112:
556:. The next development was the family of the first domestic multi-channel radio relay communication systems, "Strela," in the 1600-2000 MHz range. "Strela-P" with 12 telephone channels was intended for suburban lines, "Strela-M" had 24 channels and was intended for trunk lines up to 2500 km long, and "Strela-T" could transmit a television signal over a distance of 300-400 km. The USSR radio relay communication network began to form on the Strela equipment in the directions Moscow-Ryazan, Moscow-Yaroslavl-Nerekhta-Kostroma-Ivanovo, Moscow-Voronezh, Moscow-Kaluga, Moscow-Tula, Frunze-Jalal-Abad.
3220:
351:
3232:
609:(VOA) and other western radio programs. Over time this initial effort was escalated dramatically, with the approximately 200 jamming stations with a total between 3 and 4 megawatts of output power in 1952 expanded to about 1,700 transmitters with a combined 45 megawatts of output power. By this latter date, the list of jammed foreign broadcasts had been expanded to include not only the successors to the BBC and VOA,
640:
Nevertheless, people continued (or attempted) to listen to
Western broadcasts. In fact, there was even no jamming of these signals (excluding Radio Free Europe) at all, from 1963 to 1968, and from 1973 to 1980. In 1963, a further attempt was made to draw USSR radio listeners from western broadcasts
632:
Jamming was initially attempted by means of superimposed random speech which mimicked station interference. Due to the ineffectiveness of this method, however, a move was later made to the generation of random noise to obscure human speech. From the early 1970s,
543:
The first system for meter-wave radio relay links, "Crab," was created in the experimental workshops of the
Research Institute of Radio Engineering in 1953-1954 and was used on the communication line across the
569:
Tropospheric radio relay system complex "Gorizont" (1960s), which served as the basis for the creation of the Soviet transarctic tropospheric communication network "Sever" and the first satellite systems.
802:
981:
584:
One of the last works of the Soviet period was the R&D "Radius" of 1990 - "Intra-zone digital radio relay system of the third generation of the 8 GHz range", which was completed after the
629:, and others. Total electricity consumed in the course of this jamming operation has been valued at tens of millions of dollars annually, exclusive of site construction and personnel costs.
662:
As the USSR began to fall in the 1980s, the radio organisation of the USSR began to shut down as private services were introduced and the USSR's stations were relaunched and refocused.
2139:
466:'s initiative (for a "paperless newspaper" as the best means of public information) in November 1924. On November 23, 1924 the first regular broadcast was produced in Moscow on the
462:, a major electric factory, and the PCPT,10 but in 1928 was returned to the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs. The first All-Union Radio station, was opened upon
455:
2543:
2526:
2573:
905:
2516:
775:
3036:
2536:
581:
Trunk RRL "Raduga" of the range 3400-3900 and 5670-6170 MHz and terminal equipment to it "Rapira-M" for 1920 channels of TF or digital flow at 34.368 Mbit/s.
566:
R-600 "Vesna" of the 3.4-3.9 GHz range. (1953-1958, E. S. Shtyren, N. N. Kamensky). In the 1960-70s, it was modernized: R-600M, R-6002M, R600-2MV, "Rassvet".
381:
810:
2562:
2531:
2521:
2473:
1071:
1649:
2770:
575:
Complex of unified radio relay systems "KURS" (KURS-4, KURS-6, KURS-2M, etc.) for the ranges of 2, 4, 6 and 8 GHz with wide unification of elements.
302:
3271:
482:
2468:
2081:
2134:
939:
3266:
2653:
2623:
2910:
2870:
2780:
2591:
2107:
3276:
2898:
2793:
2665:
2451:
374:
474:. In 1925, the Radio Commission of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) was organized for overall supervision of radio broadcasting.
2803:
2720:
2613:
1878:
1824:
2743:
2550:
2417:
2041:
851:
509:. In the context in which a new radio mast, M. Gorky, built in 1936 in Tiraspol, allowed a greater coverage of the territory of
2441:
2286:
1025:
1006:
724:
2928:
2429:
2395:
2383:
2378:
2269:
2855:
2965:
2733:
1794:
367:
162:
2845:
2511:
2458:
2446:
1994:
1814:
514:
332:
176:
3256:
2893:
2888:
2608:
2556:
772:
3145:
3096:
3029:
2840:
2568:
2170:
2074:
999:
957:
948:
3261:
3175:
3163:
2987:
2977:
2933:
2748:
2424:
2373:
2256:
976:
932:
602:
327:
3180:
3168:
3024:
3009:
2923:
2825:
2407:
2227:
1099:
657:
585:
790:
3121:
3101:
2798:
2412:
2237:
2165:
992:
739:
734:
275:
270:
260:
3192:
3019:
2883:
2835:
2596:
2390:
2264:
2247:
1729:
155:
2788:
2463:
2358:
2159:
2067:
186:
137:
3069:
3051:
2817:
2675:
2636:
2603:
2293:
2281:
2197:
2099:
2016:
925:
124:
102:
3064:
3041:
3014:
1947:
1569:
265:
3079:
2982:
2036:
1860:
1765:
1665:
1222:
971:
749:
676:
286:
247:
237:
194:
3074:
3187:
1965:
1890:
1786:
1689:
1057:
459:
322:
2436:
1988:
1942:
1897:
1735:
1449:
578:
Intra-zone RRL systems "Oblast-1" (late 1970s) and "Rakita-8" (1986) in the range of 7.9-8.4 GHz.
430:
407:
3116:
2708:
2646:
1529:
214:
30:
1489:
3235:
2207:
1747:
1741:
93:
917:
837:
George W. Woodard, "Cold War Radio
Jamming," in A. Ross Johnson and R. Eugene Parta (eds.),
2997:
2860:
2680:
2478:
2192:
1585:
1497:
1044:
3084:
1238:
913:
Soviet All-Union Radio
Committee Collection (ARS.0085), Stanford Archive of Recorded Sound
912:
8:
3224:
2953:
2758:
2687:
2495:
2344:
2222:
2144:
2117:
744:
572:
High-capacity RRL "Voskhod" for the Moscow - Far East route in the range of 3400-3900 MHz
471:
355:
1374:
1164:
648:
The jamming stopped in 1988 (Radio Free Europe was, however, unblocked in August 1991).
3091:
3002:
2319:
2232:
2122:
2112:
1977:
1819:
1657:
1641:
1633:
1617:
1537:
1521:
1342:
1318:
1190:
1092:
1076:
1051:
451:
230:
132:
1398:
1116:
3199:
3139:
2918:
2704:
2400:
2202:
2187:
2129:
2047:
1971:
1927:
1922:
1809:
1705:
1553:
1310:
1254:
1246:
1174:
1148:
610:
533:
522:
486:
803:"Волна уходит за горизонт: советская тропосферная радиорелейная линия связи «Север»"
1916:
1781:
1759:
1753:
1358:
1302:
1182:
1132:
606:
398:
1382:
637:
generating swinging carrier signals were used to interfere even more effectively.
3111:
2324:
2276:
2182:
1854:
1697:
1673:
1433:
1425:
1326:
1262:
1124:
779:
518:
458:
Then, in 1924 it was transferred to a joint-stock company whose members were the
3131:
3059:
2339:
2329:
1960:
1872:
1601:
1561:
1545:
1473:
1065:
618:
463:
169:
1278:
1206:
3250:
2992:
1908:
1902:
1776:
1771:
1198:
729:
642:
622:
614:
598:
148:
2875:
2696:
2090:
1983:
1884:
1866:
1577:
1366:
1156:
711:
692:
537:
426:
44:
900:
2738:
2700:
2692:
2314:
2298:
2212:
2154:
2030:
1937:
1932:
1609:
1593:
1465:
768:
698:
686:
549:
545:
1334:
2728:
1230:
1214:
634:
626:
498:
219:
2059:
1441:
601:
to prevent its citizens from listening to political broadcasts of the
2948:
2943:
2765:
2658:
2488:
2149:
1829:
1804:
1505:
1350:
1270:
1140:
839:
Cold War
Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
467:
2938:
2483:
2217:
2177:
1835:
Ukrainian
Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)
1294:
1037:
529:
506:
490:
478:
1481:
683:, focusing on the political and economic life of the Soviet Union.
2830:
2334:
1834:
1625:
1390:
1286:
1084:
510:
494:
1681:
1513:
1457:
1030:
434:
2753:
2631:
1108:
947:
852:"B.B.C. RUSSIAN BROADCASTS (JAMMING) (Hansard, 30 July 1949)"
418:
33:
2865:
2641:
2022:
2010:
1954:
1799:
1723:
1417:
680:
553:
502:
422:
841:
Budapest: Central
European University Press, 2010, pg. 53.
2850:
2670:
892:
563:
R-60/120 of the 2 GHz range for trunk lines up to 2500 km
641:
by launching a radio station favouring Moscow city and
412:
3248:
2939:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
773:Radio Moldova se revendica de la Radio Tiraspol
456:People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs.
536:while Western broadcasts were launched in the
454:control over radio resources was given to the
2075:
933:
559:Then more advanced RRL systems were created:
375:
875:
873:
871:
833:
831:
829:
827:
2082:
2068:
940:
926:
879:Woodard, "Cold War Radio Jamming," pg. 64.
382:
368:
949:National media in the former Eastern Bloc
868:
824:
809:(in Russian). 2017-01-11. Archived from
597:Beginning in 1948, the USSR made use of
532:started, Americans launched the station
2089:
651:
16:Soviet state radio broadcasting network
3249:
2108:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1007:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
958:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
893:Russian Museum of Radio and TV website
791:Radiofonie românească: Radio Basarabia
725:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
689:– music and speech based entertainment
3272:Radio stations disestablished in 1991
2063:
1805:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR)
921:
701:– culture, education, classical music
1825:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR)
795:
1787:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR)
13:
3267:Radio stations established in 1924
421:broadcasting organisation for the
133:Great October Socialist Revolution
110:
14:
3288:
886:
3277:Defunct radio stations in Russia
3231:
3230:
3218:
1898:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR
705:
603:British Broadcasting Corporation
592:
493:whose main purpose was the anti-
433:. The organization was based in
349:
658:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
429:, operated from 1924 until the
1820:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR)
844:
784:
762:
740:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
735:Censorship in the Soviet Union
714:– the foreign-language service
695:– the station for young people
679:– the national network of the
485:, started broadcasting in the
1:
2771:Political abuse of psychiatry
2563:Congress of People's Deputies
1730:Bulgarian National Television
1815:First Channel (Georgian SSR)
755:
445:
7:
2934:Academy of Medical Sciences
807:Nanotechnology News Network
718:
670:
665:
413:
103:Culture of the Soviet Union
10:
3293:
1948:Radio Berlin International
1570:Neue Berliner Illustrierte
655:
515:Romanian state broadcaster
440:
3257:Radio in the Soviet Union
3212:
3156:
3130:
3050:
2973:
2964:
2909:
2816:
2779:
2719:
2622:
2584:
2504:
2366:
2357:
2307:
2255:
2246:
2098:
2037:Soviet Information Bureau
2003:
1989:Program 1 Polskiego Radia
1847:
1830:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR)
1716:
1409:
1223:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur
1015:
972:Media of the Soviet Union
964:
955:
750:Media of the Soviet Union
677:All Union First Programme
517:started in 1937 to build
477:On 30 October 1930, from
470:radio station, using the
402:
77:
72:
64:
56:
51:
39:
26:
1891:Radio Peace and Progress
1795:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR)
460:Russian Telegraph Agency
3262:Eastern Bloc mass media
3225:Soviet Union portal
431:dissolution of the USSR
356:Soviet Union portal
3117:Stalinist architecture
2871:Science and technology
2781:Ideological repression
2709:Soviet Airborne Forces
2647:Destruction battalions
1149:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan
489:a Soviet station of 4
115:
2899:List of metro systems
2452:Collective leadership
1800:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR)
1791:Republican stations:
1072:Republican newspapers
114:
2861:Net material product
2804:Censorship of images
2721:Political repression
2681:Soviet Border Troops
2614:First Deputy Premier
2198:1965 economic reform
2193:Soviet space program
1724:Televizioni Shqiptar
1136:(Karelo-Finnish SSR)
1045:Komsomolskaya Pravda
652:Collapse of the USSR
586:collapse of the USSR
303:World Heritage Sites
2929:Academy of Sciences
2744:Population transfer
2688:Soviet Armed Forces
2551:Congress of Soviets
2532:Presidium/Politburo
2496:Soviet anti-Zionism
2345:West Siberian Plain
2223:Revolutions of 1989
2160:Great Patriotic War
2145:New Economic Policy
1157:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan
745:Radio Yerevan jokes
472:Shukhov radio tower
138:Great Patriotic War
83:International
23:
2574:Military Collegium
2442:Capital punishment
2320:Caucasus Mountains
2233:Post-Soviet states
2113:Russian Revolution
2019:(Byelorussian SSR)
1905:(Byelorussian SSR)
1810:ETV (Estonian SSR)
1766:Central Television
1634:Politikin Zabavnik
1522:Jugend und Technik
1343:Slobodna Dalmacija
1319:Rabotnichesko Delo
1165:Moldova Socialistă
1093:Sovetskaya Latviya
1088:(Byelorussian SSR)
1077:Sovetskaya Rossiya
1052:Pionerskaya Pravda
1026:Central newspapers
778:2013-05-21 at the
452:October Revolution
414:Vsesoyuznoye radio
116:
19:
3244:
3243:
3208:
3207:
3200:Hammer and sickle
3142:and their groups
3140:Soviet dissidents
2919:Communist Academy
2836:Economic planning
2812:
2811:
2705:Soviet Air Forces
2624:Security services
2544:General Secretary
2527:Central Committee
2469:Political parties
2401:Brezhnev Doctrine
2396:Foreign relations
2353:
2352:
2294:Autonomous okrugs
2208:Soviet–Afghan War
2188:Sino-Soviet split
2130:Russian Civil War
2057:
2056:
2048:Czech News Agency
1928:Deutschlandsender
1923:Berliner Rundfunk
1255:Neues Deutschland
1239:Mladá fronta DNES
1117:Czerwony Sztandar
856:api.parliament.uk
611:Radio Free Europe
534:Radio Free Europe
523:Soviet propaganda
487:Romanian language
411:
392:
391:
87:
86:
3284:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3221:
2971:
2970:
2879:
2734:Collectivization
2479:Marxism–Leninism
2364:
2363:
2253:
2252:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2050:(Czechoslovakia)
2025:(Lithuanian SSR)
1917:Rundfunk der DDR
1881:(Lithuanian SSR)
1879:Lietuvos radijas
1873:Latvijas Radio 1
1782:Moscow Programme
1738:(Czechoslovakia)
1709:(Czechoslovakia)
1375:Večernje novosti
1359:Sportske novosti
1330:(Czechoslovakia)
1314:(Czechoslovakia)
1303:Politika Ekspres
1242:(Czechoslovakia)
1133:Neuvosto-Karjala
1120:(Lithuanian SSR)
1112:(Lithuanian SSR)
942:
935:
928:
919:
918:
909:
897:
880:
877:
866:
865:
863:
862:
848:
842:
835:
822:
821:
819:
818:
799:
793:
788:
782:
766:
607:Voice of America
416:
406:
404:
403:Всесоюзное радио
384:
377:
370:
354:
353:
352:
113:
105:
89:
88:
24:
22:Всесоюзное радио
18:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3219:
3217:
3204:
3152:
3126:
3046:
2960:
2905:
2877:
2851:Internet domain
2846:Five-year plans
2808:
2775:
2715:
2618:
2580:
2512:Communist Party
2500:
2459:Passport system
2349:
2325:European Russia
2303:
2242:
2183:Khrushchev Thaw
2162:(World War II)
2140:Creation treaty
2094:
2088:
2058:
2053:
1999:
1919:(East Germany)
1887:(Russian SFSR)
1861:First Programme
1855:All-Union Radio
1843:
1712:
1674:Svet kompjutera
1405:
1399:Zëri i Popullit
1263:Nova Makedonija
1168:(Moldavian SSR)
1011:
982:State Committee
960:
951:
946:
907:
895:
889:
884:
883:
878:
869:
860:
858:
850:
849:
845:
836:
825:
816:
814:
801:
800:
796:
789:
785:
780:Wayback Machine
767:
763:
758:
721:
708:
673:
668:
660:
654:
595:
519:Radio Basarabia
448:
443:
395:All-Union Radio
388:
350:
348:
341:
340:
333:National anthem
318:
317:
308:
307:
298:
297:
281:
280:
251:
250:
225:
224:
210:
209:
200:
199:
190:
189:
143:
142:
128:
127:
111:
101:
82:
47:
21:
20:All-Union Radio
17:
12:
11:
5:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2894:Rail transport
2891:
2889:Railway system
2881:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2609:Deputy Premier
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2592:Heads of state
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2557:Supreme Soviet
2554:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2474:State ideology
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:Ural Mountains
2337:
2332:
2330:North Caucasus
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
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1474:Form und Zweck
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1995:Radio Romania
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1984:Radio Polonia
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1978:Kossuth Rádió
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1909:Radio Georgia
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1903:Radio Belarus
1901:
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1777:Programme Two
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1538:Književna reč
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1383:Večernji list
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1228:
1226:(Afghanistan)
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1199:Esti Budapest
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1160:(Kirghiz SSR)
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1130:
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1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:(Latvian SSR)
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:(Latvian SSR)
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1024:
1023:
1022:Soviet Union
1021:
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1000:Printed media
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828:
813:on 2020-02-24
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730:Radio jamming
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706:International
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623:Radio Vatican
620:
616:
615:Radio Liberty
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:radio jamming
593:Radio jamming
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3106:
2988:Demographics
2978:Antisemitism
2831:Central Bank
2749:Forced labor
2697:Spetsnaz GRU
2517:organisation
2425:Human rights
2374:Constitution
2257:Subdivisions
2135:Russian SFSR
2091:Soviet Union
1972:Magyar Rádió
1955:Radio Tirana
1885:Radio Moscow
1867:Eesti Raadio
1704:
1701:(Yugoslavia)
1696:
1693:(Yugoslavia)
1688:
1685:(Yugoslavia)
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1677:(Yugoslavia)
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1669:(Yugoslavia)
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1653:(Yugoslavia)
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1637:(Yugoslavia)
1632:
1629:(Yugoslavia)
1624:
1616:
1608:
1605:(Yugoslavia)
1600:
1592:
1584:
1578:Neue Werbung
1576:
1568:
1565:(Yugoslavia)
1560:
1554:Lakáskultúra
1552:
1544:
1541:(Yugoslavia)
1536:
1533:(Yugoslavia)
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1517:(Yugoslavia)
1512:
1504:
1501:(Yugoslavia)
1496:
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1450:Eulenspiegel
1448:
1445:(Yugoslavia)
1440:
1437:(Yugoslavia)
1432:
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1416:
1397:
1394:(Yugoslavia)
1389:
1386:(Yugoslavia)
1381:
1378:(Yugoslavia)
1373:
1367:Trybuna Ludu
1365:
1362:(Yugoslavia)
1357:
1354:(Yugoslavia)
1349:
1346:(Yugoslavia)
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977:Broadcasting
908:(in Russian)
901:Soviet Union
896:(in Russian)
859:. Retrieved
855:
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838:
815:. Retrieved
811:the original
806:
797:
786:
764:
712:Radio Moscow
693:Radio Yunost
661:
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558:
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538:Eastern bloc
527:
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427:Gosteleradio
394:
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328:Coat of arms
255:
215:Architecture
78:Availability
45:Soviet Union
3092:Phraseology
3037:Prohibition
3025:Linguistics
3010:Drug policy
3003:1989 census
2924:Cybernetics
2826:Agriculture
2739:Great Purge
2701:Soviet Navy
2693:Soviet Army
2565:(1989–1991)
2559:(1938–1991)
2553:(1922–1936)
2537:Secretariat
2408:Gun control
2315:Caspian Sea
2299:Closed city
2228:Dissolution
2213:Perestroika
2155:Great Purge
1938:Radio DDR 2
1933:Radio DDR 1
1610:Novy Vostok
1594:Neues Leben
1530:Jugoslavija
1466:Filmspiegel
1279:Oslobođenje
1207:Esti Hírlap
769:Rodica Mahu
699:Radio Orfey
687:Radio Mayak
617:, but also
550:Krasnovodsk
546:Caspian Sea
57:Launch date
3251:Categories
3132:Opposition
3122:Television
3102:Propaganda
3075:Literature
2949:Naukograds
2944:Sharashkas
2878:(currency)
2856:Inventions
2799:Censorship
2729:Red Terror
2413:Government
2287:Autonomous
2270:Autonomous
2203:Stagnation
2166:Evacuation
1968:(Bulgaria)
1732:(Bulgaria)
1717:Television
1426:Dolgozó nő
1327:Rudé právo
1322:(Bulgaria)
1231:Laiko Vima
1215:Freie Erde
1125:Rahva Hääl
1016:Newspapers
993:Television
861:2022-07-11
817:2020-05-31
656:See also:
635:satellites
627:Kol Israel
499:Bessarabia
417:) was the
276:Propaganda
271:Censorship
261:Television
231:Literature
163:Traditions
3193:Republics
3181:Republics
3169:Republics
3020:Languages
2884:Transport
2766:Holodomor
2659:Militsiya
2597:President
2489:Stalinism
2391:Elections
2265:Republics
2248:Geography
2238:Nostalgia
2150:Stalinism
1980:(Hungary)
1974:(Hungary)
1957:(Albania)
1762:(Romania)
1750:(Hungary)
1726:(Albania)
1586:Neuer Weg
1562:Naša žena
1557:(Hungary)
1506:Guter Rat
1498:Galaksija
1461:(Romania)
1429:(Romania)
1410:Magazines
1402:(Albania)
1338:(Romania)
1271:Novi list
1250:(Hungary)
1234:(Albania)
1210:(Hungary)
1202:(Hungary)
1141:Komunisti
756:Footnotes
528:When the
468:Comintern
446:Beginning
408:romanized
296:Monuments
177:Festivals
156:Languages
31:Broadcast
3236:Category
2789:Religion
2676:Chairmen
2522:Congress
2484:Leninism
2464:Propiska
2359:Politics
2218:Glasnost
2178:Cold War
2118:February
2004:Agencies
1991:(Poland)
1966:Horizont
1756:(Poland)
1490:Für Dich
1370:(Poland)
1335:Scînteia
1295:Politika
1038:Izvestia
965:Overview
776:Archived
719:See also
671:Domestic
666:Stations
548:between
530:Cold War
507:Dniester
501:between
495:Romanian
479:Tiraspol
187:Religion
94:a series
92:Part of
81:National
73:Coverage
3157:Symbols
3070:Fashion
3052:Culture
2966:Society
2911:Science
2876:Rouble
2818:Economy
2794:Science
2604:Premier
2585:Offices
2447:Leaders
2367:General
2335:Siberia
2308:Regions
2282:Oblasts
2123:October
2100:History
2013:(USSR)
1857:(USSR)
1768:(USSR)
1658:Sputnik
1642:Sibylle
1626:Pogledi
1618:Oktyabr
1442:Džuboks
1391:Vjesnik
1287:Pobjeda
1191:Dnevnik
1085:Zvyazda
511:Moldova
441:History
410::
399:Russian
316:Symbols
170:Cuisine
125:History
52:History
40:Country
3176:Emblem
3164:Anthem
3112:Sports
3065:Cinema
3060:Ballet
3042:Racism
3015:Family
2505:Bodies
2093:topics
2033:(USSR)
1863:(USSR)
1706:Vlasta
1682:Svijet
1650:Signal
1514:Izgled
1458:Femeia
1311:Pravda
1031:Pravda
643:oblast
513:, the
435:Moscow
425:under
266:Cinema
149:People
96:on the
65:Closed
3107:Radio
3085:Opera
3080:Music
2983:Crime
2754:Gulag
2632:Cheka
2277:Krais
2044:(GDR)
2017:BelTA
1848:Radio
1690:Tempo
1666:Start
1482:FRÖSI
1351:Sport
1175:Borba
1109:Tiesa
988:Radio
483:MASSR
464:Lenin
419:radio
287:Sport
256:Radio
248:Media
238:Music
195:Islam
34:radio
3188:Flag
3146:List
2954:List
2866:OGAS
2759:List
2642:NKVD
2430:LGBT
2418:List
2384:1977
2379:1936
2023:ELTA
2011:TASS
1943:DT64
1698:Tina
1434:Duga
1418:Atze
1183:Delo
1101:Cīņa
1059:Trud
681:USSR
613:and
554:Baku
552:and
505:and
503:Prut
423:USSR
323:Flag
68:1991
60:1924
27:Type
2671:KGB
2666:MGB
2654:MVD
2637:GPU
2437:Law
2042:ADN
2031:APN
1760:TVR
1754:TVP
1748:MTV
1742:DFF
1736:ČST
1602:NIN
220:Art
208:Art
3253::
2703:•
2699:•
1074::
1028::
870:^
854:.
826:^
805:.
771:,
645:.
625:,
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491:kW
481:,
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