22:
558:
1456:
64:. Both the idea of a distinctive language sub-family and the denial of a Ladin unity still have strong proponents, the former especially among Swiss, German and Austrian, the latter among Italian linguists. The issue has political implications beyond the linguistic controversy, as the areas involved have been subjects of territorial disputes, especially during the first half of the 20th century.
207:
A third position has been taken by other linguists (e.g. Heinrich Schmid, Andreas
Schorta, Pierre Bec, and Geoffrey Hull), who agree with the Italianists that the Rhaeto-Romance languages are archaic variants of the adjacent vernaculars of Lombardy, Trentino and Venetia, but differ from them in
172:. This led them to the conclusion that a common ancestor of those languages used to be spoken in the area. Due to settlers and linguistic pressure from both German and Italian, the unity of the languages was disrupted, resulting in the development of several distinct languages.
254:
It is still debated whether or not to include the dialects of the Non Valley and the Valle di Sole within Rhaeto-Romance. The question gained prominence after the census of 2001, in which many speakers of those dialects self-identified as Ladins.
245:
should become part of Italy. On the other hand, Swiss linguists regarded mere grammatical features as subordinated to sociolinguistic and historic considerations, and they strongly supported the idea of a separate language.
224:
A characteristic is the commixture of grammatical and sociolinguistic aspects, as well as of linguistic and political-ideological convictions. Battisti and
Salvioni's research was influenced by sympathies for the
364:
Die Zeit dazwischen: SĂŒdtirol 1918â1922. Vom Ende des Ersten
Weltkrieges bis zum faschistischen Regime / Il tempo sospeso: L'Alto Adige tra la fine della Grande Guerra e l'ascesa del fascismo (1918-1922)
157:
140:
184:(1882â1977), who tried to demonstrate, in several studies, that the whole range of dialects in question showed only a few common characteristics and was just as closely related to neighboring
362:
Werner
Pescosta (2020). "La "questione ladina". Strumento di espansione e di giustificazione delle ambizioni nazionalistiche italiane e tedesche". In Ulrike Kindl; Hannes Obermair (eds.).
506:
387:
Goebl, Hans (1982). "Kulturgeschichtliche
Bedingtheit von Kontaktlinguistik: Bemerkungen zum gegenwÀrtigen Stand der 'Questione ladina'". In Sture Ureland, P. (ed.).
199:
They conclude that those "common features" are in fact features of a former
Northern Italian dialect, which survived only in more isolated areas in the mountains.
389:
Die
Leistung der Strataforschung und der Kreolistik: Typologische Aspekte der Sprachkontakte. Akten des 5. Symposions ĂŒber Sprachkontakt in Europa, Mannheim 1982
1820:
216:, in spite of superficial Italian influences in certain areas (Liguria, Veneto, and Istria primarily, but also in Friuli and parts of Lombardy).
3907:
514:
601:
546:
2018:
1017:
524:
1813:
2469:
1263:
494:(in Ladin). No. 50. St. Ulrich in Gröden: Plata dla Union Generela di Ladins dla Dolomites. 21 December 2012. p. 6.
474:
456:
371:
2401:
750:
2204:
2199:
2143:
2031:
1786:
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.
490:"LadinitĂ noneja: La Dominici contra i fascegn" [Ladinity of the Non Valley: Dominici versus the Fassa-Ladins].
2304:
2194:
802:
2419:
237:
because of their "Italianity", and subsequently to linguistically justified political claims that the
Romansh-speaking
572:
3258:
1806:
429:
298:
3940:
3318:
539:
2606:
2211:
2011:
1116:
692:
333:
3406:
3307:
400:
3277:
3214:
2892:
1958:
1948:
3341:
2744:
3782:
3220:
2189:
2118:
1985:
532:
424:]. "Manuals of Romance Linguistics" series (in Italian). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 57â72.
96:
as a specific language area, with some common characteristics, and called the idioms spoken there Ladin
3955:
3935:
3503:
3075:
2510:
2068:
2004:
1968:
1319:
908:
58:
554:
3945:
3090:
3002:
2611:
2452:
2167:
2096:
2078:
2061:
2056:
2046:
1132:
641:
444:
For a description of the Rhaeto-Cisalpine system and a discussion of classifications, see especially:
3795:
3699:
2572:
2520:
2299:
2247:
1829:
1398:
1389:
794:
115:
3950:
3163:
2754:
2708:
2589:
2562:
2501:
2438:
2384:
2091:
2051:
1980:
1558:
1543:
1329:
1237:
1094:
971:
774:
213:
209:
2759:
3881:
3097:
2515:
2461:
2113:
1684:
1601:
1516:
1324:
1034:
467:
The
Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language
449:
The
Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language
208:
considering the entire Rhaeto-Cisalpine or Padanian linguistic unity to be an integral unit of
85:
3913:
3858:
3664:
3659:
3312:
3290:
3181:
3109:
2932:
2594:
2357:
1747:
1596:
1100:
943:
740:
3577:
2545:
1066:
3863:
3637:
3253:
3226:
3152:
3012:
2811:
2739:
2691:
2685:
2648:
2631:
1591:
1568:
1339:
1199:
1153:
894:
416:
Heinemann, Sabine (2015). "Questione Ladina". In Heinemann, Sabine; Melchior, Luca (eds.).
3647:
3060:
2128:
1493:
1485:
1006:
593:
577:
393:
Achievements of stratum research and creolistics: Typological aspects of language contacts
8:
3348:
3240:
3208:
3202:
2823:
2783:
2749:
2577:
2341:
1538:
1499:
1243:
889:
722:
697:
226:
3611:
3044:
2719:
2653:
1673:
1220:
998:
3853:
3582:
3438:
3396:
3362:
3356:
3246:
3189:
3146:
3129:
2867:
2860:
2696:
2484:
2425:
2281:
2269:
2148:
2086:
1940:
1525:
1334:
1284:
881:
872:
858:
676:
621:
562:
319:"Der surselvische Wortschatz, die Questione ladina und die quantitative Arealtypologie"
3631:
2123:
3810:
3789:
3709:
3669:
3528:
3456:
3450:
3374:
3266:
3176:
3117:
3029:
2987:
2788:
2734:
2540:
2525:
2496:
2479:
2389:
2352:
2321:
2309:
2228:
2216:
2133:
2108:
2102:
2027:
1996:
1837:
1678:
1668:
1660:
1586:
1476:
1406:
1375:
1362:
1353:
1298:
1292:
1277:
1123:
1061:
1043:
949:
925:
848:
821:
807:
779:
730:
707:
597:
585:
581:
470:
452:
425:
396:
367:
294:
189:
169:
109:
The theory gained a large circulation with the publications of the Austrian linguist
61:
50:
38:
3652:
2621:
2599:
1146:
1107:
957:
3763:
3753:
3738:
3726:
3642:
3591:
3555:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3443:
3432:
3336:
3301:
3285:
3134:
3122:
3055:
3019:
3007:
2975:
2900:
2872:
2845:
2675:
2670:
2658:
2638:
2626:
2567:
2474:
2431:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2326:
2257:
2241:
2138:
1953:
1929:
1897:
1417:
1271:
1213:
1192:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1086:
935:
917:
827:
761:
755:
745:
658:
650:
625:
613:
337:
185:
127:
42:
3538:
3488:
318:
3847:
3833:
3714:
3616:
3606:
3550:
3401:
3389:
3329:
3324:
3139:
3068:
3050:
3024:
2997:
2927:
2884:
2796:
2777:
2729:
2616:
2582:
2535:
2530:
2252:
2184:
2156:
1919:
1902:
1864:
1752:
1733:
1703:
1651:
1632:
1548:
1424:
1250:
1139:
1056:
1051:
1011:
980:
617:
161:
144:
110:
93:
54:
2850:
341:
3898:
3805:
3800:
3721:
3601:
3563:
3295:
2855:
2801:
2771:
2663:
2347:
2275:
2221:
1874:
1739:
1615:
1578:
1563:
1411:
1370:
1206:
712:
702:
668:
609:
193:
181:
131:
46:
2944:
3929:
3840:
3743:
3731:
3463:
3171:
2828:
2766:
2262:
1907:
1708:
1637:
1624:
1553:
1431:
988:
605:
589:
240:
229:, leading to the demand that speakers of Romansh should accept Italian as a
3622:
3482:
2922:
2877:
1798:
1758:
1533:
1461:
735:
89:
21:
3684:
3677:
3414:
2980:
1766:
629:
232:
152:
2949:
2992:
2962:
2954:
2910:
2905:
2555:
2314:
1076:
813:
135:
3758:
3596:
2938:
2233:
853:
3384:
3543:
3379:
3195:
2643:
2491:
1183:
3748:
1963:
3367:
3232:
2970:
2394:
2379:
1713:
1229:
784:
769:
97:
126:
Both postulated that there are a lot of common features between
3569:
2915:
2838:
2818:
2550:
1071:
2833:
2806:
557:
175:
513:(in Italian). Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso. Archived from
287:
RĂ€toromanisch: eine EinfĂŒhrung in das BĂŒndnerromanische
2026:
37:('Ladin Question') is a controversy over whether the
2718:
1451:
366:(in Italian). Meran: Alphabeta. pp. 157â218.
180:The idea of a Ladin unity was strongly opposed by
57:or should rather be regarded as a part of a wider
88:(1829â1907), who identified the area between the
3927:
1484:
361:
16:Debate on the unity of Rhaeto-Romance languages
134: â also encompassing the dialects of the
2012:
1814:
1397:
540:
101:
79:
73:
31:
1828:
1623:
238:
230:
78:is marked in 1873 by the publication of the
67:
3908:languages with more than 5 million speakers
3491:(mixed RomaniâIbero- and Occitano-Romance)
2019:
2005:
1821:
1807:
547:
533:
291:Rhaeto-Romance: An introduction to Romansh
176:Position of the Battistians or Italianists
415:
312:
310:
880:
409:
20:
1361:
395:] (in German). TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer.
316:
280:
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
268:
3928:
504:
307:
293:] (in German). TĂŒbingen: G. Narr.
2000:
1802:
528:
507:"Ladini: I nonesi superano i fassani"
386:
284:
469:. Vol. 2. Sydney: Beta Crucis.
464:
451:. Vol. 1. Sydney: Beta Crucis.
446:
265:
249:
13:
3912:Languages between parentheses are
723:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
202:
14:
3967:
3792:(unknown further classification)
1454:
573:Historical linguistic minorities
556:
505:Eccher, Giacomo (30 June 2012).
422:Handbook of the Friulan language
418:Manuale di linguistica friulana
3916:of the language on their left.
3786:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1891:Fascian (cazet, moenat, brach)
1780:
498:
483:
438:
380:
355:
1:
258:
511:Trentino Corriere delle Alpi
25:The Rhaeto-Romance languages
7:
3783:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
342:10.54218/ladinia.18.261-288
10:
3972:
3485:(mixed PortugueseâSpanish)
2511:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2305:CentralâSouthern Calabrian
1320:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
803:Central-Southern Calabrian
334:Istitut Ladin MicurĂ de RĂŒ
219:
3890:
3874:
3825:
3774:
3698:
3502:
3475:
3424:
3276:
3162:
3108:
3089:
3040:
2707:
2460:
2451:
2412:
2292:
2177:
2166:
2077:
2039:
1928:
1873:
1836:
1726:
1696:
1659:
1650:
1614:
1577:
1524:
1515:
1475:
1471:
1449:
1388:
1352:
1310:
1262:
1133:Comasco-Lecchese dialects
1085:
1042:
1033:
997:
979:
970:
934:
916:
907:
871:
839:
793:
721:
685:
667:
649:
640:
636:
569:
332:(18). San Martin de Tor:
68:Position of the Ascolians
2793:North American dialects
2300:Extreme Southern Italian
1830:Rhaeto-Romance languages
317:Krefeld, Thomas (1994).
3941:Language classification
2212:CentralâNorthern Latian
693:Central-Northern Latian
465:Hull, Geoffrey (2017).
447:Hull, Geoffrey (2017).
285:Liver, Ricarda (1999).
2516:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1975:non-written varieties:
1854:South-eastern Friulian
1325:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1117:Bustocco and Legnanese
239:
231:
165:
148:
102:
86:Graziadio Isaia Ascoli
80:
74:
32:
26:
3003:PoitevinâSaintongeais
1748:Italian Sign Language
1697:Other German dialects
840:Other Italo-Dalmatian
212:and structurally not
192:. The dialectologist
123:as an umbrella term.
113:, who, however, used
72:The beginning of the
24:
2812:St. Marys Bay French
2336:NeapolitanâCalabrese
1916:constructed language
1861:constructed language
1200:Southwestern Lombard
196:held similar views.
3164:GalicianâPortuguese
2190:Central Marchigiano
1500:Vaccarizzo Albanian
517:on 3 February 2014.
227:Italian irredentism
3578:Catalan Ribagorçan
3425:PyreneanâMozarabic
2697:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2607:BustoccoâLegnanese
2402:Northern Calabrian
1946:written varieties:
1941:Rumantsch Grischun
1938:standard language:
1335:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1311:Other Gallo-Italic
563:Languages of Italy
190:Venetian varieties
55:language subfamily
27:
3956:Friulian language
3936:Romance languages
3923:
3922:
3899:extinct languages
3821:
3820:
3498:
3497:
3457:Navarro-Aragonese
3342:Peruvian Ribereño
3267:Judaeo-Portuguese
3182:GalicianâAsturian
3085:
3084:
3076:Old Gallo-Romance
3030:Wisconsin Walloon
2447:
2446:
2420:Dalmatian Romance
2028:Romance languages
1994:
1993:
1851:Northern Friulian
1796:
1795:
1775:
1774:
1722:
1721:
1679:Southern Bavarian
1646:
1645:
1610:
1609:
1602:Triestine Serbian
1511:
1510:
1486:Arbëresh language
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1384:
1383:
1348:
1347:
1101:Brianzöö dialects
1029:
1028:
966:
965:
903:
902:
867:
866:
476:978-1-54987-998-2
458:978-1-64007-053-0
373:978-88-7223-365-8
250:Modern discussion
62:dialect continuum
39:Romance languages
3963:
3946:Romansh language
3444:Judaeo-Aragonese
3433:Andalusi Romance
3286:Amazonic Spanish
3123:Western Asturian
3106:
3105:
3045:Franco-Provençal
2716:
2715:
2612:ComascoâLecchese
2470:EmilianâRomagnol
2458:
2457:
2258:Regional Italian
2248:Italo-Australian
2175:
2174:
2097:Megleno-Romanian
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1857:Western Friulian
1848:Central Friulian
1823:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1784:
1761:
1742:
1687:
1657:
1656:
1621:
1620:
1522:
1521:
1502:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1395:
1394:
1359:
1358:
1301:
1287:
1280:
1264:EmilianâRomagnol
1253:
1246:
1232:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1040:
1039:
1020:
999:Franco-Provençal
977:
976:
952:
914:
913:
909:Occitano-Romance
878:
877:
830:
816:
795:Extreme Southern
764:
659:Regional Italian
647:
646:
638:
637:
594:Franco-Provençal
561:
560:
549:
542:
535:
526:
525:
519:
518:
502:
496:
495:
492:La Usc di Ladins
487:
481:
480:
462:
442:
436:
435:
413:
407:
406:
384:
378:
377:
359:
353:
352:
350:
348:
323:
314:
305:
304:
282:
244:
236:
160:
143:
105:
83:
77:
75:Questione Ladina
59:Northern Italian
35:
33:Questione Ladina
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3886:
3870:
3848:Pannonian Latin
3834:African Romance
3817:
3770:
3701:
3694:
3632:Judeo-Provençal
3505:
3494:
3471:
3420:
3330:Chilean Chilote
3272:
3158:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3081:
3069:Moselle Romance
3036:
2885:Missouri French
2846:Franco-Ontarian
2721:
2710:
2703:
2443:
2408:
2385:Southern Latian
2288:
2253:Maltese Italian
2185:Central Italian
2169:
2162:
2157:Common Romanian
2073:
2057:Italo-Dalmatian
2035:
2025:
1995:
1990:
1971:
1924:
1920:Ladin Dolomitan
1869:
1865:Furlan standard
1832:
1827:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1757:
1738:
1718:
1704:Austrian German
1692:
1683:
1642:
1633:Calabrian Greek
1606:
1573:
1559:Natisone Valley
1544:Inner Carniolan
1507:
1498:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1380:
1344:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1283:
1276:
1258:
1249:
1242:
1238:Eastern Lombard
1228:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1095:Western Lombard
1081:
1025:
1016:
993:
962:
948:
930:
899:
863:
841:
835:
826:
812:
789:
775:Southern Latian
760:
741:Castelmezzanese
717:
681:
663:
632:
565:
555:
553:
523:
522:
503:
499:
489:
488:
484:
477:
463:
459:
445:
443:
439:
432:
414:
410:
403:
385:
381:
374:
360:
356:
346:
344:
321:
315:
308:
301:
283:
266:
261:
252:
222:
205:
203:Other positions
178:
156:
139:
111:Theodor Gartner
94:Gulf of Trieste
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3951:Ladin language
3948:
3943:
3938:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3564:Judaeo-Catalan
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3531:
3523:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3319:Latin American
3315:
3310:
3298:
3296:Judaeo-Spanish
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3199:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2791:
2786:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2439:Judaeo-Italian
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2099:
2094:
2092:Istro-Romanian
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2040:Major branches
2037:
2036:
2032:classification
2024:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:Italian Hebrew
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:South Tyrolean
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1579:Serbo-Croatian
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:Rhaeto-Romance
1392:
1390:Rhaeto-Romance
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1003:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
985:
983:
974:
968:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
954:
953:
940:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
922:
920:
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
898:
897:
892:
886:
884:
875:
869:
868:
865:
864:
862:
861:
856:
851:
845:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
832:
831:
819:
818:
817:
805:
799:
797:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
766:
765:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
687:
683:
682:
680:
679:
673:
671:
665:
664:
662:
661:
655:
653:
644:
634:
633:
570:
567:
566:
552:
551:
544:
537:
529:
521:
520:
497:
482:
475:
457:
437:
430:
408:
401:
379:
372:
354:
306:
299:
263:
262:
260:
257:
251:
248:
221:
218:
204:
201:
194:Carlo Salvioni
182:Carlo Battisti
177:
174:
116:Rhaeto-Romance
69:
66:
53:form a proper
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3968:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3882:Proto-Romance
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:Reconstructed
3873:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3841:British Latin
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3660:Vivaro-Alpine
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3464:Old Navarrese
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:Equatoguinean
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Frainc-Comtou
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Judeo-Italian
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Castelmezzano
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:Swiss Italian
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Transylvanian
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:Daco-Romanian
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:Italo-Western
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1783:
1779:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
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1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1625:Italiot Greek
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Slavomolisano
1595:
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1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Judeo-Italian
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
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1279:
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1201:
1197:
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1185:
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1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
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1134:
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1125:
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1038:
1036:
1032:
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1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
978:
975:
973:
972:Gallo-Romance
969:
959:
956:
951:
947:
946:
945:
944:Vivaro-Alpine
942:
941:
939:
937:
933:
927:
924:
923:
921:
919:
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912:
910:
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684:
678:
675:
674:
672:
670:
666:
660:
657:
656:
654:
652:
648:
645:
643:
642:Italo-Romance
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
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568:
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559:
550:
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543:
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536:
531:
530:
527:
516:
512:
508:
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493:
486:
478:
472:
468:
460:
454:
450:
441:
433:
431:9783110310597
427:
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412:
404:
398:
394:
390:
383:
375:
369:
365:
358:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:(in German).
327:
320:
313:
311:
302:
300:3-8233-4973-2
296:
292:
288:
281:
279:
277:
275:
273:
271:
269:
264:
256:
247:
243:
242:
235:
234:
228:
217:
215:
214:Italo-Romance
211:
210:Gallo-Romance
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
173:
171:
168:) â and
167:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
117:
112:
107:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
76:
65:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
23:
19:
3903:
3894:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3781:
3683:
3676:
3638:Languedocien
3630:
3623:Judeo-Gascon
3621:
3562:
3513:
3483:Barranquenho
3462:
3455:
3431:
3413:
3355:
3317:
3300:
3291:Extremaduran
3265:
3239:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3194:
3151:
3110:Asturleonese
3074:
3067:
3025:West Walloon
3013:Saintongeais
2961:
2937:
2933:Anglo-Norman
2891:
2824:Newfoundland
2784:Jersey Legal
2776:
2684:
2649:Southwestern
2632:Vallassinese
2521:Gallo-Picene
2462:Gallo-Italic
2424:
2340:
2335:
2274:
2240:
2155:
2101:
1977:Bargunsegner
1974:
1945:
1937:
1915:
1885:Maréo/Badiot
1882:
1860:
1845:
1782:
1759:Sinte Romani
1569:Torre Valley
1517:South Slavic
1462:Italy portal
1154:Vallassinese
1035:Gallo-Italic
571:
515:the original
510:
500:
491:
485:
466:
448:
440:
421:
417:
411:
392:
388:
382:
363:
357:
345:. Retrieved
329:
325:
290:
286:
253:
223:
206:
198:
179:
125:
120:
114:
108:
103:unitĂ ladina
90:Oberalp Pass
81:Saggi ladini
71:
30:
28:
18:
3859:Campidanese
3685:Old Catalan
3678:Old Occitan
3415:Old Spanish
3349:Rioplatense
3153:Old Leonese
2981:Cotentinais
2945:Guernésiais
2868:Frenchville
2861:New England
2740:Bourbonnais
2692:Piedmontese
2686:Old Lombard
2578:Bergamasque
2502:Sammarinese
1767:Wenzhounese
1592:Montenegrin
1539:Gail Valley
1340:Piedmontese
1244:Bergamasque
890:Campidanese
731:Beneventano
698:Marchigiano
630:Wenzhounese
336:: 261â288.
233:Dachsprache
166:Sulzbergtal
153:Val di Sole
149:Nonsbergtal
119:instead of
3930:Categories
3906:indicates
3864:Logudorese
3397:Philippine
3363:Andalusian
3357:Peninsular
3247:Estremenho
3203:Portuguese
3130:Cantabrian
2963:Law French
2955:Sercquiais
2789:Meridional
2750:Champenois
2745:Burgundian
2556:Tabarchino
2546:Monégasque
2485:Parmigiano
2342:Neapolitan
2315:Manduriano
2282:Florentine
2149:Wallachian
2119:Bukovinian
1883:varieties:
1846:varieties:
1285:Parmigiano
1077:Tabarchino
1067:Monégasque
895:Logudorese
814:Manduriano
677:Florentine
402:3484301252
347:2 December
259:References
241:GraubĂŒnden
136:Non Valley
3914:varieties
3897:indicate
3854:Sardinian
3811:Triestine
3759:Sursilvan
3670:Mentonasc
3648:Provençal
3597:Auvergnat
3583:Valencian
3539:Mallorcan
3529:Algherese
3504:Occitano-
3451:Navarrese
3439:Aragonese
3375:Castilian
3278:Castilian
3254:Uruguayan
3227:Brazilian
3190:Minderico
3184:/Eonavian
3147:Mirandese
3061:ValdĂŽtain
3047:/Arpitan
2988:Orléanais
2939:Auregnais
2923:Mayennais
2873:Louisiana
2755:Ardennais
2735:Berrichon
2541:Intemelio
2497:Forlivese
2480:Bolognese
2426:Dalmatian
2390:Tarantino
2353:Benevento
2310:Salentino
2270:Sassarese
2234:Gallurese
2217:Romanesco
2170:Dalmatian
2134:Moldavian
2129:MaramureÈ
2087:Aromanian
1986:Tuatschin
1959:Sutsilvan
1949:Sursilvan
1888:Gherdëina
1526:Slovenian
1376:Triestine
1313:languages
1299:Forlivese
1278:Bolognese
1124:Legnanese
1062:Intemelio
1007:ValdĂŽtain
950:Mentonasc
926:Algherese
882:Sardinian
873:Sardinian
859:Sassarese
854:Gallurese
842:languages
808:Salentino
780:Tarantino
751:Cosentino
708:Romanesco
622:Sardinian
158:âčSee Tfdâș
141:âčSee Tfdâș
3790:Venetian
3764:Vallader
3754:Surmiran
3727:Cadorino
3710:Friulian
3643:Limousin
3612:BĂ©arnese
3574:Western
3556:Northern
3544:Menorcan
3534:Balearic
3525:Eastern
3521:dialects
3380:Castrapo
3337:Peruvian
3308:dialects
3241:European
3209:dialects
3196:Portugis
3177:Galician
3118:Asturian
3056:Savoyard
3008:Poitevin
2976:Cauchois
2950:JĂšrriais
2797:Canadian
2676:Varesino
2671:Ticinese
2659:Novarese
2654:Cremunés
2644:Ossolano
2639:Milanese
2627:Lecchese
2595:Brianzöö
2526:Ligurian
2492:Romagnol
2373:Arianese
2368:Irpinian
2363:Cilentan
2327:Pantesco
2322:Sicilian
2293:Southern
2229:Corsican
2205:Macerata
2200:Fabriano
2139:Oltenian
2109:dialects
2069:Southern
1969:Vallader
1954:Surmiran
1898:Cadorino
1838:Friulian
1669:Cimbrian
1661:Bavarian
1587:Croatian
1494:Arbëresh
1477:Albanian
1418:Cadorino
1407:Friulian
1363:Venetian
1354:Venetian
1293:Romagnol
1221:Cremunés
1214:Novarese
1193:Varesino
1184:Ossolano
1177:Ticinese
1170:Milanese
1161:Lecchese
1044:Ligurian
849:Corsican
828:Pantesco
822:Sicilian
762:Arianese
756:Irpinian
746:Cilentan
703:Marinese
602:Germanic
598:Friulian
586:Croatian
578:Albanian
170:Friulian
98:dialects
92:and the
51:Friulian
3895:Italics
3796:Chipilo
3739:Romansh
3702:Romance
3700:Rhaeto-
3665:Gardiol
3617:Landese
3607:Aranese
3592:Occitan
3551:Central
3515:Catalan
3506:Romance
3407:Creoles
3402:Saharan
3390:Murcian
3368:Llanito
3325:Chilean
3302:Spanish
3259:Creoles
3233:Mineiro
3215:African
3140:Riberan
3135:Leonese
3100:Iberian
3093:Romance
3020:Walloon
2993:Paydret
2971:Augeron
2911:Vosgien
2906:Gaumais
2901:Lorrain
2893:Creoles
2856:Muskrat
2802:Acadian
2730:Angevin
2720:Langues
2711:Romance
2617:Comasco
2590:Western
2583:Cremish
2573:Eastern
2568:Lombard
2536:Genoese
2531:Brigasc
2475:Emilian
2453:Western
2432:Istriot
2395:Vastese
2380:Molisan
2242:Italian
2178:Central
2124:CriÈana
2079:Eastern
2062:Western
2047:Eastern
1930:Romansh
1894:Ampezan
1714:Yiddish
1674:MĂČcheno
1549:Istrian
1272:Emilian
1251:Cremish
1230:Spasell
1140:Comasco
1087:Lombard
1057:Genoese
1052:Brigasc
1018:Cellese
936:Occitan
918:Catalan
785:Vastese
770:Molisan
686:Central
651:Italian
626:Slovene
614:Occitan
582:Catalan
326:Ladinia
220:Aspects
186:Lombard
128:Romansh
43:Romansh
3826:Others
3806:Talian
3801:Fiuman
3775:Others
3715:Fornes
3653:Niçard
3602:Gascon
3570:Patuet
3476:Others
3385:CastĂșo
3091:Ibero-
3051:Faetar
2998:Picard
2928:Norman
2916:Welche
2839:Magoua
2829:Quebec
2819:Brayon
2778:French
2760:RĂ©mois
2709:Gallo-
2664:Pavese
2622:Laghée
2600:Canzés
2551:Royasc
2413:Others
2348:Barese
2276:Tuscan
2222:Sabino
2195:Ancona
2168:Italo-
1903:Fornes
1753:Romani
1734:Hebrew
1727:Others
1709:Walser
1652:German
1564:Resian
1425:Fornes
1371:Fiuman
1207:Pavese
1147:Laghée
1108:Canzés
1072:Royasc
1012:Faetar
989:Aostan
981:French
958:Niçard
736:Barese
713:Sabino
669:Tuscan
618:Romani
590:French
473:
455:
428:
399:
370:
297:
162:German
151:) and
145:German
49:, and
3749:PutĂšr
3744:Jauer
3732:Nones
3722:Ladin
3221:Asian
2878:Houma
2851:MĂ©tis
2834:Joual
2807:Chiac
2772:Gallo
2722:d'oĂŻl
2114:Banat
1981:Jauer
1964:PutĂšr
1912:Fodom
1908:Nones
1875:Ladin
1638:Griko
1616:Greek
1554:Karst
1432:Nones
1412:Ladin
610:Ladin
606:Greek
420:[
391:[
322:(PDF)
289:[
132:Ladin
121:Ladin
47:Ladin
3904:Bold
3489:CalĂł
3172:Fala
3098:West
1534:Brda
471:ISBN
453:ISBN
426:ISBN
397:ISBN
368:ISBN
349:2022
295:ISBN
188:and
29:The
338:doi
106:).
84:by
41:of
3932::
1918::
1863::
628:,
624:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
608:,
604:,
600:,
596:,
592:,
588:,
584:,
580:,
576::
509:.
330:18
324:.
309:^
267:^
164::
147::
130:,
45:,
3102:)
3096:(
2034:)
2030:(
2020:e
2013:t
2006:v
1822:e
1815:t
1808:v
548:e
541:t
534:v
479:.
461:.
434:.
405:.
376:.
351:.
340::
303:.
155:(
138:(
100:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
