622:
1238:
1110:
959:
strongly criticized the program and all Q-ships patrols ended in 1943.
875:
590:
443:
237:
64:
264:. The first victory by an unassisted Q-ship came on 24 July 1915 when
2801:
909:
respectively (these hull numbers were actually duplicates of the USS
545:
541:
380:
337:
213:
195:
54:
1614:
562:. At 22:00 that evening, the vessels were detected by the submarine
540:, into a Q-ship. On 15 January 1944, she departed from Nagaura (now
344:
party to kill all who had made it aboard. This became known as the "
1253:
902:
798:
556:
409:
261:
206:
1173:
series of books. Harrington destroys a Q-ship in the first novel,
2784:
956:
847:
Losses mounted rapidly. On January 20, 1942, Commander-in-Chief,
387:
358:
288:
271:
244:
243:
The first Q-ship victory was on 23 June 1915, when the submarine
221:
202:
1105:(1947) tells the story of Geoffrey Firmin, an alcoholic British
783:
2779:
1805:
1191:, Thomas Bachfisch commands a pair of privately owned Q-ships.
1143:
features a battle with a Q-Ship by the fictional submarine USS
836:
759:
179:
150:
143:
19:
974:
which was converted to Q-ship duty as project "Love William".
962:
American Q-ships also operated in the Pacific Ocean. One was
593:
in September and October 1939 for work in the North Atlantic:
340:
her, ordered the survivors to be shot in the water and sent a
2910:
2693:
135:
127:
Examples of the tactic used against commerce raiders include
1198:, Joel Richards has a short story titled "Q-ship Militant".
825:
Reinhard Hardegen, torpedoed and sank the British steamship
142:. An example of the latter was beaten back by the privateer
1583:
1581:
217:
107:
1774:
955:
sunk on its first patrol with all hands on 26 March 1942.
1700:(4). International Naval Research Organization: 322–372.
1375:. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, Maryland, USA. 1999.
1179:, and commands a squadron of Q-ships in the sixth novel,
332:, which was preparing to attack the nearby merchant ship
165:
Q-ships hid naval guns behind moveable or pivoting panels
1578:
316:
s commander to rescue one surviving German submariner.
1000:
787:
Hinged flaps aft of the anchor hid 3-inch guns aboard
178:, Britain was in need of a countermeasure against the
1393:"Helgoland Q17 – Remembering War – Tauranga Memories"
1147:, inspired by an encounter with an enemy ship by the
499:
Germany employed at least 13 Q-ships, including the
16:
Heavily armed merchant ships with concealed weaponry
997:reflect the great secrecy attached to these ships.
198:was by gunfire or by ramming while on the surface.
301:was an unpowered sailing ship fitted with a small
431:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
2967:
1373:Q-Ships versus U-Boats. America's Secret Project
1737:, His Imperial German Majesty's U-boats in the
1600:
2866:
2817:
1790:
1589:British and Dominion Warships of World War II
1556:"The Short Life of the First Japanese Q-Ship"
1485:
1483:
2885:
1310:
114:
2742:
1635:New Hampshire v. Maine, 426 U.S. 363 (1977)
1536:Hauschild, Bremen 2008, p. 94-98, 106-108.
729:sailed with a French crew, and was sunk by
548:) on her first mission in company with the
2824:
2810:
1797:
1783:
1755:
1691:
1480:
1029:A surviving example of the Q-ships is HMS
735:on 30 December 1942 during the battle for
186:), were rejected by the resource-strapped
53:with concealed weaponry, designed to lure
844:had caught the United States unprepared.
224:. These became known by the Germans as a
1439:
1343:
1016:
1007:pirates originating on the Somalia coast
797:
782:
770:
758:
746:
160:
18:
1817:Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I
1461:
1367:
1365:
1306:
1304:
536:converted the 2,205-ton merchant ship,
450:
2968:
2831:
1489:
893:, identical cargo vessels that became
710:The last Royal Navy Q-ship, 2,456-ton
589:Nine Q-ships were commissioned by the
463:heavily damaged the Russian submarine
375:faced three U-boats simultaneously in
2805:
1822:Battle of the Atlantic (World War II)
1778:
1157:
1054:
985:The US Navy did not use a consistent
866:, which briefly became the auxiliary
1534:Der Seekrieg in der Ostsee 1914-1918
1362:
1301:
250:, cooperating with the decoy vessel
1744:"Q-Boats – An Answer to Submarines"
1466:. London: Bison Books. p. 58.
1185:. In the tenth book in the series,
1040:completed in 1918. She was renamed
1001:Proposed use against modern pirates
489:
23:British First World War Q-ship HMS
13:
1762:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
1725:British Special Service or Q-Ships
1553:
1093:in the final battle of the story.
569:, which launched three torpedoes.
156:
134:in the 1670s and French disguised
14:
3002:
1969:List of wolfpacks of World War II
1713:
1587:Lenton, H.T. and Colledge, J.J.:
584:
503:which sank the British submarine
363:on 22 March 1916. Her commander,
1652:. Lloyd's Register. 9 April 2009
802:Yeomen and supply clerks of USS
742:
1685:
1663:
1638:
1629:
1594:
1547:
1526:
1505:
1331:"The Queenstown Q Ships of WW1"
1196:Analog Science Fiction and Fact
1165:Q-ships feature prominently in
520:on 10 June 1940, was more of a
2720:Unrestricted submarine warfare
1646:"Use Q ships against pirates?"
1455:
1433:
1409:
1385:
1337:
1323:
1276:
1033:, a Flower-class sloop of the
970:formerly the lumber transport
392:, which was severely damaged.
190:and the independent captains.
1:
1756:Chatterton, E. Keble (1922).
1603:The Pacific Historical Review
1269:
1194:In the Jan/Feb 2020 issue of
1109:in the small Mexican town of
1005:Attacks on merchant ships by
169:
1832:Mediterranean (World War II)
1012:
176:First Battle of the Atlantic
101:
7:
2867:
1827:Mediterranean (World War I)
1804:
1650:Safety at Sea International
1204:
862:the Boston beam trawler MS
474:on 27 May 1916. The famous
201:Submarines could attack by
77:and by the Royal Navy, the
10:
3007:
2212:Battle of the St. Lawrence
987:hull classification symbol
494:
2949:
2924:
2898:
2839:
2733:
2707:
2626:
2571:
2473:
2463:
2298:
2247:
2238:
2194:
1959:
1941:Knight's Cross recipients
1913:
1856:
1812:
1513:"U-boat Losses 1914-1918"
1492:"Q-Ships in World War II"
1462:Preston, Anthonu (1982).
1259:Merchant aircraft carrier
874:(AM-132) before becoming
581:, she escaped unscathed.
140:French Revolutionary Wars
115:Early uses of the concept
2536:Italian battleship
2520:Russian battleship
1440:McMullen, Chris (2001).
1284:"Anti-submarine warfare"
1264:Mary B Mitchell (Q-ship)
527:
2991:Military use of mimicry
2552:French battleship
2497:French battleship
1936:World War II commanders
1759:Q-Ships and Their Story
1490:Langenberg, William H.
1344:Jamieson, A.G. (1986).
419:Warships of World War I
287:successfully destroyed
276:. The civilian crew of
2976:Anti-submarine weapons
2886:
1931:World War I commanders
1442:"Royal Navy 'Q' Ships"
1026:
807:
795:
780:
768:
756:
534:Imperial Japanese Navy
457:Handelsschutzflottille
373:William Edward Sanders
166:
85:Imperial Japanese Navy
60:They were used by the
27:
2881:Psychological warfare
1694:Warship International
1073:Islands in the Stream
1020:
801:
786:
774:
762:
750:
577:was depth charged by
164:
43:special service ships
22:
2847:Denial and deception
2669:Metox radar detector
1891:Uncompleted projects
1735:FĂĽr Kaiser und Reich
1720:Royal Navy 'Q' Ships
1566:on 23 September 2016
1421:Tauranga.kete.net.nz
1397:Tauranga.kete.net.nz
1086:Run Silent, Run Deep
601:(X85) ex-Royal Navy
451:Imperial German Navy
282:HM Armed Smack
174:In 1915, during the
51:armed merchant ships
2876:Military camouflage
2862:Information warfare
1560:www.subsowespac.org
1371:Beyer, Kenneth M.:
1346:A people of the sea
1182:Honor Among Enemies
1176:On Basilisk Station
1081:Edward L. Beach Jr.
849:United States Fleet
423:Flower-class sloops
414:on 14 August 1917.
319:On 19 August 1915,
2833:Military deception
2649:FuG 200 Hohentwiel
1532:Lutz Bengelsdorf:
1290:. 30 November 2012
1158:In science fiction
1055:Q-ships in fiction
1027:
813:United States Navy
808:
796:
781:
769:
757:
723:Motor Torpedo Boat
367:, was awarded the
167:
89:United States Navy
70:Kaiserliche Marine
28:
2963:
2962:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2715:Submarine warfare
2689:Sieglinde (decoy)
2622:
2621:
2538:Regina Margherita
2459:
2458:
2195:Major engagements
1542:978-3-89757-404-5
1249:Armed merchantmen
1140:Operation Pacific
1102:Under the Volcano
721:floatplanes, and
650:Willamette Valley
346:Baralong incident
2998:
2891:
2872:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2740:
2739:
2471:
2470:
2245:
2244:
2240:U-boat flotillas
1898:Austro-Hungarian
1881:Foreign captured
1799:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1709:
1679:
1678:
1673:. Archived from
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1562:. Archived from
1551:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1288:navymuseum.co.nz
1280:
1229:Commerce raiding
1224:Merchant raiders
1171:Honor Harrington
1068:Ernest Hemingway
605:PC-74 built 1918
550:submarine chaser
490:Second World War
484:merchant raiders
315:
184:Second World War
93:Second World War
33:, also known as
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2945:
2920:
2894:
2835:
2830:
2800:
2791:
2729:
2703:
2618:
2567:
2455:
2294:
2234:
2190:
1955:
1909:
1876:Most successful
1852:
1808:
1803:
1749:Popular Science
1739:First World War
1716:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1615:10.2307/3638394
1599:
1595:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1207:
1160:
1137:The 1951 movie
1115:Day of the Dead
1057:
1015:
1003:
939:, which became
924:, which became
853:Earnest J. King
829:, inaugurating
823:Kapitänleutnant
745:
719:OS2U Kingfisher
587:
530:
522:merchant raider
497:
492:
453:
365:Gordon Campbell
313:
172:
159:
157:First World War
117:
104:
75:First World War
67:and the German
49:, were heavily
17:
12:
11:
5:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2961:
2960:
2956:The Art of War
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Military dummy
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:Ruse de guerre
2883:
2878:
2873:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Disinformation
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2290:Constantinople
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:Never deployed
1883:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1752:, January 1940
1741:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1714:External links
1712:
1711:
1710:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:on 2012-07-09.
1671:"Chapter Four"
1662:
1637:
1628:
1609:(4): 413–443.
1593:
1591:, 1968, p. 279
1577:
1546:
1525:
1504:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1432:
1408:
1384:
1361:
1354:
1336:
1322:
1300:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1213:of Q-ship HMS
1206:
1203:
1159:
1156:
1056:
1053:
1014:
1011:
1002:
999:
949:
948:
933:
920:the tanker SS
918:
917:respectively),
907: (AK-101)
899: (AK-100)
883:
880: (PYc-40)
744:
741:
698:
697:
688:1,090-ton HMS
686:
677:1,030-ton HMS
675:
666:4,398-ton HMS
664:
661:City of Durban
655:5,945-ton HMS
653:
644:4,702-ton HMS
642:
628:
619:4,443-ton HMS
617:
608:5,072-ton HMS
606:
586:
585:United Kingdom
583:
529:
526:
510:. The German
496:
493:
491:
488:
452:
449:
369:Victoria Cross
295:Great Yarmouth
278:Prince Charles
267:Prince Charles
171:
168:
158:
155:
121:ruse de guerre
116:
113:
103:
100:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:Saint-Nazaire
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2725:Rocket U-boat
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Anechoic tile
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:Capital ships
2462:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1473:0-86124-043-X
1469:
1465:
1458:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1381:1-55750-044-4
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1355:0-416-40540-1
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:East Indiaman
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:Clive Cussler
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:Malcolm Lowry
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1025:in the Thames
1024:
1019:
1010:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968: (AG-49)
967:
960:
958:
954:
946:
945: (IX-93)
944:
943:Irene Forsyte
938:
935:the schooner
934:
931:
930: (AO-45)
929:
923:
919:
916:
912:
908:
906:
900:
898:
892:
888:
884:
881:
879:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:
859:
856:
854:
850:
845:
843:
838:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
805:
800:
794:
793: (AG-49)
792:
785:
778:
777:Irene Forsyte
773:
766:
761:
754:
749:
743:United States
740:
738:
737:Convoy ON-154
734:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
708:
706:
702:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
635:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
604:
603:P-class sloop
600:
596:
595:
594:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
508:
502:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
466:
462:
458:
448:
445:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:According to
415:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
384:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
324:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:
286:
285:
279:
275:
274:
269:
268:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
241:
239:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
192:Depth charges
189:
185:
181:
177:
163:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
125:
122:
112:
109:
99:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
47:mystery ships
44:
40:
39:decoy vessels
36:
32:
26:
21:
2954:
2930:World War II
2915:
2743:World War II
2683:
2679:Pillenwerfer
2664:Mark 24 mine
2639:Depth charge
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:World War II
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2299:World War II
2227:
2217:Convoy ONS 5
2207:Convoy PQ 17
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1946:Erich Raeder
1858:U-boat lists
1846:
1838:
1758:
1747:
1697:
1693:
1686:Bibliography
1675:the original
1665:
1654:. Retrieved
1649:
1640:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1570:22 September
1568:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1559:
1554:Howard, Ed.
1549:
1533:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1463:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1372:
1345:
1339:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1292:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1214:
1211:Harold Auten
1200:
1193:
1188:War of Honor
1186:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1131:Oregon Files
1129:
1128:book series
1123:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1061:Alfred Noyes
1058:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1004:
994:
990:
984:
979:
975:
971:
965:
961:
952:
950:
942:
937:Irene Myrtle
936:
927:
921:
914:
913:and the USS
910:
904:
896:
890:
886:
877:
871:
863:
857:
846:
842:Paukenschlag
841:
832:Paukenschlag
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:. That day,
809:
803:
790:
776:
764:
752:
731:
726:
713:
709:
704:
700:
699:
693:
689:
682:
678:
671:
667:
660:
656:
649:
645:
638:
633:
624:
620:
614:King Gruffyd
613:
609:
598:
597:610-ton HMS
588:
578:
574:
570:
565:
559:
552:
537:
531:
517:
512:
506:
500:
498:
479:
475:
469:
464:
460:
456:
454:
440:
430:
418:
416:
410:
405:
401:
398:White Ensign
393:
388:
382:
376:
359:
353:
350:
333:
328:
322:
318:
310:
306:
298:
289:
283:
277:
272:
266:
256:
251:
246:
242:
234:White Ensign
230:
226:U-Boot-Falle
225:
211:
200:
173:
146:
130:
126:
118:
105:
97:
80:Kriegsmarine
78:
69:
59:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
24:
2659:Leigh light
2644:Elektroboot
2474:World War I
2248:World War I
2202:Convoy SC 7
2136:Steinbrinck
1951:Karl Dönitz
1447:14 December
1348:. Methuen.
1234:Tonnage war
1215:Stock Force
1167:David Weber
1145:Thunderfish
1119:World War I
1111:Quauhnahuac
868:minesweeper
357:(Q.5) sank
354:Farnborough
138:during the
91:during the
73:during the
2986:Ship types
2970:Categories
2925:Operations
2869:Maskirovka
2857:False flag
2840:Techniques
2627:Technology
2597:Courageous
2507:Formidable
2491:Cornwallis
2122:Schlieffen
2073:Pfadfinder
2052:Kreuzotter
1989:Delphin II
1914:Commanders
1845:Operation
1839:Regenbogen
1837:Operation
1656:2009-04-11
1464:Submarines
1426:2017-06-30
1402:2017-06-30
1294:2024-03-25
1270:References
1239:False flag
851:(Cominch)
696:built 1930
685:built 1924
674:built 1936
672:Cape Sable
663:built 1921
652:built 1928
641:built 1917
630:5,119-ton
627:built 1930
616:built 1919
599:Chatsgrove
591:Royal Navy
571:Delhi Maru
538:Delhi Maru
444:minefields
429:. However
238:Royal Navy
218:Queenstown
170:Royal Navy
131:Kingfisher
108:Queenstown
106:Short for
87:, and the
65:Royal Navy
55:submarines
2941:Bodyguard
2899:Equipment
2674:Mousetrap
2613:Royal Oak
2611:HMS
2603:HMS
2595:HMS
2587:HMS
2581:Ark Royal
2579:HMS
2560:HMS
2544:HMS
2528:HMS
2505:HMS
2489:HMS
2483:Britannia
2481:HMS
2222:Black May
2150:Streitaxt
2143:Siegfried
2010:Eisteufel
1961:Wolfpacks
1847:Deadlight
1768:558195598
1706:0043-0374
1113:, on the
1099:'s novel
1083:'s novel
1070:'s novel
1044:President
1042:HMS
1031:Saxifrage
1023:President
1013:Survivors
964:USS
941:USS
926:USS
922:Gulf Dawn
903:USS
895:USS
876:USS
789:USS
712:HMS
692:(X72) ex-
681:(X63) ex-
670:(X44) ex-
659:(X96) ex-
648:(X39) ex-
637:(X15) ex-
634:Lambridge
625:Cape Howe
623:(X02) ex-
612:(X28) ex-
575:Swordfish
566:Swordfish
564:USS
560:Tatu Maru
546:Tokyo Bay
542:Sodegaura
505:HMS
501:SchĂĽrbeck
394:Helgoland
381:HMS
377:Helgoland
352:HMS
321:HMS
311:Inverlyon
303:3-pounder
299:Inverlyon
284:Inverlyon
245:HMS
214:home port
196:submarine
188:Admiralty
129:HMS
102:Etymology
2768:Valentin
2764:Germany
2708:Concepts
2654:Hedgehog
2530:Majestic
2522:Peresvet
2275:Flanders
2228:Bismarck
2171:Weddigen
2164:Vorwärts
2108:Rossbach
2094:Raubgraf
2031:Hartmann
1518:11 April
1497:11 April
1313:Coriolis
1254:CAM ship
1217:awarded
1205:See also
991:Asterion
972:Coos Bay
928:Big Horn
897:Asterion
765:Big Horn
755:(AK-101)
727:Fidelity
714:Fidelity
705:Edgehill
701:Prunella
646:Edgehill
621:Prunella
557:netlayer
555:and the
518:Tirranna
513:Atlantis
461:Schiff K
427:PC-boats
342:boarding
334:Nicosian
323:Baralong
262:Eyemouth
252:Taranaki
207:deck gun
25:Tamarisk
2981:Q-ships
2936:Bertram
2785:Dora II
2753:Lorient
2749:France
2699:Snorkel
2562:Triumph
2554:Suffren
2546:Russell
2514:Gaulois
2306:Regions
2280:Kurland
2157:TĂĽmmler
2129:Seewolf
2059:Leuthen
2045:Kiebitz
2017:Endrass
1996:Dränger
1975:BlĂĽcher
1903:Classes
1806:U-boats
1623:3638394
1151:Growler
1124:In the
1036:Anchusa
980:Anacapa
976:Anacapa
966:Anacapa
957:COMINCH
891:Carolyn
827:Cyclops
804:Anacapa
791:Anacapa
779:(IX-93)
767:(AO-45)
690:Antoine
610:Maunder
495:Germany
467:of the
436:funnels
425:and 20
338:scuttle
254:, sank
222:Ireland
203:torpedo
180:U-boats
149:out of
147:Vulture
62:British
35:Q-boats
31:Q-ships
2916:Q-ship
2780:Dora I
2775:Norway
2684:Q-ship
2589:Barham
2499:Danton
2115:Schill
2101:Rösing
2003:Eisbär
1982:Borkum
1866:German
1766:
1704:
1698:XXVIII
1621:
1540:
1470:
1379:
1352:
1107:consul
1049:Thames
887:Evelyn
878:Captor
837:U-boat
821:under
725:105.
683:Beauty
668:Cyprus
657:Brutus
639:Botlea
507:Tarpon
465:Gepard
205:or by
151:Jersey
144:lugger
83:, the
2950:Texts
2911:Decoy
2735:Bases
2694:Sonar
2605:Eagle
2230:chase
2087:Prien
2080:Pfeil
2038:Hecht
1871:Types
1619:JSTOR
1038:group
932:, and
872:Eagle
818:U-123
732:U-435
694:Orchy
579:Ch-50
553:Ch-50
528:Japan
482:were
472:class
411:UB-48
402:Prize
383:Prize
326:sank
314:'
293:near
270:sank
220:, in
136:brigs
45:, or
2467:sunk
2285:Pola
2185:Wolf
2178:West
2066:Lohs
1764:OCLC
1730:Q-23
1702:ISSN
1572:2016
1538:ISBN
1520:2024
1499:2024
1468:ISBN
1449:2011
1377:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1149:USS
1059:The
1021:HMS
995:Atik
993:and
953:Atik
915:Lyra
911:Lynx
905:Atik
901:and
889:and
870:USS
864:Wave
775:USS
763:USS
753:Atik
751:USS
703:and
679:Looe
632:HMS
532:The
480:Wolf
478:and
476:Möwe
470:Bars
406:U-93
400:and
389:U-93
360:U-68
329:U-27
307:UB-4
290:UB-4
273:U-36
260:off
257:U-40
2451:33.
2446:32.
2441:31.
2436:30.
2431:29.
2426:27.
2421:26.
2416:25.
2411:24.
2406:23.
2401:22.
2396:21.
2391:20.
2386:19.
2381:18.
2376:14.
2371:13.
2366:12.
2361:11.
2356:10.
2265:III
2024:Hai
1926:FdU
1921:BdU
1611:doi
1169:'s
1091:Eel
1079:In
1066:In
885:SS
544:on
348:".
247:C24
2972::
2932::
2351:9.
2346:8.
2341:7.
2336:6.
2331:5.
2326:4.
2321:3.
2316:2.
2311:1.
2270:IV
2260:II
1746:,
1696:.
1648:.
1617:.
1607:41
1605:.
1580:^
1558:.
1482:^
1419:.
1395:.
1364:^
1315:.
1303:^
1286:.
1219:VC
1154:.
1051:.
739:.
524:.
297:.
216:,
153:.
95:.
41:,
37:,
2825:e
2818:t
2811:v
2255:I
1798:e
1791:t
1784:v
1770:.
1708:.
1659:.
1625:.
1613::
1574:.
1544:.
1522:.
1501:.
1476:.
1451:.
1429:.
1405:.
1358:.
1333:.
1319:.
1317:5
1297:.
947:.
882:,
236:(
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