Soviet Union - Knowledge

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statistical artefact not of index number relativity (the Gerschenkron effect) but of misapplying to the calculation of growth cost prices that do not accurately measure competitive value. The standard of living declined during the 1930s in response to Stalin's despotism, and after a brief improvement following his death, lapsed into stagnation. Glasnost and post-communist revelations interpreted as a whole thus provide no basis for Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov's relatively favorable characterization of the methods, economic achievements and human costs of Stalinism. The evidence demonstrates that the suppression of markets and the oppression of vast segments of the population were economically counterproductive and humanly calamitous, just as anyone conversant with classical economic theory should have expected.

6154: 1291: 5521: 6244: 6226: 237: 6262: 6136: 6370: 6334: 6208: 6280: 6172: 9783: 1277: 104: 1639: 8969: 8557:(teachers, state bureaucrats, soldiers) to be openly religious. While persecution accelerated following Stalin's rise to power, a revival of Orthodoxy was fostered by the government during World War II and the Soviet authorities sought to control the Russian Orthodox Church rather than liquidate it. During the first five years of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests. Many others were imprisoned or exiled. Believers were harassed and persecuted. Most seminaries were closed, and the publication of most religious material was prohibited. By 1941, only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence before World War I. 5506: 4383: 9100:. A further 62% of people polled preferred the Soviet system of central planning, while 24% prefer a market-based system. According to the Levada Center's polls, the primary reasons cited for Soviet nostalgia are the advantages of the shared economic union between the Soviet republics, including perceived financial stability. This was referenced by up to 53% of respondents in 2016. At least 43% also lamented the loss of the Soviet Union's global political superpower status. About 31% cited the loss of social trust and capital. The remainder of the respondents cited a mix of reasons ranging from practical travel difficulties to a sense of national displacement. 6993:, typically were the responsibility of the military. Lenin believed that the USSR would never overtake the developed world if it remained as technologically backward as it was upon its founding. Soviet authorities proved their commitment to Lenin's belief by developing massive networks, research and development organizations. In the early 1960s, the Soviets awarded 40% of chemistry PhDs to women, compared to only 5% in the United States. By 1989, Soviet scientists were among the world's best-trained specialists in several areas, such as Energy physics, selected areas of medicine, mathematics, welding and military technologies. Due to rigid state planning and 8197: 6091:. The domination was so absolute that for most of its existence, the country was commonly (but incorrectly) referred to as 'Russia'. While the Russian SFSR was technically only one republic within the larger union, it was by far the largest (both in terms of population and area), most powerful, and most highly developed. The Russian SFSR was also the industrial center of the Soviet Union. Historian Matthew White wrote that it was an open secret that the country's federal structure was 'window dressing' for Russian dominance. For that reason, the people of the USSR were usually called 'Russians', not 'Soviets', since 'everyone knew who really ran the show'. 6784: 8185: 9713: 8441: 5089: 1454: 7876: 1305: 7425: 1538: 1380: 1351: 1426: 1566: 3206: 1594: 1440: 7207: 8023: 7415: 6776:. Consumer goods, particularly outside large cities, were often scarce, of poor quality and limited variety. Under the command economy, consumers had almost no influence on production, and the changing demands of a population with growing incomes could not be satisfied by supplies at rigidly fixed prices. A massive unplanned second economy grew up at low levels alongside the planned one, providing some of the goods and services that the planners could not. The legalization of some elements of the decentralized economy was attempted with the 7468: 4893: 5673:(1947–1956), informally the Communist Information Bureau and officially the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, was the first official agency of the international Marxist-Leninist movement since the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943. Its role was to coordinate actions between Marxist-Leninist parties under Soviet direction. Stalin used it to order Western European communist parties to abandon their exclusively parliamentarian line and instead concentrate on politically impeding the operations of the 88: 7895:, the new system produced many broken marriages, as well as countless out-of-wedlock children. The epidemic of divorces and extramarital affairs created social hardships when Soviet leaders wanted people to concentrate their efforts on growing the economy. Giving women control over their fertility also led to a precipitous decline in the birth rate, perceived as a threat to their country's military power. By 1936, Stalin reversed most of the liberal laws, ushering in a pronatalist era that lasted for decades. 8161: 4365: 7918: 8378: 20691: 8137: 2515: 7803: 7278: 8394: 6123: 5491: 7196: 6930:

David Wilson, a historian, believed that the gas industry would account for 40% of Soviet fuel production by the end of the century. His theory did not come to fruition because of the USSR's collapse. The USSR, in theory, would have continued to have an economic growth rate of 2–2.5% during the 1990s because of Soviet energy fields. However, the energy sector faced many difficulties, among them the country's high military expenditure and hostile relations with the

8243: 1020: 20703: 4777:. Unparalleled in the world, it resulted in a large number of radioactive isotopes being released into the atmosphere. Radioactive doses were scattered relatively far. Although long-term effects of the accident were unknown, 4,000 new cases of thyroid cancer which resulted from the accident's contamination were reported at the time of the accident, but this led to a relatively low number of deaths (WHO data, 2005). Another major radioactive accident was the 1496: 8011: 6557: 4975: 6975: 8913: 1524: 1468: 4563: 1408: 1319: 8655: 1394: 1337: 7090: 4575: 8708:, censorship was diminished. During this time, a distinctive period of Soviet culture developed, characterized by conformist public life and an intense focus on personal life. Greater experimentation in art forms was again permissible, resulting in the production of more sophisticated and subtly critical work. The government loosened its emphasis on socialist realism; thus, for instance, many protagonists of the novels of author 9040:

wealthy capitalist West while most are falling behind, some to such an extent that it will take over fifty years to catch up to where they were before the fall of the Soviet Bloc. However, virtually all the former Soviet republics were able to turn their economies around and increase GDP to multiple times what it was under the USSR, though with large wealth disparities, and many post-soviet economies described as oligarchic.

6725: 4312: 6421: 6673: 4940:. All senior government officials and most deputies of the Supreme Soviet were members of the CPSU. Of the party heads themselves, Stalin (1941–1953) and Khrushchev (1958–1964) were Premiers. Upon the forced retirement of Khrushchev, the party leader was prohibited from this kind of double membership, but the later General Secretaries for at least some part of their tenure occupied the mostly ceremonial position of 19507: 6915: 5701: 8406: 7341:

1980s showed that after worsening in the late-1970s and the early 1980s, adult mortality began to improve again. The infant mortality rate increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in 1974. Some researchers regarded the rise as mostly real, a consequence of worsening health conditions and services. The rises in both adult and infant mortality were not explained or defended by Soviet officials, and the

4998:) was nominally the highest state body for most of the Soviet history, at first acting as a rubber stamp institution, approving and implementing all decisions made by the party. However, its powers and functions were extended in the late 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including the creation of new state commissions and committees. It gained additional powers relating to the approval of the 6665:, which significantly expanded Soviet capacity in heavy industry and capital goods during the 1930s. The primary motivation for industrialization was preparation for war, mostly due to distrust of the outside capitalist world. As a result, the USSR was transformed from a largely agrarian economy into a great industrial power, leading the way for its emergence as a superpower after 8768: 8421: 8346:. There are examples where the government retreated from this policy, most notably under Stalin where education was discontinued in languages that were not widespread. These languages were then assimilated into another language, mostly Russian. During World War II, some minority languages were banned, and their speakers accused of collaborating with the enemy. 8305:. At the same time, infant mortality began to rise. After 1974, the government stopped publishing statistics on the matter. This trend can be partly explained by the number of pregnancies rising drastically in the Asian part of the country where infant mortality was the highest while declining markedly in the more developed European part of the Soviet Union. 9654: 8644: 8533:. Both Christian and non-Christian establishments were shut down by the thousands in the 1920s and 1930s. By 1940, as many as 90% of the churches, synagogues, and mosques that had been operating in 1917 were closed; the majority of them were demolished or re-purposed for state needs with little concern for their historic and cultural value. 9784: 5607:. The Comintern intended to 'struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state'. It was abolished as a conciliatory measure toward Britain and the United States. 8646: 200: 8645: 5074:, the KGB engaged in the suppression of political dissent and maintained an extensive network of informers, reasserting itself as a political actor to some extent independent of the party-state structure, culminating in the anti-corruption campaign targeting high-ranking party officials in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 9011: 208: 207: 202: 203: 221: 218: 212: 222: 220: 219: 13115:

Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute" [The double dictatorship: Experiences with dictatorship in the GDR and effects on the relationship to dictatorship today]. In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa,

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called the collapse of the Soviet Union "a small victory for socialism, not only because of the fall of one of the most anti-socialist states in the world, where working people had fewer rights than in the West, but also because it freed the term 'socialism' from the burden of being associated in the

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Religious influence had been strong in the Russian Empire. The Russian Orthodox Church enjoyed a privileged status as the church of the monarchy and took part in carrying out official state functions. The immediate period following the establishment of the Soviet state included a struggle against the

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Under Lenin, the state made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Many early Russian feminists and ordinary Russian working women actively participated in the Revolution, and many more were affected by the events of that period and the new policies. Beginning in October 1918,

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The late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a reversal of the declining trajectory of the rate of mortality in the USSR, and was especially notable among men of working age, but was also prevalent in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country. An analysis of the official data from the late

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were common outside major cities. Soviet maintenance projects proved unable to take care of even the few roads the country had. By the early-to-mid-1980s, the Soviet authorities tried to solve the road problem by ordering the construction of new ones. Meanwhile, the automobile industry was growing at

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Soviet rail transport was the largest and most intensively used in the world; it was also better developed than most of its Western counterparts. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, Soviet economists were calling for the construction of more roads to alleviate some of the burdens from the railways and

6848:, growth could have been faster. By their calculation, per capita income in 1989 should have been twice higher than it was, considering the amount of investment, education and population. The authors attribute this poor performance to the low productivity of capital. Steven Rosefielde states that the 5747:

opened large-scale business relations with the Soviets in the late 1920s, hoping that it would lead to long-term peace. Finally, in 1933, the United States officially recognized the USSR, a decision backed by the public opinion and especially by US business interests that expected an opening of a new

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Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64619-0. "The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953

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to intensify the propaganda campaign. Accordingly, although personal expressions of religious faith were not explicitly banned, a strong sense of social stigma was imposed on them by the formal structures and mass media, and it was generally considered unacceptable for members of certain professions

7939:. All left-handed children were forced to write with their right hand in the Soviet school system. Literate people were automatically hired as teachers. For a short period, quality was sacrificed for quantity. By 1940, Stalin could announce that illiteracy had been eliminated. Throughout the 1930s, 7180:

and its only role was civilian-grade research tasks. Mir was the only orbital station in operation from 1986 to 1998. Gradually, other modules were added to it, including American modules. However, the station deteriorated rapidly after a fire on board, so in 2001 it was decided to bring it into the

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highest office in the Soviet Union. Depending on the degree of power consolidation, it was either the Politburo as a collective body or the General Secretary, who always was one of the Politburo members, that effectively led the party and the country (except for the period of the highly personalized

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were associated with sharp increases in mortality, Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia saw a tripling of unemployment and a 42% increase in male death rates between 1991 and 1994, and in the following decades, only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the

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The culture of the Soviet Union passed through several stages during the USSR's existence. During the first decade following the revolution, there was relative freedom and artists experimented with several different styles to find a distinctive Soviet style of art. Lenin wanted art to be accessible

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rose sharply, which has been attributed to reforms in education. In the aftermath of World War II, the country's educational system expanded dramatically, which had a tremendous effect. In the 1960s, nearly all children had access to education, the only exception being those living in remote areas.

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Although statistics of the Soviet economy are notoriously unreliable and its economic growth difficult to estimate precisely, by most accounts, the economy continued to expand until the mid-1980s. During the 1950s and 1960s, it had comparatively high growth and was catching up to the West. However,

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However, in practice the degree of control the party was able to exercise over the state bureaucracy, particularly after the death of Stalin, was far from total, with the bureaucracy pursuing different interests that were at times in conflict with the party, nor was the party itself monolithic from

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was emphasized in the educational curriculum, and numerous state publications promoted atheistic views. During this period, the number of churches fell from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1959 to 1965, and the number of synagogues dropped from 500 to 97. The number of working mosques also declined, falling

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and another 206,500 kilometres (128,300 mi) for natural gas. Petroleum and petroleum-based products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a variety of manufactured goods, primarily machinery, arms and military equipment, were exported. In the 1970s and 1980s, the USSR heavily

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recalled "the famous article 125 of the Constitution which enumerated all basic civil and political rights" in the Soviet Union. But when he and other prisoners attempted to use this as a legal basis for their abuse complaints, their prosecutor's argument was that "the Constitution was written not

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According to the New Russia Barometer (NRB) polls by the Centre for the Study of Public Policy, 50% of Russian respondents reported a positive impression of the Soviet Union in 1991. This increased to about 75% of NRB respondents in 2000, dropping slightly to 71% in 2009. Throughout the 2000s, an

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All citizens of the USSR had their own ethnic affiliation. The ethnicity of a person was chosen at the age of sixteen by the child's parents. If the parents did not agree, the child was automatically assigned the ethnicity of the father. Partly due to Soviet policies, some of the smaller minority

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The need for fuel declined in the Soviet Union from the 1970s to the 1980s, both per ruble of gross social product and per ruble of industrial product. At the start, this decline grew very rapidly but gradually slowed down between 1970 and 1975. From 1975 and 1980, it grew even slower, only 2.6%.

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was discouraged, but widespread. The final allocation of output was achieved through relatively decentralized, unplanned contracting. Although in theory prices were legally set from above, in practice they were often negotiated, and informal horizontal links (e.g. between producer factories) were

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Western academicians published various analyses of the post-Soviet states' development, claiming that the dissolution was followed by a severe drop in economic and social conditions in these countries, including a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of

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decree establishing the Russian SFSR as a secular state also decreed that 'the teaching of religion in all where subjects of general instruction are taught, is forbidden. Citizens may teach and may be taught religion privately.' Among further restrictions, those adopted in 1929 included express

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By 1921, Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin realized that capitalism had stabilized itself in Europe and there would not be any widespread revolutions anytime soon. It became the duty of the Russian Bolsheviks to protect what they had in Russia, and avoid military confrontations that might destroy their

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it was discovered that its environmental problems were greater than what the Soviet authorities admitted. The Soviet Union was the world's second largest producer of harmful emissions. In 1988, total emissions in the Soviet Union were about 79% of those in the United States. But since the Soviet

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branches of the government. The system was governed less by statute than by informal conventions, and no settled mechanism of leadership succession existed. Bitter and at times deadly power struggles took place in the Politburo after the deaths of Lenin and Stalin, as well as after Khrushchev's

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Neoliberal austerity has created demographic losses exceeding Stalin's deportations back in the 1940s (although without the latter's loss of life). As government cutbacks in education, healthcare and other basic social infrastructure threaten to undercut long-term development, young people are

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was established, the majority of whose members were directly elected in competitive elections held in March 1989, the first in Soviet history. The Congress now elected the Supreme Soviet, which became a full-time parliament, and much stronger than before. For the first time since the 1920s, it

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had become a thing of the past, and with the looming threat of war, the Stalin administration began shifting to a more moderate religion policy in the late 1930s. Soviet religious establishments overwhelmingly rallied to support the war effort during World War II. Amid other accommodations to

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demonstrated a gradual decrease as well—from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974. In general, the birth rates of the southern republics in Transcaucasia and Central Asia were considerably higher than those in the northern parts of the Soviet Union, and in some cases even increased in the

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regretted the fall of the Soviet Union, setting a 15-year record, and the majority of these regretting opinions came from people older than 55. In 2020, polls conducted by the Levada Center found that 75% of Russians agreed that the Soviet era was the greatest era in their country's history.

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largely emulated the structure of the central institutions, although the Russian SFSR, unlike the other constituent republics, for most of its history had no republican branch of the CPSU, being ruled directly by the union-wide party until 1990. Local authorities were organized likewise into

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The new evidence shows that administrative command planning and Stalin's forced industrialization strategies failed in the 1930s and beyond. The economic miracle chronicled in official hagiographies and until recently faithfully recounted in Western textbooks has no basis in fact. It is the

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preventing the US from acquiring a competitive advantage. However, technology-based planning was executed in a centralized, government-centric manner that greatly hindered its flexibility. This was exploited by the US to undermine the strength of the Soviet Union and thus foster its reform.

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as the means to acquire science and technology in both the private and public sectors. In contrast, the USSR was offensively and defensively maneuvering in the acquisition and use of the worldwide technology, to increase the competitive advantage that they acquired from the technology while

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Members of various ethnicities participated in legislative bodies. Organs of power like the Politburo, the Secretariat of the Central Committee etc., were formally ethnically neutral, but in reality, ethnic Russians were overrepresented, although there were also non-Russian leaders in the

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greatly from each other. When a language had been given a writing system and appeared in a notable publication, it would attain 'official language' status. There were many minority languages which never received their own writing system; therefore, their speakers were forced to have a

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More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937 alone. Only a twelfth of the Russian Orthodox Church's priests were left functioning in their parishes by 1941. In the period between 1927 and 1940, the number of Orthodox Churches in Russia fell from 29,584 to less than 500 (1.7%).

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In his new book, Maelstrom of Memory, Mr. Yakovlev lists some of the nightmares uncovered by his commission. More than 41 million Soviets were imprisoned from 1923 to 1953. More than 884,000 children were in internal exile by 1954. More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937

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Despite improvements, several aspects of the transport sector were still riddled with problems due to outdated infrastructure, lack of investment, corruption and bad decision-making. Soviet authorities were unable to meet the growing demand for transport infrastructure and services.

223: 8552:. The government targeted religions based on state interests, and while most organized religions were never outlawed, religious property was confiscated, believers were harassed, and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools. In 1925, the government founded the 4499:. Despite efforts to maintain the Soviet Union's superpower status, the economy struggled due to its centralized nature, technological backwardness, and inefficiencies. The vast military expenditures and burdens of maintaining the Eastern Bloc, further strained the Soviet economy. 198: 5631:, and Comecon was meant to prevent countries in the Soviets' sphere of influence from moving towards that of the Americans and Southeast Asia. Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's reply to the formation in Western Europe of the Organization for European Economic Co-Operation (OEEC), 4800:, for example, is mined, all forests have been destroyed by contamination, while the northern and other parts of Russia have been affected by emissions. During the 1990s, people in the West were also interested in the radioactive hazards of nuclear facilities, decommissioned 171: 168: 7345:

stopped publishing all mortality statistics for ten years. Soviet demographers and health specialists remained silent about the mortality increases until the late-1980s, when the publication of mortality data resumed, and researchers could delve into the real causes.

175: 9003:. The USSR implemented a broad range of policies over a long period of time, with a large amount of conflicting policies being implemented by different leaders. Some have a positive view of it whilst others are critical towards the country, calling it a repressive 177: 176: 8313:

Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry.

8130:. During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the Soviet republics had reached 25 million. 8148: 9115:

celebrated on 9 May is still one of the most important and emotional dates in Russia. Catherine Wanner asserts that Victory Day commemorations are a vehicle for Soviet nostalgia, as they "kept alive a mythology of Soviet grandeur, of solidarity among the

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In 1917, before the revolution, health conditions were significantly behind those of developed countries. As Lenin later noted, "Either the lice will defeat socialism, or socialism will defeat the lice". The Soviet health care system was conceived by the

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Soviet Olympic team was notorious for skirting the edge of amateur rules. All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. According to many experts, that gave the Soviet Union a huge advantage over the

174: 173: 167: 7146:. The Soviet public's reaction to the American moon-landing was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about it, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it attention, and another portion was angered. 169: 5708:

The Marxist-Leninist leadership of the Soviet Union intensely debated foreign policy issues and changed directions several times. Even after Stalin assumed dictatorial control in the late 1920s, there were debates, and he frequently changed positions.

165: 8718:, developed during this late period. In architecture, the Khrushchev era mostly focused on functional design as opposed to the highly decorated style of Stalin's epoch. In music, in response to the increasing popularity of forms of popular music like 7231:. The country had a wide variety of modes of transport by land, water and air. However, due to inadequate maintenance, much of the road, water and Soviet civil aviation transport were outdated and technologically backward compared to the First World. 5685:, promoted Stalin's positions. The Cominform's concentration on Europe meant a deemphasis on world revolution in Soviet foreign policy. By enunciating a uniform ideology, it allowed the constituent parties to focus on personalities rather than issues. 170: 164: 163: 162: 172: 3161:

In English-language media, the state was referred to as the Soviet Union or the USSR. The Russian SFSR dominated the Soviet Union to such an extent that, for most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was colloquially, but incorrectly, referred to as

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adopted a statement "About the party's tasks in sphere of physical culture". In the statement was determined the role of physical culture in Soviet society and the party's tasks in political leadership of physical culture movement in the country.

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was applied in the leading institutions of higher education by subjecting Jewish applicants to harsher entrance examinations. The Brezhnev era also introduced a rule that required all university applicants to present a reference from the local

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Under Lenin, the government gave small language groups their own writing systems. The development of these writing systems was highly successful, even though some flaws were detected. During the later days of the USSR, countries with the same

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The Soviet Union was an ethnically diverse country, with more than 100 distinct ethnic groups. The total population of the country was estimated at 293 million in 1991. According to a 1990 estimate, the majority of the population were

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to grant women the right to vote. After heavy casualties in World War I and II, women outnumbered men in Russia by a 4:3 ratio. This contributed to the larger role women played in Russian society compared to other great powers at the time.

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authority of Stalin, exercised directly through his position in the Council of Ministers rather than the Politburo after 1941). They were not controlled by the general party membership, as the key principle of the party organization was

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and also topping the medal tally at the Winter Olympics six times. The Soviet Union's Olympics success has been attributed to its large investment in sports to demonstrate its superpower image and political influence on a global stage.

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The army had the greatest political influence. In 1989, there served two million soldiers divided between 150 motorized and 52 armored divisions. Until the early 1960s, the Soviet navy was a rather small military branch, but after the

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In the 1970s, specific proposals for the design of a space shuttle emerged, but shortcomings, especially in the electronics industry (rapid overheating of electronics), postponed it till the end of the 1980s. The first shuttle, the

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were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army, a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population. After the severe economic collapse, Lenin replaced war

12363:[Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I "On the establishment of the post of President of the USSR and amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR"] (in Russian). 10 October 2017. Archived from 7037:

determined that the Soviet Union addressed the acquisition of science and technology in a manner that was radically different from what the US was using. In the case of the US, economic prioritization was being used for indigenous

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rejected by the scientific community in the Soviet Union and abroad but supported by Stalin's inner circles. Implemented in the USSR and China, it resulted in reduced crop yields and is widely believed to have contributed to the

5677:, the U.S. program of rebuilding Europe after the war and developing its economy. It also coordinated international aid to Marxist-Leninist insurgents during the Greek Civil War in 1947–1949. It expelled Yugoslavia in 1948 after 16535:

Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government—that of the Soviet Union under the

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was held in 1943. Stalin had the support of the majority of the religious people in the USSR even through the late 1980s. The general tendency of this period was an increase in religious activity among believers of all faiths.

17167: 14364: 9007:. The opinions on the USSR are complex and have changed over time, with different generations having different views on the matter as well as on Soviet policies corresponding to separate time periods during its history. 6708:

of the Cold War, the Soviet economy was burdened by military expenditures, heavily lobbied for by a powerful bureaucracy dependent on the arms industry. At the same time, the USSR became the largest arms exporter to the

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After a long debate among the members of the Politburo about the course of economic development, by 1928–1929, upon gaining control of the country, Stalin abandoned the NEP and pushed for full central planning, starting

5627:, СЭВ, SEV) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under Soviet control that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with several communist states elsewhere in the world. Moscow was concerned about the 8853:

and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or real amateurs. Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second only once, in the

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has shown that over 50% of Russia's population regretted this event, with the only exception to this being in the year 2012 when support for the Soviet Union dipped below 50 percent. A 2018 poll showed that 66% of

6636:, which involved the nationalization of industry, centralized distribution of output, coercive or forced requisition of agricultural production, and attempts to eliminate money circulation, private enterprises and 5200:) and applied the law as established by the constitution or as interpreted by the Supreme Soviet. The Constitutional Oversight Committee reviewed the constitutionality of laws and acts. The Soviet Union used the 18896: 12963:

Michał Jerzy Zacharias, "The Beginnings of the Cominform: The Policy of the Soviet Union towards European Communist Parties in Connection with the Political Initiatives of the United States of America in 1947."

8301:. These improvements continued into the 1960s when statistics indicated that the life expectancy briefly surpassed that of the United States. Life expectancy started to decline in the 1970s, possibly because of 5751:

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin ordered Marxist-Leninist parties across the world to strongly oppose non-Marxist political parties, labor unions or other organizations on the left, which they labelled

6869:, started to collapse. Prices were still fixed, and the property was still largely state-owned until after the country's dissolution. For most of the period after World War II until its collapse, Soviet GDP ( 15468:А. П. Чуприков, В. Д. Мишиев. // Латеральность населения СССР в конце 70-х и начале 80-х годов. К истории латеральной нейропсихологии и нейропсихиатрии. Хрестоматия. Донецк, 2010, 192 с. 199: 6484:(1948) and National Civil Defense Forces (1970) were formed, which ranked first, third, and sixth in the official Soviet system of importance (ground forces were second, Air Force fourth, and Navy fifth). 5808:. In September, Germany invaded Poland, and the USSR also invaded later that month, resulting in the partition of Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of 3425: 3364: 1610:

With the exception of the CIS – an intergovernmental organization and legal successor to the Soviet Union – only states that are former Soviet republics, now members of the United Nations, are listed as

161: 8220: 8521:. In practice, the Soviet system subscribed to a narrow interpretation of this right, and in fact used a range of official measures to discourage religion and curb the activities of religious groups. 18039: 8885:

and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with tremendous efforts". Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the

18164: 14422: 9216:-speaking Ukrainians of Ukraine's southern and eastern regions have a more positive view of the USSR. In some countries with internal conflict, there is also nostalgia for the USSR, especially for 3349: 19132:

Michalski, Tomasz; Hlynskyy, Nazar (2009). "Economic transformation disparity in European post-Soviet countries in the period of transformation". In Palmowski, Tadeusz; Vaitekūnas, Stasys (eds.).

9350:

and denouncing it as revisionist and reverted to capitalism. The Chinese government in 1963 articulated its criticism of the USSR's system and promoted China's ideological line as an alternative.

8889:

in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.

25778: 4195: 4174: 4153: 4132: 4044: 8102:, and Ukrainians, who were all East Slavic and Orthodox, shared close cultural, ethnic, and religious ties, while other groups did not. With multiple nationalities living in the same territory, 5731:

Moscow eventually stopped threatening other states, and instead worked to open peaceful relationships in terms of trade, and diplomatic recognition. The United Kingdom dismissed the warnings of

3054:

initially resisted Lenin's proposal but ultimately accepted it, and with Lenin's agreement he changed the name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), although all republics began as

3032:

of 1922, Lenin called for the Russian SFSR and other national Soviet republics to form a greater union which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (Russian:

4546: 4028: 18108: 9096:

very negatively. A 2021 poll conducted by the Levada Center found that 49% of Russians prefer the USSR's political system, while 18% prefer the current political system and 16% would prefer a

5728:

that settled long-standing grievances. At the same time, the two countries secretly set up training programs for the illegal German army and air force operations at hidden camps in the USSR.

5712:

During the country's early period, it was assumed that Communist revolutions would break out soon in every major industrial country, and it was the Russian responsibility to assist them. The

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Lenin's government liberalized divorce and abortion laws, decriminalized homosexuality (re-criminalized in 1932), permitted cohabitation, and ushered in a host of reforms. However, without

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became the highest organ of state power 'in the period of transition'. Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary, only remaining President for the final months of the existence of the USSR.

17691:

emigrating to better their lives rather than suffer in an economy without jobs. More than 12% of the overall population (and a much larger percentage of its labor force) now works abroad.

14497: 9272:, where the capitalist elite have been replaced by an unaccountable bureaucratic elite and there is no true democracy or workers' control of industry. In particular, American Trotskyist 4036: 15320: 159: 20986: 15666: 13008: 10806: 10458: 7948:

tried to make education more accessible, making it clear to children that education was closely linked to the needs of society. Education also became important in giving rise to the

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Overall, the growth rate of per capita income in the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1989 was slightly above the world average (based on 102 countries). A 1986 study published in the

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post–World War II period, a phenomenon partly attributed to slower rates of urbanization and traditionally earlier marriages in the southern republics. Soviet Europe moved towards

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propaganda systems of East and West with Soviet tyranny — for the East, in order to benefit from the aura of authentic socialism, for the West, in order to demonize the concept."

9169: 8172: 5387:(1948), saying that it was "overly juridical" and potentially infringed on national sovereignty. The Soviet Union later signed legally-binding human rights documents, such as the 2901:. Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the 10884: 14361: 10833: 5559:

During his rule, Stalin always made the final policy decisions. Otherwise, Soviet foreign policy was set by the commission on the Foreign Policy of the Central Committee of the

15692: 15447: 12168:[Law: About state governing bodies of USSR in a transition period on the bodies of state authority and administration of the USSR in Transition] (in Russian). sssr.su. 15553: 6865:. His policies relaxed state control over enterprises but did not replace it by market incentives, resulting in a sharp decline in output. The economy, already suffering from 5392: 8208: 18449: 11021: 8794: 4277: 1708: 17366:

Theodore P. Gerber & Michael Hout, "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991–1995", AJS Volume 104 Number 1 (July 1998): 1–50.

8678:

The government encouraged a variety of trends. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writers

7477: 21419: 21381: 21281: 21206: 21091: 21084: 20014: 19997: 15489:"In Russia, left isn't quite right Handedness: The official Moscow line is that lefties are OK, but suspicion of those who are different persists from the old Soviet days" 13275: 10481: 9501: 8275:'s tenure as leader, during which the health care system was heavily criticized for many basic faults, such as the quality of service and the unevenness in its provision. 7984:

party secretary. According to statistics from 1986, the number of higher education students per the population of 10,000 was 181 for the USSR, compared to 517 for the US.

6745: 4999: 4921: 4905: 4680: 2232: 19075:

Libman, Alexander; Obydenkova, Anastassia V. (2019). "Historical Legacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Inequality: Evidence from Post-Communist Regions".

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Pål Kolstø, "Political construction sites: Nation-building in Russia and the post-Soviet States". Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. 81–104 uncorrected version,

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The left's view of the USSR is complex. While some leftists regard the USSR as an example of state capitalism or that it was an oligarchical state, other leftists admire

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explained: "Do not look in the file of incriminating evidence to see whether or not the accused rose up against the Soviets with arms or words. Ask him instead to which

18885: 17677: 10110:"GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" 8513:

In Soviet law, the 'freedom to hold religious services' was constitutionally guaranteed, although the ruling Communist Party regarded religion as incompatible with the

6696:, only a tiny share of domestic products was traded internationally. After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, external trade rose rapidly. However, the influence of the 6632:, whereby production and distribution of goods were centralized and directed by the government. The first Bolshevik experience with a command economy was the policy of 160: 4957: 1673: 19360:

Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schmitz, Andrea; Schröder, Hans-Henning (2012). "Introduction". In Stewart, Susan; Klein, Margarete; Schröder, Hans-Henning (eds.).

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Hønneland, Geir; Jørgensen, Anne-Kristin (December 2002). "Implementing Russia's International Environmental Commitments: Federal Prerogative or Regional Concern?".

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intervention by superiors. All critical economic decisions were taken by the political leadership. Allocated resources and plan targets were usually denominated in

5739:

diplomatic recognition in 1922. There was hope for a settlement of the pre-war Tsarist debts, but it was repeatedly postponed. Formal recognition came when the new

3094:. The Soviets used this abbreviation so frequently that audiences worldwide became familiar with its meaning. After this, the most common Russian initialization is 23884: 23879: 23874: 21361: 21321: 21059: 15929: 8286:, while highlighting such successes as having the most doctors and hospitals in the world, recognized the system's areas for improvement and felt that billions of 8283: 6662: 5425:

was carried out within the terms of the Soviet Civil Code. Some Soviet legal scholars even said that "criminal repression" may be applied in the absence of guilt.

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became general secretary, the Soviet healthcare system was held in high esteem by many foreign specialists. This changed, however, from Brezhnev's accession and

5129:

dismissal, itself due to a decision by both the Politburo and the Central Committee. All leaders of the Communist Party before Gorbachev died in office, except

25728: 23567: 21904: 20979: 20507: 20007: 17739: 14837: 13706: 4917: 17941: 16486:

Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.

25342: 23340: 22792: 22573: 18263:"Celebrations, Commemorative Dates and Related Rituals: Soviet Experience, its Transformation and Contemporary Victory Day Celebrations in Russia and Latvia" 16900: 8821:

in Helsinki thus became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. The Soviet Union was the biggest rival to the United States at the Summer Olympics, winning

8259:, health care was to be controlled by the state and would be provided to its citizens free of charge, a revolutionary concept at the time. Article 42 of the 6045: 5395:), but they were neither widely known or accessible to people living under Communist rule, nor were they taken seriously by the Communist authorities. Under 5027: 4586:

With an area of 22,402,200 square kilometres (8,649,500 sq mi), the Soviet Union was the world's largest country, a status that is retained by the

2874: 2543: 2220: 2154: 1853: 236: 18043: 10408: 8593:. Official relations between the Orthodox Church and the government again warmed to the point that the Brezhnev government twice honored Orthodox Patriarch 6736:

From the 1930s until its dissolution in late 1991, the way the Soviet economy operated remained essentially unchanged. The economy was formally directed by

5413:

Crime was determined not as the infraction of law, instead, it was determined as any action which could threaten the Soviet state and society. For example,

24209: 21469: 21356: 21316: 21029: 20033: 20002: 18745: 18156: 18134: 14187: 5564: 5388: 5141: 5059: 4913: 12358:"Zakon SSSR ot 14 marta 1990 g. N 1360-I "Ob uchrezhdenii posta Prezidenta SSSR i vnesenii izmeneniy i dopolneniy v Konstitutsiyu (Osnovnoy Zakon) SSSR"" 25723: 25035: 21341: 21126: 20911: 19992: 19944: 16062: 15732: 14298: 13750: 13673: 9192: 8722:

in the West, many jazz orchestras were permitted throughout the USSR, notably the Melodiya Ensemble, named after the principle record label in the USSR.

7324:

of the USSR decreased from 44.0 per thousand in 1926 to 18.0 in 1974, mainly due to increasing urbanization and the rising average age of marriages. The

5985: 4909: 4861: 1310: 15630:

You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics

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were active during this time. As a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, films received encouragement from the state, and much of director

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was split off from the Uzbekistan SSR. With the constitution of 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved, resulting in its constituent republics of

4766:

was only 54% of that of the United States, this means that the Soviet Union generated 1.5 times more pollution than the United States per unit of GNP.

2878: 18421:

Nostalgia and discontinuity of life: A multiple case study of older ex-Soviet refugees seeking psychotherapeutic help for immigration-related problems

10658: 7305:

policies) amounted to a combined total of 18 million, some 10 million in the 1930s, and more than 20 million in 1941–1945. The postwar

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Religious institutions remained monitored by the Soviet government, but churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques were all given more leeway in the

7026:, relative to the world population, than any other major country due to the strong levels of state support for scientific developments by the 1980s. 5592: 16839: 15527: 14223: 10281: 23759: 22257: 21376: 21241: 21121: 21049: 18654: 16862: 15854: 15414: 12360:Закон СССР от 14 марта 1990 г. N 1360-I "Об учреждении поста Президента СССР и внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) СССР" 10907: 10603: 9035:

increased by an average of 9 points for all former Soviet republics. According to Western analysis, the economic shocks that accompanied wholesale

5914:. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary 2589: 1024: 17322: 12357: 10377:

Television documentary from CC&C Ideacom Production, "Apocalypse Never-Ending War 1918–1926", part 2, aired at Danish DR K on 22 October 2018.

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to the Russian people. On the other hand, hundreds of intellectuals, writers, and artists were exiled or executed, and their work banned, such as

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by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the

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In some post-Soviet republics, there is a more negative view of the USSR, although there is no unanimity on the matter. In large part due to the

9107:'. The war became a topic of great importance in cinema, literature, history lessons at school, the mass media, and the arts. As a result of the 7131:

and orbital stations were drawn up in Soviet design offices, but personal disputes between designers and management prevented their development.

7115:—a competition to achieve superior spaceflight capability with the United States. This was followed by other successful satellites, most notably 5011: 4024: 1947: 14489: 10522: 5034:(Premier) and managing an enormous bureaucracy responsible for the administration of the economy and society. State and party structures of the 2569: 1638: 25651: 22093: 21301: 21261: 21191: 21141: 21111: 21106: 18749: 14652: 14558: 13977:

Rosefielde, Steven (1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labor and Economic Growth in the 1930s".

12559: 12394:

Lambelet, Doriane. "The Contradiction Between Soviet and American Human Rights Doctrine: Reconciliation Through Perestroika and Pragmatism." 7

10687: 8762: 8750: 7921: 6005: 4514:(restructuring) aimed to revitalize the Soviet system but instead accelerated its unraveling. Nationalist movements gained momentum across the 4111: 4008: 1970: 5695: 5646:

in Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Comecon, the regional economic organization for the

24072: 24028: 23834: 23509: 21351: 21346: 21256: 21231: 21226: 21216: 21116: 21074: 21054: 21044: 21014: 19939: 19552: 19160: 16465: 16439: 15331: 14066: 10908:"Nuclear Pollution Plagues Former Soviet Union : Environment: A map marking non-military explosions shows scope of 'national disaster.'" 10633: 6878: 6081: 6061: 4016: 3998: 1118: 18223: 15658: 14527: 12667: 5666:

satellites, with the Pact's only direct military actions having been the invasions of its own member states to keep them from breaking away.

25773: 24440: 24055: 22142: 21706: 21271: 21201: 21034: 21019: 20823: 20805: 19605: 18357: 17150: 10440: 10113: 7822: 6519:

In the post-war period, the Soviet Army was directly involved in several military operations abroad. These included the suppression of the

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was suppressed and dissent was punished. Independent political activities were not tolerated, whether these involved participation in free

2605: 1264: 17808:

David Stuckler, Lawrence King, and Martin McKee. "Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis."

14030: 12515: 24532: 24097: 24038: 22355: 22035: 21413: 21366: 21311: 21306: 21291: 21276: 21251: 21151: 21079: 21064: 21024: 21009: 20946: 20745: 20124: 20094: 17034: 15246: 14913: 13212: 12856: 9237: 9108: 7810:

The Soviet Union imposed heavy control on city growth, preventing some cities from reaching their full potential while promoting others.

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secret police, and so its internal troops were under the joint leadership of the defense and internal commissariats. After World War II,

5716:

was the weapon of choice. A few revolutions did break out, but they were quickly suppressed (the longest lasting one was in Hungary)—the

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refused to rubber stamp proposals from the party and Council of Ministers. In 1990, Gorbachev introduced and assumed the position of the

4340: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 2716: 2172: 2008: 1913: 1769: 19151:

Ovcharova, Lilia; Biryukova, Svetlana (2018). "Poverty and the Poor in Post-Soviet Russia". In Rauhut, Daniel; Hatti, Neelambar (eds.).

16881:"Sports in Soviet Union Only for Elite : There Are Top Athletes, and then There Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go up" 16105: 15018: 10730: 5547: 24492: 23852: 23744: 23411: 21371: 21266: 21246: 21211: 21161: 21146: 21136: 21131: 20381: 20341: 20251: 20062: 19578: 16018:

Dinkel, R.H. (1990). "The Seeming Paradox of Increasing Mortality in a Highly Industrialized Nation: the Example of the Soviet Union".

12640: 10985: 10866: 9589: 9395: 6986: 6963: 6714: 5568: 5540: 4945: 4941: 3620: 2906: 2577: 2159: 976: 617: 12613: 11057: 10843: 9871:

Named the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in 1918, then renamed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1936.

6811: 25758: 23384: 22821: 22626: 22287: 22022: 21331: 21326: 21101: 21096: 20369: 20264: 20136: 19922: 15437: 12795: 12285:

Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management

10390: 9567: 8590: 7997: 5993: 5786: 5234: 4188: 3022: 2668: 2536: 1756: 1751: 17: 18684: 18655:"Seven Letters Exchanged Between the Central Committees of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" 15966: 7160:, endured prolonged construction and was canceled in 1991. For their launch into space, there is today an unused superpower rocket, 5825: 25417: 22965: 22664: 22568: 22425: 22390: 22339: 22124: 20905: 20862: 20274: 20191: 20084: 15385:

Rebecca Balmas Neary, "Mothering Socialist Society: The Wife-Activists' Movement and the Soviet Culture of Daily Life, 1934–1941",

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in the 1970s was gigantic, forming 40–60% of the entire federal budget and accounting to 15% of the USSR's GDP (13% in the 1980s).

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enacted reforms shifting power away from the highest bodies of the party and making the Supreme Soviet less dependent on them. The

5023: 4871: 2767: 2585: 1900: 853: 16750: 15775: 15602: 14276: 13513: 13357: 13314: 12204: 11942: 11875: 11832: 11799: 11736: 11693: 11610: 11567: 11483: 11400: 11358: 11319: 11281: 11235: 11196: 11117: 11013: 8822: 5571:. It was known as the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (or Narkomindel), until 1946. The most influential spokesmen were 24954: 24859: 24774: 24301: 24065: 23896: 23859: 23457: 21772: 20214: 20021: 19888: 9224:

who have been forced to flee their homes and have been displaced. The many Russian enclaves in the former USSR republics such as

8712:

concerned themselves with problems of daily life rather than with building socialism. Underground dissident literature, known as

7853:), which had assumed the position of capital of Soviet Central Asia, had risen to fourth place. Another city worth mentioning is 7244: 4995: 4933:, demanding strict subordination to higher bodies, and elections went uncontested, endorsing the candidates proposed from above. 4432:

in the late 1920s ushered in an era of intense centralization and totalitarianism. Stalin's rule was characterized by the forced

3970: 3781: 1870: 1811: 703: 13267: 9031:, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income. Between 1988 and 1989 and 1993–1995, the 8385:

in 1929, magazine of the Society of the Godless. The first five-year plan of the Soviet Union is shown crushing the gods of the

6560:

The Soviet Union in comparison to other countries by GDP (nominal) per capita in 1965 based on a West-German school book (1971)

25753: 25658: 25075: 23814: 23467: 22768: 22520: 22413: 22047: 21940: 21777: 21485: 20795: 20738: 19912: 19757: 18444: 17560: 7858: 6792: 6528: 6159: 5977: 5963: 5209: 5019: 2882: 2356: 2351: 2078: 1668: 1296: 18622: 16982: 10312: 8337:

situation implemented similar policies. A serious problem when creating these writing systems was that the languages differed

5520: 25170: 24833: 24512: 23748: 22847: 22734: 22385: 21538: 20995: 20928: 20399: 19900: 19866: 19854: 19849: 19740: 19447: 19422: 19403: 19350: 19325: 19299: 19245: 19234: 19208: 19180: 19141: 19122: 19049: 19022: 18999: 18974: 18928: 18855: 18810: 18780: 18597: 18591: 18561: 18307: 18083: 17863: 17793: 17667: 17647: 17468: 17277: 17232: 17077: 17028: 16939: 16744: 16689: 16650: 16604: 16516: 16359: 16279: 16245: 15812: 15769: 15638: 15596: 15573: 15259: 15012: 14985: 14952: 14907: 14845: 14708: 14270: 13876: 13714: 13600: 13550: 13507: 13394: 13380: 13351: 13308: 13206: 13179: 13129: 12899: 12850: 12677: 12650: 12623: 12338: 12296: 12198: 12127: 12084: 12016: 11983: 11936: 11869: 11793: 11730: 11687: 11649: 11604: 11561: 11523: 11477: 11443: 11394: 11352: 11313: 11275: 11229: 11190: 11156: 11111: 9300: 8830: 8813:. In the same year, when the Soviet representative Konstantin Andrianov became an IOC member, the USSR officially joined the 6065: 5485: 5384: 5278: 4437: 3797: 2676: 2225: 1980: 1806: 894: 840: 827: 25554: 20326: 18396: 17191: 16695: 16522: 16285: 16187: 15818: 14714: 14336: 13882: 13606: 13556: 13040:

Mueller, Gordon H. (1976). "Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922".

11042:{{Cite news |title=Wastes of War: Rotting Nuclear Subs Pose Threat |first1=David |last1=Hoffman |date=16 November 1998 |url= 6653:(NEP) in 1921, legalizing free trade and private ownership of small businesses. The economy steadily recovered as a result. 2341: 922: 605: 25504: 25216: 24469: 22706: 22262: 22237: 21784: 20934: 20880: 20790: 20436: 20204: 17824: 16656: 16610: 14588: 14096: 10145: 8479: 8103: 7842: 7223:

of the late 1920s and 1930s led to the development of infrastructure on a massive scale, most notably the establishment of

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During Stalin's rule, the Soviet culture was characterized by the rise and domination of the government-imposed style of

8111: 7830: 6411: 6267: 6141: 6041: 6009: 5973: 5560: 5150: 5149:, concentrated power in his executive office, independent of the party, and subordinated the government, now renamed the 4887: 4875: 4570:, an area that was previously covered with forests until acid rainfall from a nearby copper smelter killed all vegetation 4414: 3075: 2886: 2625: 2476: 1678: 1282: 486: 22595: 22042: 15919: 8601:. A poll conducted by Soviet authorities in 1982 recorded 20% of the Soviet population as 'active religious believers.' 6669:. The war caused extensive devastation of the Soviet economy and infrastructure, which required massive reconstruction. 6508:

and during war situation was to eradicate enemy infrastructure and nuclear capacity. The air force also had a number of

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of 0.920, placing it in the 'high' category of human development. It was the third-highest in the Eastern Bloc, behind

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countries. Compared to countries with similar per-capita GDP in 1928, the Soviet Union experienced significant growth.

6773: 6729: 6513: 6429: 6375: 6339: 6213: 6049: 6025: 6021: 5989: 4991: 4983: 4867: 4845: 4676: 4615: 3962: 3952: 2918: 2699:

to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed

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Constitutionally, the USSR was a federation of constituent Union Republics, which were either unitary states, such as

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disease, infant mortality and domestic violence, as well as demographic losses, income inequality and the rise of an

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After the revolution, life expectancy for all age groups went up. This statistic in itself was seen by some that the

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reasonable estimate would place the total number of excess deaths for the whole period somewhere around 60 million.'

6909: 6874: 6824: 6701: 6465: 6357: 6303: 6285: 6053: 6037: 6001: 5193: 5169: 5015: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 3379: 3013:, demanded that all power be transferred to the Soviets, and gained support from the workers and soldiers. After the 2180: 1203: 17747: 17386: 14329:"The Soviet Union and the United States – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 13636: 13588:

Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941

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Russian Victory Day parades are organized annually in most cities, with the central military parade taking place in

7309:

was 45 to 50 million smaller than it would have been if pre-war demographic growth had continued. According to

7252:

a faster rate than road construction. The underdeveloped road network led to a growing demand for public transport.

6852:

declined due to Stalin's despotism. While there was a brief improvement after his death, it lapsed into stagnation.

4606:

portion accounted for a quarter of the country's area and was the cultural and economic center. The eastern part in

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and ended in dissolution amidst economic collapse and political disintegration. Established in 1922 following the

25738: 25733: 24924: 24462: 24077: 23406: 23374: 22905: 22788: 22639: 22578: 22297: 20851: 20831: 20651: 20639: 20495: 20480: 20394: 20296: 19878: 19698: 16736: 14551:"The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev" 12190: 10415: 9810: 9459: 9285: 9044: 8922: 8878: 8863: 8862:. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the late 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the 8838: 8806: 8429: 8398: 7850: 7298: 7228: 6969: 6893: 6321: 6177: 6069: 6017: 5997: 5097: 5007: 4758: 4739: 4684: 4523: 4333: 3948: 2898: 2847: 2281: 1848: 949: 18130: 15174:

Paper presented at the International Conference on Healthy, Morbidity and Mortality by Cause of Death in Europe.

14197: 11043: 8968: 5785:

The rapid growth of power in Nazi Germany encouraged both Paris and Moscow to form a military alliance, and the

5756:. In the usage of the Soviet Union, and of the Comintern and its affiliated parties in this period, the epithet 4754:, the world's largest (by volume) and deepest freshwater lake that is also an internal body of water in Russia. 25529: 25155: 24588: 24087: 24060: 23997: 23516: 22649: 22319: 22217: 22169: 22002: 21930: 21548: 20592: 20572: 20269: 19883: 19708: 19636: 19342: 17896: 16193: 15728: 15054: 9834: 9814: 9281: 9136: 8902: 8834: 8327: 7861:), which saw rapid growth during the 20th century, rising from the 32nd most populous in the union to the 7th. 7342: 7306: 6950:. At its peak in 1988, it was the largest producer and second-largest exporter of crude oil, surpassed only by 6704:. Grain and sophisticated consumer manufactures became major import articles from around the 1960s. During the 5720:—lasted only from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919. The Russian Bolsheviks were in no position to give any help. 5329: 4969: 4700: 4692: 3679: 3594: 3021:

seized power from the Provisional Government in the name of the Soviets, Lenin proclaimed the formation of the

3006: 2987: 2684: 2609: 2428: 2137: 2100: 1066: 22012: 16054: 15955: 13428: 7127:, making him the first human to ever be launched into space and complete a space journey. The first plans for 5459:

was "not to demonstrate the existence or absence of a crime – that was predetermined by the appropriate

5449:. These are the questions that will determine the fate of the accused. That is the meaning and essence of the 4824:

submarine in 2000 in the west further raised concerns. In the past, there were accidents involving submarines

4602:, rank among the top 10 countries by land area, and the largest country entirely in Europe, respectively. The 25325: 25040: 24864: 24824: 24578: 24502: 24497: 24401: 24194: 23938: 23819: 23625: 22910: 22659: 22329: 22227: 22007: 21575: 21528: 20761: 20663: 20490: 20354: 20306: 20067: 19861: 19735: 19718: 12076: 10754:"The Chernobyl Accident 20 Years on: An Assessment of the Health Consequences and the International Response" 9818: 9602: 9554: 9475: 9357:(JCP) released a press statement titled "We welcome the end of a party which embodied the historical evil of 9265: 9131:

on May 9 sees millions of Russians carry the portraits of their relatives who fought in the war. Russia also

8323: 8302: 7960: 7912: 7401: 7385: 7190: 6837: 6769: 6677: 5967: 5505: 5146: 5035: 4833: 4716: 4535: 4515: 3902: 3732: 3447: 2902: 2870: 2617: 2601: 2496: 2466: 2461: 1225: 43: 20964: 18012: 15496: 14389: 12230: 7366: 6997:, the Soviets remained far behind technologically in chemistry, biology, and computers when compared to the 5846:, the Soviet Union did not cooperate with any other nation, choosing to follow its own path. However, after 25743: 25611: 25591: 25494: 25145: 25095: 24959: 24804: 24769: 24452: 24092: 23847: 23754: 23126: 22958: 22895: 22759: 22749: 22588: 22373: 22072: 22062: 21831: 21570: 20259: 19934: 19829: 19630: 19538: 18757: 9174: 9140: 8976: 8758: 8372: 8294: 7138:, the USSR only had automated spacecraft launches with no crewed spacecraft, passing on the 'Moon' part of 6524: 6520: 6080:

was formed on annexed territory as a Union Republic in March 1940 and then incorporated into Russia as the

4857: 4567: 4146: 4125: 3616: 2835: 2708: 2647:, established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally 2481: 2331: 2147: 2142: 2122: 1965: 1960: 1921: 1875: 1863: 1838: 1828: 1797: 1787: 1193: 867: 131: 12409: 12169: 10285: 9328:. Factors contributing to the anarchist animosity towards the USSR included the Soviet destruction of the 8987:

such as the USSR, especially under Stalin, has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of

7424: 5930:

and conventional military deployment, the struggle for dominance was expressed via indirect means such as

25509: 25246: 25118: 25025: 24979: 24969: 24934: 24814: 24689: 24674: 24328: 24294: 24204: 24199: 23649: 23436: 23431: 23136: 23041: 22880: 22654: 22418: 22324: 22098: 21692: 20540: 20522: 20288: 20146: 20107: 20074: 19764: 19752: 19668: 19570: 19106: 17460: 16880: 16831: 15840: 15519: 15410: 15197: 14833: 14233: 14219: 14183: 14052: 14016: 13702: 13542: 13343: 12987: 11596: 11515: 10560: 9806: 9405: 9213: 8624: 8610: 8594: 8570: 8553: 7953: 7030: 6777: 6551: 5805: 5031: 4712: 4382: 4257: 4104: 4020: 3770: 3493: 3477: 3175: 2700: 2613: 2471: 2456: 2451: 2090: 2085: 2026: 1833: 1630: 657: 22470: 18662: 17258:

The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

15844: 14306: 13831:

Harrison, Mark (1993). "Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G. I. Khanin".

13758: 13665: 10917: 10611: 9661:, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law 6783: 2859: 87: 25569: 25402: 25184: 25165: 25065: 25055: 25050: 24642: 24522: 24214: 23644: 23087: 23000: 22513: 22184: 22067: 21866: 21563: 21558: 21221: 21039: 20535: 20512: 20485: 19309: 19285: 19172: 19164: 18802: 18075: 17663: 17454: 17261: 16233: 15565: 15360: 15049: 13499: 12364: 12288: 11918: 11861: 11760: 11257: 10072: 9974: 9269: 9197: 9164: 9104: 6989:

within its economy, however, the most remarkable Soviet successes in technology, such as producing the

4326: 3912: 3847: 3485: 3185: 2321: 2291: 1185: 15170:

The Changing Mortality Patterns in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience of the Past Three Decades

15085:

Recent Developments of Mortality in Europe, English-Speaking Countries and the Soviet Union, 1960–1970

14610: 12226: 11899: 9336:, and the defeat of the rival anarchist factions by the Soviet-supported Communist faction during the 8569:

began broadcasting a religious hour, and a historic meeting between Stalin and Orthodox Church leader

8440: 7935:

for Education of Soviet Russia. In the beginning, the Soviet authorities placed great emphasis on the

5724:

bridgehead. Russia was now a pariah state, along with Germany. The two came to terms in 1922 with the

25621: 25601: 25574: 25330: 25090: 24849: 24728: 24657: 24537: 24131: 24107: 23171: 22435: 22307: 21523: 21511: 20577: 20550: 20453: 18627: 14550: 12985:

Marantzidis, Nikos (2013). "The Greek Civil War (1944–1949) and the International Communist System".

12765: 11431: 11014:"Armed With Nuke Payload, How Dangerous Is Russia's Nuclear-Armed Submarine Resting In Arctic Ocean?" 10532: 10076: 9132: 8988: 8620: 7993: 7330: 6481: 5717: 4578:

One of the many impacts of the approach to the environment in the USSR and post-Soviet states is the

4040: 4032: 3557: 3327: 2724: 20545: 18463: 18323: 18243: 18013:"Russia vs. Ukraine: More Russians Want the Soviet Union and Communism Back Amid Continued Tensions" 14644: 7875: 6804:

much more quickly and consistently than in other countries, despite a rapid increase in the capital

5088: 4757:

Neighbouring countries were aware of the high levels of pollution in the Soviet Union but after the

25135: 24974: 24944: 24809: 24723: 24632: 24595: 24219: 24033: 23901: 23030: 22378: 22302: 21935: 21836: 21600: 21580: 21543: 21533: 21516: 21501: 20658: 19317: 14881: 10142: 9859: 9354: 9076:, 16% of respondents said the collapse of the USSR did good, while 61% said it did harm. In a 2018 8802: 8545: 8260: 7414: 7039: 6477: 5843: 5349: 5165: 5161: 5117: 5113: 5109: 4622:, was much less populous. It spanned over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) east to west across 11 4519: 3689: 3059: 2843: 2110: 1777: 93: 18843:

The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933

16461: 16435: 15072:. Vol. 510. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences. pp. 155–77. 14056: 6512:

and tactical bombers to support the army in the war. Strategic missile forces had more than 1,400

5804:

proposed a better deal, which would give the USSR control over much of Eastern Europe through the

5410:

for you, but for American Negroes, so that they know how happy the lives of Soviet citizens are".

5261:

within and especially outside the country was limited. The state restricted rights of citizens to

5133:

and Khrushchev, both dismissed from the party leadership amid internal struggle within the party.

5124:

existed between the Party, Supreme Soviet and Council of Ministers that represented executive and

4742:, at 7,495 metres (24,590 ft). The USSR also included most of the world's largest lakes; the 25763: 25641: 25616: 25452: 25301: 25261: 24964: 24909: 24794: 24662: 24145: 24102: 23984: 23974: 23462: 23326: 23265: 23067: 22951: 22875: 22801: 22605: 22242: 21747: 21595: 19907: 19041: 18966: 18543: 17777: 16347: 15104: 14519: 14373: 13592: 13252: 12816: 10807:"One of the Murmansk Region's most polluting facilities shuts down after more than seven decades" 9762: 9735: 9691: 9658: 9273: 8972: 8530: 8518: 8463: 7212: 6889: 6870: 5919: 5902: 5867: 5725: 5713: 5600: 5333: 5306: 5181: 4812:. It was also known in the early 1990s that the USSR had transported radioactive material to the 4444:, which eliminated perceived enemies of the state. The Soviet Union played a crucial role in the 4004: 3986: 3966: 3853: 3825: 3317: 3040: 2998: 2732: 2254: 1931: 1726: 1146: 1048: 908: 733: 39: 22754: 18938:

Habibov, Nazim (June 2013). "Who Wants to Redistribute? An Analysis of 14 Post-Soviet Nations".

18302:. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 70, 160–167. 16957:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System" 16351: 12973: 11641: 6432:

ballistic missile, the deployment of which by the Soviet Union in the late 1970s launched a new

4936:

The Communist Party maintained its dominance over the state mainly through its control over the

3219: 25579: 25437: 25407: 25362: 25313: 25308: 25241: 25125: 25085: 25045: 24879: 24789: 24784: 24605: 24517: 24384: 24287: 23842: 23804: 23769: 23494: 23235: 23151: 22842: 22460: 22455: 22395: 21846: 21789: 21735: 21730: 21585: 20587: 20179: 20117: 19194: 18458: 17146:"Integrative Complexity of American and Soviet Foreign Policy Rhetoric: A Time Series Analysis" 15040: 14020: 13868: 12934: 12574: 12155: 12008: 11722: 11679: 11148: 10185: 10109: 9160: 8926: 8467: 8098:. Some ethnic groups voluntarily assimilated, while others were brought in by force. Russians, 7870: 6772:

and health care. In the manufacturing sector, heavy industry and defence were prioritized over

5915: 5821: 5014:) to wield its power between plenary sessions, ordinarily held twice a year, and appointed the 4841: 4445: 3535: 3413: 3223: 2720: 1084: 1042: 22744: 20717: 19134:

The Problems of Development and International Cooperation in the Region of the Southern Baltic

17516:"Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs" 17269: 17224: 17016: 16237: 14977: 14944: 14897: 13192: 12836: 9319:

or implementing worker liberation, as well as corruption and the Soviet authoritarian nature.

7467: 6084:

in 1956. Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below).

5658:. Although nominally a "defensive" alliance, the Pact's primary function was to safeguard the 5156:

Tensions grew between the Union-wide authorities under Gorbachev, reformists led in Russia by

4452:, but at a tremendous human cost, with millions of Soviet citizens perishing in the conflict. 25718: 25606: 25347: 25320: 25281: 25221: 25020: 24989: 24899: 24647: 24583: 24187: 23992: 23781: 23577: 23499: 23484: 23379: 23311: 23303: 23240: 23196: 23166: 23131: 23057: 22925: 22837: 22796: 22610: 22506: 21970: 21841: 20706: 19678: 19457: 18837: 18833: 18531:

The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems.

17855: 17639: 17265: 17220: 15002: 13578: 12891: 12759: 9221: 9064:

In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of

8738: 8382: 8353:

functioned as an official language, as the 'language of interethnic communication' (Russian:

7968: 7952:. Citizens directly entering the workforce had the constitutional right to a job and to free 7932: 7093: 6532: 5931: 5650:

of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of

5418: 4930: 4837: 4825: 4526:, which formally dissolved on December 26, 1991, ending nearly seven decades of Soviet rule. 3835: 2950: 2127: 1926: 35: 31: 20730: 17212: 16425:, vol 2: Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions, St Martin's Press, New York (1988) 12345:

The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.

9315:

such as other leftists. Critics also point towards its failure to implement any substantial

6840:

than market economies at the same level of economic development in most cases. According to

5735:

and a few others about a continuing Marxist-Leninist threat, and opened trade relations and

5372:, which were considered as examples of "bourgeois morality" by Soviet law theorists such as 5344:

was considered as the source of human rights. Therefore, the Soviet legal system considered

25636: 25544: 25539: 25291: 25226: 24984: 24919: 24914: 24904: 24874: 24869: 24829: 24336: 23906: 23474: 22773: 22489: 22222: 22132: 21955: 21883: 21851: 21801: 21796: 20468: 20331: 20151: 19949: 19663: 19515: 15286: 10569: 9950: 8886: 8855: 8818: 8810: 8459: 7879: 7220: 7082: 7074: 7052: 7015: 6542:

applied, meaning all able-bodied males aged 18 and older were drafted in the armed forces.

6489: 5847: 5201: 5121: 4979: 4866:

There were three power hierarchies in the Soviet Union: the legislature represented by the

4829: 4406: 3809: 3612: 2783: 2759: 2704: 2418: 2274: 2132: 2105: 1995: 1990: 1975: 1843: 1011: 577: 475: 337: 22465: 20555: 15963: 12792: 12720:

The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future

11435: 10386: 8975:

in Europe by theatre and by year. Nazi Germany suffered 80% of its military deaths on the

8937: 5789:

was signed in May 1935. A firm believer in collective security, Stalin's foreign minister

5555:

signing bilateral documents during Gorbachev's official visit to the United States in 1990

3005:, workers' and soldiers' Soviets emerged throughout the country and shared power with the 8: 25631: 25387: 25337: 25256: 25160: 24994: 24939: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24839: 24799: 24764: 24706: 24620: 24551: 24413: 24234: 23969: 23799: 23587: 23504: 23441: 23191: 22890: 22869: 22863: 22252: 21960: 21811: 21764: 21752: 21454: 20695: 20424: 20229: 20158: 19966: 19815: 19693: 19615: 19588: 19469: 19439: 19252: 19226: 19114: 18772: 18692: 18228: 17997: 17785: 16801: 16085: 15442: 15277: 13632: 12887: 10941: 10486: 10414:. Towson University: Department of Geography & Environmental Planning. Archived from 9958: 9904: 9333: 9316: 9292: 9255: 9181: 9112: 8683: 8386: 8005: 7928: 7334: 7310: 7097: 7056: 6765: 6650: 6449: 6389: 5943: 5743:

came to power in 1924. All the other countries followed suit in opening trade relations.

5290: 5258: 5093: 5048: 4774: 4541: 4422: 3777: 3722: 3590: 3375: 3205: 3127: 3002: 2994: 2823: 2519: 2316: 2269: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2056: 1895: 1741: 1695: 760: 740: 342: 317: 18392:

Making Sense of Suffering : Holocaust and Holodomor in Ukrainian Historical Culture

17891: 15374:

The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930

15290: 10573: 8877:

colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the

7206: 5336:, "it is the government who is the beneficiary of human rights which are to be asserted 25559: 25534: 25524: 25514: 25499: 25484: 25442: 25372: 25357: 25296: 25276: 25266: 25236: 25211: 25196: 25140: 25080: 25070: 24929: 24752: 24738: 24733: 24679: 24615: 24425: 23675: 23665: 23479: 23333: 23206: 23181: 23020: 22900: 22783: 22247: 21826: 21816: 20562: 20473: 19790: 19703: 19593: 19583: 19486: 19365: 19289: 19034: 18847: 18795: 18476: 17913: 17894:(2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". 17845: 17608: 17583: 17126: 17118: 16340: 15849: 15548: 15302: 15217: 15209: 15126: 15099: 14228: 14192: 14061: 14025: 13994: 13942: 13917: 13813: 13097: 13057: 12594: 12553: 12001: 11634: 10966: 10958: 10871: 10782: 10753: 10445: 9880: 9614:

As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSR.

9251: 9247: 9000: 8783: 7964: 7282: 7151: 6938: 6923: 6849: 5939: 5935: 5855: 5639: 5580: 5498: 5348:

an arm of politics and it also considered courts agencies of the government. Extensive

5230: 4809: 4770: 4735: 4626:, and over 7,200 kilometres (4,500 mi) north to south. It had five climate zones: 4396: 4091: 4055: 3994: 3982: 3890: 3843: 3583: 3481: 3469: 3383: 3371: 3291: 3070:

in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian

3014: 2863: 2640: 2501: 2205: 2195: 2115: 1716: 801: 479: 312: 153: 19196:

Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him

14864:, translated by Roads and transportation in the USSR and Tsarist Russia, 1 August 2016 14459:

Deckert, R. A. (10 October 1990). "The science of uncovering industrial information".

10555: 10179: 25677: 25429: 25397: 25392: 25377: 25352: 25201: 25150: 25100: 25030: 25008: 24853: 24637: 24573: 24563: 24527: 24430: 24396: 24374: 24319: 24112: 23794: 23275: 23255: 23223: 23104: 23082: 23037: 23005: 22885: 22154: 21920: 21821: 20670: 20610: 20389: 20175: 19871: 19673: 19658: 19600: 19461: 19443: 19418: 19399: 19383: 19369: 19346: 19321: 19295: 19271: 19230: 19204: 19176: 19137: 19118: 19045: 19018: 18995: 18970: 18951: 18924: 18851: 18806: 18776: 18587: 18557: 18516: 18303: 18079: 17932:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on" 17917: 17859: 17789: 17643: 17613: 17537: 17464: 17273: 17228: 17213: 17145: 17130: 17073: 17024: 16990: 16935: 16885: 16740: 16685: 16646: 16600: 16512: 16355: 16275: 16241: 16226: 16097: 16035: 15808: 15765: 15634: 15592: 15569: 15255: 15221: 15131: 15008: 14981: 14970: 14948: 14937: 14903: 14841: 14704: 14266: 13947: 13872: 13817: 13710: 13596: 13546: 13503: 13390: 13347: 13304: 13202: 13175: 13125: 12969: 12895: 12880: 12846: 12723: 12673: 12646: 12619: 12539: 12497: 12474: 12450: 12415: 12334: 12292: 12194: 12159: 12123: 12119: 12080: 12012: 11979: 11967: 11932: 11928: 11865: 11789: 11726: 11683: 11645: 11600: 11557: 11519: 11473: 11439: 11390: 11348: 11309: 11271: 11267: 11225: 11186: 11152: 11141: 11107: 11062: 10970: 10912: 10876: 10834:"How Norilsk, in the Russian Arctic, became one of the most polluted places on Earth" 10787: 10697: 10585: 10581: 10491: 10450: 10036: 10014: 9966: 9934: 9846: 9642: 9425: 9347: 9337: 9312: 9128: 9097: 9093: 9072:, 12% of respondents said the USSR collapse did good, while 66% said it did harm. In 9028: 8694: 8687: 8659: 8578: 8272: 8050:(5.84%). Overall, in 1989 the ethnic demography of the country showed that 69.8% was 7945: 7294: 7236: 7078: 6856: 6801: 6748:. However, in practice, the plans were highly aggregated and provisional, subject to 6737: 6457: 6407: 5927: 5740: 5732: 5552: 5464: 5302: 5242: 5137: 5003: 4801: 4503: 4492: 4476: 4410: 4354: 3978: 3942: 3938: 3831: 3658: 3640: 3628: 3503: 3489: 3473: 3440: 3393: 3246: 3194: 2862:

the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent

2807: 2779: 2775: 2758:, in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought 2656: 2491: 2423: 2403: 2368: 2363: 2259: 2095: 2046: 2021: 2016: 1985: 1721: 1415: 935: 589: 541: 387: 377: 355: 348: 332: 22943: 22400: 18480: 18324:"Russia's Victory Day celebrations take on new importance for the Kremlin this year" 18258: 17556: 16495:

Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.

16192:[Law of the USSR from 24 April 1990 on languages of the USSR] (in Russian). 15876: 14899:

Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945

12598: 9462:. No lyrics were used from 1956 to 1977. Revised lyrics were used from 1977 to 1991. 8022: 6040:

were split off from the Russian SFSR, resulting in the same status. In August 1940,

4892: 3126:) is also commonly used, but only in its unabbreviated form. Since the start of the 25626: 25564: 25519: 25462: 25367: 25286: 25251: 25060: 24711: 24610: 24418: 23394: 23369: 23218: 23186: 23111: 22563: 21945: 21671: 19478: 19218: 19092: 19084: 18947: 18881: 18472: 18468: 18343: 17905: 17781: 17603: 17595: 17527: 17159: 17108: 17065: 16027: 15294: 15201: 15121: 15113: 14696: 14362:

Soviet Russia Had a Better Record of Training Women in STEM Than America Does Today

13986: 13937: 13929: 13918:"Economic Development, Political-Economic System, and the Physical Quality of Life" 13840: 13805: 13198: 13088:

Wilson, J. H. (1971). "American Business and the Recognition of the Soviet Union".

13049: 12586: 12259: 11828: 10950: 10777: 10767: 10577: 10028: 9984: 9777: 9706: 8992: 8983:

The legacy of the USSR remains a controversial topic. The socio-economic nature of

8814: 8771: 8698: 8672: 8668: 8123: 8119: 7667: 7492: 7429: 7174: 7161: 7034: 6845: 6757: 6681: 6509: 6505: 6501: 5797: 5758: 5614: 5584: 5572: 5373: 5365: 5262: 5044: 4778: 4480: 3934: 3793: 3711: 3668: 3461: 3451: 3091: 2936: 2931: 2839: 2771: 2652: 2336: 2306: 1955: 1941: 1858: 1663: 1126: 881: 382: 362: 297: 19088: 18822:

The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969

18578: 17909: 14328: 13784:

The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR from 1945

11424: 5603:, was an international communist organization based in the Kremlin that advocated 5309:; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in 5271:

Human rights in the Soviet Union § Soviet concept of human rights and legal system

4483:

process, leading to a period of liberalization and relative openness known as the

25686: 25646: 25549: 25489: 25479: 25467: 25412: 25231: 24625: 24600: 24379: 24002: 23789: 23553: 23389: 23201: 22778: 22739: 22600: 21987: 20582: 19795: 19747: 19653: 19462:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" 19433: 19336: 19261: 19190: 18985: 18960: 18877: 18766: 18547: 17828: 17769: 17631: 17456:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

17253: 17208: 17195: 17188: 16929: 16802:"Mikhail Gorbachev | Biography, Facts, Cold War, & Significance | Britannica" 16730: 16679: 16642: 16636: 16590: 16506: 16269: 16197: 16058: 15970: 15959: 15798: 15755: 15697: 15628: 15624: 15586: 15560: 15150: 14876: 14827: 14698: 14368: 14256: 13862: 13858: 13736:[Defense spending and size of the Armed Forces of the USSR] (in Russian). 13696: 13586: 13536: 13493: 13457:. Translated by A law on the mandatory military draft. prlib.ru. 12 October 1967. 13409:

Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, Westview Press, 1979, p.13

13337: 13298: 12799: 12715: 12536:

A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

12184: 12113: 12070: 11922: 11855: 11822: 11783: 11716: 11673: 11590: 11551: 11509: 11467: 11384: 11342: 11303: 11261: 11219: 11180: 11101: 10634:"Chernobyl | Chernobyl Accident | Chernobyl Disaster - World Nuclear Association" 10394: 9992: 9920: 9896: 9623:

As Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.

9415: 9085: 9061:

average of 32% of NRB respondents supported the restoration of the Soviet Union.

8996: 8984: 8870: 8705: 8483: 8414: 8343: 8334: 8279: 8268: 8264: 7940: 7696: 6841: 6833: 6718: 6629: 6493: 6469: 6087:

While nominally a union of equals, in practice the Soviet Union was dominated by

5835: 5678: 5647: 5643: 5604: 5536: 5532: 5369: 5361: 5254: 5238: 5164:, and communist hardliners. On 19–21 August 1991, a group of hardliners staged a 5130: 4488: 4484: 4074: 3608: 3546: 3524: 3403: 3296: 3029: 2990:, which functioned from 1810 to 1917, was referred to as a Council of Ministers. 2924: 2778:, which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused 2660: 2648: 2629: 2621: 2408: 2398: 2296: 1936: 1885: 775: 636: 601: 553: 529: 367: 327: 18841: 18623:"A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement" 18040:"75% of Russians Say Soviet Era Was 'Greatest Time' in Country's History – Poll" 17821: 17163: 16031: 15520:

Wrong Hand/Wrong Children: Education of Left Handed Children in the Soviet Union

15357:

Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936

14580: 14088: 13118:

Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart

12694: 12566: 12331:

von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics

10954: 10351: 10256: 10231: 8697:, with all other trends being severely repressed, with rare exceptions, such as 5766:

or anti-Stalinist activity or opinion. Stalin reversed himself in 1934 with the

25584: 25457: 24718: 24684: 24408: 24361: 24082: 23964: 23592: 23245: 23025: 23015: 22978: 22974: 22920: 22915: 22360: 21925: 21628: 20602: 20530: 19810: 19800: 19391: 18790: 16955:

Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).

16391: 16267: 15688: 15654: 15477:А. П. Чуприков, Е. А. Волков. // Мир леворуких. Киев. 2008. 15387: 14675: 12507: 12303:

after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one."

10000: 9912: 9329: 9243: 9156: 9089: 8616: 8561: 8529:

prohibitions on a range of church activities, including meetings for organized

8256: 8154:

European Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ethnic Groups (Before 1939)

8127: 8067: 8055: 7949: 7917: 7599: 7337:

continued to exhibit population growth well above replacement-level fertility.

7325: 7240: 7070: 6866: 6641: 5851: 5790: 5763: 5753: 5588: 5576: 5528: 5430: 5422: 5406: 4785: 4590:. Covering a sixth of Earth's land surface, its size was comparable to that of 4418: 4370: 3632: 3624: 3568: 3513: 3280: 3266: 3235: 3010: 2983: 2890: 2644: 2593: 2581: 2388: 2326: 2068: 2061: 2051: 1685: 505: 415: 372: 322: 19482: 18510: 18419: 17408: 15117: 13990: 13844: 13172:

The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939

12838:

Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day

10659:"Unsealed Soviet archives reveal cover-ups at Chernobyl plant before disaster" 9849:

with Japan (which was bordered to the south until 1945) and the United States.

8377: 7285:(blue) from 1961 to 2009 as well as projection (dotted blue) from 2010 to 2100 25712: 25691: 25596: 25105: 24844: 24435: 24224: 24182: 23572: 23176: 23116: 22930: 22764: 22440: 22194: 21950: 21861: 21740: 20994: 20463: 19395: 19362:

Presidents, Oligarchs and Bureaucrats: Forms of Rule in the Post-Soviet Space

19067: 18865: 18553: 18371: 17381: 17099: 16994: 15924: 14394: 12590: 12489: 12466: 12443: 11779: 11380: 11044:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/russia111698.htm

10880: 10701: 10589: 10495: 10454: 9420: 9410: 9400: 9065: 9048: 9036: 8898: 8850: 8709: 8581:, the state leadership clashed with the churches in 1958–1964, a period when 8549: 8541: 8115: 8001: 7892: 7764: 7717: 7683: 7633: 7581: 7531: 7302: 7260: 7010: 6947: 6697: 6633: 6617: 6608: 6599: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6497: 5885: 5831: 5767: 5674: 5659: 5628: 5468: 5426: 5400: 5396: 5318: 5314: 5187: 5157: 5071: 4805: 4728: 4724: 4611: 4591: 4429: 4316: 4012: 3700: 3650: 3337: 3307: 3145: 3090:) is the abbreviation of the Russian-language cognate of USSR, as written in 3051: 2851: 2672: 2486: 2413: 2393: 2301: 2073: 1821: 1736: 1218: 565: 517: 464: 444: 434: 277: 264: 18157:"Survey shows Ukrainians most negatively regard Stalin, Lenin and Gorbachev" 16384:"Johnson's Russia List #5141 - Why father of glasnost is despised in Russia" 14474:"U.S. Firms Must Trade Short-Term Gains for Long-Term Technology Planning". 13495:

The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives

13006:

Timmermann, Heinz (1985). "The cominform effects on Soviet foreign policy".

11631: 11305:Конститутион оф тхе Руссиян Федератион: витх комментариес анд интерпретатион 8506:

Orthodox Church, which the revolutionaries considered an ally of the former

7277: 5850:, the Soviet Union's priorities changed. Despite previous conflict with the 5800:, the USSR attempted to form an anti-Nazi alliance with France and Britain. 4948:. The institutions at lower levels were overseen and at times supplanted by 4455:

The Soviet Union emerged as one of the world's two superpowers, leading the

25472: 24457: 23824: 23718: 23610: 23270: 22644: 22529: 22445: 22314: 21856: 21610: 21493: 20346: 20167: 19200: 18506: 18000:[Nostalgia for the USSR] (in Russian). levada.ru. 19 December 2018. 17936: 17704: 17672: 17599: 17541: 17439: 17294: 16983:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics" 16039: 14357: 13582: 13386: 12483: 12460: 11824:

The Organs of Soviet Administration of Justice: Their History and Operation

10791: 10692: 9371: 9322:

Anarchists are also critical of the country, labeling the Soviet system as

9277: 9225: 9185: 9103:

The 1941–1945 period of World War II is still known in Russia as the '

9019: 8859: 8566: 8507: 8451: 8413:

in Leningrad was one of many notable church buildings destroyed during the

8393: 8287: 7976: 7802: 7769: 7751: 7735: 7701: 7649: 7615: 7547: 7513: 7497: 7458: 7442: 7135: 7124: 7066: 6994: 6951: 6897: 6753: 6666: 6539: 6441: 5923: 5906:

is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two

5897: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5839: 5809: 5801: 5771: 5651: 5438: 5380: 5341: 5282: 5246: 5226: 5192:

The judiciary was not independent of the other branches of government. The

4937: 4788:

was one of the places with major problems. Around the industrial cities of

4696: 4619: 4496: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4388: 3879: 3785: 3457: 3151: 2754:

in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the

2747: 1545: 1169: 780: 686: 397: 18072:

Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians

17869: 17617: 17584:"Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease" 17069: 16931:

Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping

15135: 13951: 13933: 12575:"Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War" 12439: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12154: 8267:

protection and free access to any health institutions in the USSR. Before

7119:, where test dogs were sent to space. On 12 April 1961, the USSR launched 5490: 5062:) played an important role in Soviet politics. It was instrumental in the 4364: 2735:, and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a 24667: 24474: 24351: 24117: 23597: 23582: 23426: 23141: 23092: 23062: 22693: 22174: 22159: 21806: 20209: 20171: 20163: 19785: 19769: 19683: 19625: 19059: 17376: 16732:

Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe

16101: 15800:

The Economics of Property Rights: Towards a Theory of Comparative Systems

15761: 14444:

MacFarland, Margo (3 May 1990). "Global Tech Strategies Brought to U.S".

14262: 13628: 12317:

or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself."

12039: 11143:

Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Soviet Union on the Eve of Perestroika

10230:

Dewdney, John C.; Conquest, Robert; Pipes, Richard E.; McCauley, Martin.

9842: 9358: 9324: 9295:

such as anarchists are extremely critical of Soviet authoritarianism and

9261: 9127:(just as during the Soviet times). Additionally, the recently introduced 9010: 8882: 8754: 8727: 8679: 8499: 8099: 8087: 7899: 7730: 7644: 7290: 7002: 6998: 6931: 6882: 6861: 6710: 6700:

on the USSR was limited by fixed domestic prices and a state monopoly on

6461: 6453: 6437: 6403: 6399: 5907: 5663: 5635: 5524: 5414: 5357: 5250: 5125: 5083: 5070:, but was brought under strict party control after Stalin's death. Under 5067: 4821: 4813: 4789: 4751: 4743: 4704: 4551: 4511: 4441: 3956: 3857: 3839: 3817: 3805: 3227: 2949:), meaning 'council', 'assembly', 'advice', ultimately deriving from the 2827: 2818: 2755: 2712: 2696: 2311: 2190: 2041: 2031: 1816: 1690: 754: 724: 19097: 17296:

Russia and the Baltics: Poverty and Poverty Research in a Changing World

13101: 12745:

Expansion and coexistence: the history of Soviet foreign policy, 1917–73

12401: 9346:

also have a mixed opinion on the USSR, viewing it negatively during the

8349:

As the most widely spoken of the Soviet Union's many languages, Russian

8242: 7963:

was highly centralized and universally accessible to all citizens, with

6122: 5793:

worked very hard to form a closer relationship with France and Britain.

5423:

The liquidation and deportation of millions of peasants in 1928–31

4820:, which was later confirmed by the Russian parliament. The crash of the 3062:. In addition, in the regional languages of several republics, the word 3001:. Although they were quickly suppressed by the Imperial army, after the 24696: 24356: 24346: 24244: 23694: 23670: 23401: 23260: 23250: 23213: 23146: 23121: 21684: 20199: 19519: 18892: 17354:

Challenging Late Capitalism, Neoliberal Globalization, & Militarism

17122: 16596: 15724: 15213: 14874: 14683: 13809: 13076:

British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918–1924

13061: 12709: 12428: 11714: 11671: 9361: 9209: 9081: 9073: 9032: 8491: 8475: 8298: 8051: 8043: 7785: 7321: 7195: 7139: 7128: 7112: 7019: 7006: 6829: 6661:

and enacting draconian labor legislation. Resources were mobilized for

6637: 6073: 5947: 5744: 5456: 5450: 5446: 5063: 5051:. While the state system was nominally federal, the party was unitary. 4897: 4878:(CPSU), the only legal party and the final policymaker in the country. 4595: 4468: 4374: 3598: 3018: 2831: 2787: 2736: 2597: 2215: 1890: 1731: 1658: 1573: 1531: 1503: 1489: 1475: 409: 23730: 19530: 19490: 19263:

Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence

18509:(October 1995). "Preface, and Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". 17740:"Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 17436:

Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index

15306: 15185: 14258:

Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index

13998: 13454: 13159:

St.Petersburg and Moscow: Czarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

10962: 9258:, turning into a corrupt state in which the elite controlled society. 8010: 6556: 4974: 2974:

means 'councillor'. Some organizations in Russian history were called

2871:

many significant social and technological achievements and innovations

2036: 24341: 24239: 24229: 23948: 23639: 23161: 23077: 23052: 23047: 22683: 22546: 21715: 21646: 20419: 20414: 20236: 20129: 19959: 19620: 19524: 19267: 19014: 18991: 18920: 18825: 17636:

Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism

17215:

Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism

17061: 16423:

A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer

15877:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 13235:

How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938–1939

12842: 12740: 12186:

A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev

10772: 10688:"Radiation high over Europe after Chernobyl disaster – archive, 1986" 9390: 9304: 9296: 9205: 9004: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8059: 8015: 7818: 7565: 7248: 7143: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7023: 6990: 6979: 6974: 6942: 6788: 6705: 6646: 6433: 5911: 5762:

was used to describe capitalist society in general and virtually any

5670: 5442: 5322: 5205: 4623: 4555: 4522:

in August 1991 against Gorbachev by hardline communists hastened the

4472: 4069: 3789: 3604: 2791: 2763: 2286: 1792: 1653: 1369: 1356: 18390: 17705:"Russian Demographics: The Role of the Collapse of the Soviet Union" 17113: 17094: 15952: 14756: 13053: 8654: 4562: 4495:, was marked by economic decline, political corruption, and a rigid 3130:

at the latest, abbreviating the Russian name of the Soviet Union as

2834:

movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to

24264: 24254: 24150: 23979: 21876: 20409: 19954: 19688: 19648: 19417:. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. 18720: 18017: 17532: 17515: 16638:

Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR

16630: 16628: 15298: 15205: 14797: 14795: 14427:

Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society

10838: 10527: 10356: 9645:

was signed by the remaining 11 of 12 republics on 21 December 1991.

9365: 9264:

believe that the ascendancy of the Stalinist bureaucracy ensured a

9053: 8733: 8714: 8636: 8565:

religious faith after the German invasion, churches were reopened.

8495: 8487: 8039: 7981: 7846: 7560: 7482: 7224: 7199: 7120: 7089: 6859:

attempted to reform and revitalize the economy with his program of

6395: 6088: 5877: 5871: 4817: 4643: 4579: 4574: 4507: 4464: 4392: 4086: 3990: 3813: 3636: 3256: 3142:

as a Russian Cyrillic abbreviation is associated with the infamous

2812: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2743: 2728: 2185: 1880: 1213: 1173: 785: 242: 24279: 17774:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

16728: 13122:

Burdens of a dictatorial past – challenges of a democratic present

11924:

History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century

11588: 11263:

History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century

10178: 8933: 8458:

had the highest number of adherents among the religious citizens.

6724: 5229:

in the Soviet Union were severely limited. The Soviet Union was a

24819:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

24701: 23944:

Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

23809: 23680: 23099: 23072: 23010: 22729: 22688: 22189: 20301: 19805: 17484:

Alexander, Catharine; Buchil, Victor; Humphrey, Caroline (2007).

16677: 15659:"The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union" 13429:"October 30, 1961 – The Tsar Bomba: CTBTO Preparatory Commission" 10663: 9802: 9659:

Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

9217: 9177: 9069: 9015: 8650:

The 'Enthusiast's March', a 1930s song famous in the Soviet Union

8582: 8514: 8425: 8359: 8338: 8246:

An early Soviet-era poster discouraging unsafe abortion practices

8026: 7834: 7813:

For the entirety of its existence, the most populous cities were

7712: 7628: 7542: 7453: 7156: 6815: 6741: 6693: 6689: 6672: 6420: 5775: 5774:

political, labor, and organizational forces that were opposed to

5610: 5494: 5310: 5298: 4949: 4793: 4688: 4599: 4475:

around the globe. The post-Stalin leadership, particularly under

3821: 2573: 1517: 1461: 1447: 1433: 1401: 459: 16625: 14807: 14792: 14780: 14768: 14697:

Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998).

12523:. Biblioteka Zrzeszenia Prawników Demokratów. pp. 153, 162. 12231:"Inquisitorial procedure (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 11421: 11058:"The Terrifying History of Russia's Nuclear Submarine Graveyard" 11046:|access-date=19 November 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post}} 8671:

who was shot for alleged conspiracy against the Bolsheviks, and

6914: 5834:

controlled all foreign relations of the Soviet Union during the

5700: 4421:

were marked by the implementation of socialist policies and the

25779:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

24310: 24249: 22498: 21965: 21757: 20722: 15953:

Chapter 2, par. "Nations and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe"

13730: 13268:"The Evolution of Stalin's Foreign Policy during World War Two" 12163: 9822: 9798: 9797:

As of 1989, the countries that bordered the Soviet Union were:

9707:[sɐˈjussɐˈvʲetskʲɪxsətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskʲɪxrʲɪˈspublʲɪk] 9445:

For names of the Soviet Union in other official languages, see

9343: 9124: 8767: 8444:

Major religious groups in the Soviet Union as published by the

8405: 8086:

ethnic groups were considered part of larger ones, such as the

8071: 8047: 8030: 7936: 7814: 7780: 7576: 7508: 7437: 7419: 6877:, and third during the second half of the 1980s, although on a 6425: 5779: 5286: 5040: 4797: 4720: 4708: 4654: 4650: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4603: 4587: 2855: 2854:, the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the 2633: 1559: 1387: 1342: 256: 16832:"The Role of Sports in the Soviet Union | Guided History" 15148: 14520:"Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space" 9088:, who ruled the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, while viewing 8544:, but a 'government-sponsored program of forced conversion to 7219:

Transport was a vital component of the country's economy. The

5988:(SFSRs), all four being the founding republics who signed the 5403:

was extended to adolescents as young as 12 years old in 1935.

5393:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

5356:. In practice, the Soviet government significantly curbed the 5328:

The Soviet conception of human rights was very different from

4518:, and the control of the Communist Party weakened. The failed 4413:, the Soviet Union quickly became a one-party state under the 2727:, the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the 2683:

that led to significant economic growth, but contributed to a

24043: 22179: 22149: 20760: 20224: 20102: 19314:

A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin

18886:"The Soviet Economic Decline, Historical and Republican Data" 18300:

Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine

18101:"Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says" 17557:"Non-communicable Diseases and Former Soviet Union countries" 16671: 16634: 16055:"Dentistry in Russia is finally leaving the Dark Ages behind" 15757:

Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era

15518:

Daniela, Linda; Rubene, Zanda; Medne, Dace (23 August 2016).

15275:

Harris, Chauncy D. (1945). "The Cities of the Soviet Union".

14961: 13958: 13897: 13339:

Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law

11592:

Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law

11217: 10198: 10196: 9838: 9504:

and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (then the

9280:

that rose to power under Stalin's tutelage presided over the

8795:

Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

8787: 8471: 8455: 8433: 8063: 7854: 7746: 7678: 7662: 6805: 6688:

By the early 1940s, the Soviet economy had become relatively

5514: 5434: 5212:, and defence attorney collaborate to "establish the truth". 4672: 4631: 4405:

The history of the Soviet Union began with the ideals of the

3801: 3287: 2692: 16954: 16268:

Silvio Ferrari; W. Cole Durham; Elizabeth A. Sewell (2003).

15403:"From Tsar to U.S.S.R.: Russia's Chaotic Year of Revolution" 15157:. Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. p. 95. 13731:"Raskhody na oboronu i chislennost' vooruzhennykh sil SSSR" 12761:

The Communist Revolution: An Outline of Strategy and Tactics

10441:"Study Says Pollution in Arctic Could Originate From Soviet" 9502:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

9332:

after an initial alliance, the suppression of the anarchist

9238:

Criticism of communist party rule § Left-wing criticism

9200:

in Donetsk, 2014. The red banner reads, "Our homeland USSR".

9120:, and of a sense of self as citizen of a superpower state". 9111:

suffered by the military and civilians during the conflict,

6808:(the rate of capital increase was only surpassed by Japan). 6516:(ICBMs), deployed between 28 bases and 300 command centers. 5910:, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as 5770:

program that called on all Marxist parties to join with all

5475:, were required to take their client's guilt for granted..." 4912:

and Conferences. In turn, the Central Committee voted for a

23156: 22164: 22088: 22030: 20336: 20112: 19359: 17982: 15839: 15554:

Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934

14862:ДОРОГИ И ДВИЖЕНИЕ В СССР И ЦАРСКОЙ РОССИИ: ЧТО БЫ ПЕРЕНЯТЬ? 14674: 14218: 14182: 14089:"Human Development Report 1990 | Human Development Reports" 14051: 14015: 13249:

The Foreign Policy Of Soviet Russia (1929–1941), Volume Two

13194:

The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939

11469:

Soviet Union to Commonwealth: Transformation and Challenges

9890: 9826: 8719: 7883: 7838: 7826: 7610: 7594: 7526: 7472: 6473: 6472:. The OGPU later became independent and in 1934 joined the 5655: 5472: 5460: 5294: 4747: 4607: 2751: 21484: 18358:"The Immortal Regiment: the pride and prejudice of Russia" 17668:"Latvia provides no magic solution for indebted economies" 16681:

Religion, morality, and community in post-Soviet societies

15100:"Life Expectancy and Mortality Data from the Soviet Union" 15070:

Growth and Diversity of the Population of the Soviet Union

14147: 14111: 10554:

Shahgedanova, Maria; Burt, Timothy P. (1 September 1994).

10193: 5293:

to which all humans are entitled." including the right to

2695:

was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the

20996:

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union

20321: 20141: 18328: 14734: 14732: 11632:

White, Stephen; J. Gill, Graeme; Slider, Darrell (1993).

10990: 10092:, Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 ( 8874: 8725:

In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of

8462:

predominated among Christians, with Russia's traditional

8445: 7169: 6713:. A portion of Soviet resources during the Cold War were 5345: 5055: 4763: 1230: 15082: 11636:

The Politics of Transition: Shaping a post-Soviet Future

10229: 8778:, winning eight gold medals, two silvers and one bronze. 8420: 8284:

19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

7103:

At the end of the 1950s, the USSR constructed the first

4657:, measuring over 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), or 2961: 18765:

Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985).

18270:

The Geopolitics of History in Latvian-Russian Relations

17483: 14875:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (8 June 2023).

14700:

Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century

14423:"Fallen Behind: Science, Technology and Soviet Statism" 14291: 12945: 12411:

Economic and Social Justice: A Human Rights Perspective

12182: 10523:"The Grim Pollution Picture in the Former Soviet Union" 10208: 9299:. Much of the criticism it receives is centered around 8841:

between 1954 and 1991 and never failed to medal in any

6500:

and submarines. In 1989, there served 500 000 men. The

5696:

International relations (1919–1939) § Soviet Union

5136:

Between 1988 and 1990, facing considerable opposition,

4734:

The country's highest mountain was Communism Peak (now

4467:. This period saw the USSR engage in an arms race, the 2810:, sought to reform the country through his policies of 18716:"Noam Chomsky on Anarchism, Communism and Revolutions" 17323:"An epidemic of street kids overwhelms Russian cities" 16508:

Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West

16342:

Always Reforming: A History of Christianity Since 1300

16223: 16120: 15920:"Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union" 15039: 14838:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

14744: 14729: 14159: 14135: 14123: 13796:

Bergson, Abram (1997). "How Big was the Soviet GDP?".

13707:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

13577: 12882:

Communism in Transition: The End of the Soviet Empires

12813:

Comecon: Integration problems of the planned economies

12793:

Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

10867:"Russians describe extensive dumping of nuclear waste" 10556:"New data on air pollution in the former Soviet Union" 9478:

had the right to declare their own regional languages.

8094:, who were classified with the linguistically related 5888:

and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the

5826:

Diplomatic history of World War II § Soviet Union

2711:. The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the 23341:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

22973: 18256: 18070:

Rose, Richard; Mishler, William; Munro, Neil (2011).

17851:

Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism

17709:

Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences

16309: 16307: 16305: 16303: 16168: 16156: 16144: 15087:. Vol. 29. Population Studies. pp. 861–898. 13733:Расходы на оборону и численность вооруженных сил СССР 12791:"Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study, 12780:

The Comintern: The History of the Third International

12260:"totalitarianism | Definition, Examples, & Facts" 10300: 9767: 9740: 9696: 7173:

orbital station. It was built on the construction of

6066:

not recognized by most of the international community

3110:

in English. In addition, the Russian short form name

3045: 2707:

in the largest land invasion in history, opening the

1854:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

66: 24210:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

23538: 21676: 18746:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

18272:. Riga: Academic Press of the University of Latvia. 18131:"Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup" 16572: 16570: 16568: 16132: 15887: 15067: 14972:

Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union

14682:. NASA. January 1997. IS-1997-06-004JSC – via 12449:, Vintage books, Random House Inc., New York, 1995, 9084:

respondents had a positive opinion of Soviet leader

5389:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4373:, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the 2651:. The revolution was not accepted by all within the 2576:

from 1922 to 1991. During its existence, it was the

975:

22,402,200 km (8,649,500 sq mi) (

16592:

Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union

16582: 16410:

The Russian Orthodox Church under the Soviet Regime

14967: 13864:

The Strange Death of Soviet communism: A Postscript

12225: 9311:as well as violence towards government critics and 8741:throughout the country in the media and the press. 8701:'s works. Many writers were imprisoned and killed. 7806:

Largest cities of the USSR close to its dissolution

7154:, flew in 1988, but without a human crew. Another, 6918:Soviet stamp depicting the 30th anniversary of the 5681:insisted on an independent program. Its newspaper, 4862:

Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

4773:in 1986 was the first major accident at a civilian 23313:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 19150: 19033: 18794: 17970: 17017:"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II" 16339: 16300: 16225: 15693:"More migrants please, especially the clever ones" 15517: 15438:"Why the Former USSR Has Far Fewer Men than Women" 14969: 14936: 12915: 12879: 12000: 11966: 11962: 11960: 11715:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). 11672:P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). 11633: 11511:Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower 11423: 11140: 10938: 10751: 8363:status as the official national language in 1990. 8226:Comparative Soviet Nationalities by Republic, 1989 7987: 6941:network of 82,000 kilometres (51,000 mi) for 6531:(1968). The Soviet Union also participated in the 4425:(NEP), which allowed for market-oriented reforms. 2954: 2027:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 23865:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 23417:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 19131: 17974: 16825: 16823: 16565: 16331: 16189:ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24 April 1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР 15917: 15183: 13660: 13658: 13656: 13654: 13124:] (in German). LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. 11972:Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3: Statesman 9150: 8786:as a sports organization of Soviet secret police 6717:to the Soviet-aligned states. The Soviet Union's 6496:, it expanded significantly. It became known for 6100:Map of the Union Republics between 1956 and 1991 5593:Moscow State Institute of International Relations 5077: 2604:, the largest and most populous of which was the 25710: 23760:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 20410:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 19155:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 157–183. 19074: 18917:The First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925 18832: 18764: 18372:"U.S. & Russian Holidays in 2022 & 2023" 18187:"What Should Russia be in the View of Russians?" 18069: 17966: 17768: 16588: 16337: 16319: 15155:Rising Infant Mortality in the USSR in the 1970s 14813: 14801: 14786: 14774: 14762: 13857: 13455:"Принят закон "О всеобщей воинской обязанности"" 12830: 12828: 12826: 12692: 12533: 12111: 11820: 10553: 9674:Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards. 9553:As General Secretary of the Communist Party and 9228:have in a general a positive remembrance of it. 8782:In summer of 1923 in Moscow was established the 7833:). At its inception, the Top 5 was completed by 4671:circumferences of Earth. Two-thirds of it was a 4207: 3900: 2869:During its existence, the Soviet Union produced 2822:. In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact 18876: 18754:Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union 17411:. Transparency International. 3 December 2014. 17023:(6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 138. 16011: 15623: 15471: 15184:Clayton, Elizabeth; Richardson, Thomas (1989). 14638: 14636: 13964: 13903: 13487: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13471:, University of California Press (1990), p. 131 13372: 11957: 11917: 11853: 11507: 11340: 11308:. Brunswick Publishing Corp. 1994. p. 82. 11256: 10104: 10102: 9888: 9845:to the southeast. The Soviet Union also shared 9590:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 9353:After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the 8470:. About 90% of the Soviet Union's Muslims were 7001:. The Soviet government opposed and persecuted 6692:; for most of the period until the creation of 5642:alliance formed in 1955 among the USSR and its 4942:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 2883:largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world 68:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik 19136:. Wydawnictwo "Bernardinum. pp. 134–143. 18750:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 18257:Ločmele, K.; Procevska, O.; Zelče, V. (2011). 18224:"Why do so many people miss the Soviet Union?" 17835:, 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2014. 16820: 16710: 16274:. Peeters Pub & Booksellers. p. 261. 15687: 15653: 15167: 13830: 13795: 13651: 12068: 12032: 11998: 11778: 11426:The Theory, Law, and Policy of Soviet Treaties 10022: 9978: 9944: 9938: 9698:Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik 8751:Voluntary Sports Societies of the Soviet Union 8178:Ethnic composition of the Soviet Union in 1949 8082:and 4.1% were of other various ethnic groups. 7167:In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union built the 6900:, and the 25th in the world of 130 countries. 6800:after 1970, the growth, while still positive, 6448:Under the Military Law of September 1925, the 5683:For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy! 5613:, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ( 4916:(called the Presidium between 1952 and 1966), 2782:. During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded 25729:States and territories disestablished in 1991 24295: 24073:Election denial movement in the United States 22959: 22514: 21700: 21470: 20980: 20746: 19546: 19153:Poverty, Politics and the Poverty of Politics 17662: 16729:McKay, George; Williams, Christopher (2009). 16635:Nahaylo, Bohdan & Victor Swoboda (1990). 16219: 16217: 16215: 16083: 14895: 13538:The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953 12823: 11465: 11138: 11099: 10752:Baverstock, Keith; Williams, Dillwyn (2006). 10409:"The Former Soviet Union: Physical Geography" 10352:"How Soviet pollution destroyed the Aral Sea" 9862:, "The National-State Structure of the USSR". 9755: 9728: 9684: 9254:generally view the USSR as failing to create 8202:Map of the ethnic groups living in USSR, 1970 7281:Population of the Soviet Union (red) and the 5689: 5622: 5591:(1909–1989). Intellectuals were based in the 5471:for example). Defense lawyers, who had to be 5463:– but to provide yet another forum for 4334: 3137: 3131: 3117: 3111: 3101: 3095: 3081: 3033: 2940: 2742:Geopolitical tensions with the US led to the 2537: 989:2,767,198 km (1,068,421 sq mi) 183: 146: 124: 60: 19415:Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution 19338:Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R 18713: 18218: 18216: 18214: 18212: 17581: 17248: 17246: 17244: 17151:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16678:Mark D. Steinberg; Catherine Wanner (2008). 16498: 16261: 16017: 15268: 15004:War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century 14633: 13474: 12927: 10172: 10170: 10099: 10065:"Language Policy in the former Soviet Union" 9928: 9544:As General Secretary of the Communist Party. 7967:for applicants from nations associated with 5269:The rest of this section is an excerpt from 3143: 3058:and did not change to the other order until 23293: 20723:Administrative division of the Soviet Union 19159: 18768:Soviet and East European Transport Problems 16722: 16084:Ferber, Irwin; Bedrick, Anthony E. (1979). 15753: 15000: 14902:. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. 13745: 13743: 13336:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993). 13174:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 52–53. 12984: 12517:Teoria dowodów sądowych w prawie radzieckim 12396:Boston University International Law Journal 12165:УКАЗ: ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ О МИНИСТЕРСТВЕ ЮСТИЦИИ СССР 11589:Joseph Marie Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1993). 11422:F. Triska, Jan; Slusser, Robert M. (1962). 11178: 10723:"Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident" 10202: 10008: 9570:and de facto President of the Soviet Union. 9458:The original lyrics used from 1944 to 1956 9386:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991) 8763:Soviet Union men's national ice hockey team 7361:Largest cities or towns in the Soviet Union 7164:, which is the most powerful in the world. 6436:in Europe when NATO responded by deploying 5953: 5946:and technological competitions such as the 5815: 2770:, the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of 25724:States and territories established in 1922 24302: 24288: 23745:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 22966: 22952: 22521: 22507: 21707: 21693: 21477: 21463: 20987: 20973: 20753: 20739: 19553: 19539: 19456: 19382: 18442: 16974: 16212: 15790: 15723: 15248:Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 15053:] (in Russian). Vol. 24. Moscow: 15007:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. 14443: 14178: 14176: 14174: 13976: 13778: 13776: 13335: 13005: 12871: 12558:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12333:. Springer. 19 November 2013. p. 65. 11472:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 81. 11379: 10604:"Chernobyl disaster facts and information" 10330: 9535:As First Secretary of the Communist Party. 9212:have a negative view of the Soviet Union. 8936:. Please do not remove this message until 8845:(IIHF) tournament in which they competed. 8190:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970 8166:Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1941 6985:The Soviet Union placed great emphasis on 6964:Science and technology in the Soviet Union 6922:, published in 1987, a year following the 5567:. Operations were handled by the separate 5467:for the instruction of the citizenry (see 4904:At the top of the Communist Party was the 4851: 4341: 4327: 2544: 2530: 19435:The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union 19096: 18914: 18462: 18417: 18209: 17890: 17607: 17582:Wharton, Melinda; Vitek, Charles (1998). 17531: 17498: 17241: 17112: 16934:. University of Texas Press. p. 66. 16271:Law and religion in post-communist Europe 16052: 15524:European Educational Research Association 15125: 13941: 12615:Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition 12513: 11503: 11501: 11224:. Harvard University Press. p. 486. 11185:. Princeton University Press. p. 5. 11090:. 2nd ed. London – N.Y.: Routledge, 1998. 10986:"Russia's 'slow-motion Chernobyl' at sea" 10781: 10771: 10482:"The Union of Soviet Socialist Pollution" 10167: 9686:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 9568:State Committee on the State of Emergency 8956:Learn how and when to remove this message 8858:, after another Eastern bloc nation, the 8658:Soviet singer-songwriter, poet and actor 7998:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 7882:, the first woman in space, visiting the 6957: 6832:data, the Soviet model provided a better 6032:being elevated to Union Republics, while 5787:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 5513:1974 for friendship between the USSR and 4924:(First Secretary from 1953 to 1966), the 3047:Soyuz Sovyetskikh Respublik Evropy i Azii 3023:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic 62:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 24098:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 22665:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 21714: 19189: 19105: 18445:"'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union" 18098: 17992: 17990: 17702: 17513: 17401: 17252: 16893: 16860: 16788: 16086:"Dental survey of 620 Soviet immigrants" 15796: 15244: 15240: 15238: 15190:Economic Development and Cultural Change 13915: 13740: 13534: 13469:Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921 13266:Strachan, Frederick (23 November 2011). 13265: 13108: 12834: 12665: 12611: 11344:The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party 11218:Hough, Jerry F.; Fainsod, Merle (1979). 11082: 11080: 10520: 10214: 9517:As chairman of the Council of Ministers. 9231: 9191: 9168: 9009: 8967: 8932:Relevant discussion may be found on the 8823:six of its nine appearances at the games 8766: 8653: 8640: 8439: 8419: 8404: 8392: 8376: 8241: 8021: 8009: 7916: 7874: 7801: 7276: 7205: 7194: 7088: 7060: 6973: 6913: 6810: 6782: 6723: 6671: 6555: 6533:war in Afghanistan between 1979 and 1989 6419: 5699: 5546: 5519: 5504: 5489: 5441:he belongs, what is his background, his 5087: 4973: 4891: 4618:to the south, and, except some areas in 4573: 4561: 4545: 2905:), military and economic strengths, and 1019: 24955:Collective Security Treaty Organization 23897:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 19560: 19308: 19284: 19243: 19031: 18937: 18864: 18576: 18529:from the original on 17 December 2002. 18388: 18376:U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Russia 18291: 18065: 18063: 18061: 18042:. Moscow. 20 March 2020. Archived from 17978: 17962: 17844: 17666:; Sommers, Jeffrey (20 December 2010). 17630: 17207: 17189:"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe" 17143: 16921: 16684:. Indiana University Press. p. 6. 16556: 16504: 15313: 14934: 14825: 14642: 14458: 14171: 13773: 13694: 13491: 13114: 13039: 12785: 12072:The Naval Institute Guide to the Soviet 11897:"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". 11758:"The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era". 10831: 10804: 10685: 10479: 10334: 10326: 10318: 10306: 8401:in Moscow during its demolition in 1931 8214:Ethnic Groups in the Soviet Union, 1979 5861: 5842:'s war machine and the outbreak of the 5120:, did not limit state power. No formal 14: 25711: 24024:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 23815:Soviet influence on the peace movement 23412:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 22769:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 21486:Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union 19579:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 19431: 19169:A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism 18789: 18505: 18297: 17452: 17095:"The USSR: Oligarchy or Dictatorship?" 17092: 17055: 17014: 16779:by Donald Rayfield, 2004, Random House 16174: 16162: 16150: 16138: 16126: 15905: 15893: 15274: 14928: 14750: 14738: 14461:Business Journal of the Treasure Coast 14339:from the original on 15 September 2017 14165: 14153: 14141: 14129: 14117: 13639:from the original on 27 September 2006 13571: 13246: 13087: 12757: 12638: 12612:Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013). 12572: 12407: 11640:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11532:from the original on 10 September 2015 11498: 11011: 10905: 10832:Lavelle, Marianne (10 December 2021). 10282:"The causes of the October Revolution" 10225: 10223: 10143:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 9396:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 8548:' was conducted under the doctrine of 7864: 6946:relied on fossil fuel exports to earn 6659:forced collectivization of agriculture 5992:in December 1922. In 1924, during the 5964:Soviet republic (system of government) 3136:has been taboo, the reason being that 3035:Союз Советских Республик Европы и Азии 2875:had the world's second-largest economy 2079:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 1669:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 24513:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 24283: 24171: 23749:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 23537: 23450: 23358: 23292: 22989: 22947: 22735:1949 East German State Railway strike 22707:World Federation of Democratic Youth 22502: 21688: 21675: 21458: 20968: 20734: 20721: 19534: 19412: 19334: 19111:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 19058: 18819: 18542: 18137:from the original on 11 November 2020 17987: 17554: 17501:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian 17433: 16468:from the original on 16 February 2019 16325: 16313: 15975: 15400: 15235: 15177: 15021:from the original on 4 September 2015 15001:Winter, Jay; Sivan, Emmanuel (2000). 14717:from the original on 16 November 2020 14643:Harland, David M. (28 January 2020). 14621:from the original on 27 November 2021 14591:from the original on 23 December 2021 14561:from the original on 25 February 2021 14530:from the original on 23 November 2021 14500:from the original on 27 November 2021 14321: 14254: 13382:The Great Big Book of Horrible Things 13378: 13296: 13278:from the original on 13 February 2022 12951: 12921: 12877: 12810: 12240:from the original on 22 December 2010 12136:from the original on 4 September 2015 12115:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 12093:from the original on 4 September 2015 11386:Leadership change in Communist states 11077: 11055: 11024:from the original on 19 November 2023 10887:from the original on 19 November 2023 10864: 10733:from the original on 25 February 2018 10521:Sahakyan, Armine (19 February 2016). 10461:from the original on 19 November 2023 10338: 10322: 10176: 9776: 9705: 8831:Soviet Union national ice hockey team 8690:'s best work dates from this period. 7924:at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR 7825:), with the third far place taken by 7263:was one of the largest in the world. 6044:was formed from parts of Ukraine and 5858:dropped his post war border demands. 5838:. Despite the increasing build-up of 5563:, or by the party's highest body the 5486:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 5385:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5279:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5253:, independent churches or opposition 2824:overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes 2804:first probe to land on another planet 1981:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 25652:Unified Sports Classification System 22606:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 19259: 19217: 18983: 18958: 18714:Polychroniou, C. J. (17 July 2016). 18635:from the original on 31 January 2016 18603:from the original on 5 November 2020 18418:Zinchenko, A. V. (26 October 2003). 18167:from the original on 8 November 2020 18058: 18032: 18011:Maza, Christina (19 December 2018). 18010: 17944:from the original on 28 January 2021 17680:from the original on 25 October 2017 17563:from the original on 11 October 2016 17415:from the original on 2 December 2015 17389:from the original on 8 December 2015 17351: 17303:from the original on 23 January 2017 17144:Tetlock, Philip E. (December 1985). 17037:from the original on 2 February 2021 16980: 16927: 16863:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro" 16842:from the original on 22 October 2014 16716: 16576: 16394:on 20 January 2012 – via CDI. 16381: 16005: 15993: 15981: 15833: 15705:from the original on 4 February 2012 15669:from the original on 7 December 2015 15530:from the original on 13 October 2017 15168:Krimins, Juris (3–7 December 1990). 15097: 15033: 14976:. Harvard University Press. p. 14943:. Harvard University Press. p. 14655:from the original on 1 February 2021 14420: 14212: 14099:from the original on 19 October 2016 14033:from the original on 9 November 2015 13190: 12739: 12642:Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War 10983: 10502:from the original on 15 January 2024 10406: 10274: 10155:from the original on 7 February 2019 10146:United Nations Development Programme 8906: 7111:, which marked the beginning of the 6416:Military history of the Soviet Union 5624:Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi 5479: 5379:The USSR and other countries in the 4870:, the government represented by the 4487:. However, the subsequent era under 2643:of 1917. The new government, led by 2639:The Soviet Union's roots lay in the 126:Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! 27:Country spanning Eurasia (1922–1991) 25774:Historical transcontinental empires 24309: 24019:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 23229:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 19511:Wikimedia Atlas of the Soviet Union 19036:The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police 19008: 18685:"JCP struggling to become relevant" 18487:from the original on 18 August 2021 18395:(thesis/docmono). Lund University. 18111:from the original on 3 October 2020 17409:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014" 17333:from the original on 28 August 2016 17292: 17058:A Short History Of Soviet Socialism 16981:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). 16442:from the original on 2 January 2019 15918:Hosking, Geoffrey (13 March 2006). 15857:from the original on 4 October 2010 15584: 15486: 15435: 15083:Vallin, J.; Chesnais, J.C. (1970). 14548: 14303:Library of Congress Country Studies 14069:from the original on 19 August 2010 13885:from the original on 19 August 2020 13755:Library of Congress Country Studies 13670:Library of Congress Country Studies 12859:from the original on 1 January 2016 12693:Oleg Pshenichnyi (22 August 2015). 12639:Wright, Patrick (28 October 2009). 12172:from the original on 25 April 2013. 12044:Library of Congress Country Studies 11976:Pennsylvania State University Press 11718:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era 11675:The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era 11556:. Ardent Media. 2001. p. 441. 10865:Broad, William J. (27 April 1993). 10220: 10128: 8843:International Ice Hockey Federation 8784:Proletarian Sports Society "Dynamo" 8774:represented the Soviet Union at 11 8586:from 1,500 to 500 within a decade. 7845:), but, by the end of the century, 6514:intercontinental ballistic missiles 6412:Lists of Heroes of the Soviet Union 6004:were formed from parts of Russia's 5561:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4888:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4876:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2806:. In 1985, the last Soviet leader, 2632:. Its capital and largest city was 2626:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2558:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 55:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 24: 24950:Commonwealth of Independent States 23490:Misinformation related to abortion 22828:Sovietization of the Baltic states 19246:Socioeconomic inequality in Russia 18940:Social Policy & Administration 18872:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 18443:Howard, M. C.; King, J.E. (2001). 18399:from the original on 24 April 2022 18389:Dietsch, Johan (26 October 2006). 17786:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 17737: 17719:from the original on 6 August 2016 17170:from the original on 24 April 2022 17093:Wesson, Robert G. (26 June 1972). 17086: 17056:Sandle, Mark (16 September 2003). 16829: 16525:from the original on 14 March 2017 16108:from the original on 24 April 2022 15591:. Ardent Media. pp. 300–301. 15450:from the original on 28 March 2019 15401:Figes, Orlando (25 October 2017). 15330:. 19 February 2018. Archived from 15254:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 14939:Russia and the Russians: a history 14387: 13609:from the original on 21 March 2021 13559:from the original on 21 March 2021 13435:from the original on 19 March 2016 13303:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 21. 11106:. Ardent Media. pp. 193–194. 11012:Tiwari, Sakshi (10 October 2023). 10480:Mathews, Jessica (22 March 1991). 10387:"Russia" – Encyclopædia Britannica 10371: 10075:. 19 November 2002. Archived from 9447:Official names of the Soviet Union 9198:Ukrainian decommunization policies 8540:The Soviet Union was officially a 8142:Ethnographic map of the USSR, 1930 7886:confectionery, Ukrainian SSR, 1967 6978:Soviet stamp showing the orbit of 6920:International Atomic Energy Agency 6684:power stations in the Soviet Union 5990:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 5465:political agitation and propaganda 5175: 5162:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR 5160:and controlling the newly elected 4984:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 4881: 4868:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 4214: 3106:) which essentially translates to 2919:Official names of the Soviet Union 2877:and largest standing military. An 2596:, it was nominally organized as a 2201:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 1747:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 305:Recognised regional languages 25: 25790: 23707:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 23320:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 22699:World Federation of Trade Unions 19499: 18902:from the original on 1 March 2011 18797:The Languages of the Soviet Union 18197:from the original on 5 March 2022 17822:Privatisation 'raised death rate' 17772:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 16698:from the original on 17 June 2020 16288:from the original on 22 June 2020 16065:from the original on 5 April 2021 15821:from the original on 17 June 2020 15735:from the original on 16 June 2017 14916:from the original on 17 June 2020 14677:NASA FACTS/Russian Space Stations 14581:"The Soviet Manned Lunar Program" 13922:American Journal of Public Health 13676:from the original on 9 March 2017 13215:from the original on 17 June 2020 12672:. Psychology Press. p. 160. 12494:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime 12447:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime 12050:from the original on 23 June 2011 10759:Environmental Health Perspectives 10116:from the original on 12 June 2018 8805:formed on 21 April 1951, and the 8633:Printed media in the Soviet Union 8599:Order of the Red Banner of Labour 7898:By 1917, Russia became the first 7181:atmosphere where it burned down. 7018:. The Soviet Union also had more 6910:Energy policy of the Soviet Union 6867:reduced petroleum export revenues 6825:American Journal of Public Health 6466:Joint State Political Directorate 6008:and two Soviet dependencies, the 5383:had abstained from affirming the 5170:State Council of the Soviet Union 4228: 2960:('to inform'), related to Slavic 25759:Former countries in Central Asia 24260:United States Information Agency 23539:Operations and events by country 22916:January 1991 events in Lithuania 22574:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 22528: 21677:Articles related to Soviet Union 20702: 20701: 20689: 19505: 18987:Soviet Society under Perestroika 18952:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00834.x 18707: 18677: 18647: 18615: 18570: 18536: 18499: 18436: 18411: 18382: 18364: 18350: 18336: 18316: 18279:from the original on 2 July 2021 18250: 18236: 18179: 18149: 18123: 18099:Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). 18092: 18004: 17956: 17924: 17884: 17838: 17815: 17802: 17762: 17731: 17696: 17656: 17624: 17575: 17548: 17507: 17492: 17477: 17446: 17427: 17369: 17360: 17345: 17315: 17286: 17201: 17182: 17137: 17049: 17008: 16948: 16873: 16861:Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974). 16854: 16794: 16782: 16765: 16753:from the original on 12 May 2015 16659:from the original on 12 May 2015 16613:from the original on 12 May 2015 16550: 16541: 16489: 16480: 16454: 16428: 16415: 16402: 16375: 16180: 16077: 16046: 15999: 15987: 15945: 15911: 15899: 15869: 15778:from the original on 12 May 2015 15747: 15717: 15681: 15647: 15617: 15605:from the original on 12 May 2015 15578: 15542: 15511: 15480: 15462: 15429: 15394: 15379: 15366: 15349: 15161: 15142: 15091: 15076: 15061: 14994: 14889: 14868: 14854: 14819: 14690: 14667: 14611:"Energia, Soviet Launch Vehicle" 14603: 14573: 14549:Das, Saswato R. (16 July 2009). 14542: 14512: 14482: 14467: 14452: 14437: 14414: 14402:from the original on 28 May 2021 14381: 14351: 14279:from the original on 12 May 2015 14248: 14081: 14045: 14009: 13970: 13909: 13851: 13824: 13789: 13723: 13688: 13621: 13528: 13516:from the original on 12 May 2015 13461: 13447: 13421: 13412: 13403: 13360:from the original on 12 May 2015 13329: 13317:from the original on 12 May 2015 13290: 13259: 13240: 13227: 13184: 13164: 13151: 13138: 13081: 13068: 13033: 13020: 13009:Studies in Comparative Communism 12999: 12978: 12957: 12804: 12772: 12751: 12733: 12686: 12659: 12632: 12605: 12527: 12388: 12207:from the original on 12 May 2015 12183:Vincent Daniels, Robert (1993). 11945:from the original on 11 May 2011 11878:from the original on 12 May 2015 11857:Lenin and the Russian Revolution 11835:from the original on 12 May 2015 11802:from the original on 12 May 2015 11739:from the original on 12 May 2015 11696:from the original on 12 May 2015 11613:from the original on 12 May 2015 11570:from the original on 12 May 2015 11486:from the original on 12 May 2015 11403:from the original on 12 May 2015 11361:from the original on 12 May 2015 11322:from the original on 12 May 2015 11284:from the original on 11 May 2011 11238:from the original on 12 May 2015 11221:How the Soviet Union is Governed 11199:from the original on 12 May 2015 11182:Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant 11120:from the original on 12 May 2015 10805:Kireeva, Anna (4 January 2021). 10183:. In Rines, George Edwin (ed.). 8911: 8869:According to British journalist 8629:Broadcasting in the Soviet Union 8411:Saviour Church on Sennaya Square 8253:People's Commissariat for Health 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8147: 8135: 7971:. However, as part of a general 7476: 7466: 7423: 7413: 7273:Demographics of the Soviet Union 7046: 6937:In 1991, the Soviet Union had a 6368: 6350: 6332: 6314: 6296: 6278: 6260: 6242: 6224: 6206: 6188: 6170: 6152: 6134: 6121: 6109: 6064:and turned into SSRs, which was 5980:(SSRs), or federations, such as 5960:Subdivisions of the Soviet Union 5619:Совет Экономической Взаимопомощи 5222:Human rights in the Soviet Union 5151:Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR 4582:. (See status in 1989 and 2014.) 4381: 4363: 4310: 3204: 2885:. As an Allied nation, it was a 2784:its efforts in space exploration 2513: 2265:End of communist rule in Hungary 2211:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 1637: 1592: 1578: 1564: 1550: 1536: 1522: 1508: 1494: 1480: 1466: 1452: 1438: 1424: 1406: 1392: 1378: 1349: 1335: 1317: 1303: 1289: 1275: 1257: 1018: 235: 195: 191:State Anthem of the Soviet Union 157: 102: 86: 23860:Information war against Ukraine 23407:International Jewish conspiracy 23375:Congo Free State propaganda war 22640:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 18739: 16961:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 16559:A Short History of Christianity 16382:York, Geoffrey (9 March 2001). 16224:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004). 16196:. 24 April 1990. Archived from 15932:from the original on 1 May 2011 15805:Springer Science+Business Media 14421:Chan, Chi Ling (11 June 2015). 14188:"Soviet Union – Communications" 13916:Cereseto, Shirley (June 1986). 12385:Houghton Mifflin Company (2006) 12379: 12350: 12323: 12308: 12277: 12252: 12219: 12191:University Press of New England 12176: 12148: 12105: 12062: 12003:A–Z of modern Europe since 1789 11992: 11911: 11890: 11847: 11814: 11772: 11751: 11708: 11665: 11625: 11582: 11544: 11459: 11415: 11373: 11334: 11296: 11250: 11211: 11172: 11132: 11093: 11056:Graff, Cory (17 January 2021). 11049: 11036: 11005: 10984:Luhn, Alec (1 September 2020). 10977: 10932: 10906:Raymer, Steve (15 March 1992). 10899: 10858: 10825: 10813:. Translated by Digges, Charles 10798: 10745: 10715: 10686:Simmons, Michael (3 May 2021). 10679: 10651: 10626: 10596: 10547: 10514: 10473: 10433: 10400: 10380: 10344: 10249: 10136:"Human Development Report 1990" 10083: 9874: 9865: 9858:As outlined in Part III of the 9852: 9791: 9748: 9721: 9677: 9668: 9648: 9635: 9626: 9617: 9608: 9595: 9582: 9573: 9560: 9547: 9538: 9045:dissolution of the Soviet Union 8879:International Olympic Committee 8809:recognized the new body in its 8399:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 8238:Health care in the Soviet Union 7988:Nationalities and ethnic groups 7266: 6970:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union 6875:the second-largest in the world 6756:rather than in physical goods. 5796:In 1939, half a year after the 5215: 5054:The state security police (the 5006:. The Supreme Soviet elected a 4958:factions were officially banned 4759:dissolution of the Soviet Union 4434:collectivization of agriculture 4222:Not internationally recognized. 2899:United Nations Security Council 2848:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2282:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1849:Occupation of the Baltic states 24172: 24088:Information Operations Roadmap 23998:Psychological Warfare Division 23568:Chinese information operations 23517:Water fluoridation controversy 22213:Azerbaijan People's Government 21443:Autonomous Republic since 1934 21438:Autonomous Republic since 1925 21433:Autonomous Republic since 1923 21428:Autonomous Republic since 1920 19343:University of California Press 19244:Russell, Martin (April 2018). 19011:Lenin and Revolutionary Russia 18962:World Christianity and Marxism 18691:. 16 July 2012. Archived from 18473:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360 18344:"Victory Parade on Red Square" 18244:"The Fall of the Soviet Union" 17971:Ovcharova & Biryukova 2018 17520:Journal of Infectious Diseases 17486:Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia 16511:. Intercultural Publications. 16228:Daily life in the Soviet Union 16194:Government of the Soviet Union 15754:Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). 15436:Gao, George (14 August 2015). 15055:State Committee for Publishing 15045:Большая советская энциклопедия 14814:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14802:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14787:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14775:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 14763:Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985 12718:and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. 11785:Soviet Politics in Perspective 11088:Soviet Politics in Perspective 10057: 9979: 9916: 9529: 9520: 9511: 9494: 9489:Council of People's Commissars 9481: 9465: 9452: 9439: 9151:In the former Soviet republics 9137:Defender of the Fatherland Day 8903:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union 8776:Ice Hockey World Championships 8526:Council of People's Commissars 8328:Reforms of Russian orthography 7301:that was triggered by Lenin's 5419:counter-revolutionary activity 5078:Separation of power and reform 5028:Council of People's Commissars 4970:Government of the Soviet Union 4594:. Two other successor states, 4216: 3680:General Secretariat of Ukraine 3007:Russian Provisional Government 2592:. An overall successor to the 2101:Mozambican War of Independence 1798:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 13: 1: 25754:Former countries in West Asia 24860:Political abuse of psychiatry 24195:Active Measures Working Group 23853:during the Russo-Georgian War 23820:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 22921:January 1991 events in Latvia 22911:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 22660:Socialist Republic of Romania 22635:People's Republic of Bulgaria 22627:People's Republic of Albania 22596:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 20762:Republics of the Soviet Union 20242:Political abuse of psychiatry 20034:Congress of People's Deputies 19525:A Country Study: Soviet Union 19089:10.1080/14631377.2019.1607440 17975:Michalski & Hlynskyy 2009 17910:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402 15186:"Soviet Control of City Size" 15098:Ryan, Michael (28 May 1988). 15068:Anderson, Barbara A. (1990). 14935:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2001). 14829:A Study of the Soviet Economy 13698:A Study of the Soviet Economy 13666:"Reconstruction and Cold War" 13629:"Reconstruction and Cold War" 13418:Scott and Scott (1979) p. 305 12758:Fisher, Harold Henry (1955). 12235:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 12077:United States Naval Institute 11905:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 11347:. Routledge. pp. 31–32. 10610:. 17 May 2019. Archived from 10148:. January 1990. p. 111. 10050: 9555:President of the Soviet Union 9307:present in the USSR and mass 9301:massacres in the Soviet Union 9276:noted that the generation of 9133:retains other Soviet holidays 8355:язык межнационального общения 8324:Languages of the Soviet Union 7913:Education in the Soviet Union 7247:remained underdeveloped, and 7202:'s flag during the Soviet era 7191:Transport in the Soviet Union 6991:world's first space satellite 6881:basis, it was behind that of 6561: 6538:In the Soviet Union, general 5968:Republics of the Soviet Union 5354:Soviet secret police agencies 5196:supervised the lower courts ( 5147:President of the Soviet Union 5142:Congress of People's Deputies 4963: 4536:Geography of the Soviet Union 4230: 3448:Great Stand on the Ugra River 2780:tensions with Communist China 2709:Eastern Front of World War II 2586:borders with twelve countries 2160:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 44:Soviet Union (disambiguation) 25505:Traditions and superstitions 24078:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 23755:Fake news in the Philippines 23359: 23127:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 22906:Collapse of the Soviet Union 22896:Fall of communism in Albania 20953:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 19516:Impressions of Soviet Russia 19341:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: 18758:Bibliography of the Cold War 18577:Berkman, Alexander (2006) . 18246:. Levada.ru. 9 January 2017. 18133:. Gallup. 19 December 2013. 17967:Libman & Obydenkova 2019 17588:Emerging Infectious Diseases 17198:, BBC News, 11 October 2000. 14968:Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). 14390:"Stamping Out Science, 1948" 13798:Comparative Economic Studies 12040:"Gorbachev's Reform Dilemma" 10582:10.1016/0959-3780(94)90003-5 10397:. Retrieved on 29 July 2013. 9778:[sɐˈvʲetskʲɪjsɐˈjus] 8973:World War II military deaths 8759:Soviet Union at the Olympics 8373:Religion in the Soviet Union 8308: 7906: 7184: 5830:Up until his death in 1953, 5092:Nationalist anti-government 4858:Politics of the Soviet Union 4727:separated the USSR from the 4568:Karabash, Chelyabinsk Oblast 4529: 2912: 2685:famine between 1930 and 1933 2675:came to power, inaugurating 2665:merged into the Soviet Union 2659:. The RSFSR and subordinate 1966:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1961:1956 Georgian demonstrations 1922:East German uprising of 1953 1864:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 241:The Soviet Union during the 132:Workers of the world, unite! 7: 25171:Water supply and sanitation 24205:Counter Misinformation Team 24200:Counter disinformation unit 23650:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 23137:Forgery as covert operation 22881:End of communism in Hungary 22650:Hungarian People's Republic 22253:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 20405:Academy of Medical Sciences 18984:Lane, David Stuart (1992). 18450:History of Economics Review 17461:University of Chicago Press 17164:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1565 17015:Duiker, William J. (2015). 16388:The Globe and Mail (Canada) 16032:10.1080/0032472031000141296 15841:Central Intelligence Agency 15797:Pejovich, Svetozar (1990). 15411:National Geographic Society 15198:University of Chicago Press 14834:International Monetary Fund 14255:Hardt, John Pearce (2003). 14220:Central Intelligence Agency 14184:Central Intelligence Agency 14053:Central Intelligence Agency 14017:Central Intelligence Agency 13965:Fischer & Easterly 1994 13904:Fischer & Easterly 1994 13703:International Monetary Fund 13543:Manchester University Press 13344:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 13191:Shaw, Louise Grace (2003). 13148:(2nd ed. 1999) pp. 148–188. 12988:Journal of Cold War Studies 12645:. OUP Oxford. p. 342. 12579:Journal of Cold War Studies 12514:Wyszyński, Andrzej (1949). 12473:Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 11597:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 11516:Penn State University Press 10955:10.1080/0966813022000025862 10561:Global Environmental Change 10023: 10009: 9945: 9929: 9889: 9768: 9741: 9697: 9406:Orphans in the Soviet Union 9378: 9022:, the first human in space. 8938:conditions to do so are met 8625:Fashion in the Soviet Union 8611:Culture of the Soviet Union 8571:Patriarch Sergius of Moscow 8554:League of Militant Atheists 8366: 8317: 7797: 6888:In 1990, the country had a 6768:were state-funded, such as 6628:The Soviet Union adopted a 6552:Economy of the Soviet Union 6383: 6062:annexed by the Soviet Union 5928:nuclear arsenal development 5623: 5569:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5539:speaking informally at the 5168:. The coup failed, and the 5108:, which was promulgated in 5012:Central Executive Committee 4950:primary party organizations 3744:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 3176:History of the Soviet Union 3118: 3102: 3046: 3003:February Revolution of 1917 2941: 2719:, which accounted for most 2590:third-most populous country 2091:Angolan War of Independence 1948:"On the Cult of Personality 1901:Death and funeral of Stalin 1631:History of the Soviet Union 67: 10: 25795: 25769:Former socialist republics 25749:Former countries in Europe 24215:The Disinformation Project 23645:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 23001:Algorithmic radicalization 22645:German Democratic Republic 19173:Princeton University Press 18803:Cambridge University Press 18743: 18549:In Defense of Leon Trotsky 18407:– via lup.lub.lu.se. 18298:Wanner, Catherine (1998). 18076:Cambridge University Press 17262:Princeton University Press 17021:Contemporary World History 16557:Blainey, Geoffrey (2011). 16234:Greenwood Publishing Group 15566:Cambridge University Press 15391:(58) 3, July 1999: 396–412 15361:Cambridge University Press 15050:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia 14703:. Routledge. p. 134. 13500:Cambridge University Press 13090:Social Science Quarterly]] 12811:Kaser, Michael C. (1967). 12573:Thomas, Daniel C. (2005). 12289:Cambridge University Press 11788:. Routledge. p. 106. 11761:Great Russian Encyclopedia 11389:. Routledge. p. 132. 10073:University of Pennsylvania 9235: 9165:Decommunization in Ukraine 9154: 9145:International Workers' Day 8896: 8748: 8614: 8608: 8604: 8494:denominations (especially 8482:. Smaller groups included 8478:being concentrated in the 8370: 8321: 8235: 8106:developed over the years. 7991: 7910: 7868: 7465: 7412: 7352: 7270: 7188: 7050: 6967: 6961: 6924:Chernobyl nuclear disaster 6907: 6816:Volzhsky Avtomobilny Zavod 6593: 6564: 6549: 6545: 6529:invasion of Czechoslovakia 6492:, under the leadership of 6393: 6387: 6120: 6074:Soviet invasion of Finland 6046:Soviet-occupied Bessarabia 5957: 5865: 5819: 5693: 5690:Early policies (1919–1939) 5599:Comintern (1919–1943), or 5501:in a state meeting on 1958 5483: 5417:could be interpreted as a 5268: 5219: 5185: 5179: 5081: 5026:(known before 1946 as the 4967: 4900:in Moscow, 7 November 1964 4885: 4855: 4681:People's Republic of China 4653:, had the world's longest 4539: 4533: 4352: 3173: 3169: 3074:and never in others, e.g. 2997:first appeared during the 2922: 2916: 2792:first artificial satellite 2687:that killed millions. The 2292:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1876:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 1788:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 1757:Death and funeral of Lenin 29: 25671: 25428: 25192: 25183: 25016: 25007: 24760: 24751: 24559: 24550: 24485: 24327: 24318: 24178: 24167: 24138: 24132:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 24126: 24108:Tobacco industry playbook 24039:CIA Kennedy assassination 24011: 23957: 23931: 23919: 23833: 23780: 23768: 23737: 23725: 23713: 23701: 23689: 23658: 23632: 23620: 23560: 23548: 23544: 23533: 23365: 23354: 23299: 23288: 23172:Manipulation (psychology) 22996: 22990: 22985: 22856: 22833:Information dissemination 22810: 22760:1956 Hungarian Revolution 22750:1953 East German uprising 22718: 22676: 22619: 22556: 22536: 22487: 22348: 22280: 22205: 22112: 22081: 21995: 21984: 21913: 21892: 21723: 21682: 21645: 21627: 21609: 21492: 21398: 21179: 21170: 21002: 20921: 20898: 20860: 20819: 20776: 20769: 20728: 20683: 20627: 20601: 20521: 20444: 20435: 20380: 20287: 20250: 20190: 20093: 20055: 19975: 19837: 19828: 19778: 19726: 19717: 19569: 19483:10.1080/09668139608412415 18628:Marxists Internet Archive 17812:373.9661 (2009): 399–407. 17453:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 16505:Adappur, Abraham (2000). 16421:Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. 16338:Atwood, Craig D. (2001). 15321:"Statistics For Everyone" 15118:10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1513 13991:10.1080/09668139608412393 13845:10.1080/09668139308412080 13492:Gregory, Paul R. (2004). 13272:E-International Relations 13170:Haslam, Jonathan (1984). 13028:Expansion and Coexistence 12766:Stanford University Press 12666:Boobbyer, Philip (2000). 12618:. Routledge. p. 49. 12534:Mary Ann Glendon (2001). 12414:. Amnesty International. 12112:McCauley, Martin (2007). 11821:Kucherov, Samuel (1970). 11432:Stanford University Press 10727:World Health Organization 10032: 10018: 10004: 9996: 9954: 9939: 9924: 9908: 9884: 9756: 9729: 9685: 9141:International Women's Day 9078:Rating Sociological Group 8989:bureaucratic collectivism 8892: 8621:Music of the Soviet Union 8560:Convinced that religious 8354: 8231: 7994:Islam in the Soviet Union 7937:elimination of illiteracy 7331:sub-replacement fertility 7289:Excess deaths throughout 6903: 6096: 5718:Hungarian Soviet Republic 5618: 5415:a desire to make a profit 4186: 4165: 4147:Luhansk People's Republic 4144: 4126:Donetsk People's Republic 4123: 4102: 4085: 4068: 3889: 3878: 3742: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3678: 3567: 3556: 3545: 3534: 3523: 3328:Principality of Chernigov 3138: 3132: 3112: 3096: 3082: 3034: 3009:. The Bolsheviks, led by 2979: 2946: 2715:, suffering an estimated 2564:), commonly known as the 1608: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1202: 1192: 1180: 1165: 1145: 1125: 1111: 1103:$ 2.7 trillion ( 1097: 1083: 1073: 1065:$ 2.7 trillion ( 1059: 1041: 1037:12.7/km (32.9/sq mi) 1031: 1008: 1003: 993: 983: 969: 964: 960: 945: 932: 919: 904: 891: 878: 863: 850: 837: 824: 811: 798: 794: 768: 751: 721: 696: 692: 680: 672:• 1922–1924 (first) 670: 666: 656: 652: 642: 632:• 1922–1946 (first) 630: 626: 616: 612: 595: 583: 571: 559: 547: 535: 523: 511: 501:• 1922–1924 (first) 499: 495: 485: 470: 458: 427: 396: 303: 293: 249: 234: 185:Государственный гимн СССР 184: 147: 138: 125: 120: 82: 77: 61: 53: 18:Sport in the Soviet Union 24945:Prime Minister of Russia 24220:East StratCom Task Force 24034:9/11 conspiracy theories 23031:List of cognitive biases 22818:Emigration and defection 22655:Polish People's Republic 19413:White, James D. (2001). 19318:Harvard University Press 19077:Post-Communist Economies 19070:London: Faber and Faber. 19032:Leggett, George (1981). 19009:Lee, Stephen J. (2003). 18915:Goldstein, Erik (2013). 18611:– via Zine Distro. 18432:– via eLibrary.ru. 17514:Galazkaa, Artur (2000). 16928:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). 16188: 15958:19 December 2017 at the 15559:18 November 2014 at the 15044: 14882:Encyclopaedia Britannica 14299:"Science and Technology" 14224:"Soviet Union – Economy" 13786:. London: Longman, 2003. 13732: 13585:; Cooper, J. M. (1986). 13078:(UNC Press Books, 2017). 12591:10.1162/1520397053630600 12359: 12164: 11854:Phillips, Steve (2000). 11829:Brill Archive Publishers 11508:Benson, Shirley (2001). 11341:Ōgushi, Atsushi (2008). 10177:Klein, Henri F. (1920). 9860:1977 Soviet Constitution 9432: 9355:Japanese Communist Party 9047:, annual polling by the 8803:Soviet Olympic Committee 8744: 8428:burning ceremony in the 8357:), but only assumed the 8261:1977 Soviet Constitution 7040:research and development 6521:uprising in East Germany 6478:Strategic Missile Forces 5954:Administrative divisions 5934:, propaganda campaigns, 5926:in 1945. Aside from the 5896:, which began following 5844:Second Sino-Japanese War 5816:World War II (1939–1945) 5060:its predecessor agencies 4956:top to bottom, although 4804:, and the processing of 4417:. Its early years under 4395:and a key figure in the 3753: 3423: 3347: 3265: 3255: 3245: 3122:, which literally means 3086:(in the Latin alphabet: 2705:invaded the Soviet Union 2570:transcontinental country 2352:independence declaration 2123:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 2111:South African Border War 1778:Socialism in one country 644:• 1988–1991 (last) 585:• 1985–1991 (last) 25383:Social entrepreneurship 25272:Forced public apologies 25207:Anti-American sentiment 24146:Public opinion brigades 24103:Niger uranium forgeries 24093:Litter boxes in schools 23463:COVID-19 misinformation 23385:Free energy suppression 23294:Books and documentaries 23068:Euphemistic misspeaking 22876:Fall of the Berlin Wall 22802:1981 protests in Kosovo 22740:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 22263:North Korea (1947–1948) 22258:North Korea (1946–1947) 20696:Soviet Union portal 19042:Oxford University Press 18967:Oxford University Press 18820:Crump, Laurien (2015). 17778:Oxford University Press 16348:Mercer University Press 15845:"Soviet Union – People" 15245:Stronski, Paul (2010). 15105:British Medical Journal 14826:IMF & OECD (1991). 14649:Encyclopedia Britannica 14378:Retrieved 26 June 2014. 14057:"GDP Per Capita – 1991" 13695:IMF & OECD (1991). 13593:Economic History Review 13535:Mawdsley, Evan (1998). 13379:White, Matthew (2012). 13253:Oxford University Press 12966:Acta Poloniae Historica 12817:Oxford University Press 12504:., pages 401–403. 12264:Encyclopedia Britannica 12227:Encyclopædia Britannica 12069:Polmar, Norman (1991). 11999:Polley, Martin (2000). 11900:Encyclopædia Britannica 10261:Encyclopædia Britannica 10236:Encyclopædia Britannica 10203:Pons & Service 2010 9293:anti-Stalinist leftists 9270:deformed workers' state 8737:significantly expanded 8464:Russian Orthodox Church 7221:economic centralization 6890:Human Development Index 6663:rapid industrialization 5868:Origins of the Cold War 5806:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5660:Soviet Union's hegemony 5601:Communist International 5307:equality before the law 5182:Law of the Soviet Union 4896:Military parade on the 4852:Government and politics 4723:from 1945 to 1991. The 4675:. The country bordered 4524:end of the Soviet Union 4005:Eurasian Economic Union 3854:Parade of sovereignties 3318:Principality of Polotsk 2999:1905 Russian Revolution 2962: 2956: 2796:first human spaceflight 2786:and took a lead in the 2760:on an ideological basis 2681:forced collectivization 2677:rapid industrialization 2578:largest country by area 2520:Soviet Union portal 2255:Fall of the Berlin Wall 2221:Lithuanian independence 1932:1954 transfer of Crimea 1834:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1727:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 909:Parade of sovereignties 734:Soviet of Nationalities 294:Official languages 40:Soviet (disambiguation) 25739:Early Soviet republics 25734:20th century in Russia 25131:Social security system 25114:Science and technology 24780:Classified information 24606:Central Russian Upland 23892:2016 Brexit referendum 23241:Scientific fabrication 23152:Historical negationism 21985:Current and historical 20588:Stalinist architecture 20342:Science and technology 20252:Ideological repression 20180:Soviet Airborne Forces 20118:Destruction battalions 19432:Wilson, David (1983). 19388:Lenin: Life and Legacy 19335:Simon, Gerard (1974). 17600:10.3201/eid0404.980404 16777:Stalin and His Hangmen 16775:...' See the index of 16561:. Viking. p. 494. 15969:2 January 2005 at the 15585:Law, David A. (1975). 15041:Government of the USSR 14896:Mark Harrison (1996). 14367:6 October 2014 at the 13869:Transaction Publishers 12835:Reinalda, Bob (2009). 12408:Shiman, David (1999). 12156:Government of the USSR 11723:Transaction Publishers 11680:Transaction Publishers 11466:Deb, Kalipada (1996). 11149:Transaction Publishers 11139:Zemtsov, Ilya (1989). 11100:Law, David A. (1975). 10186:Encyclopedia Americana 10090:Almanaque Mundial 1996 10040: 9988: 9970: 9962: 9900: 9474:, legally since 1990. 9201: 9189: 9161:Anti-Russian sentiment 9023: 8999:, or a totally unique 8980: 8779: 8663: 8651: 8519:scientific materialism 8468:Christian denomination 8448: 8437: 8417: 8402: 8390: 8263:gave all citizens the 8247: 8042:(50.78%), followed by 8034: 8019: 7925: 7887: 7871:LGBT history in Russia 7807: 7286: 7235:to improve the Soviet 7216: 7203: 7100: 7086: 6987:science and technology 6982: 6958:Science and technology 6926: 6819: 6796: 6733: 6685: 6625: 6504:focused on a fleet of 6445: 6068:and was considered an 5822:Causes of World War II 5705: 5556: 5551:Mikhail Gorbachev and 5544: 5517: 5502: 5391:in 1973 (and the 1966 5370:guarantees of property 5101: 4987: 4938:system of appointments 4901: 4583: 4571: 4559: 3595:Provisional Government 3536:Grand Duchy of Finland 3414:Principality of Moscow 3144: 2895:five permanent members 2893:as well as one of the 2844:coup against Gorbachev 2175:: Decline and collapse 25592:Russian tsars regalia 24925:Intelligence agencies 24648:Great Russian Regions 24392:Expansion (1500-1800) 24188:Fact-checking website 23993:Operation Mass Appeal 23975:Clockwork Orange plot 23485:Mental illness denial 23380:Climate change denial 23197:Psychological warfare 23167:Internet manipulation 23132:Firehose of falsehood 23058:Disinformation attack 22926:Breakup of Yugoslavia 20370:List of metro systems 19923:Collective leadership 19294:. London: Macmillan. 19068:Sheridan Smith, A. M. 19064:Lenin's Last Struggle 18495:– via CiteSeer. 17856:Duke University Press 17642:. pp. 107, 115. 17070:10.4324/9780203500279 16589:Ro'i, Yaacov (1995). 15112:(6635): 1, 513–1515. 14446:Washington Technology 13934:10.2105/ajph.76.6.661 13297:Adams, Simon (2005). 12695:"Засчитать поражение" 12457:, pages 402–403 12193:(UPNE). p. 388. 12007:. Routledge. p. 10393:26 April 2008 at the 10284:. BBC. Archived from 9655:Declaration No. 142-Н 9476:Constituent republics 9288:of the Soviet Union. 9232:By the political left 9222:post-Soviet conflicts 9195: 9180:celebrate the annual 9172: 9013: 8971: 8770: 8739:freedom of expression 8657: 8649: 8443: 8423: 8408: 8396: 8380: 8245: 8025: 8013: 7969:cultural backwardness 7920: 7878: 7805: 7280: 7209: 7198: 7092: 7064: 7031:Reagan administration 6977: 6917: 6828:claimed that, citing 6814: 6786: 6727: 6675: 6559: 6423: 6048:, and Ukrainian SSR. 5994:national delimitation 5932:psychological warfare 5703: 5694:Further information: 5550: 5523: 5508: 5493: 5421:punishable by death. 5340:the individual". The 5303:freedom of expression 5091: 5036:constituent republics 4977: 4931:democratic centralism 4895: 4577: 4565: 4549: 4491:, referred to as the 4459:in opposition to the 4236:Not fully controlled. 4070:Republic of Tatarstan 3963:Constitutional crisis 2766:. In 1953, following 2717:27 million casualties 2703:but in 1941, Germany 2572:that spanned much of 1927:Virgin Lands campaign 1752:National delimitation 995:• Water (%) 36:CCCP (disambiguation) 32:USSR (disambiguation) 25659:World Heritage sites 25036:Droughts and famines 24589:Environmental issues 24337:Proto-Indo-Europeans 23327:Who's Who in the CIA 22774:1970 Polish protests 22755:1956 Poznań protests 22620:Soviet-allied states 22490:History of socialism 21380:1991–92 21375:1990–91 21370:1961–92 21365:1958–90 21360:1957–91 21355:1957–92 21350:1956–91 21345:1944–57 21340:1936–90 21330:1936–90 21325:1936–90 21320:1936–44 21315:1936–44 21310:1935–43 21305:1934–90 21300:1934–90 21295:1932–92 21290:1931–92 21280:1926–36 21275:1925–36 21270:1925–92 21265:1924–29 21260:1924–40 21255:1923–40 21250:1923–90 21245:1922–91 21240:1921–90 21230:1921–24 21225:1921–91 21220:1921–45 21215:1921–91 21210:1920–90 21205:1920–25 21200:1919–90 21195:1918–41 21190:1918–24 20332:Net material product 20275:Censorship of images 20192:Political repression 20152:Soviet Border Troops 20085:First Deputy Premier 19669:1965 economic reform 19664:Soviet space program 19440:Taylor & Francis 19260:Ryan, James (2012). 19227:Taylor & Francis 19223:From Tsar to Soviets 19115:Taylor & Francis 18959:Janz, Denis (1998). 18773:Taylor & Francis 18556:. pp. 172–173. 18512:The Rise of Militant 18163:. 20 November 2018. 17998:"Ностальгия по СССР" 17827:6 March 2016 at the 17703:Hoepller, C (2011). 17463:. pp. 301–302. 17434:Hardt, John (2003). 17352:Targ, Harry (2006). 17064:. pp. 265–266. 16739:. pp. 231–232. 15633:. World Scientific. 15588:Russian Civilization 15149:Davis, Christopher; 14617:. 27 November 2021. 14587:. 27 November 2021. 14526:. 27 November 2021. 14496:. 27 November 2021. 14360:(12 December 2013). 14021:"GDP – Million 1990" 13502:. pp. 218–220. 13247:Beloff, Max (1949). 13074:Christine A. White, 12968:78 (1998): 161–200. 12888:Taylor & Francis 12878:Yoder, Amos (1993). 11725:. pp. 315–319. 11682:. pp. 313–315. 11179:Knight, Amy (1995). 11103:Russian Civilization 10729:. 5 September 2005. 10421:on 15 September 2012 10407:Thompson, Virginia. 10337:, pp. 452–455; 10094:Demografía/Biometría 10079:on 21 February 2024. 9579:August 19–August 22. 9506:Council of Ministers 9313:political dissidents 9309:political repression 8887:1984 Summer Olympics 8819:1952 Summer Olympics 8793:On 13 July 1925 the 8460:Eastern Christianity 8297:was superior to the 8033:, Georgian SSR, 1929 7880:Valentina Tereshkova 7837:(Ukrainian SSR) and 7144:won by the Americans 7075:Valentina Tereshkova 7065:From left to right: 7053:Soviet space program 7016:Great Chinese Famine 6525:Hungarian revolution 6444:, among other things 5884:tension between the 5862:Cold War (1945–1991) 5848:Operation Barbarossa 5778:, especially of the 5350:extrajudicial powers 5202:inquisitorial system 5122:separation of powers 5049:executive committees 5024:Council of Ministers 4980:Grand Kremlin Palace 4872:Council of Ministers 4407:Bolshevik Revolution 4009:Annexation of Crimea 3617:Constituent Assembly 3494:Second Patriotic War 2935:is derived from the 2879:NPT-designated state 2725:aftermath of the war 2701:a nonaggression pact 2628:, it was a flagship 2347:Ukrainian revolution 2275:German reunification 2233:Latvian independence 2148:1984 Olympic boycott 2143:1980 Olympic boycott 2133:1980 Summer Olympics 2106:Mozambican Civil War 1996:Cuban Missile Crisis 1976:Peaceful coexistence 1844:Operation Barbarossa 578:Konstantin Chernenko 25744:Communism in Russia 25510:Forms of addressing 25119:Academy of Sciences 25076:Financial districts 24940:President of Russia 24865:Political divisions 24825:Freedom of assembly 24707:West Siberian Plain 24453:Great Patriotic War 24414:February Revolution 24029:Conspiracy theories 23970:Double-Cross System 23939:Conspiracy theories 23800:Operation INFEKTION 23588:Internet Water Army 23442:Strategy of tension 23307:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 23192:Post-truth politics 22891:Romanian revolution 22864:Revolutions of 1989 22745:1953 Plzeň uprising 22426:Estonia (1918–1919) 22320:Hungary (1949–1989) 21539:Kabardino-Balkarian 21362:Kabardino-Balkarian 21322:Kabardino-Balkarian 21060:Kabardino-Balkarian 20922:Non-union republics 20912:Transcaucasian SFSR 20400:Academy of Sciences 20215:Population transfer 20159:Soviet Armed Forces 20022:Congress of Soviets 20003:Presidium/Politburo 19967:Soviet anti-Zionism 19816:West Siberian Plain 19694:Revolutions of 1989 19631:Great Patriotic War 19616:New Economic Policy 19470:Europe-Asia Studies 19458:Wheatcroft, Stephen 19253:European Parliament 18838:Wheatcroft, Stephen 18665:on 25 December 2007 18232:. 21 December 2016. 18229:The Washington Post 17983:Stewart et al. 2012 17555:Shubnikov, Eugene. 17293:McAaley, Alastair. 17194:12 May 2011 at the 16917:on 23 January 2017. 15691:(11 October 2011). 15443:Pew Research Center 15407:National Geographic 15291:1945GeoRv..35..107H 15278:Geographical Review 14765:, pp. 166–167. 14555:Scientific American 14476:Inside the Pentagon 14388:Offord, Catherine. 14309:on 4 September 2015 14156:, pp. 297–299. 14120:, pp. 105–108. 13979:Europe-Asia Studies 13833:Europe-Asia Studies 13761:on 4 September 2015 13633:Library of Congress 13161:(1974) pp. 342–346. 13030:(1974) pp. 111–179. 12291:. 1993. p. 9. 11907:2005. p. 1014. 11553:The Communist World 10942:Europe-Asia Studies 10920:on 19 November 2023 10614:on 20 February 2021 10574:1994GEC.....4..201S 10487:The Washington Post 10449:. 6 December 1982. 9847:maritime boundaries 9487:As chairman of the 9334:Kronstadt rebellion 9330:Makhnovist movement 9317:worker cooperatives 9256:class consciousness 9105:Great Patriotic War 8925:of this section is 8881:(IOC) to undermine 8684:Vladimir Mayakovsky 8490:, and a variety of 8387:Abrahamic religions 8255:in 1918. Under the 8006:Soviet Central Asia 7954:vocational training 7929:Anatoly Lunacharsky 7865:Women and fertility 7335:Soviet Central Asia 7311:Catherine Merridale 7299:famine of 1921–1922 7245:automotive industry 7210:Nuclear Icebreaker 7098:Baikonur Cosmodrome 7057:Nedelin catastrophe 6651:New Economic Policy 6450:Soviet Armed Forces 6390:Soviet Armed Forces 5748:profitable market. 5334:Soviet legal theory 5321:, and the right to 5259:freedom of movement 5208:, where the judge, 4996:Congress of Soviets 4775:nuclear power plant 4542:Geography of Russia 4423:New Economic Policy 4189:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 4021:Invasion of Ukraine 3810:Great Patriotic War 3782:Cultural revolution 3723:Transcaucasian SFSR 3591:February Revolution 3478:Emancipation reform 3376:Council of Uvetichi 3226: • 3222: • 3128:Great Patriotic War 2800:first space station 2746:. The American-led 2667:in 1922. Following 2655:, resulting in the 2580:, extending across 2270:Romanian Revolution 2250:Peaceful Revolution 2245:Pan-European Picnic 2240:Revolutions of 1989 2181:Invasion of Grenada 2057:Cambodian Civil War 2011:: Era of Stagnation 1896:First Indochina War 1871:Soviet deportations 1839:Great Patriotic War 1812:Cultural Revolution 1742:New Economic Policy 1696:February Revolution 1311:Transcaucasian SFSR 868:Great Patriotic War 841:Second constitution 761:Soviet of the Union 741:Soviet of Republics 704:Congress of Soviets 682:• 1991 (last) 274: / 25560:Russian given name 25146:Telecommunications 25096:Petroleum industry 24960:State of emergency 24805:Far-right politics 24770:Capital punishment 24616:Meshchera Lowlands 24470:Russian Federation 24426:October Revolution 23925:HIV/AIDS denialism 23902:Trolls from Olgino 23676:Paid news in India 23666:Fake news in India 23480:HIV/AIDS denialism 23334:Merchants of Doubt 23207:Military deception 23182:Media manipulation 23021:Circular reporting 22901:Singing Revolution 22784:June 1976 protests 22569:Soviet occupations 22391:Byelorussia (1919) 21185: 20906:Karelo-Finnish SSR 20045:Military Collegium 19913:Capital punishment 19791:Caucasus Mountains 19704:Post-Soviet states 19584:Russian Revolution 19384:Volkogonov, Dmitri 19366:Ashgate Publishing 19291:Lenin: A Biography 18848:Palgrave Macmillan 18695:on 17 October 2012 18078:. pp. 92–93. 18046:on 9 February 2023 17780:. pp. 83–85. 17738:Poland, Marshall. 17327:The Globe and Mail 16987:The New York Times 16867:The New York Times 16806:www.britannica.com 16791:, pp. 317–320 16771:'On the other hand 16346:. Macon, Georgia: 16053:Niedowski (2007). 16020:Population Studies 16008:, pp. 352–353 15850:The World Factbook 15731:. Nobelprize.org. 15549:Sheila Fitzpatrick 15355:Wendy Z. Goldman, 14229:The World Factbook 14193:The World Factbook 14062:The World Factbook 14026:The World Factbook 13810:10.1057/ces.1997.1 13595:. pp. 30–32. 13157:Barbara Jelavich, 13116:Katarzyna (eds.). 12935:"Warsaw Pact ends" 12798:1 May 2009 at the 12398:. 1989. pp. 61–62. 12367:on 10 October 2017 12160:Gorbachev, Mikhail 11968:Khrushchev, Nikita 10872:The New York Times 10446:The New York Times 9829:to the southwest; 9805:to the northwest; 9303:, the centralized 9252:Council communists 9248:Russian Revolution 9202: 9190: 9029:oligarchical class 9024: 9001:mode of production 8981: 8839:Olympic tournament 8835:world championship 8780: 8664: 8652: 8466:being the largest 8449: 8438: 8432:as part of Soviet 8418: 8403: 8391: 8290:were squandered. 8277:Minister of Health 8248: 8104:ethnic antagonisms 8035: 8020: 7973:antisemitic policy 7965:affirmative action 7933:People's Commissar 7926: 7888: 7808: 7367:1989 Soviet census 7287: 7283:post-Soviet states 7217: 7204: 7101: 7087: 6983: 6927: 6850:standard of living 6820: 6797: 6764:A number of basic 6734: 6728:Picking cotton in 6686: 6626: 6587: 1,000–2,500 6578: 2,500–5,000 6482:Air Defense Forces 6446: 6078:Karelo-Finnish SSR 6070:illegal occupation 5900:in 1945. The term 5856:Vyacheslav Molotov 5706: 5640:collective defence 5581:Vyacheslav Molotov 5557: 5545: 5541:Vladivostok Summit 5518: 5503: 5352:were given to the 5241:state until 1990. 5231:totalitarian state 5102: 5020:Procurator General 5010:(successor of the 4994:(successor of the 4988: 4982:, the seat of the 4902: 4810:spent nuclear fuel 4802:nuclear submarines 4771:Chernobyl disaster 4736:Ismoil Somoni Peak 4588:Russian Federation 4584: 4572: 4560: 4397:October Revolution 4105:Republic of Crimea 4056:Russian Federation 3999:Presidential terms 3891:Karelo-Finnish SSR 3844:Chernobyl disaster 3584:Russian Revolution 3482:Russo-Japanese War 3470:1812 Patriotic War 3384:Battle of Kulikovo 3372:Council of Liubech 3116:(transliteration: 3100:(transliteration: 3015:October Revolution 2966:('news'), English 2864:post-Soviet states 2856:Russian Federation 2840:renewed federation 2689:forced labour camp 2641:October Revolution 2618:highly centralized 2602:national republics 2502:Post-Soviet states 2206:Singing Revolution 2196:Chernobyl disaster 2116:Rhodesian Bush War 1717:October Revolution 1560:Russian Federation 1093:1990 estimate 1055:1990 estimate 950:Formal dissolution 854:Westward expansion 828:First constitution 815:Treaty of Creation 802:October Revolution 480:socialist republic 398:Ethnic groups 154:The Internationale 42:, and 25706: 25705: 25700: 25699: 25667: 25666: 25247:Domestic violence 25179: 25178: 25101:Russian oligarchs 25026:Aircraft industry 25003: 25002: 24980:Mass surveillance 24970:Search and rescue 24935:Political parties 24815:Foreign relations 24747: 24746: 24546: 24545: 24538:Historical cities 24397:Tsardom of Russia 24277: 24276: 24273: 24272: 24163: 24162: 24159: 24158: 24113:Operation Shocker 23915: 23914: 23795:K-1000 battleship 23626:Operation Neptune 23529: 23528: 23525: 23524: 23350: 23349: 23284: 23283: 23276:Yellow journalism 23224:counterpropaganda 23105:List of fallacies 23038:Conspiracy theory 23006:Alternative facts 22941: 22940: 22886:Velvet Revolution 22848:Telephone tapping 22822:list of defectors 22611:Tito–Stalin split 22496: 22495: 22483: 22482: 22479: 22478: 22276: 22275: 22018:Congo-Brazzaville 21914:Regional variants 21669: 21668: 21663: 21662: 21554:Karachay-Cherkess 21452: 21451: 21394: 21393: 21389: 21388: 20962: 20961: 20894: 20893: 20715: 20714: 20679: 20678: 20671:Hammer and sickle 20613:and their groups 20611:Soviet dissidents 20390:Communist Academy 20307:Economic planning 20283: 20282: 20176:Soviet Air Forces 20095:Security services 20015:General Secretary 19998:Central Committee 19940:Political parties 19872:Brezhnev Doctrine 19867:Foreign relations 19824: 19823: 19765:Autonomous okrugs 19679:Soviet–Afghan War 19659:Sino-Soviet split 19601:Russian Civil War 19449:978-0-7099-2704-4 19424:978-0-333-72157-5 19405:978-0-00-255123-6 19368:. pp. 1–14. 19352:978-0-520-02612-4 19327:978-0-674-01801-3 19301:978-0-333-72625-9 19236:978-1-135-36625-4 19219:Read, Christopher 19210:978-0-375-75771-6 19182:978-1-4008-3452-5 19143:978-83-7380-819-5 19124:978-1-317-86783-8 19051:978-0-19-822552-2 19024:978-0-415-28718-0 19001:978-0-415-07600-5 18976:978-0-19-511944-2 18930:978-1-31-7883-678 18882:Easterly, William 18870:The Life of Lenin 18857:978-0-230-23855-8 18812:978-0-521-29877-3 18782:978-0-7099-0557-8 18689:The Daily Yomiuri 18593:978-0-900384-03-5 18586:. Freedom Press. 18563:978-1-893638-05-1 18309:978-0-271-01793-8 18193:. November 2021. 18085:978-0-521-22418-5 17892:Milanović, Branko 17865:978-0-8223-6949-3 17795:978-0-19-754924-7 17649:978-0-87286-329-3 17640:City Lights Books 17638:. San Francisco: 17470:978-0-226-81839-9 17279:978-0-691-16502-8 17234:978-0-87286-329-3 17221:City Lights Books 17079:978-1-135-36640-7 17030:978-1-285-44790-2 16941:978-0-292-73957-4 16886:Los Angeles Times 16746:978-3-03911-921-9 16691:978-0-253-22038-7 16652:978-0-02-922401-4 16606:978-0-7146-4619-0 16518:978-81-85574-47-9 16412:, vol. 1, p. 175. 16408:D. Pospielovsky, 16361:978-0-86554-679-0 16281:978-90-429-1262-5 16247:978-0-313-31628-9 15814:978-0-7923-0878-2 15771:978-1-85043-284-5 15663:The New Criterion 15640:978-981-270-116-9 15598:978-0-8422-0529-0 15574:978-0-521-89423-4 15261:978-0-8229-4394-5 15014:978-0-521-79436-7 14987:978-0-674-02178-5 14954:978-0-674-00473-3 14909:978-0-521-89424-1 14847:978-92-64-13468-3 14710:978-0-7146-4784-5 14272:978-0-7656-1208-3 14236:on 5 October 2010 14200:on 5 October 2010 13878:978-1-4128-0698-5 13716:978-0-14-103797-4 13602:978-0-7190-4600-1 13579:Wheatcroft, S. G. 13552:978-0-7190-4600-1 13509:978-0-521-53367-6 13396:978-0-393-08192-3 13353:978-0-7923-2358-7 13310:978-1-58340-606-9 13300:Russian Republics 13208:978-0-7146-5398-3 13180:978-0-333-30050-3 13131:978-3-8258-8789-6 12954:, pp. 1, 17. 12901:978-0-8448-1738-5 12852:978-1-134-02405-6 12679:978-0-415-18298-0 12652:978-0-19-162284-7 12625:978-1-317-86369-4 12340:978-3-319-01559-0 12298:978-0-521-39241-9 12200:978-0-87451-616-6 12162:(21 March 1972). 12129:978-0-582-78465-9 12120:Pearson Education 12086:978-0-87021-241-3 12018:978-0-415-18597-4 11985:978-0-271-02935-1 11938:978-0-14-103797-4 11929:Penguin Books Ltd 11871:978-0-435-32719-4 11795:978-0-415-07153-6 11732:978-0-202-24165-4 11689:978-0-202-24165-4 11651:978-0-521-44634-1 11606:978-0-7923-2358-7 11563:978-0-271-02170-6 11525:978-0-271-02170-6 11479:978-81-85880-95-2 11445:978-0-8047-0122-8 11396:978-0-04-445277-5 11354:978-0-415-43439-3 11315:978-1-55618-142-9 11277:978-0-14-103797-4 11268:Penguin Books Ltd 11231:978-0-674-41030-5 11192:978-0-691-01093-9 11158:978-0-88738-260-4 11113:978-0-8422-0529-0 11063:Popular Mechanics 10913:Los Angeles Times 10638:world-nuclear.org 10535:on 11 August 2024 9975:Moldovan Cyrillic 9766: 9739: 9695: 9643:Alma-Ata Protocol 9566:As leader of the 9426:Soviet patriotism 9348:Sino-Soviet Split 9338:Spanish Civil War 9129:Immortal Regiment 9098:Western democracy 8966: 8965: 8958: 8856:1984 Winter games 8833:won nearly every 8695:socialist realism 8688:Sergei Eisenstein 8660:Vladimir Vysotsky 8647: 8579:Nikita Khrushchev 8299:capitalist system 8273:Mikhail Gorbachev 8112:Soviet leadership 8018:, Uzbek SSR, 1981 7946:Nikita Khrushchev 7931:became the first 7794: 7793: 7343:Soviet government 7307:Soviet population 7295:Russian Civil War 7237:government budget 7083:Lenin's Mausoleum 7079:Nikita Khrushchev 6857:Mikhail Gorbachev 6838:human development 6802:steadily declined 6744:and organized in 6740:, carried out by 6624: 6623: 6569: > 5,000 6506:strategic bombers 6452:consisted of the 6408:Soviet Air Forces 6381: 6380: 5996:in Central Asia, 5733:Winston Churchill 5726:Treaty of Rapallo 5704:1987 Soviet stamp 5553:George H. W. Bush 5480:Foreign relations 5461:party authorities 5366:protection of law 5330:international law 5277:According to the 5255:political parties 5243:Freedom of speech 5138:Mikhail Gorbachev 5094:riots in Dushanbe 5030:), headed by the 5004:government budget 4922:general secretary 4906:Central Committee 4846:K-278 Komsomolets 4554:(6,995 m) of the 4504:Mikhail Gorbachev 4493:Era of Stagnation 4477:Nikita Khrushchev 4438:industrialization 4411:Russian Civil War 4391:, founder of the 4355:History of Russia 4351: 4350: 4317:Russia portal 4245: 4244: 3939:Belavezha Accords 3921: 3920: 3832:Era of Stagnation 3798:Industrialization 3764: 3763: 3641:Soviet-Polish War 3577: 3576: 3558:Russian Manchuria 3504:Tsardom of Russia 3490:October Manifesto 3474:Decembrist Revolt 3466:Petrovian reforms 3434: 3433: 3394:Novgorod Republic 3358: 3357: 3274: 3273: 3044: 2995:workers' councils 2909:accomplishments. 2881:, it wielded the 2838:the country as a 2808:Mikhail Gorbachev 2776:Nikita Khrushchev 2657:Russian Civil War 2582:eleven time zones 2554: 2553: 2383:Soviet leadership 2369:Alma-Ata Protocol 2364:Belovezha Accords 2260:Velvet Revolution 2226:Economic blockade 2128:Soviet–Afghan War 2096:Angolan Civil War 2047:Laotian Civil War 2022:Era of Stagnation 2017:Brezhnev Doctrine 1986:Sino-Soviet split 1916:: Khrushchev Thaw 1807:Industrialization 1722:Russian Civil War 1616: 1615: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1362: 1361: 1113:• Per capita 1075:• Per capita 1023:286,730,819 ( 936:Belovezha Accords 928:19–22 August 1991 895:Last constitution 648:Mikhail Gorbachev 590:Mikhail Gorbachev 573:• 1984–1985 561:• 1982–1984 549:• 1964–1982 542:Nikita Khrushchev 537:• 1953–1964 513:• 1924–1953 278:55.750°N 37.617°E 224: 178: 16:(Redirected from 25786: 25680: 25627:Russian language 25570:National symbols 25190: 25189: 25109: 25066:Fishing industry 25056:Economic regions 25051:Defence industry 25014: 25013: 24758: 24757: 24712:Russian Far East 24611:Northwest Russia 24569:Cities and towns 24557: 24556: 24419:Russian Republic 24325: 24324: 24304: 24297: 24290: 24281: 24280: 24169: 24168: 23988:MMR autism fraud 23871:On US elections 23805:Operation Toucan 23778: 23777: 23546: 23545: 23535: 23534: 23500:anti-vaccination 23448: 23447: 23395:Holocaust denial 23370:Bermuda Triangle 23356: 23355: 23290: 23289: 23219:black propaganda 23187:Potemkin village 23112:False accusation 23088:list of websites 22987: 22986: 22968: 22961: 22954: 22945: 22944: 22730:Goryani Movement 22710: 22702: 22668: 22630: 22564:Yalta Conference 22523: 22516: 22509: 22500: 22499: 22346: 22345: 22203: 22202: 21993: 21992: 21988:socialist states 21867:African-American 21709: 21702: 21695: 21686: 21685: 21673: 21672: 21655:Gorno-Badakhshan 21637:Nagorno-Karabakh 21479: 21472: 21465: 21456: 21455: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21408: 21182: 21181: 21177: 21176: 20989: 20982: 20975: 20966: 20965: 20820:Former parts of 20796:Byelorussian SSR 20774: 20773: 20755: 20748: 20741: 20732: 20731: 20719: 20718: 20705: 20704: 20694: 20693: 20692: 20442: 20441: 20350: 20205:Collectivization 19950:Marxism–Leninism 19835: 19834: 19724: 19723: 19555: 19548: 19541: 19532: 19531: 19509: 19508: 19494: 19477:(8): 1319–1353. 19466: 19453: 19428: 19409: 19390:. Translated by 19379: 19356: 19331: 19305: 19281: 19256: 19250: 19240: 19214: 19191:Rayfield, Donald 19186: 19156: 19147: 19128: 19107:Mccauley, Martin 19102: 19100: 19071: 19066:. Translated by 19055: 19039: 19028: 19005: 18980: 18955: 18934: 18911: 18909: 18907: 18901: 18890: 18878:Fischer, Stanley 18873: 18861: 18829: 18816: 18800: 18786: 18733: 18732: 18730: 18728: 18711: 18705: 18704: 18702: 18700: 18681: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18670: 18661:. Archived from 18651: 18645: 18644: 18642: 18640: 18619: 18613: 18612: 18610: 18608: 18602: 18585: 18580:ABC of Anarchism 18574: 18568: 18567: 18540: 18534: 18533: 18503: 18497: 18496: 18494: 18492: 18466: 18440: 18434: 18433: 18431: 18429: 18424:(PhD). p. 1 18415: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18404: 18386: 18380: 18379: 18368: 18362: 18361: 18354: 18348: 18347: 18340: 18334: 18333: 18320: 18314: 18313: 18295: 18289: 18288: 18286: 18284: 18278: 18267: 18254: 18248: 18247: 18240: 18234: 18233: 18220: 18207: 18206: 18204: 18202: 18183: 18177: 18176: 18174: 18172: 18153: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18142: 18127: 18121: 18120: 18118: 18116: 18096: 18090: 18089: 18067: 18056: 18055: 18053: 18051: 18036: 18030: 18029: 18027: 18025: 18008: 18002: 18001: 17994: 17985: 17960: 17954: 17953: 17951: 17949: 17928: 17922: 17921: 17888: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17877: 17872:on 4 August 2018 17868:. Archived from 17846:Ghodsee, Kristen 17842: 17836: 17819: 17813: 17806: 17800: 17799: 17770:Ghodsee, Kristen 17766: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17755: 17746:. Archived from 17735: 17729: 17728: 17726: 17724: 17700: 17694: 17693: 17687: 17685: 17660: 17654: 17653: 17632:Parenti, Michael 17628: 17622: 17621: 17611: 17579: 17573: 17572: 17570: 17568: 17552: 17546: 17545: 17535: 17511: 17505: 17504: 17496: 17490: 17489: 17481: 17475: 17474: 17450: 17444: 17443: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17420: 17405: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17394: 17373: 17367: 17364: 17358: 17357: 17349: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17338: 17319: 17313: 17312: 17310: 17308: 17290: 17284: 17283: 17254:Scheidel, Walter 17250: 17239: 17238: 17218: 17209:Parenti, Michael 17205: 17199: 17186: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17175: 17158:(6): 1565–1585. 17141: 17135: 17134: 17116: 17090: 17084: 17083: 17053: 17047: 17046: 17044: 17042: 17012: 17006: 17005: 17003: 17001: 16978: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16967: 16952: 16946: 16945: 16925: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16910:. Archived from 16905: 16897: 16891: 16890: 16877: 16871: 16870: 16858: 16852: 16851: 16849: 16847: 16827: 16818: 16817: 16815: 16813: 16808:. 26 August 2023 16798: 16792: 16786: 16780: 16774: 16769: 16763: 16762: 16760: 16758: 16726: 16720: 16714: 16708: 16707: 16705: 16703: 16675: 16669: 16668: 16666: 16664: 16632: 16623: 16622: 16620: 16618: 16586: 16580: 16579:, pp. 38–39 16574: 16563: 16562: 16554: 16548: 16545: 16539: 16538: 16532: 16530: 16502: 16496: 16493: 16487: 16484: 16478: 16477: 16475: 16473: 16458: 16452: 16451: 16449: 16447: 16432: 16426: 16419: 16413: 16406: 16400: 16399: 16390:. Archived from 16379: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16345: 16335: 16329: 16323: 16317: 16316:, pp. 64–65 16311: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16293: 16265: 16259: 16258: 16256: 16254: 16231: 16221: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16184: 16178: 16172: 16166: 16160: 16154: 16148: 16142: 16136: 16130: 16124: 16118: 16117: 16115: 16113: 16081: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16070: 16050: 16044: 16043: 16015: 16009: 16003: 15997: 15991: 15985: 15979: 15973: 15949: 15943: 15941: 15939: 15937: 15915: 15909: 15903: 15897: 15891: 15885: 15884: 15881:www.demoscope.ru 15873: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15862: 15837: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15826: 15794: 15788: 15787: 15785: 15783: 15751: 15745: 15744: 15742: 15740: 15721: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15710: 15685: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15674: 15657:(October 2012). 15651: 15645: 15644: 15621: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15610: 15582: 15576: 15546: 15540: 15539: 15537: 15535: 15515: 15509: 15508: 15506: 15504: 15495:. Archived from 15493:baltimoresun.com 15484: 15478: 15475: 15469: 15466: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15455: 15433: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15422: 15417:on 22 March 2019 15413:. Archived from 15398: 15392: 15383: 15377: 15372:Richard Stites, 15370: 15364: 15353: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15342: 15336: 15325: 15317: 15311: 15310: 15272: 15266: 15265: 15253: 15242: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15181: 15175: 15173: 15165: 15159: 15158: 15151:Feshbach, Murray 15146: 15140: 15139: 15129: 15095: 15089: 15088: 15080: 15074: 15073: 15065: 15059: 15058: 15037: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15026: 14998: 14992: 14991: 14975: 14965: 14959: 14958: 14942: 14932: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14921: 14893: 14887: 14886: 14872: 14866: 14865: 14858: 14852: 14851: 14823: 14817: 14811: 14805: 14799: 14790: 14784: 14778: 14772: 14766: 14760: 14754: 14748: 14742: 14736: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14722: 14694: 14688: 14687: 14681: 14671: 14665: 14664: 14662: 14660: 14640: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14626: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14596: 14577: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14566: 14546: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14535: 14516: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14505: 14486: 14480: 14479: 14471: 14465: 14464: 14456: 14450: 14449: 14441: 14435: 14434: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14385: 14379: 14355: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14335:. 15 June 1992. 14325: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14305:. Archived from 14295: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14252: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14241: 14232:. Archived from 14216: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14196:. Archived from 14180: 14169: 14163: 14157: 14151: 14145: 14139: 14133: 14127: 14121: 14115: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14074: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14013: 14007: 14006: 13974: 13968: 13962: 13956: 13955: 13945: 13913: 13907: 13901: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13859:Gvosdev, Nikolas 13855: 13849: 13848: 13828: 13822: 13821: 13793: 13787: 13782:Hanson, Philip. 13780: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13766: 13757:. Archived from 13747: 13738: 13737: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13681: 13662: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13625: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13591:. Vol. 39. 13575: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13489: 13472: 13465: 13459: 13458: 13451: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13425: 13419: 13416: 13410: 13407: 13401: 13400: 13376: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13365: 13333: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13244: 13238: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13199:Psychology Press 13188: 13182: 13168: 13162: 13155: 13149: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13085: 13079: 13072: 13066: 13065: 13042:Military Affairs 13037: 13031: 13024: 13018: 13017: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12982: 12976: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12931: 12925: 12919: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12908: 12885: 12875: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12832: 12821: 12820: 12808: 12802: 12789: 12783: 12776: 12770: 12769: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12737: 12731: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12609: 12603: 12602: 12570: 12564: 12563: 12557: 12549: 12531: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12511: 12505: 12487: 12481: 12464: 12458: 12441: 12426: 12425: 12405: 12399: 12392: 12386: 12383: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12354: 12348: 12347: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12281: 12275: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12223: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12109: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12006: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11964: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11818: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11639: 11629: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11548: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11518:. pp. XIV. 11505: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11429: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11377: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11338: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11146: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11097: 11091: 11086:Sakwa, Richard. 11084: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11053: 11047: 11040: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11009: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10949:(8): 1223–1240. 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10916:. Archived from 10903: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10842:. Archived from 10829: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10785: 10775: 10773:10.1289/ehp.9113 10766:(9): 1312–1317. 10749: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10655: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10531:. Archived from 10518: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10420: 10413: 10404: 10398: 10384: 10378: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10348: 10342: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10288:on 5 August 2014 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10227: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10191: 10190: 10182: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10140: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10106: 10097: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10061: 10044: 10034: 10026: 10020: 10019:խորհուրդ / սովետ 10012: 10006: 9998: 9982: 9981: 9956: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9932: 9926: 9918: 9910: 9894: 9886: 9878: 9872: 9869: 9863: 9856: 9850: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9672: 9666: 9664: 9652: 9646: 9639: 9633: 9630: 9624: 9621: 9615: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9593: 9586: 9580: 9577: 9571: 9564: 9558: 9551: 9545: 9542: 9536: 9533: 9527: 9526:March–September. 9524: 9518: 9515: 9509: 9498: 9492: 9485: 9479: 9469: 9463: 9456: 9450: 9443: 9196:Protest against 9175:Russian-occupied 9118:Sovietskii narod 8993:state capitalism 8985:communist states 8961: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8941: 8915: 8914: 8907: 8864:fall of the USSR 8815:Olympic Movement 8772:Valeri Kharlamov 8699:Mikhail Bulgakov 8673:Yevgeny Zamyatin 8669:Nikolay Gumilyov 8648: 8356: 8295:socialist system 8223: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8124:Nikolai Podgorny 8120:Grigory Zinoviev 7975:, an unofficial 7961:education system 7859:Byelorussian SSR 7668:Byelorussian SSR 7480: 7470: 7427: 7417: 7362: 7350: 7349: 7316: 7134:In terms of the 7123:, which carried 7035:Project Socrates 6846:William Easterly 6738:central planning 6715:allocated in aid 6615: 6606: 6598: 500–1,000 6597: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6562: 6502:Soviet Air Force 6490:Caribbean crisis 6374: 6372: 6371: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6160:Byelorussian SSR 6158: 6156: 6155: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6094: 6093: 5880:was a period of 5798:Munich Agreement 5664:Eastern European 5648:socialist states 5644:satellite states 5626: 5620: 5587:(1883–1954) and 5585:Andrey Vyshinsky 5573:Georgy Chicherin 5374:Andrey Vyshinsky 5263:private property 5041:party committees 4910:Party Congresses 4779:Kyshtym disaster 4670: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4614:to the east and 4610:extended to the 4516:Soviet republics 4481:de-Stalinization 4385: 4367: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4301: 4239: 4238: 4225: 4224: 4201: 4180: 4159: 4138: 4117: 4097: 4087:Chechen Republic 4080: 4063: 4052: 4051: 3949:USSR dissolution 3865: 3864: 3794:Collectivization 3712:Byelorussian SSR 3669:Russian Republic 3665: 3664: 3500: 3499: 3462:Treaty of Nystad 3390: 3389: 3304: 3303: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3208: 3198: 3180: 3179: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3092:Cyrillic letters 3085: 3084: 3056:socialist soviet 3049: 3039: 3037: 3036: 2981: 2965: 2959: 2948: 2944: 2772:de-Stalinization 2733:satellite states 2661:Soviet republics 2653:Russian Republic 2624:governed by the 2546: 2539: 2532: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2497:Soviet republics 2337:New Union Treaty 2138:Olympic boycotts 1956:We will bury you 1942:De-Stalinization 1859:Battle of Berlin 1783:Collectivization 1664:World revolution 1641: 1618: 1617: 1596: 1595: 1582: 1581: 1568: 1567: 1554: 1553: 1540: 1539: 1526: 1525: 1512: 1511: 1498: 1497: 1484: 1483: 1470: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1442: 1441: 1428: 1427: 1410: 1409: 1396: 1395: 1382: 1381: 1366: 1365: 1353: 1352: 1339: 1338: 1321: 1320: 1307: 1306: 1297:Byelorussian SSR 1293: 1292: 1279: 1278: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1238: 1237: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1141: 1140: 1132: 1090: 1052: 1022: 1021: 956:26 December 1991 952: 911: 887:25 February 1956 882:De-Stalinization 870: 820:30 December 1922 606:acting, disputed 476:Marxist–Leninist 359: 306: 289: 288: 286: 285: 284: 279: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 252:and largest city 239: 226: 225: 187: 186: 180: 179: 150: 149: 128: 127: 106: 90: 72: 71: 70: 64: 63: 51: 50: 21: 25794: 25793: 25789: 25788: 25787: 25785: 25784: 25783: 25709: 25708: 25707: 25702: 25701: 25696: 25683: 25676: 25663: 25622:Public holidays 25617:Political jokes 25602:Personification 25555:Names of Russia 25424: 25343:Life expectancy 25175: 25107: 24999: 24850:Law enforcement 24743: 24729:Protected areas 24626:Smolensk Upland 24621:Oka–Don Lowland 24601:European Russia 24542: 24481: 24367:Mongol invasion 24314: 24308: 24278: 24269: 24174: 24155: 24134: 24122: 24007: 24003:Zinoviev letter 23953: 23927: 23911: 23835:Post-Soviet era 23829: 23790:Active Measures 23773: 23764: 23733: 23721: 23709: 23697: 23685: 23654: 23628: 23616: 23556: 23554:Jihadunspun.com 23540: 23521: 23446: 23422:New World Order 23390:Genocide denial 23361: 23346: 23295: 23280: 23202:Memetic warfare 22992: 22981: 22972: 22942: 22937: 22852: 22806: 22793:Soviet reaction 22779:Croatian Spring 22723: 22721: 22714: 22708: 22700: 22672: 22666: 22628: 22615: 22601:Berlin Blockade 22552: 22551: 22532: 22527: 22497: 22492: 22475: 22456:Slovakia (1919) 22356:Alsace-Lorraine 22344: 22272: 22201: 22108: 22077: 21986: 21980: 21909: 21888: 21719: 21713: 21678: 21670: 21665: 21664: 21659: 21641: 21623: 21605: 21507:Checheno-Ingush 21488: 21483: 21453: 21448: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21432: 21427: 21411: 21403: 21390: 21385: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21364: 21359: 21357:Checheno-Ingush 21354: 21349: 21344: 21335: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21317:Checheno-Ingush 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21285: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21235: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21172: 21166: 21030:Checheno-Ingush 20998: 20993: 20963: 20958: 20917: 20890: 20856: 20821: 20815: 20765: 20759: 20724: 20716: 20711: 20690: 20688: 20675: 20623: 20597: 20517: 20431: 20376: 20348: 20322:Internet domain 20317:Five-year plans 20279: 20246: 20186: 20089: 20051: 19983:Communist Party 19971: 19930:Passport system 19820: 19796:European Russia 19774: 19713: 19654:Khrushchev Thaw 19633:(World War II) 19611:Creation treaty 19565: 19559: 19506: 19502: 19497: 19464: 19450: 19425: 19406: 19392:Shukman, Harold 19376: 19353: 19328: 19310:Service, Robert 19302: 19286:Service, Robert 19278: 19248: 19237: 19211: 19183: 19165:Service, Robert 19144: 19125: 19052: 19025: 19002: 18977: 18931: 18905: 18903: 18899: 18888: 18858: 18813: 18805:(CUP) Archive. 18791:Comrie, Bernard 18783: 18760: 18742: 18737: 18736: 18726: 18724: 18712: 18708: 18698: 18696: 18683: 18682: 18678: 18668: 18666: 18653: 18652: 18648: 18638: 18636: 18621: 18620: 18616: 18606: 18604: 18600: 18594: 18583: 18575: 18571: 18564: 18541: 18537: 18523: 18504: 18500: 18490: 18488: 18464:10.1.1.691.8154 18441: 18437: 18427: 18425: 18416: 18412: 18402: 18400: 18387: 18383: 18370: 18369: 18365: 18356: 18355: 18351: 18342: 18341: 18337: 18322: 18321: 18317: 18310: 18296: 18292: 18282: 18280: 18276: 18265: 18259:Muižnieks, Nils 18255: 18251: 18242: 18241: 18237: 18222: 18221: 18210: 18200: 18198: 18185: 18184: 18180: 18170: 18168: 18155: 18154: 18150: 18140: 18138: 18129: 18128: 18124: 18114: 18112: 18097: 18093: 18086: 18068: 18059: 18049: 18047: 18038: 18037: 18033: 18023: 18021: 18009: 18005: 17996: 17995: 17988: 17961: 17957: 17947: 17945: 17930: 17929: 17925: 17889: 17885: 17875: 17873: 17866: 17843: 17839: 17829:Wayback Machine 17820: 17816: 17807: 17803: 17796: 17767: 17763: 17753: 17751: 17736: 17732: 17722: 17720: 17701: 17697: 17683: 17681: 17664:Hudson, Michael 17661: 17657: 17650: 17629: 17625: 17580: 17576: 17566: 17564: 17553: 17549: 17512: 17508: 17499:Smorodinskaya. 17497: 17493: 17482: 17478: 17471: 17451: 17447: 17432: 17428: 17418: 17416: 17407: 17406: 17402: 17392: 17390: 17377:"Cops for hire" 17375: 17374: 17370: 17365: 17361: 17350: 17346: 17336: 17334: 17321: 17320: 17316: 17306: 17304: 17291: 17287: 17280: 17251: 17242: 17235: 17206: 17202: 17196:Wayback Machine 17187: 17183: 17173: 17171: 17142: 17138: 17114:10.2307/2494336 17091: 17087: 17080: 17054: 17050: 17040: 17038: 17031: 17013: 17009: 16999: 16997: 16979: 16975: 16965: 16963: 16953: 16949: 16942: 16926: 16922: 16914: 16903: 16899: 16898: 16894: 16889:. 22 July 1986. 16879: 16878: 16874: 16859: 16855: 16845: 16843: 16830:Benson, Tyler. 16828: 16821: 16811: 16809: 16800: 16799: 16795: 16787: 16783: 16772: 16770: 16766: 16756: 16754: 16747: 16727: 16723: 16715: 16711: 16701: 16699: 16692: 16676: 16672: 16662: 16660: 16653: 16645:. p. 144. 16643:Hamish Hamilton 16633: 16626: 16616: 16614: 16607: 16599:. p. 263. 16587: 16583: 16575: 16566: 16555: 16551: 16546: 16542: 16528: 16526: 16519: 16503: 16499: 16494: 16490: 16485: 16481: 16471: 16469: 16460: 16459: 16455: 16445: 16443: 16434: 16433: 16429: 16420: 16416: 16407: 16403: 16380: 16376: 16366: 16364: 16362: 16336: 16332: 16324: 16320: 16312: 16301: 16291: 16289: 16282: 16266: 16262: 16252: 16250: 16248: 16222: 16213: 16203: 16201: 16190: 16186: 16185: 16181: 16173: 16169: 16161: 16157: 16149: 16145: 16137: 16133: 16129:, pp. 3–4. 16125: 16121: 16111: 16109: 16082: 16078: 16068: 16066: 16059:Chicago Tribune 16051: 16047: 16016: 16012: 16004: 16000: 15992: 15988: 15980: 15976: 15971:Wayback Machine 15960:Wayback Machine 15950: 15946: 15935: 15933: 15916: 15912: 15904: 15900: 15892: 15888: 15875: 15874: 15870: 15860: 15858: 15838: 15834: 15824: 15822: 15815: 15807:. p. 130. 15795: 15791: 15781: 15779: 15772: 15752: 15748: 15738: 15736: 15722: 15718: 15708: 15706: 15698:The Independent 15686: 15682: 15672: 15670: 15652: 15648: 15641: 15625:Mikhail Shifman 15622: 15618: 15608: 15606: 15599: 15583: 15579: 15561:Wayback Machine 15547: 15543: 15533: 15531: 15516: 15512: 15502: 15500: 15499:on 24 June 2019 15487:Englund, Will. 15485: 15481: 15476: 15472: 15467: 15463: 15453: 15451: 15434: 15430: 15420: 15418: 15399: 15395: 15384: 15380: 15371: 15367: 15354: 15350: 15340: 15338: 15337:on 20 June 2018 15334: 15323: 15319: 15318: 15314: 15273: 15269: 15262: 15251: 15243: 15236: 15226: 15224: 15182: 15178: 15166: 15162: 15147: 15143: 15096: 15092: 15081: 15077: 15066: 15062: 15046: 15038: 15034: 15024: 15022: 15015: 14999: 14995: 14988: 14966: 14962: 14955: 14933: 14929: 14919: 14917: 14910: 14894: 14890: 14877:"War Communism" 14873: 14869: 14860: 14859: 14855: 14848: 14832:. Vol. 3. 14824: 14820: 14812: 14808: 14800: 14793: 14785: 14781: 14773: 14769: 14761: 14757: 14749: 14745: 14737: 14730: 14720: 14718: 14711: 14695: 14691: 14673: 14672: 14668: 14658: 14656: 14641: 14634: 14624: 14622: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14594: 14592: 14579: 14578: 14574: 14564: 14562: 14547: 14543: 14533: 14531: 14518: 14517: 14513: 14503: 14501: 14488: 14487: 14483: 14478:. 7 March 1991. 14473: 14472: 14468: 14457: 14453: 14442: 14438: 14419: 14415: 14405: 14403: 14386: 14382: 14374:Smithsonian.com 14369:Wayback Machine 14356: 14352: 14342: 14340: 14327: 14326: 14322: 14312: 14310: 14297: 14296: 14292: 14282: 14280: 14273: 14265:. p. 233. 14253: 14249: 14239: 14237: 14217: 14213: 14203: 14201: 14181: 14172: 14164: 14160: 14152: 14148: 14140: 14136: 14128: 14124: 14116: 14112: 14102: 14100: 14087: 14086: 14082: 14072: 14070: 14050: 14046: 14036: 14034: 14014: 14010: 13975: 13971: 13963: 13959: 13914: 13910: 13902: 13898: 13888: 13886: 13879: 13856: 13852: 13829: 13825: 13794: 13790: 13781: 13774: 13764: 13762: 13749: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13729: 13728: 13724: 13717: 13701:. Vol. 1. 13693: 13689: 13679: 13677: 13664: 13663: 13652: 13642: 13640: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13612: 13610: 13603: 13576: 13572: 13562: 13560: 13553: 13533: 13529: 13519: 13517: 13510: 13490: 13475: 13466: 13462: 13453: 13452: 13448: 13438: 13436: 13427: 13426: 13422: 13417: 13413: 13408: 13404: 13397: 13389:. p. 368. 13377: 13373: 13363: 13361: 13354: 13334: 13330: 13320: 13318: 13311: 13295: 13291: 13281: 13279: 13264: 13260: 13245: 13241: 13232: 13228: 13218: 13216: 13209: 13201:. p. 103. 13189: 13185: 13169: 13165: 13156: 13152: 13146:Stalin's Russia 13143: 13139: 13132: 13113: 13109: 13086: 13082: 13073: 13069: 13054:10.2307/1986524 13038: 13034: 13025: 13021: 13004: 13000: 12983: 12979: 12962: 12958: 12950: 12946: 12933: 12932: 12928: 12920: 12916: 12906: 12904: 12902: 12876: 12872: 12862: 12860: 12853: 12845:. p. 369. 12833: 12824: 12809: 12805: 12800:Wayback Machine 12790: 12786: 12778:Duncan Hallas, 12777: 12773: 12756: 12752: 12738: 12734: 12716:Yevgenia Albats 12714: 12710: 12700: 12698: 12691: 12687: 12680: 12664: 12660: 12653: 12637: 12633: 12626: 12610: 12606: 12571: 12567: 12551: 12550: 12546: 12532: 12528: 12520: 12512: 12508: 12488: 12484: 12465: 12461: 12442: 12429: 12422: 12406: 12402: 12393: 12389: 12384: 12380: 12370: 12368: 12361: 12356: 12355: 12351: 12341: 12329: 12328: 12324: 12314: 12313: 12309: 12299: 12283: 12282: 12278: 12268: 12266: 12258: 12257: 12253: 12243: 12241: 12224: 12220: 12210: 12208: 12201: 12181: 12177: 12166: 12153: 12149: 12139: 12137: 12130: 12122:. p. 490. 12110: 12106: 12096: 12094: 12087: 12067: 12063: 12053: 12051: 12038: 12037: 12033: 12023: 12021: 12019: 11997: 11993: 11986: 11978:. p. 674. 11965: 11958: 11948: 11946: 11939: 11931:. p. 379. 11919:Service, Robert 11916: 11912: 11896: 11895: 11891: 11881: 11879: 11872: 11852: 11848: 11838: 11836: 11819: 11815: 11805: 11803: 11796: 11777: 11773: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11742: 11740: 11733: 11713: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11690: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11630: 11626: 11616: 11614: 11607: 11599:. p. 205. 11587: 11583: 11573: 11571: 11564: 11550: 11549: 11545: 11535: 11533: 11526: 11506: 11499: 11489: 11487: 11480: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11420: 11416: 11406: 11404: 11397: 11378: 11374: 11364: 11362: 11355: 11339: 11335: 11325: 11323: 11316: 11302: 11301: 11297: 11287: 11285: 11278: 11270:. p. 378. 11258:Service, Robert 11255: 11251: 11241: 11239: 11232: 11216: 11212: 11202: 11200: 11193: 11177: 11173: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11151:. p. 325. 11137: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11085: 11078: 11068: 11066: 11054: 11050: 11041: 11037: 11027: 11025: 11010: 11006: 10996: 10994: 10982: 10978: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10904: 10900: 10890: 10888: 10863: 10859: 10849: 10847: 10846:on 12 June 2024 10830: 10826: 10816: 10814: 10803: 10799: 10750: 10746: 10736: 10734: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10706: 10704: 10684: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10667:. 26 April 2021 10657: 10656: 10652: 10642: 10640: 10632: 10631: 10627: 10617: 10615: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10552: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10519: 10515: 10505: 10503: 10478: 10474: 10464: 10462: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10395:Wayback Machine 10385: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10350: 10349: 10345: 10333:, p. 421; 10331:Volkogonov 1994 10329:, p. 354; 10321:, p. 608; 10317: 10313: 10305: 10301: 10291: 10289: 10280: 10279: 10275: 10265: 10263: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10238: 10228: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10201: 10194: 10175: 10168: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10138: 10134: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10108: 10107: 10100: 10088: 10084: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10047: 10024:xorhurd / sovet 9879: 9875: 9870: 9866: 9857: 9853: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9781: 9773: 9769:Sovetskiy Soyuz 9753: 9749: 9726: 9722: 9711: 9710: 9702: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9653: 9649: 9640: 9636: 9631: 9627: 9622: 9618: 9613: 9609: 9600: 9596: 9587: 9583: 9578: 9574: 9565: 9561: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9512: 9499: 9495: 9486: 9482: 9470: 9466: 9457: 9453: 9444: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9416:Second Cold War 9381: 9240: 9234: 9167: 9153: 9143:(March 8), and 9139:(February 23), 9086:Leonid Brezhnev 8997:state socialism 8962: 8951: 8945: 8942: 8931: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8895: 8871:Andrew Jennings 8765: 8747: 8706:Khrushchev Thaw 8641: 8639: 8613: 8607: 8484:Roman Catholics 8415:Khrushchev Thaw 8375: 8369: 8344:second language 8330: 8322:Main articles: 8320: 8311: 8280:Yevgeniy Chazov 8269:Leonid Brezhnev 8265:right to health 8240: 8234: 8227: 8224: 8215: 8212: 8203: 8200: 8191: 8188: 8179: 8176: 8167: 8164: 8155: 8152: 8143: 8140: 8008: 7992:Main articles: 7990: 7941:social mobility 7915: 7909: 7873: 7867: 7800: 7795: 7481: 7475: 7471: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7370: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7314: 7297:(including the 7275: 7269: 7193: 7187: 7059: 7051:Main articles: 7049: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6912: 6906: 6842:Stanley Fischer 6834:quality of life 6787:Workers of the 6746:five-year plans 6719:military budget 6690:self-sufficient 6630:command economy 6620: 6616: < 250 6613: 6611: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6566: 6554: 6548: 6527:(1956) and the 6494:Sergei Gorshkov 6470:Internal Troops 6468:(OGPU) and the 6424:A medium-range 6418: 6392: 6386: 6369: 6367: 6351: 6349: 6333: 6331: 6315: 6313: 6297: 6295: 6279: 6277: 6261: 6259: 6243: 6241: 6225: 6223: 6207: 6205: 6189: 6187: 6171: 6169: 6153: 6151: 6135: 6133: 6110: 6108: 5970: 5958:Main articles: 5956: 5938:, far-reaching 5874: 5866:Main articles: 5864: 5836:interwar period 5828: 5820:Main articles: 5818: 5754:social fascists 5698: 5692: 5679:Josip Broz Tito 5605:world communism 5537:Henry Kissinger 5533:Leonid Brezhnev 5488: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5455:The purpose of 5362:civil liberties 5332:. According to 5285:are the "basic 5274: 5235:1927 until 1953 5224: 5218: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5176:Judicial system 5131:Georgy Malenkov 5086: 5080: 5000:Five-Year Plans 4972: 4966: 4890: 4884: 4882:Communist Party 4864: 4856:Main articles: 4854: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4649:The USSR, like 4566:Landscape near 4558:mountain range. 4544: 4538: 4532: 4510:(openness) and 4506:'s policies of 4489:Leonid Brezhnev 4485:Khrushchev Thaw 4415:Communist Party 4403: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4386: 4378: 4377: 4368: 4357: 4347: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4255: 4247: 4246: 4227: 4226: 4213: 4199: 4178: 4157: 4136: 4115: 4095: 4078: 4061: 4050: 4045:2022 annexation 4029:Mass emigration 4017:2020 amendments 4000: 3958: 3944: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3863: 3849: 3827: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3663: 3646: 3609:Kornilov affair 3587: 3586: 3578: 3547:Congress Poland 3525:Russian America 3498: 3486:1905 Revolution 3453: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3404:Vladimir-Suzdal 3388: 3380:Mongol conquest 3368: 3367: 3359: 3302: 3297:Russkaya Pravda 3292:Baptism of Rus' 3284: 3283: 3275: 3240:pre-9th century 3218: 3216: 3196: 3189: 3178: 3172: 3158:is in English. 3119:Sovyetsky Soyuz 3030:Georgian Affair 3017:, in which the 2993:The Soviets as 2953:verbal stem of 2927: 2925:Names of Russia 2921: 2915: 2887:founding member 2842:, an attempted 2750:coalesced into 2723:losses. In the 2649:socialist state 2630:communist state 2622:one-party state 2608:. In practice, 2550: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2447: 2439: 2438: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2297:April 9 tragedy 2176: 2165: 2164: 2012: 2001: 2000: 1937:Khrushchev Thaw 1917: 1906: 1905: 1886:Berlin Blockade 1773: 1762: 1761: 1712: 1711:: Establishment 1701: 1700: 1679:Bolshevik Party 1674:Bolshevik split 1649: 1612: 1593: 1579: 1565: 1551: 1537: 1523: 1509: 1495: 1481: 1467: 1453: 1439: 1425: 1419: 1407: 1393: 1379: 1373: 1350: 1336: 1328: 1318: 1304: 1290: 1276: 1268: 1258: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1114: 1100: 1088: 1076: 1062: 1046: 1034: 1015: 996: 986: 972: 953: 948: 941:8 December 1991 938: 925: 912: 907: 897: 884: 871: 866: 856: 846:5 December 1936 843: 833:31 January 1924 830: 817: 807:7 November 1917 804: 790: 776:Interwar period 763: 757: 747: 743: 736: 727: 717: 713: 706: 683: 673: 645: 637:Mikhail Kalinin 633: 602:Gennady Yanayev 598: 586: 574: 562: 554:Leonid Brezhnev 550: 538: 530:Georgy Malenkov 526: 514: 502: 454: 423: 402: 392: 353: 304: 282: 280: 276: 273: 268: 265: 263: 261: 260: 259: 253: 245: 230: 227: 196: 188: 158: 151: 129: 116: 115: 114: 112: 107: 99: 98: 96: 91: 73: 65: 59: 58: 56: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25792: 25782: 25781: 25776: 25771: 25766: 25764:Former empires 25761: 25756: 25751: 25746: 25741: 25736: 25731: 25726: 25721: 25704: 25703: 25698: 25697: 25695: 25694: 25689: 25682: 25681: 25673: 25672: 25669: 25668: 25665: 25664: 25662: 25661: 25656: 25655: 25654: 25644: 25639: 25634: 25629: 25624: 25619: 25614: 25609: 25604: 25599: 25594: 25589: 25588: 25587: 25582: 25577: 25567: 25562: 25557: 25552: 25547: 25542: 25537: 25532: 25527: 25522: 25517: 25512: 25507: 25502: 25497: 25492: 25487: 25482: 25477: 25476: 25475: 25465: 25460: 25455: 25450: 25445: 25440: 25434: 25432: 25426: 25425: 25423: 25422: 25421: 25420: 25410: 25405: 25400: 25395: 25390: 25385: 25380: 25375: 25370: 25365: 25360: 25355: 25350: 25345: 25340: 25335: 25334: 25333: 25328: 25318: 25317: 25316: 25306: 25305: 25304: 25299: 25294: 25284: 25279: 25274: 25269: 25264: 25259: 25254: 25249: 25244: 25239: 25234: 25229: 25224: 25219: 25214: 25209: 25204: 25199: 25193: 25187: 25181: 25180: 25177: 25176: 25174: 25173: 25168: 25163: 25158: 25153: 25148: 25143: 25138: 25136:Space industry 25133: 25128: 25123: 25122: 25121: 25111: 25103: 25098: 25093: 25088: 25083: 25078: 25073: 25068: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25028: 25023: 25017: 25011: 25005: 25004: 25001: 25000: 24998: 24997: 24992: 24987: 24982: 24977: 24975:Urban planning 24972: 24967: 24962: 24957: 24952: 24947: 24942: 24937: 24932: 24927: 24922: 24917: 24912: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24872: 24867: 24862: 24857: 24847: 24842: 24837: 24827: 24822: 24812: 24810:Federal budget 24807: 24802: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24777: 24772: 24767: 24761: 24755: 24749: 24748: 24745: 24744: 24742: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24719:North Caucasus 24716: 24715: 24714: 24709: 24704: 24694: 24693: 24692: 24687: 24682: 24672: 24671: 24670: 24660: 24655: 24653:Highest points 24650: 24645: 24640: 24635: 24630: 24629: 24628: 24623: 24618: 24613: 24608: 24598: 24596:Extreme points 24593: 24592: 24591: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24560: 24554: 24548: 24547: 24544: 24543: 24541: 24540: 24535: 24530: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24510: 24505: 24500: 24495: 24489: 24487: 24483: 24482: 24480: 24479: 24478: 24477: 24467: 24466: 24465: 24460: 24455: 24445: 24444: 24443: 24438: 24428: 24423: 24422: 24421: 24411: 24409:Russian Empire 24406: 24405: 24404: 24394: 24389: 24388: 24387: 24382: 24377: 24369: 24364: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24333: 24331: 24322: 24316: 24315: 24313: articles 24307: 24306: 24299: 24292: 24284: 24275: 24274: 24271: 24270: 24268: 24267: 24262: 24257: 24252: 24247: 24242: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24197: 24192: 24191: 24190: 24179: 24176: 24175: 24165: 24164: 24161: 24160: 24157: 24156: 24154: 24153: 24148: 24142: 24140: 24136: 24135: 24130: 24128: 24124: 24123: 24121: 24120: 24115: 24110: 24105: 24100: 24095: 24090: 24085: 24083:Habbush letter 24080: 24075: 24070: 24069: 24068: 24058: 24053: 24052: 24051: 24046: 24041: 24036: 24026: 24021: 24015: 24013: 24009: 24008: 24006: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23982: 23977: 23972: 23967: 23965:Bell Pottinger 23961: 23959: 23958:United Kingdom 23955: 23954: 23952: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23935: 23933: 23929: 23928: 23923: 23921: 23917: 23916: 23913: 23912: 23910: 23909: 23904: 23899: 23894: 23889: 23888: 23887: 23882: 23877: 23869: 23868: 23867: 23857: 23856: 23855: 23850: 23839: 23837: 23831: 23830: 23828: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23802: 23797: 23792: 23786: 23784: 23775: 23766: 23765: 23763: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23741: 23739: 23735: 23734: 23729: 23727: 23723: 23722: 23717: 23715: 23711: 23710: 23705: 23703: 23699: 23698: 23693: 23691: 23687: 23686: 23684: 23683: 23678: 23673: 23668: 23662: 23660: 23656: 23655: 23653: 23652: 23647: 23642: 23636: 23634: 23630: 23629: 23624: 23622: 23621:Czechoslovakia 23618: 23617: 23615: 23614: 23607: 23602: 23601: 23600: 23595: 23593:PLA Unit 61398 23590: 23585: 23580: 23575: 23564: 23562: 23558: 23557: 23552: 23550: 23542: 23541: 23531: 23530: 23527: 23526: 23523: 23522: 23520: 23519: 23514: 23513: 23512: 23507: 23502: 23492: 23487: 23482: 23477: 23472: 23471: 23470: 23468:by governments 23460: 23454: 23452: 23445: 23444: 23439: 23434: 23429: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23398: 23397: 23387: 23382: 23377: 23372: 23366: 23363: 23362: 23352: 23351: 23348: 23347: 23345: 23344: 23337: 23330: 23323: 23316: 23309: 23305:Disinformation 23300: 23297: 23296: 23286: 23285: 23282: 23281: 23279: 23278: 23273: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23253: 23248: 23243: 23238: 23233: 23232: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23211: 23210: 23209: 23204: 23194: 23189: 23184: 23179: 23174: 23169: 23164: 23159: 23154: 23149: 23144: 23139: 23134: 23129: 23124: 23119: 23114: 23109: 23108: 23107: 23097: 23096: 23095: 23090: 23085: 23075: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23050: 23045: 23035: 23034: 23033: 23026:Cognitive bias 23023: 23018: 23016:Cherry picking 23013: 23008: 23003: 22997: 22994: 22993: 22983: 22982: 22979:misinformation 22975:Disinformation 22971: 22970: 22963: 22956: 22948: 22939: 22938: 22936: 22935: 22934: 22933: 22923: 22918: 22913: 22908: 22903: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22873: 22866: 22860: 22858: 22854: 22853: 22851: 22850: 22845: 22840: 22835: 22830: 22825: 22814: 22812: 22808: 22807: 22805: 22804: 22799: 22786: 22781: 22776: 22771: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22726: 22724: 22719: 22716: 22715: 22713: 22712: 22704: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22680: 22678: 22674: 22673: 22671: 22670: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22623: 22621: 22617: 22616: 22614: 22613: 22608: 22603: 22598: 22593: 22592: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22576: 22566: 22560: 22558: 22554: 22553: 22550: 22549: 22544: 22538: 22537: 22534: 22533: 22526: 22525: 22518: 22511: 22503: 22494: 22493: 22488: 22485: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22477: 22476: 22474: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22436:Hungary (1919) 22433: 22428: 22423: 22422: 22421: 22416: 22408: 22403: 22398: 22393: 22388: 22383: 22382: 22381: 22376: 22368: 22363: 22358: 22352: 22350: 22343: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22311: 22310: 22305: 22303:Czech Republic 22298:Czechoslovakia 22295: 22290: 22284: 22282: 22278: 22277: 22274: 22273: 22271: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22238:Inner Mongolia 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22218:East Turkestan 22215: 22209: 22207: 22200: 22199: 22198: 22197: 22187: 22182: 22177: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22146: 22145: 22140: 22135: 22127: 22122: 22116: 22114: 22110: 22109: 22107: 22106: 22101: 22096: 22091: 22085: 22083: 22079: 22078: 22076: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22040: 22039: 22038: 22033: 22025: 22020: 22015: 22010: 22005: 21999: 21997: 21990: 21982: 21981: 21979: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21917: 21915: 21911: 21910: 21908: 21907: 21902: 21900:United Kingdom 21896: 21894: 21890: 21889: 21887: 21886: 21881: 21880: 21879: 21871: 21870: 21869: 21859: 21857:United Kingdom 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21794: 21793: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21781: 21780: 21767: 21762: 21761: 21760: 21750: 21745: 21744: 21743: 21733: 21727: 21725: 21721: 21720: 21712: 21711: 21704: 21697: 21689: 21683: 21680: 21679: 21667: 21666: 21661: 21660: 21658: 21657: 21651: 21649: 21643: 21642: 21640: 21639: 21633: 21631: 21629:Azerbaijan SSR 21625: 21624: 21622: 21621: 21619:South Ossetian 21615: 21613: 21607: 21606: 21604: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21591:North Ossetian 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21567: 21566: 21561: 21551: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21520: 21519: 21514: 21504: 21498: 21496: 21490: 21489: 21482: 21481: 21474: 21467: 21459: 21450: 21449: 21446: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21409: 21400: 21399: 21396: 21395: 21392: 21391: 21387: 21386: 21342:North Ossetian 21338: 21336: 21288: 21286: 21238: 21236: 21188: 21186: 21180: 21174: 21168: 21167: 21165: 21164: 21159: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21127:North Ossetian 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21088: 21087: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21006: 21004: 21000: 20999: 20992: 20991: 20984: 20977: 20969: 20960: 20959: 20957: 20956: 20950: 20944: 20938: 20932: 20925: 20923: 20919: 20918: 20916: 20915: 20909: 20902: 20900: 20896: 20895: 20892: 20891: 20889: 20888: 20883: 20881:Lithuanian SSR 20878: 20873: 20867: 20865: 20858: 20857: 20855: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20828: 20826: 20817: 20816: 20814: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20791:Azerbaijan SSR 20788: 20782: 20780: 20771: 20767: 20766: 20758: 20757: 20750: 20743: 20735: 20729: 20726: 20725: 20713: 20712: 20710: 20709: 20699: 20684: 20681: 20680: 20677: 20676: 20674: 20673: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20656: 20655: 20654: 20644: 20643: 20642: 20631: 20629: 20625: 20624: 20622: 20621: 20620: 20619: 20607: 20605: 20599: 20598: 20596: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20559: 20558: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20527: 20525: 20519: 20518: 20516: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20504: 20503: 20498: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20477: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20456: 20451: 20445: 20439: 20433: 20432: 20430: 20429: 20428: 20427: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20386: 20384: 20378: 20377: 20375: 20374: 20373: 20372: 20367: 20365:Rail transport 20362: 20360:Railway system 20352: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20293: 20291: 20285: 20284: 20281: 20280: 20278: 20277: 20272: 20267: 20262: 20256: 20254: 20248: 20247: 20245: 20244: 20239: 20234: 20233: 20232: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20196: 20194: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20184: 20183: 20182: 20156: 20155: 20154: 20149: 20139: 20134: 20133: 20132: 20122: 20121: 20120: 20110: 20105: 20099: 20097: 20091: 20090: 20088: 20087: 20082: 20080:Deputy Premier 20077: 20072: 20071: 20070: 20063:Heads of state 20059: 20057: 20053: 20052: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20047: 20037: 20031: 20028:Supreme Soviet 20025: 20019: 20018: 20017: 20012: 20011: 20010: 20005: 19995: 19990: 19979: 19977: 19973: 19972: 19970: 19969: 19964: 19963: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19945:State ideology 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19926: 19925: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19904: 19903: 19893: 19892: 19891: 19881: 19876: 19875: 19874: 19864: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19852: 19841: 19839: 19832: 19826: 19825: 19822: 19821: 19819: 19818: 19813: 19811:Ural Mountains 19808: 19803: 19801:North Caucasus 19798: 19793: 19788: 19782: 19780: 19776: 19775: 19773: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19761: 19760: 19750: 19745: 19744: 19743: 19732: 19730: 19721: 19715: 19714: 19712: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19645: 19644: 19639: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19597: 19596: 19591: 19581: 19575: 19573: 19567: 19566: 19558: 19557: 19550: 19543: 19535: 19529: 19528: 19522: 19513: 19501: 19500:External links 19498: 19496: 19495: 19454: 19448: 19429: 19423: 19410: 19404: 19380: 19374: 19357: 19351: 19332: 19326: 19306: 19300: 19282: 19277:978-1138815681 19276: 19257: 19241: 19235: 19215: 19209: 19187: 19181: 19157: 19148: 19142: 19129: 19123: 19103: 19083:(6): 699–724. 19072: 19056: 19050: 19029: 19023: 19006: 19000: 18981: 18975: 18956: 18946:(3): 262–286. 18935: 18929: 18912: 18874: 18866:Fischer, Louis 18862: 18856: 18834:Davies, Robert 18830: 18817: 18811: 18787: 18781: 18761: 18741: 18738: 18735: 18734: 18706: 18676: 18659:Etext Archives 18646: 18614: 18592: 18569: 18562: 18535: 18522:978-0906582473 18521: 18498: 18457:(1): 110–126. 18435: 18410: 18381: 18363: 18349: 18335: 18315: 18308: 18290: 18249: 18235: 18208: 18178: 18148: 18122: 18091: 18084: 18057: 18031: 18003: 17986: 17955: 17923: 17904:(2): 135–138. 17883: 17864: 17858:. p. 63. 17837: 17814: 17801: 17794: 17761: 17750:on 8 July 2016 17730: 17695: 17655: 17648: 17623: 17594:(4): 539–550. 17574: 17547: 17533:10.1086/315570 17506: 17491: 17476: 17469: 17445: 17442:. p. 481. 17426: 17400: 17368: 17359: 17344: 17314: 17285: 17278: 17240: 17233: 17200: 17181: 17136: 17107:(2): 314–322. 17085: 17078: 17048: 17029: 17007: 16973: 16947: 16940: 16920: 16892: 16872: 16853: 16819: 16793: 16781: 16764: 16745: 16721: 16709: 16690: 16670: 16651: 16624: 16605: 16581: 16564: 16549: 16540: 16517: 16497: 16488: 16479: 16453: 16427: 16414: 16401: 16374: 16360: 16330: 16318: 16299: 16280: 16260: 16246: 16211: 16179: 16167: 16155: 16143: 16131: 16119: 16096:(3): 379–383. 16076: 16045: 16026:(1): 155–177. 16010: 15998: 15986: 15974: 15944: 15910: 15898: 15886: 15868: 15832: 15813: 15789: 15770: 15764:. p. 26. 15746: 15729:"Biographical" 15716: 15689:Dominic Lawson 15680: 15655:Edward Frenkel 15646: 15639: 15627:, ed. (2005). 15616: 15597: 15577: 15541: 15510: 15479: 15470: 15461: 15428: 15393: 15388:Russian Review 15378: 15365: 15348: 15312: 15299:10.2307/210935 15267: 15260: 15234: 15206:10.1086/451781 15176: 15160: 15141: 15090: 15075: 15060: 15032: 15013: 14993: 14986: 14960: 14953: 14927: 14908: 14888: 14867: 14853: 14846: 14840:. p. 56. 14818: 14816:, p. 169. 14806: 14804:, p. 167. 14791: 14789:, p. 165. 14779: 14777:, p. 168. 14767: 14755: 14753:, p. 201. 14743: 14741:, p. 205. 14728: 14709: 14689: 14666: 14632: 14602: 14572: 14541: 14511: 14481: 14466: 14451: 14436: 14413: 14380: 14350: 14320: 14290: 14271: 14247: 14211: 14170: 14168:, p. 299. 14158: 14146: 14144:, p. 297. 14134: 14132:, p. 295. 14122: 14110: 14080: 14044: 14008: 13985:(6): 956–987. 13969: 13957: 13928:(6): 661–666. 13908: 13896: 13877: 13850: 13839:(1): 141–167. 13823: 13788: 13772: 13739: 13722: 13715: 13687: 13650: 13620: 13601: 13570: 13551: 13545:. p. 30. 13527: 13508: 13473: 13467:Lih, Lars T., 13460: 13446: 13420: 13411: 13402: 13395: 13371: 13352: 13346:. p. 94. 13328: 13309: 13289: 13258: 13239: 13226: 13207: 13183: 13163: 13150: 13137: 13130: 13107: 13096:(2): 349–368. 13080: 13067: 13048:(3): 109–117. 13032: 13019: 12998: 12977: 12956: 12944: 12926: 12914: 12900: 12870: 12851: 12822: 12803: 12784: 12771: 12750: 12732: 12708: 12685: 12678: 12669:The Stalin Era 12658: 12651: 12631: 12624: 12604: 12585:(2): 110–141. 12565: 12544: 12526: 12506: 12482: 12459: 12427: 12421:978-0967533407 12420: 12400: 12387: 12378: 12349: 12339: 12322: 12307: 12297: 12276: 12251: 12218: 12199: 12175: 12147: 12128: 12104: 12085: 12061: 12031: 12017: 11991: 11984: 11956: 11937: 11910: 11889: 11870: 11864:. p. 71. 11846: 11831:. p. 31. 11813: 11794: 11780:Sakwa, Richard 11771: 11750: 11731: 11707: 11688: 11664: 11650: 11624: 11605: 11581: 11562: 11543: 11524: 11497: 11478: 11458: 11444: 11414: 11395: 11372: 11353: 11333: 11314: 11295: 11276: 11249: 11230: 11210: 11191: 11171: 11157: 11131: 11112: 11092: 11076: 11048: 11035: 11018:EurAsian Times 11004: 10976: 10931: 10898: 10857: 10824: 10797: 10744: 10714: 10678: 10650: 10625: 10595: 10568:(3): 201–227. 10546: 10513: 10472: 10432: 10399: 10379: 10370: 10343: 10341:, p. 175. 10325:, p. 50; 10311: 10299: 10273: 10257:"April Thesis" 10248: 10232:"Soviet Union" 10219: 10217:, p. 487. 10207: 10205:, p. 763. 10192: 10180:"Soviet" 10166: 10127: 10098: 10082: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10010:šūravī / sovet 10005:шӯравӣ / совет 9930:sovet / kenges 9873: 9864: 9851: 9837:to the south; 9811:Czechoslovakia 9790: 9757:Советский Союз 9747: 9720: 9676: 9667: 9647: 9634: 9625: 9616: 9607: 9594: 9581: 9572: 9559: 9546: 9537: 9528: 9519: 9510: 9493: 9480: 9464: 9460:praised Stalin 9451: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9244:Vladimir Lenin 9233: 9230: 9157:Anti-Sovietism 9152: 9149: 9135:, such as the 9109:massive losses 9092:, Stalin, and 9014:2001 stamp of 8964: 8963: 8919: 8917: 8910: 8894: 8891: 8746: 8743: 8704:Following the 8617:Soviet cuisine 8609:Main article: 8606: 8603: 8562:anti-Sovietism 8508:ruling classes 8480:Azerbaijan SSR 8371:Main article: 8368: 8365: 8319: 8316: 8310: 8307: 8257:Semashko model 8236:Main article: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8134: 8128:Andrei Gromyko 7989: 7986: 7922:Young Pioneers 7911:Main article: 7908: 7905: 7866: 7863: 7843:Azerbaijan SSR 7799: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7673: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7600:Azerbaijan SSR 7597: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7579: 7577:Dnepropetrovsk 7574: 7571: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7464: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7432: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7348: 7326:mortality rate 7271:Main article: 7268: 7265: 7241:street network 7227:, an aviation 7189:Main article: 7186: 7183: 7129:space shuttles 7096:rocket at the 7071:Pavel Popovich 7048: 7045: 6962:Main article: 6959: 6956: 6908:Main article: 6905: 6902: 6894:Czechoslovakia 6791:potash plant, 6778:reform of 1965 6774:consumer goods 6680:, one of many 6642:barrier troops 6622: 6621: 6612: 6607: 250–500 6603: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6550:Main article: 6547: 6544: 6498:battlecruisers 6388:Main article: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6311: 6307: 6306: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6250:Lithuanian SSR 6239: 6235: 6234: 6232:Azerbaijan SSR 6221: 6217: 6216: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6006:Turkestan ASSR 5955: 5952: 5863: 5860: 5852:United Kingdom 5817: 5814: 5791:Maxim Litvinov 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5667: 5632: 5608: 5589:Andrei Gromyko 5577:Maxim Litvinov 5529:Andrei Gromyko 5484:Main article: 5481: 5478: 5431:Soviet Ukraine 5407:Sergei Kovalev 5275: 5267: 5220:Main article: 5217: 5214: 5198:People's Court 5180:Main article: 5177: 5174: 5153:, to himself. 5082:Main article: 5079: 5076: 4992:Supreme Soviet 4968:Main article: 4965: 4962: 4944:, the nominal 4886:Main article: 4883: 4880: 4853: 4850: 4786:Kola Peninsula 4685:Czechoslovakia 4534:Main article: 4531: 4528: 4502:In the 1980s, 4479:, initiated a 4446:Allied victory 4387: 4380: 4379: 4371:Vladimir Lenin 4369: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4306: 4305: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4171: 4168:Kherson Oblast 4162: 4161: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4089: 4082: 4081: 4072: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4048: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3625:Bolshevik Coup 3581: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3569:Uryankhay Krai 3564: 3563: 3560: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3514:Russian Empire 3510: 3509: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3441:Tsarist Russia 3438: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247:Rus' Khaganate 3242: 3241: 3238: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3174:Main article: 3171: 3168: 3113:Советский Союз 3011:Vladimir Lenin 2984:Russian Empire 2917:Main article: 2914: 2911: 2891:United Nations 2768:Stalin's death 2691:system of the 2645:Vladimir Lenin 2610:its government 2594:Russian Empire 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2448: 2446:Related topics 2445: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2327:The Barricades 2324: 2322:January Events 2319: 2317:Dushanbe riots 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2213: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2086:Wars in Africa 2083: 2082: 2081: 2071: 2069:Yom Kippur War 2066: 2065: 2064: 2062:Fall of Saigon 2059: 2054: 2052:Operation Menu 2049: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1686:Russian Empire 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1661: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1272: 1271: 1262: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1153: 1151:(1990 formula) 1143: 1142: 1139:low inequality 1133: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1033:• Density 1032: 1029: 1028: 1016: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 990: 987: 984: 981: 980: 973: 970: 967: 966: 962: 961: 958: 957: 954: 946: 943: 942: 939: 933: 930: 929: 926: 920: 917: 916: 913: 905: 902: 901: 900:9 October 1977 898: 892: 889: 888: 885: 879: 876: 875: 872: 864: 861: 860: 857: 851: 848: 847: 844: 838: 835: 834: 831: 825: 822: 821: 818: 812: 809: 808: 805: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 789: 788: 783: 778: 772: 770: 769:Historical era 766: 765: 758: 752: 749: 748: 746: 745: 738: 730: 728: 722: 719: 718: 716: 715: 711:Supreme Soviet 708: 700: 698: 694: 693: 690: 689: 684: 681: 678: 677: 676:Vladimir Lenin 674: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 650: 649: 646: 643: 640: 639: 634: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 614: 613: 610: 609: 599: 596: 593: 592: 587: 584: 581: 580: 575: 572: 569: 568: 563: 560: 557: 556: 551: 548: 545: 544: 539: 536: 533: 532: 527: 524: 521: 520: 515: 512: 509: 508: 506:Vladimir Lenin 503: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 483: 482: 472: 468: 467: 462: 456: 455: 453: 452: 442: 431: 429: 425: 424: 422: 421: 418: 412: 405: 403: 400: 394: 393: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 309: 307: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 283:55.750; 37.617 254: 251: 247: 246: 240: 232: 231: 229: 228: 194: 181: 143: 136: 135: 118: 117: 108: 101: 100: 92: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 75: 74: 57: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25791: 25780: 25777: 25775: 25772: 25770: 25767: 25765: 25762: 25760: 25757: 25755: 25752: 25750: 25747: 25745: 25742: 25740: 25737: 25735: 25732: 25730: 25727: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25716: 25714: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25684: 25679: 25675: 25674: 25670: 25660: 25657: 25653: 25650: 25649: 25648: 25645: 25643: 25642:Seven Wonders 25640: 25638: 25635: 25633: 25630: 25628: 25625: 25623: 25620: 25618: 25615: 25613: 25610: 25608: 25607:Playing cards 25605: 25603: 25600: 25598: 25595: 25593: 25590: 25586: 25583: 25581: 25578: 25576: 25573: 25572: 25571: 25568: 25566: 25563: 25561: 25558: 25556: 25553: 25551: 25548: 25546: 25543: 25541: 25538: 25536: 25533: 25531: 25528: 25526: 25523: 25521: 25518: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25506: 25503: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25493: 25491: 25488: 25486: 25483: 25481: 25478: 25474: 25471: 25470: 25469: 25466: 25464: 25461: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25435: 25433: 25431: 25427: 25419: 25416: 25415: 25414: 25411: 25409: 25406: 25404: 25401: 25399: 25396: 25394: 25391: 25389: 25386: 25384: 25381: 25379: 25376: 25374: 25371: 25369: 25366: 25364: 25361: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25349: 25346: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25336: 25332: 25329: 25327: 25324: 25323: 25322: 25319: 25315: 25312: 25311: 25310: 25307: 25303: 25302:Mental health 25300: 25298: 25295: 25293: 25290: 25289: 25288: 25285: 25283: 25280: 25278: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25263: 25262:Ethnic groups 25260: 25258: 25255: 25253: 25250: 25248: 25245: 25243: 25240: 25238: 25235: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25223: 25220: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25194: 25191: 25188: 25186: 25182: 25172: 25169: 25167: 25164: 25162: 25159: 25157: 25154: 25152: 25149: 25147: 25144: 25142: 25139: 25137: 25134: 25132: 25129: 25127: 25124: 25120: 25117: 25116: 25115: 25112: 25110: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25097: 25094: 25092: 25089: 25087: 25084: 25082: 25079: 25077: 25074: 25072: 25069: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25059: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25022: 25019: 25018: 25015: 25012: 25010: 25006: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24981: 24978: 24976: 24973: 24971: 24968: 24966: 24965:Civil defense 24963: 24961: 24958: 24956: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24931: 24928: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24910:Media freedom 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24861: 24858: 24855: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24843: 24841: 24838: 24835: 24831: 24828: 24826: 24823: 24820: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24801: 24798: 24796: 24795:Criminal code 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24775:Civil Service 24773: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24762: 24759: 24756: 24754: 24750: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24713: 24710: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24700: 24699: 24698: 24695: 24691: 24688: 24686: 24683: 24681: 24678: 24677: 24676: 24673: 24669: 24666: 24665: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24641: 24639: 24636: 24634: 24631: 24627: 24624: 24622: 24619: 24617: 24614: 24612: 24609: 24607: 24604: 24603: 24602: 24599: 24597: 24594: 24590: 24587: 24586: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24561: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24549: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24531: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24514: 24511: 24509: 24506: 24504: 24501: 24499: 24496: 24494: 24491: 24490: 24488: 24484: 24476: 24473: 24472: 24471: 24468: 24464: 24461: 24459: 24456: 24454: 24451: 24450: 24449: 24446: 24442: 24439: 24437: 24436:Russian state 24434: 24433: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24420: 24417: 24416: 24415: 24412: 24410: 24407: 24403: 24400: 24399: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24372: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24334: 24332: 24330: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24317: 24312: 24305: 24300: 24298: 24293: 24291: 24286: 24285: 24282: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24241: 24238: 24236: 24233: 24231: 24228: 24226: 24225:FactCheck.org 24223: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24196: 24193: 24189: 24186: 24185: 24184: 24183:Fact-checking 24181: 24180: 24177: 24170: 24166: 24152: 24149: 24147: 24144: 24143: 24141: 24137: 24133: 24129: 24125: 24119: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24109: 24106: 24104: 24101: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24067: 24064: 24063: 24062: 24059: 24057: 24054: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24031: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24016: 24014: 24012:United States 24010: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23987: 23983: 23981: 23978: 23976: 23973: 23971: 23968: 23966: 23963: 23962: 23960: 23956: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23936: 23934: 23930: 23926: 23922: 23918: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23898: 23895: 23893: 23890: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23872: 23870: 23866: 23863: 23862: 23861: 23858: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23846: 23845: 23844: 23841: 23840: 23838: 23836: 23832: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23791: 23788: 23787: 23785: 23783: 23779: 23776: 23771: 23767: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23750: 23746: 23743: 23742: 23740: 23736: 23732: 23728: 23724: 23720: 23716: 23712: 23708: 23704: 23700: 23696: 23692: 23688: 23682: 23679: 23677: 23674: 23672: 23669: 23667: 23664: 23663: 23661: 23657: 23651: 23648: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23638: 23637: 23635: 23631: 23627: 23623: 23619: 23613: 23612: 23608: 23606: 23603: 23599: 23596: 23594: 23591: 23589: 23586: 23584: 23581: 23579: 23576: 23574: 23573:50 Cent Party 23571: 23570: 23569: 23566: 23565: 23563: 23559: 23555: 23551: 23547: 23543: 23536: 23532: 23518: 23515: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23498: 23497: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23486: 23483: 23481: 23478: 23476: 23473: 23469: 23466: 23465: 23464: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23455: 23453: 23449: 23443: 23440: 23438: 23435: 23433: 23430: 23428: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23396: 23393: 23392: 23391: 23388: 23386: 23383: 23381: 23378: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23368: 23367: 23364: 23357: 23353: 23343: 23342: 23338: 23336: 23335: 23331: 23329: 23328: 23324: 23322: 23321: 23317: 23315: 23314: 23310: 23308: 23306: 23302: 23301: 23298: 23291: 23287: 23277: 23274: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23234: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23216: 23215: 23212: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23199: 23198: 23195: 23193: 23190: 23188: 23185: 23183: 23180: 23178: 23177:Media culture 23175: 23173: 23170: 23168: 23165: 23163: 23160: 23158: 23155: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23143: 23140: 23138: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23118: 23117:False dilemma 23115: 23113: 23110: 23106: 23103: 23102: 23101: 23098: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23084: 23081: 23080: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23043: 23039: 23036: 23032: 23029: 23028: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22998: 22995: 22988: 22984: 22980: 22976: 22969: 22964: 22962: 22957: 22955: 22950: 22949: 22946: 22932: 22931:Yugoslav Wars 22929: 22928: 22927: 22924: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22904: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22871: 22867: 22865: 22862: 22861: 22859: 22855: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22826: 22823: 22819: 22816: 22815: 22813: 22809: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22794: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22780: 22777: 22775: 22772: 22770: 22766: 22765:Prague Spring 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22727: 22725: 22717: 22711: 22705: 22703: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22681: 22679: 22677:Organizations 22675: 22669: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22625: 22624: 22622: 22618: 22612: 22609: 22607: 22604: 22602: 22599: 22597: 22594: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22579:Baltic states 22577: 22575: 22572: 22571: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22561: 22559: 22555: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22539: 22535: 22531: 22524: 22519: 22517: 22512: 22510: 22505: 22504: 22501: 22491: 22486: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22411: 22409: 22407: 22406:Crimea (1919) 22404: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22371: 22369: 22367: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22353: 22351: 22347: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22300: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22285: 22283: 22279: 22269: 22268:South Vietnam 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22210: 22208: 22204: 22196: 22195:North Vietnam 22193: 22192: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22130: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22117: 22115: 22111: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22095: 22092: 22090: 22087: 22086: 22084: 22080: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22028: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 22000: 21998: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21983: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21918: 21916: 21912: 21906: 21905:United States 21903: 21901: 21898: 21897: 21895: 21891: 21885: 21882: 21878: 21875: 21874: 21872: 21868: 21865: 21864: 21863: 21862:United States 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21779: 21776: 21775: 21774: 21771: 21770: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21759: 21756: 21755: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21742: 21741:New Australia 21739: 21738: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21728: 21726: 21722: 21717: 21710: 21705: 21703: 21698: 21696: 21691: 21690: 21687: 21681: 21674: 21656: 21653: 21652: 21650: 21648: 21644: 21638: 21635: 21634: 21632: 21630: 21626: 21620: 21617: 21616: 21614: 21612: 21608: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21556: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21509: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21499: 21497: 21495: 21491: 21487: 21480: 21475: 21473: 21468: 21466: 21461: 21460: 21457: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21422: 21421: 21416: 21415: 21410: 21406: 21405:Buryat–Mongol 21402: 21401: 21397: 21384: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21337: 21334: 21333: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21287: 21284: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21237: 21234: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21178: 21175: 21169: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21086: 21083: 21082: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21007: 21005: 21001: 20997: 20990: 20985: 20983: 20978: 20976: 20971: 20970: 20967: 20954: 20951: 20948: 20945: 20942: 20939: 20936: 20933: 20930: 20927: 20926: 20924: 20920: 20913: 20910: 20907: 20904: 20903: 20901: 20897: 20887: 20886:Moldavian SSR 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20868: 20866: 20864: 20859: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20829: 20827: 20825: 20818: 20812: 20811:Ukrainian SSR 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20783: 20781: 20779: 20775: 20772: 20768: 20763: 20756: 20751: 20749: 20744: 20742: 20737: 20736: 20733: 20727: 20720: 20708: 20700: 20698: 20697: 20686: 20685: 20682: 20672: 20669: 20665: 20662: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20653: 20650: 20649: 20648: 20645: 20641: 20638: 20637: 20636: 20633: 20632: 20630: 20626: 20618: 20615: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20608: 20606: 20604: 20600: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20568:Printed media 20566: 20564: 20561: 20557: 20554: 20553: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20528: 20526: 20524: 20520: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20502: 20501:Cyrillisation 20499: 20497: 20494: 20493: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20469:Working class 20467: 20465: 20464:Soviet people 20462: 20461: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20446: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20434: 20426: 20423: 20422: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20387: 20385: 20383: 20379: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20357: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20312:Energy policy 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20294: 20292: 20290: 20286: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20257: 20255: 20253: 20249: 20243: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20231: 20228: 20227: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20197: 20195: 20193: 20189: 20181: 20177: 20173: 20169: 20165: 20162: 20161: 20160: 20157: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20144: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20131: 20128: 20127: 20126: 20123: 20119: 20116: 20115: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20100: 20098: 20096: 20092: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20069: 20066: 20065: 20064: 20061: 20060: 20058: 20054: 20046: 20043: 20042: 20041: 20040:Supreme Court 20038: 20035: 20032: 20029: 20026: 20023: 20020: 20016: 20013: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 20000: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19985: 19984: 19981: 19980: 19978: 19974: 19968: 19965: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19947: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19924: 19921: 19920: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19902: 19899: 19898: 19897: 19894: 19890: 19887: 19886: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19873: 19870: 19869: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19847: 19846: 19843: 19842: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19827: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19783: 19781: 19777: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19759: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19742: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19734: 19733: 19731: 19729: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19716: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19643: 19642:The Holocaust 19640: 19638: 19635: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19586: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19576: 19574: 19572: 19568: 19563: 19556: 19551: 19549: 19544: 19542: 19537: 19536: 19533: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19504: 19503: 19492: 19488: 19484: 19480: 19476: 19472: 19471: 19463: 19459: 19455: 19451: 19445: 19441: 19437: 19436: 19430: 19426: 19420: 19416: 19411: 19407: 19401: 19397: 19396:HarperCollins 19393: 19389: 19385: 19381: 19377: 19375:9781138278790 19371: 19367: 19363: 19358: 19354: 19348: 19344: 19340: 19339: 19333: 19329: 19323: 19319: 19315: 19311: 19307: 19303: 19297: 19293: 19292: 19287: 19283: 19279: 19273: 19269: 19265: 19264: 19258: 19254: 19247: 19242: 19238: 19232: 19228: 19224: 19220: 19216: 19212: 19206: 19202: 19198: 19197: 19192: 19188: 19184: 19178: 19174: 19170: 19166: 19162: 19158: 19154: 19149: 19145: 19139: 19135: 19130: 19126: 19120: 19116: 19112: 19108: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19090: 19086: 19082: 19078: 19073: 19069: 19065: 19061: 19057: 19053: 19047: 19043: 19038: 19037: 19030: 19026: 19020: 19016: 19012: 19007: 19003: 18997: 18993: 18989: 18988: 18982: 18978: 18972: 18968: 18964: 18963: 18957: 18953: 18949: 18945: 18941: 18936: 18932: 18926: 18922: 18918: 18913: 18898: 18894: 18887: 18883: 18879: 18875: 18871: 18867: 18863: 18859: 18853: 18849: 18845: 18844: 18839: 18835: 18831: 18827: 18823: 18818: 18814: 18808: 18804: 18799: 18798: 18792: 18788: 18784: 18778: 18774: 18770: 18769: 18763: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18751: 18747: 18723: 18722: 18717: 18710: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18680: 18664: 18660: 18656: 18650: 18634: 18630: 18629: 18624: 18618: 18599: 18595: 18589: 18582: 18581: 18573: 18565: 18559: 18555: 18554:Mehring Books 18551: 18550: 18545: 18539: 18532: 18528: 18524: 18518: 18514: 18513: 18508: 18507:Taaffe, Peter 18502: 18486: 18482: 18478: 18474: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18456: 18452: 18451: 18446: 18439: 18423: 18422: 18414: 18398: 18394: 18393: 18385: 18377: 18373: 18367: 18359: 18353: 18346:. 9 May 2022. 18345: 18339: 18331: 18330: 18325: 18319: 18311: 18305: 18301: 18294: 18275: 18271: 18264: 18260: 18253: 18245: 18239: 18231: 18230: 18225: 18219: 18217: 18215: 18213: 18196: 18192: 18191:Levada Center 18188: 18182: 18166: 18162: 18158: 18152: 18136: 18132: 18126: 18110: 18106: 18102: 18095: 18087: 18081: 18077: 18074:. Cambridge: 18073: 18066: 18064: 18062: 18045: 18041: 18035: 18020: 18019: 18014: 18007: 17999: 17993: 17991: 17984: 17980: 17976: 17972: 17968: 17964: 17959: 17943: 17939: 17938: 17933: 17927: 17919: 17915: 17911: 17907: 17903: 17899: 17898: 17893: 17887: 17871: 17867: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17852: 17847: 17841: 17834: 17830: 17826: 17823: 17818: 17811: 17805: 17797: 17791: 17787: 17783: 17779: 17775: 17771: 17765: 17749: 17745: 17741: 17734: 17718: 17714: 17710: 17706: 17699: 17692: 17679: 17675: 17674: 17669: 17665: 17659: 17651: 17645: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17627: 17619: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17589: 17585: 17578: 17562: 17558: 17551: 17543: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17510: 17502: 17495: 17487: 17480: 17472: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17457: 17449: 17441: 17437: 17430: 17414: 17410: 17404: 17388: 17384: 17383: 17382:The Economist 17378: 17372: 17363: 17355: 17348: 17332: 17328: 17324: 17318: 17302: 17298: 17297: 17289: 17281: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17260:. Princeton: 17259: 17255: 17249: 17247: 17245: 17236: 17230: 17226: 17222: 17217: 17216: 17210: 17204: 17197: 17193: 17190: 17185: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17153: 17152: 17147: 17140: 17132: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17106: 17102: 17101: 17100:Slavic Review 17096: 17089: 17081: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17059: 17052: 17036: 17032: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17011: 16996: 16992: 16988: 16984: 16977: 16962: 16958: 16951: 16943: 16937: 16933: 16932: 16924: 16913: 16909: 16902: 16896: 16888: 16887: 16882: 16876: 16868: 16864: 16857: 16841: 16837: 16833: 16826: 16824: 16807: 16803: 16797: 16790: 16789:Rayfield 2004 16785: 16778: 16768: 16752: 16748: 16742: 16738: 16734: 16733: 16725: 16718: 16713: 16697: 16693: 16687: 16683: 16682: 16674: 16658: 16654: 16648: 16644: 16640: 16639: 16631: 16629: 16612: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16594: 16593: 16585: 16578: 16573: 16571: 16569: 16560: 16553: 16544: 16537: 16524: 16520: 16514: 16510: 16509: 16501: 16492: 16483: 16467: 16463: 16457: 16441: 16437: 16436:"ARTICLE 124" 16431: 16424: 16418: 16411: 16405: 16398: 16393: 16389: 16385: 16378: 16363: 16357: 16353: 16349: 16344: 16343: 16334: 16328:, p. 209 16327: 16322: 16315: 16310: 16308: 16306: 16304: 16287: 16283: 16277: 16273: 16272: 16264: 16249: 16243: 16239: 16235: 16230: 16229: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16200:on 8 May 2016 16199: 16195: 16191: 16183: 16177:, p. 27. 16176: 16171: 16165:, p. 26. 16164: 16159: 16153:, p. 25. 16152: 16147: 16140: 16135: 16128: 16123: 16107: 16103: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16087: 16080: 16064: 16060: 16056: 16049: 16041: 16037: 16033: 16029: 16025: 16021: 16014: 16007: 16002: 15996:, p. 352 15995: 15990: 15984:, p. 353 15983: 15978: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15957: 15954: 15948: 15931: 15927: 15926: 15925:History Today 15921: 15914: 15907: 15902: 15895: 15890: 15882: 15878: 15872: 15856: 15852: 15851: 15846: 15842: 15836: 15820: 15816: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15801: 15793: 15777: 15773: 15767: 15763: 15759: 15758: 15750: 15734: 15730: 15726: 15720: 15704: 15700: 15699: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15668: 15664: 15660: 15656: 15650: 15642: 15636: 15632: 15631: 15626: 15620: 15604: 15600: 15594: 15590: 15589: 15581: 15575: 15571: 15567: 15563: 15562: 15558: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15529: 15525: 15521: 15514: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15483: 15474: 15465: 15449: 15445: 15444: 15439: 15432: 15416: 15412: 15408: 15404: 15397: 15390: 15389: 15382: 15375: 15369: 15362: 15359:. Cambridge: 15358: 15352: 15333: 15329: 15322: 15316: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15280: 15279: 15271: 15263: 15257: 15250: 15249: 15241: 15239: 15223: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15180: 15171: 15164: 15156: 15152: 15145: 15137: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15106: 15101: 15094: 15086: 15079: 15071: 15064: 15057:. p. 15. 15056: 15052: 15051: 15042: 15036: 15020: 15016: 15010: 15006: 15005: 14997: 14989: 14983: 14979: 14974: 14973: 14964: 14956: 14950: 14946: 14941: 14940: 14931: 14915: 14911: 14905: 14901: 14900: 14892: 14884: 14883: 14878: 14871: 14863: 14857: 14849: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14831: 14830: 14822: 14815: 14810: 14803: 14798: 14796: 14788: 14783: 14776: 14771: 14764: 14759: 14752: 14747: 14740: 14735: 14733: 14716: 14712: 14706: 14702: 14701: 14693: 14685: 14680: 14678: 14670: 14654: 14650: 14646: 14639: 14637: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14606: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14560: 14556: 14552: 14545: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14515: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14485: 14477: 14470: 14462: 14455: 14447: 14440: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14417: 14401: 14397: 14396: 14395:The Scientist 14391: 14384: 14377: 14375: 14370: 14366: 14363: 14359: 14354: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14324: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14278: 14274: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14259: 14251: 14235: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14199: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14185: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14167: 14162: 14155: 14150: 14143: 14138: 14131: 14126: 14119: 14114: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14084: 14068: 14064: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14032: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14018: 14012: 14005: 14000: 13996: 13992: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13973: 13966: 13961: 13953: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13923: 13919: 13912: 13905: 13900: 13884: 13880: 13874: 13870: 13866: 13865: 13860: 13854: 13846: 13842: 13838: 13834: 13827: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13792: 13785: 13779: 13777: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13746: 13744: 13735: 13726: 13718: 13712: 13709:. p. 9. 13708: 13704: 13700: 13699: 13691: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13655: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13608: 13604: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13589: 13584: 13583:Davies, R. W. 13580: 13574: 13558: 13554: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13531: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13501: 13497: 13496: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13478: 13470: 13464: 13456: 13450: 13434: 13430: 13424: 13415: 13406: 13398: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13383: 13375: 13359: 13355: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13340: 13332: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13302: 13301: 13293: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13262: 13254: 13250: 13243: 13236: 13230: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13195: 13187: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13160: 13154: 13147: 13141: 13133: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13111: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13071: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13010: 13002: 12994: 12990: 12989: 12981: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12923: 12918: 12903: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12884: 12883: 12874: 12858: 12854: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12839: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12818: 12814: 12807: 12801: 12797: 12794: 12788: 12781: 12775: 12768:. p. 13. 12767: 12763: 12762: 12754: 12746: 12742: 12741:Ulam, Adam B. 12736: 12729: 12728:0-374-52738-5 12725: 12721: 12717: 12712: 12696: 12689: 12681: 12675: 12671: 12670: 12662: 12654: 12648: 12644: 12643: 12635: 12627: 12621: 12617: 12616: 12608: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12569: 12561: 12555: 12547: 12545:9780375760464 12541: 12537: 12530: 12519: 12518: 12510: 12503: 12502:0-679-76184-5 12499: 12495: 12491: 12490:Richard Pipes 12486: 12480: 12479:0-297-64688-5 12476: 12472: 12468: 12467:Richard Pipes 12463: 12456: 12455:0-394-50242-6 12452: 12448: 12445: 12444:Richard Pipes 12440: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12423: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12404: 12397: 12391: 12382: 12366: 12362: 12353: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12332: 12326: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12280: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12239: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12187: 12179: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12157: 12151: 12135: 12131: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12116: 12108: 12092: 12088: 12082: 12079:. p. 1. 12078: 12074: 12073: 12065: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12020: 12014: 12010: 12005: 12004: 11995: 11987: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11961: 11944: 11940: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11914: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11893: 11877: 11873: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11850: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11825: 11817: 11801: 11797: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11762: 11754: 11738: 11734: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11719: 11711: 11695: 11691: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11676: 11668: 11653: 11647: 11643: 11638: 11637: 11628: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11585: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11512: 11504: 11502: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11462: 11447: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11428: 11427: 11418: 11402: 11398: 11392: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11376: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11346: 11345: 11337: 11321: 11317: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11299: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11237: 11233: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11214: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11184: 11183: 11175: 11160: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11144: 11135: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11096: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11065: 11064: 11059: 11052: 11045: 11039: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11008: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10980: 10972: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10943: 10935: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10902: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10861: 10845: 10841: 10840: 10835: 10828: 10812: 10808: 10801: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10748: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10682: 10666: 10665: 10660: 10654: 10639: 10635: 10629: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10550: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10517: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10476: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10383: 10374: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10347: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10315: 10309:, p. 84. 10308: 10303: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10224: 10216: 10215:Mccauley 2014 10211: 10204: 10199: 10197: 10188: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10171: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10137: 10131: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10056: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10025: 10016: 10011: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9952: 9947: 9936: 9931: 9925:совет / кеңес 9922: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9892: 9882: 9877: 9868: 9861: 9855: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9821:to the west; 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9785: 9779: 9770: 9764: 9754:Russian: 9751: 9743: 9737: 9727:Russian: 9724: 9714: 9708: 9699: 9693: 9683:Russian: 9680: 9671: 9660: 9656: 9651: 9644: 9638: 9629: 9620: 9611: 9604: 9598: 9591: 9585: 9576: 9569: 9563: 9556: 9550: 9541: 9532: 9523: 9514: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9490: 9484: 9477: 9473: 9468: 9461: 9455: 9448: 9442: 9438: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9421:Sovietization 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9411:Russification 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:Neo-Stalinism 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9194: 9188:, 9 May 2018. 9187: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9080:poll, 47% of 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9066:Joseph Stalin 9062: 9058: 9055: 9050: 9049:Levada Center 9046: 9041: 9038: 9037:privatization 9034: 9030: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8977:Eastern Front 8974: 8970: 8960: 8957: 8949: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8899:Neo-Sovietism 8890: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8851:United States 8846: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8710:Yury Trifonov 8707: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8661: 8656: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8612: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8550:state atheism 8547: 8543: 8542:secular state 8538: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8442: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8352: 8347: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8306: 8304: 8303:alcohol abuse 8300: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8282:, during the 8281: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8239: 8222: 8217: 8210: 8205: 8198: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8157: 8150: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8116:Joseph Stalin 8113: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8046:(15.45%) and 8045: 8041: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8003: 8002:Korenizatsiia 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7904: 7901: 7896: 7894: 7893:birth control 7885: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7831:Ukrainian SSR 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7804: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7719: 7718:Ukrainian SSR 7716: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7684:Ukrainian SSR 7682: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Ukrainian SSR 7632: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7583: 7582:Ukrainian SSR 7580: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7532:Ukrainian SSR 7530: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7303:war communism 7300: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7261:merchant navy 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7214: 7208: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7172: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7047:Space program 7044: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7011:pseudoscience 7008: 7005:in favour of 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6948:hard currency 6944: 6940: 6935: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6818:(VAZ) in 1969 6817: 6813: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6702:foreign trade 6699: 6698:world economy 6695: 6691: 6683: 6682:hydroelectric 6679: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6634:war communism 6631: 6619: 6610: 6601: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6377: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268:Moldavian SSR 6258: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6142:Ukrainian SSR 6132: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6082:Karelian ASSR 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014:Bukharan PSPs 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5986:Transcaucasia 5983: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944:sports events 5942:, rivalry at 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5886:United States 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5832:Joseph Stalin 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5768:Popular Front 5765: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5702: 5697: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5675:Marshall Plan 5672: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5629:Marshall Plan 5625: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583:(1890–1986), 5582: 5579:(1876–1951), 5578: 5575:(1872–1936), 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5474: 5473:party members 5470: 5469:Moscow Trials 5466: 5462: 5458: 5457:public trials 5454: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5435:secret police 5432: 5428: 5427:Martin Latsis 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5401:death penalty 5398: 5397:Joseph Stalin 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319:right to work 5316: 5315:right to food 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5194:Supreme Court 5189: 5188:Socialist law 5183: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158:Boris Yeltsin 5154: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5072:Yuri Andropov 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045:local Soviets 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5016:Supreme Court 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4946:head of state 4943: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4908:, elected at 4907: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4806:nuclear waste 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4746:(shared with 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4729:United States 4726: 4725:Bering Strait 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4612:Pacific Ocean 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:North America 4589: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430:Joseph Stalin 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4356: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013:War in Donbas 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3995:Five-Days War 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3967:Privatization 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928:Modern Russia 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3734: 3733:Russian State 3731: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3701:Ukrainian SSR 3698: 3697: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3651:War Communism 3648: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3600:Dvoyevlastiye 3596: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3339: 3338:Rostov-Suzdal 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3308:Novgorod Land 3306: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3146:Schutzstaffel 3129: 3125: 3120: 3109: 3108:Union of SSRs 3104: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3076:Ukrainian SSR 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052:Joseph Stalin 3048: 3042: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2988:State Council 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852:Boris Yeltsin 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:Joseph Stalin 2670: 2669:Lenin's death 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598:federal union 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2487:Soviet Empire 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2302:Black January 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2155:Polish strike 2153: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074:Prague Spring 2072: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1991:Space program 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822:Moscow trials 1820: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1737:War communism 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1607: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283:Ukrainian SSR 1281: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1214:ISO 3166 code 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117:$ 9,000 ( 1116: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1002: 998: 992: 988: 982: 978: 974: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 944: 940: 937: 931: 927: 924: 918: 914: 910: 903: 899: 896: 890: 886: 883: 877: 873: 869: 862: 858: 855: 849: 845: 842: 836: 832: 829: 823: 819: 816: 810: 806: 803: 797: 793: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 771: 767: 762: 759: 756: 750: 742: 739: 735: 732: 731: 729: 726: 720: 712: 709: 705: 702: 701: 699: 695: 691: 688: 685: 679: 675: 669: 665: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 641: 638: 635: 629: 625: 621: 619: 618:Head of State 615: 611: 607: 603: 600: 594: 591: 588: 582: 579: 576: 570: 567: 566:Yuri Andropov 564: 558: 555: 552: 546: 543: 540: 534: 531: 528: 522: 519: 518:Joseph Stalin 516: 510: 507: 504: 498: 494: 490: 488: 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466: 463: 461: 457: 450: 446: 445:State atheism 443: 440: 436: 435:Secular state 433: 432: 430: 426: 419: 417: 413: 411: 407: 406: 404: 399: 395: 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23271:Whataboutism 23266:Urban legend 23236:Quote mining 22868: 22542:Soviet Union 22541: 22530:Eastern Bloc 22366:Baranya–Baja 22335:Soviet Union 22334: 22315:East Germany 22013:Burkina Faso 21611:Georgian SSR 21549:Kara-Kirghiz 21494:Russian SFSR 21420:Kirghiz ASSR 21418: 21412: 21404: 21339: 21289: 21239: 21197:Volga German 21189: 21173:of existence 21157:Volga German 20935:Bukharan SSR 20929:SSR Abkhazia 20871:Estonian SSR 20824:Russian SFSR 20806:Russian SFSR 20801:Georgian SSR 20786:Armenian SSR 20687: 20459:Demographics 20449:Antisemitism 20302:Central Bank 20220:Forced labor 20168:Spetsnaz GRU 19988:organisation 19896:Human rights 19845:Constitution 19728:Subdivisions 19606:Russian SFSR 19562:Soviet Union 19561: 19474: 19468: 19434: 19414: 19387: 19361: 19337: 19313: 19290: 19262: 19222: 19201:Viking Press 19195: 19168: 19161:Pons, Silvio 19152: 19133: 19110: 19098:10261/201912 19080: 19076: 19063: 19060:Lewin, Moshe 19035: 19010: 18986: 18965:. 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Schiffman 10068: 10059: 9876: 9867: 9854: 9793: 9750: 9723: 9679: 9670: 9663:(in Russian) 9650: 9637: 9628: 9619: 9610: 9597: 9584: 9575: 9562: 9549: 9540: 9531: 9522: 9513: 9496: 9483: 9471: 9467: 9454: 9441: 9372:Noam Chomsky 9370: 9352: 9342: 9323: 9321: 9290: 9260: 9241: 9226:Transnistria 9203: 9186:Nazi Germany 9122: 9117: 9102: 9063: 9059: 9042: 9025: 9020:Yuri Gagarin 8982: 8952: 8943: 8921: 8883:doping tests 8868: 8847: 8828: 8811:45th session 8800: 8792: 8781: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8713: 8703: 8692: 8677: 8665: 8591:Brezhnev era 8588: 8576: 8567:Radio Moscow 8559: 8539: 8535: 8523: 8512: 8504: 8452:Christianity 8450: 8358: 8350: 8348: 8335:multilingual 8331: 8312: 8292: 8249: 8108: 8084: 8078:, 1.2% were 8074:, 1.4% were 8070:, 1.5% were 8066:, 1.5% were 8062:, 1.6% were 8058:, 1.6% were 8054:, 17.5% was 8036: 7977:Jewish quota 7958: 7927: 7897: 7889: 7823:Russian SFSR 7812: 7809: 7770:Russian SFSR 7752:Russian SFSR 7736:Russian SFSR 7702:Russian SFSR 7650:Russian SFSR 7616:Russian SFSR 7548:Armenian SSR 7514:Russian SFSR 7498:Russian SFSR 7459:Georgian SSR 7443:Russian SFSR 7339: 7319: 7288: 7267:Demographics 7258: 7254: 7233: 7218: 7211: 7175: 7168: 7166: 7155: 7148: 7142:, which was 7136:Luna program 7133: 7125:Yuri Gagarin 7102: 7067:Yuri Gagarin 7028: 6984: 6952:Saudi Arabia 6936: 6928: 6898:East Germany 6887: 6860: 6854: 6823: 6821: 6798: 6763: 6761:widespread. 6749: 6735: 6732:in the 1930s 6687: 6667:World War II 6655: 6627: 6540:conscription 6537: 6518: 6486: 6447: 6442:West Germany 6440:missiles in 6376:Estonian SSR 6340:Armenian SSR 6214:Georgian SSR 6117:Russian SFSR 6086: 6072:. After the 6002:Turkmenistan 5971: 5924:Nazi Germany 5901: 5898:World War II 5894:Eastern Bloc 5890:Western Bloc 5882:geopolitical 5875: 5829: 5810:World War II 5802:Adolf Hitler 5795: 5784: 5772:anti-Fascist 5757: 5750: 5741:Labour Party 5736: 5730: 5722: 5711: 5707: 5682: 5652:West Germany 5558: 5412: 5405: 5378: 5342:Soviet state 5337: 5327: 5283:human rights 5276: 5251:corporations 5247:labor unions 5227:Human rights 5225: 5216:Human rights 5191: 5166:coup attempt 5155: 5135: 5106:constitution 5103: 5053: 4989: 4954: 4935: 4925: 4903: 4865: 4783: 4768: 4756: 4733: 4648: 4620:Central Asia 4585: 4520:coup attempt 4501: 4497:gerontocracy 4461:Western Bloc 4457:Eastern Bloc 4454: 4450:World War II 4428:The rise of 4427: 4404: 4389:Leon Trotsky 4235: 4229: 4221: 4215: 4210:full list... 4208: 4194: 4187: 4173: 4166: 4152: 4145: 4131: 4124: 4110: 4103: 4041:Mobilization 4033:Debt default 3975:Chechen wars 3926:since 1991: 3903:full list... 3901: 3880:Russian SFSR 3869:Soviet Union 3868: 3786:Korenization 3756:full list... 3754: 3690:Russian SFSR 3599: 3458:Zemsky Sobor 3426:full list... 3424: 3350:full list... 3348: 3295: 3281:Ancient Rus' 3163: 3160: 3155: 3152:Nazi Germany 3124:Soviet Union 3123: 3107: 3087: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3027: 2992: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2951:proto-Slavic 2930: 2928: 2903:Global South 2868: 2817: 2811: 2762:and through 2748:Western Bloc 2741: 2638: 2606:Russian SFSR 2584:and sharing 2566:Soviet Union 2565: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2430: 1971:Wage reforms 1829:World War II 1546:Turkmenistan 1416: 1370: 1325: 1269:Russian SFSR 1265: 1247:Succeeded by 1246: 1241: 1226:Internet TLD 1204:Calling code 1170:Soviet ruble 1099:• Total 1061:• Total 1014: census 985:• Water 971:• Total 781:World War II 687:Ivan Silayev 597:• 1991 525:• 1953 448: 438: 347: 139: 122:Motto: 121: 110:State Emblem 48: 25632:tea culture 25485:Fairy tales 25348:Open access 25321:Immigration 25282:Gun control 25021:Agriculture 24990:Term limits 24900:Martial law 24895:Nationalism 24890:Irredentism 24885:Imperialism 24668:Caspian Sea 24584:Environment 24579:Earthquakes 24475:Union State 24463:Dissolution 24362:Kievan Rus' 24352:Early Slavs 24118:Yellow rain 23738:Philippines 23598:Spamouflage 23583:Little Pink 23437:Rothschilds 23427:Red mercury 23142:Gaslighting 23093:Lying press 23063:Doublespeak 22857:Dissolution 22797:Martial law 22720:Revolts and 22694:Warsaw Pact 22349:Short-lived 22206:Short-lived 22175:South Yemen 22160:North Korea 22120:Afghanistan 21837:New Zealand 21832:Netherlands 21576:Komi-Zyryan 21571:Kara-Kalpak 21529:Gorno-Altai 21417:was called 21414:Kazakh ASSR 21407:until 1958. 21377:Gorno-Altai 21242:Nakhichevan 21122:Nakhichevan 21050:Gorno-Altai 20955:(1990–1991) 20949:(1990–1991) 20947:Abkhaz ASSR 20943:(1920–1924) 20941:Khorezm SSR 20937:(1920–1924) 20931:(1921–1931) 20914:(1922–1936) 20908:(1940–1956) 20899:Short-lived 20876:Latvian SSR 20861:Annexed in 20847:Kirghiz SSR 20837:Turkmen SSR 20764:(1922–1991) 20563:Phraseology 20508:Prohibition 20496:Linguistics 20481:Drug policy 20474:1989 census 20395:Cybernetics 20297:Agriculture 20210:Great Purge 20172:Soviet Navy 20164:Soviet Army 20036:(1989–1991) 20030:(1938–1991) 20024:(1922–1936) 20008:Secretariat 19879:Gun control 19786:Caspian Sea 19770:Closed city 19699:Dissolution 19684:Perestroika 19626:Great Purge 18639:24 February 18141:19 December 18024:20 December 17744:Needham K12 17526:: 244–248. 17264:. pp. 17041:16 December 17000:3 September 16966:26 December 16908:www.cia.gov 16536:Communists. 16236:. pp. 16175:Comrie 1981 16163:Comrie 1981 16151:Comrie 1981 16139:Comrie 1981 16127:Comrie 1981 15908:, p. 3 15906:Comrie 1981 15894:Comrie 1981 15762:I.B. Tauris 15673:12 December 15341:23 February 15328:istmat.info 15227:23 February 15200:: 155–165. 14751:Wilson 1983 14739:Wilson 1983 14625:27 November 14595:27 November 14534:27 November 14524:History.com 14504:27 November 14343:12 November 14333:www.loc.gov 14263:M.E. Sharpe 14166:Wilson 1983 14154:Wilson 1983 14142:Wilson 1983 14130:Wilson 1983 14118:Wilson 1983 13804:(1): 1–14. 13282:12 February 13233:D.C. Watt, 12995:(4): 25–54. 12496:. Vintage. 11434:. pp. 11069:19 November 11028:19 November 10997:19 November 10924:19 November 10891:19 November 10850:19 November 10817:19 November 10811:Bellona.org 10707:19 November 10671:19 November 10643:19 November 10618:19 November 10539:19 November 10506:19 November 10465:19 November 10363:19 November 10292:31 December 10266:27 December 10241:27 December 10159:1 September 9951:Azerbaijani 9843:North Korea 9831:Afghanistan 9632:Unicameral. 9359:great power 9325:red fascism 9278:bureaucrats 9274:David North 9266:degenerated 9262:Trotskyists 9182:Victory Day 9113:Victory Day 8755:CSKA Moscow 8728:perestroika 8680:Maxim Gorky 8531:Bible study 8339:dialectally 8100:Belarusians 8088:Mingrelians 8052:East Slavic 7900:great power 7731:Novosibirsk 7645:Chelyabinsk 7291:World War I 7259:The Soviet 7003:geneticists 6999:First World 6995:bureaucracy 6932:First World 6883:First World 6862:perestroika 6711:Third World 6454:Land Forces 6438:Pershing II 6404:Soviet Navy 6400:Soviet Army 6358:Turkmen SSR 6304:Kirghiz SSR 6286:Latvian SSR 6016:. In 1929, 5978:Byelorussia 5908:superpowers 5764:anti-Soviet 5636:Warsaw Pact 5525:Gerald Ford 5429:, chief of 5381:Soviet Bloc 5358:rule of law 5126:legislative 5084:Perestroika 5068:Great Purge 4918:Secretariat 4822:K-141 Kursk 4814:Barents Sea 4790:Monchegorsk 4769:The Soviet 4752:Lake Baikal 4744:Caspian Sea 4705:North Korea 4677:Afghanistan 4616:Afghanistan 4552:Khan Tengri 4512:Perestroika 4463:during the 4442:Great Purge 3935:August Coup 3858:War of Laws 3840:Perestroika 3818:Warsaw Pact 3806:Great Purge 3769:1923–1991: 3633:White Guard 3613:Directorate 3582:1917–1923: 3439:1480–1917: 3365:Feudal Rus' 3363:1240–1480: 3236:Rus' people 3228:Early Slavs 3195:History of 3028:During the 2970:. The word 2828:nationalist 2819:perestroika 2756:Warsaw Pact 2713:Axis powers 2697:Great Purge 2342:August Coup 2312:War of Laws 2191:Perestroika 2042:Vietnam War 2032:Six-Day War 1817:Great Purge 1772:: Stalinism 1691:World War I 1611:successors. 1242:Preceded by 923:August Coup 764:(1936–1991) 755:Lower house 737:(1936–1991) 725:Upper house 714:(1936–1991) 707:(1922–1936) 697:Legislature 338:Azerbaijani 281: / 113:(1956–1991) 97:(1955–1991) 25713:Categories 25637:Television 25612:Philosophy 25545:Mass media 25535:Literature 25530:Inventions 25292:Healthcare 25227:Corruption 25217:Censorship 25108:(currency) 24985:Separatism 24930:Opposition 24915:Neo-Nazism 24905:Monarchism 24875:Liberalism 24870:Propaganda 24830:Government 24697:North Asia 24498:Journalism 24357:East Slavs 24347:Sarmatians 24245:PolitiFact 24173:Opposition 24049:Sandy Hook 23848:on Estonia 23782:Soviet era 23695:Team Jorge 23671:Godi-media 23432:Reptilians 23402:Illuminati 23261:Truthiness 23251:Social bot 23214:Propaganda 23147:Half-truth 23122:False flag 22811:Conditions 22789:Solidarity 22722:opposition 22461:Tarnobrzeg 22386:Bessarabia 22340:Yugoslavia 22063:Seychelles 22058:Mozambique 22053:Madagascar 21976:Vietnamese 21971:Venezuelan 21961:Nicaraguan 21956:Melanesian 21873:Venezuela 21785:Kuomintang 21778:since 1978 21748:Bangladesh 21724:By country 21718:by country 21423:until 1925 21297:Karakalpak 21070:Karakalpak 20842:Kazakh SSR 20603:Opposition 20593:Television 20573:Propaganda 20546:Literature 20420:Naukograds 20415:Sharashkas 20349:(currency) 20327:Inventions 20270:Censorship 20200:Red Terror 19884:Government 19758:Autonomous 19741:Autonomous 19674:Stagnation 19637:Evacuation 19520:John Dewey 19394:. London: 19266:. London: 19251:(Report). 19040:. Oxford: 19013:. London: 18919:. London: 18906:23 October 18893:World Bank 18744:See also: 18669:21 October 18428:26 October 18403:26 October 18283:9 December 18171:9 December 17948:21 January 17810:The Lancet 17684:24 October 17393:4 December 17223:. p. 17174:4 December 16737:Peter Lang 16641:. London: 16597:Frank Cass 16595:. London: 16472:4 February 16446:4 February 16350:. p. 16326:Simon 1974 16314:Simon 1974 16204:24 October 15936:25 October 15861:25 October 15725:Andre Geim 15701:. London. 15526:(Report). 15285:(1): 119. 14684:Wikisource 14659:22 January 14615:Britannica 14313:23 October 14240:23 October 14204:20 October 14103:18 October 13765:23 October 13680:23 October 13643:23 October 13016:(1): 3–23. 12952:Crump 2015 12922:Crump 2015 12890:. p. 12697:. Grani.ru 12244:30 October 12054:16 October 11381:Taras, Ray 10339:White 2001 10323:Lewin 1969 10051:References 9959:Lithuanian 9909:савет/рада 9905:Belarusian 9366:hegemonism 9362:chauvinism 9297:repression 9282:stagnation 9236:See also: 9210:Ukrainians 9173:People in 9155:See also: 9074:Kyrgyzstan 9043:Since the 9033:Gini ratio 8923:neutrality 8897:See also: 8749:See also: 8615:See also: 8517:spirit of 8492:Protestant 8383:Bezbozhnik 8114:, such as 8044:Ukrainians 8014:People in 7869:See also: 7790:1,071,900 7786:Kazakh SSR 7765:Sverdlovsk 7756:1,094,378 7722:1,109,900 7688:1,115,371 7654:1,141,777 7620:1,148,418 7586:1,178,000 7552:1,201,539 7518:1,254,460 7463:1,246,936 7322:birth rate 7249:dirt roads 7229:enterprise 7140:Space Race 7113:Space Race 7029:Under the 7020:scientists 7007:Lysenkoism 6968:See also: 6879:per-capita 6830:World Bank 6638:free trade 6394:See also: 6196:Kazakh SSR 6060:were also 6034:Kazakhstan 6030:Azerbaijan 6018:Tajikistan 5998:Uzbekistan 5948:Space Race 5912:proxy wars 5745:Henry Ford 5499:Voroshilov 5451:Red Terror 5447:profession 5249:, private 5210:procurator 5186:See also: 5098:Tajikistan 5064:Red Terror 4964:Government 4898:Red Square 4874:, and the 4740:Tajikistan 4624:time zones 4596:Kazakhstan 4540:See also: 4473:proxy wars 4469:Space Race 4440:, and the 4375:Bolsheviks 4353:See also: 4001:amendments 3913:Tannu Tuva 3836:Afghan War 3771:Soviet Era 3279:879–1240: 3220:Prehistory 3019:Bolsheviks 2982:). In the 2978:(Russian: 2945:(Russian: 2923:See also: 2907:scientific 2832:separatist 2802:, and the 2788:Space Race 2764:proxy wars 2737:superpower 2731:, forming 2588:, and the 2477:Leadership 2404:Khrushchev 2357:referendum 2332:Referendum 2216:Baltic Way 1891:Korean War 1732:Red Terror 1659:Bolshevism 1648:Background 1574:Kazakhstan 1532:Azerbaijan 1504:Tajikistan 1490:Uzbekistan 1476:Kyrgyzstan 1188:+2 to +12) 1004:Population 478:one-party 471:Government 460:Demonym(s) 410:East Slavs 343:Lithuanian 318:Belarusian 25495:Festivals 25388:Sociology 25338:Languages 25257:Education 25161:Transport 24995:Terrorism 24840:Judiciary 24834:Apparatus 24800:Elections 24765:Anarchism 24739:Far North 24690:Volcanoes 24675:Mountains 24552:Geography 24431:Civil war 24342:Scythians 24240:NewsGuard 24235:Logically 24230:Full Fact 24127:Venezuela 24061:Fake news 23949:AK Trolls 23640:Funkspiel 23162:Infodemic 23078:Fake news 23053:Denialism 23048:Deception 22870:Die Wende 22843:Economies 22684:Cominform 22667:(to 1948) 22629:(to 1961) 22557:Formation 22547:Communism 22419:1939–1940 22374:1918–1919 22143:1982–1992 22138:1979–1992 22133:1975–1979 22129:Cambodia 22104:Nicaragua 22036:1987–1991 22031:1974–1987 22027:Ethiopia 21966:Tanzanian 21847:Sri Lanka 21790:Hong Kong 21773:Communist 21736:Australia 21731:Argentina 21716:Socialism 21647:Tajik SSR 21302:Mordovian 21262:Moldavian 21192:Turkestan 21142:Turkestan 21112:Mordovian 21107:Moldavian 20852:Uzbek SSR 20832:Tajik SSR 20770:Principal 20664:Republics 20652:Republics 20640:Republics 20491:Languages 20355:Transport 20237:Holodomor 20130:Militsiya 20068:President 19960:Stalinism 19862:Elections 19736:Republics 19719:Geography 19709:Nostalgia 19621:Stalinism 19268:Routledge 19015:Routledge 18992:Routledge 18921:Routledge 18826:Routledge 18607:8 October 18491:8 October 18459:CiteSeerX 18161:Kyiv Post 18115:8 October 18105:Bloomberg 17918:153398717 17897:Challenge 17131:159910749 17062:Routledge 16995:0362-4331 16812:4 October 16717:Janz 1998 16577:Janz 1998 16240:and 286. 16006:Lane 1992 15994:Lane 1992 15982:Lane 1992 15964:Chapter 5 15942:(pay-fee) 15222:154477882 15043:(1977). 14565:7 January 14490:"Sputnik" 13818:155781882 13751:"Economy" 13439:29 August 12974:0001-6829 12907:1 January 12863:1 January 12843:Routledge 12701:23 August 12554:cite book 12471:Communism 12371:4 January 12269:3 January 11862:Heinemann 10971:156340249 10881:0362-4331 10737:7 October 10702:0261-3077 10590:0959-3780 10496:0190-8286 10455:0362-4331 10120:29 August 9946:sabch′ota 9881:Ukrainian 9763:romanized 9736:romanized 9692:romanized 9603:President 9391:Ideocracy 9305:hierarchy 9286:breakdown 9208:, ethnic 9206:Holodomor 9094:Gorbachev 9082:Ukrainian 9005:oligarchy 8946:June 2023 8934:talk page 8597:with the 8524:The 1918 8500:Lutherans 8488:Buddhists 8430:Uzbek SSR 8381:Cover of 8309:Dentistry 8096:Georgians 8060:Armenians 8016:Samarkand 7907:Education 7851:Uzbek SSR 7821:(both in 7819:Leningrad 7774:1,364,621 7740:1,436,516 7706:1,438,133 7672:1,607,077 7638:1,593,970 7604:1,727,000 7570:2,072,459 7566:Uzbek SSR 7536:2,571,000 7509:Kuybyshev 7502:4,990,749 7493:Leningrad 7447:8,967,332 7430:Leningrad 7365:Sources: 7185:Transport 7117:Sputnik 5 7109:Sputnik 1 7105:satellite 7024:engineers 6980:Sputnik 1 6943:crude oil 6855:In 1987, 6789:Salihorsk 6770:education 6706:arms race 6678:DneproGES 6647:communism 6458:Air Force 6434:arms race 6322:Tajik SSR 6178:Uzbek SSR 6097:Republic 6058:Lithuania 6038:Kirghizia 5940:embargoes 5936:espionage 5782:variety. 5714:Comintern 5671:Cominform 5662:over its 5565:Politburo 5443:education 5323:education 5239:one-party 5206:Roman law 5008:Presidium 4914:Politburo 4673:coastline 4644:mountains 4556:Tian Shan 4550:Mountain 4530:Geography 4294:1982–1991 4290:1964–1982 4286:1953–1964 4282:1927–1953 4278:1917–1927 4274:1894–1917 4270:1855–1894 4266:1796–1855 4262:1721–1796 4037:Sanctions 3987:Oligarchy 3917:1921–1944 3895:1940–1956 3884:1922–1991 3873:1922–1991 3790:Stalinism 3748:1921–1923 3737:1918–1920 3727:1922–1922 3716:1920–1922 3705:1919–1922 3694:1917–1922 3684:1917–1918 3673:1917–1918 3659:Emigrants 3645:Priamurye 3629:Civil War 3605:July Days 3573:1914–1921 3562:1900–1905 3551:1867–1915 3540:1809–1917 3529:1799–1867 3518:1721–1917 3508:1547–1721 3418:1263–1547 3408:1157–1331 3398:1136–1478 3342:1093–1157 3267:Garðaríki 3224:Antiquity 3103:Soyuz SSR 3068:conciliar 3041:romanized 3025:(RSFSR). 2972:sovietnik 2929:The word 2913:Etymology 2790:with the 2671:in 1924, 2467:Geography 2462:Education 2424:Gorbachev 2419:Chernenko 2307:Osh riots 2287:Jeltoqsan 2173:1982–1991 2009:1964–1982 1914:1953–1964 1793:Holodomor 1770:1927–1953 1709:1917–1927 1654:Communism 1374:Lithuania 1357:Lithuania 1194:Drives on 1181:Time zone 1159:very high 1089:(nominal) 915:1988–1991 874:1941–1945 859:1939–1940 428:Religion 420:13% other 349:Moldavian 313:Ukrainian 78:1922–1991 25687:Category 25565:Nobility 25525:Internet 25520:Heraldry 25515:Graffiti 25500:Folklore 25443:Armorial 25373:Religion 25358:Polygamy 25297:HIV/AIDS 25277:Funerals 25267:Feminism 25237:Deafness 25222:Citizens 25212:Cannabis 25197:Abortion 25141:Taxation 25081:Gambling 25071:Forestry 24920:Military 24753:Politics 24734:Wildlife 24680:Caucasus 24643:Glaciers 24523:Military 24508:Internet 24486:By topic 24380:Vladimir 24375:Novgorod 24329:Timeline 24265:USAFacts 24255:StopFake 24151:Force 47 24056:COVID-19 23980:Euromyth 23731:Peñabots 23605:COVID-19 23510:COVID-19 23495:Vaccines 23360:Examples 23246:Smearing 22838:Politics 22471:Würzburg 22446:Naissaar 22410:Finland 22370:Bavaria 22308:Slovakia 22293:Bulgaria 22223:Far East 22170:Mongolia 22082:Americas 21946:European 21877:Chavismo 21842:Pakistan 21564:Karachay 21559:Cherkess 21352:Karelian 21347:Kabardin 21257:Karelian 21232:Mountain 21227:Dagestan 21217:Adjarian 21171:By years 21117:Mountain 21075:Karelian 21055:Kabardin 21045:Dagestan 21015:Adjarian 20778:Founders 20707:Category 20260:Religion 20147:Chairmen 19993:Congress 19955:Leninism 19935:Propiska 19830:Politics 19689:Glasnost 19649:Cold War 19589:February 19460:(1996). 19386:(1994). 19312:(2005). 19288:(2000). 19221:(2005). 19193:(2004). 19167:(2010). 19109:(2014). 19062:(1969). 18897:Archived 18884:(1994). 18868:(1964). 18840:(2004). 18793:(1981). 18721:Truthout 18633:Archived 18598:Archived 18546:(2010). 18527:Archived 18485:Archived 18481:42809979 18397:Archived 18274:Archived 18195:Archived 18165:Archived 18135:Archived 18109:Archived 18018:Newsweek 17942:Archived 17876:6 August 17848:(2017). 17825:Archived 17717:Archived 17678:Archived 17634:(1997). 17561:Archived 17542:10657222 17413:Archived 17387:Archived 17385:. 2010. 17331:Archived 17301:Archived 17256:(2017). 17211:(1997). 17192:Archived 17168:Archived 17035:Archived 16840:Archived 16836:BU Blogs 16751:Archived 16696:Archived 16657:Archived 16611:Archived 16523:Archived 16466:Archived 16440:Archived 16286:Archived 16106:Archived 16069:30 April 16063:Archived 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7121:Vostok 1 6939:pipeline 6766:services 6523:(1953), 6510:fighters 6480:(1959), 6396:Red Army 6384:Military 6089:Russians 6042:Moldavia 5922:against 5916:alliance 5903:cold war 5892:and the 5878:Cold War 5872:Cold War 5737:de facto 5291:freedoms 5032:Chairman 5022:and the 5002:and the 4926:de facto 4920:and the 4818:Kara Sea 4796:, where 4701:Mongolia 4604:European 4580:Aral Sea 4508:Glasnost 4465:Cold War 4436:, rapid 4393:Red Army 4258:860–1721 4254:Timeline 3991:Putinism 3945:Protocol 3943:Alma-Ata 3848:Karabakh 3828:transfer 3814:Cold War 3637:Red Army 3621:election 3454:Troubles 3332:988–1402 3322:987–1397 3312:882–1136 3257:Arthania 3186:a series 3184:Part of 3097:Союз ССР 2858:, which 2836:preserve 2813:glasnost 2744:Cold War 2729:Red Army 2568:, was a 2482:Politics 2429:List of 2414:Andropov 2409:Brezhnev 2399:Malenkov 2186:Glasnost 1881:Cold War 1623:a series 1621:Part of 1166:Currency 786:Cold War 474:Federal 449:de facto 388:Estonian 378:Armenian 356:Romanian 333:Georgian 243:Cold War 25678:Outline 25490:Fashion 25480:Fashion 25468:Cuisine 25430:Culture 25418:in army 25403:Wedding 25398:Suicide 25393:Smoking 25378:Slavery 25353:Orphans 25326:Illegal 25202:Alcohol 25185:Society 25151:Tourism 25031:Banking 25009:Economy 24854:Prisons 24702:Siberia 24658:Islands 24638:Geology 24574:Climate 24564:Borders 24528:Outline 24503:Judaism 24493:Economy 24320:History 24139:Vietnam 23810:Seat 12 23681:OpIndia 23633:Germany 23100:Fallacy 23073:Factoid 23011:Big lie 22689:COMECON 22589:Romania 22584:Hungary 22441:Ireland 22431:Galicia 22330:Romania 22288:Albania 22243:Jiangxi 22190:Vietnam 22094:Grenada 22068:Somalia 21951:Israeli 21941:Chinese 21936:Burmese 21931:British 21921:African 21893:History 21884:Vietnam 21852:Tunisia 21802:Finland 21797:Estonia 21524:Chuvash 21512:Chechen 21382:Crimean 21282:Kirghiz 21272:Chuvash 21222:Crimean 21207:Kirghiz 21202:Bashkir 21092:Kirghiz 21085:Kirghiz 21040:Crimean 21035:Chuvash 21020:Bashkir 21003:By name 20628:Symbols 20541:Fashion 20523:Culture 20437:Society 20382:Science 20347:Rouble 20289:Economy 20265:Science 20075:Premier 20056:Offices 19918:Leaders 19838:General 19806:Siberia 19779:Regions 19753:Oblasts 19594:October 19571:History 18727:21 June 18699:12 July 18261:(ed.). 18201:4 March 18050:4 March 17754:18 July 17723:18 July 17618:9866730 17609:2640235 17567:18 July 17419:18 July 17337:17 July 17307:18 July 17270:222–223 17123:2494336 16846:8 March 16757:20 June 16663:20 June 16617:20 June 16547:USGOV1. 16529:14 July 16367:20 June 16253:20 June 16112:14 July 15782:20 June 15739:14 June 15609:20 June 15534:24 June 15503:24 June 15287:Bibcode 15214:1154166 15136:3134093 15127:2546027 15025:20 June 14283:20 June 14073:12 June 14037:12 June 13952:3706593 13943:1646771 13520:20 June 13364:20 June 13321:20 June 13237:(1989). 13062:1986524 12939:HISTORY 12782:(1985). 12492:(1994) 12469:(2001) 12211:20 June 12140:20 June 12097:20 June 12024:20 June 11949:20 June 11882:20 June 11839:20 June 11806:20 June 11743:20 June 11700:20 June 11657:20 June 11617:20 June 11574:20 June 11536:20 June 11490:20 June 11451:20 June 11407:20 June 11365:20 June 11326:20 June 11288:20 June 11242:20 June 11203:20 June 11164:20 June 11124:20 June 10783:1570049 10664:Reuters 10608:Culture 10570:Bibcode 10096:table). 10041:nõukogu 10029:Turkmen 9985:Latvian 9940:საბჭოთა 9819:Romania 9815:Hungary 9803:Finland 9657:of the 9344:Maoists 9220:of the 9214:Russian 9178:Donetsk 9070:Armenia 9016:Moldova 8662:in 1979 8605:Culture 8595:Alexy I 8583:atheism 8546:atheism 8515:Marxist 8474:, with 8426:paranja 8360:de jure 8092:Georgia 8029:man in 8027:Svaneti 7950:New Man 7835:Kharkov 7713:Donetsk 7629:Kharkov 7543:Yerevan 7454:Tbilisi 7162:Energia 7157:Ptichka 7085:in 1963 7081:at the 6793:Belarus 6742:Gosplan 6730:Armenia 6694:Comecon 6649:by the 6546:Economy 6050:Estonia 6026:Georgia 6022:Armenia 6010:Khorezm 5974:Ukraine 5920:victory 5840:Germany 5776:fascism 5759:fascist 5615:Russian 5611:Comecon 5543:in 1974 5509:Soviet 5495:Sukarno 5338:against 5311:culture 5299:liberty 4794:Norilsk 4750:), and 4717:Romania 4693:Hungary 4689:Finland 4666:⁄ 4636:steppes 4600:Ukraine 4300:present 4200:present 4179:present 4158:present 4137:present 4116:present 4096:present 4079:present 4062:present 4025:Prelude 3822:Comecon 3452:Time of 3215:Periods 3170:History 3064:council 2976:council 2957:vět-iti 2937:Russian 2897:of the 2889:of the 2620:. 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