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Australia, there is also early art depicting the serpent as an urchin or "seaweed like." It is believed that early painting of the serpent had similar characteristics to that of a seahorse, for example, a curved body, long nose, and curved tail. All depictions of the
Rainbow Serpent in rock art are very detailed and similar across Australia. The main regional differences found between the serpent rock art are in the tail of the serpent and the head of the serpent; some have 3 tails and others, a crocodile's tail.
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656:, or Kandimalal, was created by a star falling from heaven, creating a crater in which a Rainbow Serpent took up residence, though in some versions it is the Serpent which falls from heaven and creates the crater. The story sometimes continues telling of how an old hunter chased a dingo into the crater and got lost in a tunnel created by the Serpent, never to be found again, with the dingo being eaten and spat out by the Serpent.
615:, all of whom know ancient secrets, and the Serpent is merely angered by their presence in its area. The Rainbow Serpent then traces the scent back to the sisters sleeping in their hut, a metaphor for the uterus. The Rainbow Serpent enters, a symbolic representation of a snake entering a hole, and eats them and their children. However, the Rainbow Serpent regurgitates them after being bitten by an ant, and this act creates
439:, an anthropologist who noticed the same concept going under different names among various Aboriginal Australian cultures, and called it "the rainbow-serpent myth of Australia." It has been suggested that this name implies that there is only one Rainbow Serpent, when the concept actually varies quite a bit from one Aboriginal culture to another, and should be properly called the Rainbow Serpent myth
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491:(or Dreamtime or Tjukurrpa or Jukurrpa) stories tell of the great spirits and totems during creation, in animal and human form that moulded the barren and featureless earth. The Rainbow Serpent came from beneath the ground and created huge ridges, mountains, and gorges as it pushed upward. The Rainbow Serpent is understood to be of immense proportions and inhabits deep permanent
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cultures because it distinguishes the time when a female is capable of bringing life into the world, putting a woman on the same level of creative abilities as the
Rainbow Serpent. It is for this reason that men will attempt to mimic this holy process by cutting their arms and/or penises and letting
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has been adopted as the symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, (although this is just speculation and quite possibly untrue). Politically, for example, the
Rainbow Serpent was adopted as the symbol of an anti-uranium mining campaign in Australia, using the notion that the mining would disturb the Serpent
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Many
Aboriginal Australian artists continue to be inspired by the Rainbow Serpent and use it as a subject in their art. An artist by the name of Belle Parker created a painted in the year 2000 called 'The Journey'. This painting combined the Rainbow Serpent with the Christian cross. She even won the
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There are also some geologist that study and look at the
Rainbow Serpent art in Australia who see many similarities between the Serpent and seahorses or pipefish. It's also been described as looking like a sea urchin or seaweed. Considering that the Aborigines are in Australia and surrounded by lush
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The sometimes unpredictable
Rainbow Serpent (in contrast to the unyielding sun) replenishes the stores of water, forming gullies and deep channels as the Rainbow Serpent slithers across the landscape. In this belief system, without the Serpent, no rain would fall and the Earth would dry up. In other
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The
Rainbow Serpent is also representative of Yams and water-lilies. Heavy rainfall brought an abundance of both to the land and there is rock art depicting the serpent as a "Yam Serpent". Other rock art depicts the Rainbow Serpent with a flying fox head or like attributes. On the Arnhem Plateau in
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stories, whereas those of the central desert experience less drastic seasonal shifts and their stories reflect this. It is known both as a benevolent protector of its people (the groups from the country around) and as a malevolent punisher of law breakers. The
Rainbow Serpent's mythology is closely
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It has also been suggested that the
Serpent's position as the most prominent creator God in the Australian tradition has largely been the creation of non-Aboriginal anthropologists. Another error of the same kind is the way in which Western-educated people, with a cultural stereotype of Greco-Roman
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In some stories, the
Serpent is associated with a large fruit bat, sometimes called a "flying fox" in Australian English, engaged in a rivalry over a woman. Some scholars have identified other creatures, such as a bird, crocodile, dingo, or lizard, as taking the role of the Serpent in stories. In
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Robert Blust has documented beliefs about the rainbow in tribal societies around the world that closely resemble the Rainbow Serpent myth of Australia. Rather than supporting the long-standing academic supposition that this belief complex is peculiar to one continent, the ethnographic record shows
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Not all of the myths in this family describe the ancestral being as a snake. Of those that do, not all of them draw a connection with a rainbow. However, a link with water or rain is typical. When the rainbow is seen in the sky, it is said to be the Rainbow Serpent moving from one waterhole to
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A more child-friendly version of the Rainbow Serpent myth tells of how a serpent rose through the Earth to the surface, where she summoned frogs, tickled their bellies to release water to create pools and rivers, and is now known as the mother of life. Another tale is told in
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tells of how a great mother arrives from the sea, travelling across Australia and giving birth to the various Aboriginal peoples. In some versions, the great mother is accompanied by the Rainbow Serpent (or Lightning Snake), who brings the wet season of rains and floods.
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Thunder and lightning are said to stem from when the Rainbow Serpent is angry, causing powerful storms and cyclones that will drown those who have upset her. Other punishments carried out by the Rainbow Serpent included being turned into either a human or to stone.
473:, according to one explanation. Likewise, the rainbow quartz crystal and certain seashells are also associated with the Rainbow Serpent, and are used in rituals involving the rainbow serpent. The underlying reasons are likewise explainable, since quartz acts as a
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In addition to stories about the Rainbow Serpent being passed down from generation to generation, the Rainbow Serpent has been worshipped through rituals and has also inspired cultural artifacts such as artwork and songs, a tradition which continues today.
518:, which fits its connection with fertility myths and rituals. When the Serpent is characterized as female or bigender, it is sometimes depicted with breasts, as in the case of the Kunmanggur serpent. Other times, the Serpent has no particular gender.
692:'s children's book, which tells how the Rainbow Serpent creates the landscape of Australia by thrashing about and, by tricking and swallowing two boys, ends up creating the population of Australia by various animal, insect, and plant species.
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Unlike many other deities, the Rainbow Serpent does not have a human form and remains in the form of animal. While each culture has a different interpretation on gender and which animal the deity is, it is nonetheless, always an animal.>
611:. According to legend, the sisters are travelling together when the older sister gives birth, and her blood flows to a waterhole where the Rainbow Serpent lives. In another version of the tale, the sisters are travelling with their mother,
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sisters among the Yonglu people. In some tellings of the sisters myth, the encounter with the Yurlunggur serpent occurs in its water-hole called the Mirrimina well, glossed as 'rock python's back'. Specifically, the banded rock python
98:. The serpent is viewed as a giver of life through its association with water, but can be a destructive force if angry. The Rainbow Serpent is one of the most common and well-known Aboriginal stories and is of great importance to
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their blood run over their own bodies, each other's bodies, and even into a woman's uterus. Men will sometimes mix their blood with a women's menstrual blood, letting them flow together in a ceremonial unification of the sexes.
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The Rainbow Serpent, in addition to the continuation of traditional beliefs is often referenced in modern culture by providing inspiration for art, film, literature, music, religion, and social movements. For example, The
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The Rainbow Serpent can still serve a cultural role today, particularly for Aboriginal Australians. Some New Age religions and spirituality movements around the world have now also adopted the Rainbow Serpent as an icon.
936:, an annual music festival in Australia, and the Rainbow Serpent Project, a series of films which document the filmmaker's journey to various sacred sites around the Earth, are both inspired and named after the creature.
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Similarly, the Rainbow Serpent can inspire social movements. Art historian Georges Petitjean has suggested that the identification of the Rainbow Serpent with various genders and sexualities helps to explain why the
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The Rainbow Serpent is sometimes associated with human blood, especially circulation and the menstrual cycle, and is considered a healer, because of this the Rainbow Serpent is also representative of fertility.
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believe that it was the Rainbow Serpent who deposited spirit-children throughout pools in which women become impregnated when they wade in the water. This process is sometimes referred to as "netting a fish".
757:) has been identified with the Yurlunggur by one researcher. This species is of brown colour (cf. Yurlunggur described as "giant copper snake") flecked with darker patches and having a ventral side that is
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Though the concept of the Rainbow Serpent has existed for a very long time in Aboriginal Australian cultures, it was introduced to the wider world through the work of anthropologists. In fact, the name
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blood ritual of the goddess, in which the Indigenous Australians allegorically recreate the Rainbow Serpent eating the Wawalag sisters through dance and pantomime, and can be regarded as a
230:) tribe of Queensland, are cosmic carpet snakes 40 miles long, residing in watery realm of the dead, or on the pathway leading to it; this is probably equivalent to the rainbow snake also.
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The rainbow serpent is in the first instance, the rainbow itself. It is said to inhabit particular waterholes, springs etc., because such bodies of water can exhibit
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peoples. Much like the archetypal mother goddess, the Rainbow Serpent creates land and diversity for the Aboriginal people, but when disturbed can bring great chaos.
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704:), flying foxes, or in some cases birds. Unlike an ordinary snake, it may be depicted with appendages such as animal legs and feet or an unusual tail in rock art.
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Quartz crystal and "elongated pieces of pearl-shell, pindjauandja" used by medicine men of Forrest River District, in rites involving the rainbow serpent.
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all cases, these animals are also associated with water. The Rainbow Serpent has also been identified with, or considered to be related to, the
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The Serpent has been depicted in rock art in various forms, generally snake-like but sometimes with heads resembling various marsupials (
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language, according to whose lore grew into the Ngalyod serpent. This snake is also brown with darker blotches with iridescent scales.
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The most common motif in Rainbow Serpent stories is the Serpent as creator, with the Serpent often bringing life to an empty space.
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In some cultures, the Rainbow Serpent is male; in others, female; in yet others, the gender is ambiguous or the Rainbow Serpent is
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Anderson, Sallie (December 2001). "Rejecting the Rainbow Serpent: An Aboriginal Artist's Choice of the Christian God as Creator".
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The Rainbow Serpent is also identified as a healer and can pass on its properties as a healer to humans through a ritual.
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Petitjean, Georges (2012). Welling, Wouter (ed.). "'Casting Ahead Serpent-fashion': The Rainbow Serpent in Australia".
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499:, water. In some cultures, the Rainbow Serpent is considered to be the ultimate creator of everything in the universe.
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or Norse myths, tell the Aboriginal stories in the past tense. For the Indigenous people of Australia, the stories are
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There are many ancient rituals associated with the Rainbow Serpent that are still practiced today. The myth of the
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Various species/taxa of snakes in the natural world have been proposed as the model for the rainbow serpent.
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269:, the original (female) Rainbow Serpent, whose son is Ngalyod, though these names may be used interchangeably
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The Serpent is also identified with a prismatic halo around the moon that can be regarded as a sign of rain.
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One suggestion is that it is modeled on the "rock python", regarding the rainbow serpent in the myth of the
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There are many names and stories associated with the serpent, all of which communicate the significance and
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This article is about an Australian Aboriginal creator being. For the snake found in the United States, see
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2707:. Vol. 2. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 586.
548:(its soul or shadow) cast upon the sky becomes the rainbow, and the serpent ascends to stop the rain, the
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The serpent is sometimes ascribed with a having crest or a mane or on its head, or being bearded as well.
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in Duncan-Kemp (1933), in here reminiscences at "Mooraberrie homestead, 138 miles (222 km) west of
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Or at least in some instances, identified with the rainbow (or otherwise associated with the rainbow).
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Levi-Strauss and the Dragon: Mythologiques Reconsidered in the Light of an Australian Aboriginal Myth
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Young, Diana (2006). "Water as Country on the Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands South Australia".
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2875:"ArtAsiaPacific: Indigenous artwork marks the Sydney Opera House on Invasion Day (Australia Day),"
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rainforest, tropical ocean, and great diversity, the origins of the Serpents form are varied.
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Taylor, Luke (June 1990), "The Rainbow Serpent as Visual Metaphor in Western Arnhem Land",
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Stories about the Rainbow Serpent have been passed down from generation to generation. The
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3277:(October 1996), "Birth of the Rainbow Serpent in Arnhem Land Rock Art and Oral History",
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Grove, Peggy (Winter 1999). "Myths, Glyphs, and Rituals of a Living Goddess Tradition".
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Bird, Stephanie Rose (2006). "Australian Aborigines". In William M. Clements (ed.).
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While it is single-headed, the Yurlunggur of Arnhem land may possess a double-body.
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another, and this divine concept explained why some waterholes never dried up when
2520:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
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around to form trails on Mount Matilda, along with creating waterways such as the
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of Queensland are also considered enormous carpet snakes, as already mentioned.
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Aboriginal Paintings of the Wolfe Creek Crater: Track of the Rainbow Serpent
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that consisted of two species of very large snakes. These species were not
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and cause it to seek revenge as a metaphor for environmental destruction.
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Explaining Northern Land Council's use of the Rainbow Serpent in its logo
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The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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that became extinct elsewhere in the world 55 million years in the past.
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The Rainbow Serpent has also appeared as a character in literature. The
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areas depict an epic interaction of the sun, Serpent, and wind in their
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Ethnological Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines
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The first example in the 1926 rainbow serpent paper by Radcliffe-Brown.
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entity. Some commentators have suggested that the Rainbow Serpent is a
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3011:(December 1930), "The Rainbow-Serpent Myth in North-West Australia",
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Bininj Gun-wok: A Pan-dialectal Grammar of Mayali, Kunwinjku and Kune
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1679:"Aboriginal Names and Utilization of the fauna in the Eyrean Region"
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Stanner, W. (1968), "After the Dreaming" (ABC Boyer Lecture Series)
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532:, a fearful, water-hole dwelling creature in Australian mythology.
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A Rainbow Serpent myth accompanying Jimmy Njiminjuma bark painting
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Johnston (1943), p. 289 citing Roth (1897) and Duncan-Kemp (1933).
3112:(1978). "The Rainbow Serpents of Australia". In Buchler, Ira R.;
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Rocky Outcrops in Australia: Ecology, Conservation and Management
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Plain and Ordinary Things: Reading Women in the Writing Classroom
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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254:(var. Moitt, Muit ) in Central Arnhemland by the Rembarrnga, etc.
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2007:
2005:
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799:) is considered a form that the Rainbow Serpent can take by the
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927:, is a giant Rainbow Serpent mural made of 1620 painted panels.
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is the name of the great water serpent in Queensland among the
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is the name of the "rainbow serpent" according to the Murngin (
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McElroy, W. A. (December 1955). "PSI Testing in Arnhem Land".
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Australian Aboriginal rock painting of the "Rainbow Serpent".
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http://www.bom.gov.au/iwk/climate_culture/rainbow_serp.shtml
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Kunapipi: a study of an Australian aboriginal religious cult
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The Rainbow Serpent is known by different names by the many
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A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe
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2899:"Hellblazer" (89–90). New York: DC/Vertigo. May–June 1995.
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1920:
Carroll, Colleen (1 September 2012). "Mythology in Art".
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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife
843:, like Australia's other large constrictors of the genus
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2102:
2100:
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Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology And Legend
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Names and Substance in the Australian Subsection System
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Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History
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Seeing the Inside: Bark Painting in Western Arnhem Land
951:'s Dreaming story of the Rainbow Serpent was retold in
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One prominent Rainbow Serpent myth is the story of the
94:, which includes the worldview commonly referred to as
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Other suggestions from a televised source include the
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Australian Aboriginal mythology § Rainbow Serpent
2764:. Public Television's Wild Chronicles. Archived from
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by the natives of Pennefather River, North Queensland
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Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
1200:(Third ed.). New York: Facts on File. pp.
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to diffract light into different colours, while the
173:. The Yurlunggur was considered "the great father".
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is an annual festival of music, arts and culture in
27:
Creator god and common motif of Aboriginal Australia
1937:
1935:
1612:. Buku-Larrnggay Mulka Centre. 2015. Archived from
3196:(2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 181–187.
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2422:Indigenous Weather Knowledge - The Rainbow Serpent
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1140:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 292–299.
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3044:"Maraian at Mainoru, 1949: II. An Interpretation"
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1144:
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3237:. Princeton University Press. pp. 139–147.
3096:Lowenstein, John (1961), "Rainbow and Serpent",
1932:
764:Another suggestion is the Oenpelli rock python (
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2808:Dangerous and Divine: The Secret of the Serpent
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2431:
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2128:Blust, Robert (2000). "The Origin of Dragons".
2011:
1949:
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3313:(4, Special 60th Anniversary Issue): 329–344,
3154:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
2994:, University of Chicago Press, pp. 62ff,
2158:The Dragon and the Rainbow: Man’s Oldest Story
1550:, p. 32–33, 38–39, 41 (also discussed in
1446:(31 December 1970), "Monsoon and Honey Wind",
903:
856:
124:
2441:. London: Macmillan. pp. 226, 631, 756.
1823:"Metaphysics in a Mythical View of the World"
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1410:. Oxford University Press. pp. 295–296.
1296:Big Black Dog Communications (6 March 2008).
1233:The Mythology Book Big Ideas Simply Explained
1185:
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2797:
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955:'s award-winning Australian children's book
881:process and led to the establishment of the
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552:is said to halt the rain caused by enemies.
453: – past, present and future.
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1833:. Chicago: Mouton/Aldine. pp. 99–118.
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157:) in north-eastern Arnhemland, also styled
3122:. Chicago: Mouton/Aldine. pp. 23–97.
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2824:. Rainbow Serpent Festival. Archived from
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2643:. Children's python or banded rock python
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2413:
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2391:The Lingo: Listening to Australian English
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1984:Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion
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803:people in northern Western Australia. The
540:cultures, the serpent stops rainfall: the
495:and is in control of life's most precious
435:appears to have been coined in English by
241:in the Northern Territory, by the Dangbon/
3420:Australian Aboriginal legendary creatures
3263:Bulletins of North Queensland Ethnography
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2355:. Chicago: Mouton/Aldine. pp. 1–21.
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1482:"Two Sister Myths: A Structural Analysis"
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1235:. DK Publishing. 2018. pp. 304–307.
589:, water, life, social relationships, and
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1966:
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1886:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
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1650:. Brisbane: Edmund Gregory. p. 153.
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214:further south. The same snake is called
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3150:"The Rainbow-Serpent Myth of Australia"
2932:"Persona 5 Yurlungur Stats Skills List"
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2495:. Galahad Books. 1975. pp. 54–56.
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2028:
1919:
1910:
1784:"Appendix: Glossary of Kunwinkju Words"
1741:
1339:
1300:. Australian Government. Archived from
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
67:, known by numerous names in different
34:. For the spirit in Haitian Vodou, see
14:
3465:Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities
3407:
3332:
3304:
3224:
3180:
3119:The Rainbow Serpent: A Chromatic Piece
2747:
2728:Taçon, Wilson & Chippindale (1996)
2623:
2612:
2560:
2554:
2549:Taçon, Wilson & Chippindale (1996)
2534:Taçon, Wilson & Chippindale (1996)
2515:
2509:
2353:The Rainbow Serpent: A Chromatic Piece
2258:
2252:
2017:
1904:
1831:The Rainbow Serpent: A Chromatic Piece
1781:
1732:
1555:
1551:
1442:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
892:Female menstruation is sacred to many
3364:Dreamtime Stories:The Rainbow Serpent
3273:Taçon, Paul S. C.; Wilson, Meredith;
3038:
3007:
2697:
2691:
2219:
2154:
2127:
1981:
1975:
1853:
1586:
1561:
3285:(3, The Creation of Time): 103–124,
3259:"Superstitiion, Magic, and Medicine"
3253:
2629:Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia
2438:Northern Tribes of Central Australia
2387:
2381:
2031:"The Trails of the Rainbow Serpents"
1941:
1640:
1627:– via Hollow Logs Didgeridoos.
1599:
1249:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1135:
652:comes a story that explains how the
2846:
1700:Duncan-Kemp, Alice Monkton (1933).
1118:
877:marks the importance of the female
24:
3397:The Trails of the Rainbow Serpents
3319:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1990.tb01559.x
3291:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1996.tb00355.x
3060:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1961.tb00441.x
3025:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01655.x
2591:, p. 22. Quoted in Dooley (1995),
2199:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1955.tb00668.x
2089:10.1111/j.1835-9310.2001.tb00078.x
2077:Australian Journal of Anthropology
1498:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1983.tb01998.x
1450:, De Gruyter, pp. 1306–1326,
563:
460:
25:
3476:
3348:
1990:(2). Brill Netherlands: 239–258.
1877:
1744:"Notes on Some Australian Tribes"
1548:Elkin, Berndt & Berndt (1950)
1218:
679:. Some Aboriginal peoples in the
667:tell of how Rainbow Serpents, or
3146:Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald
2469:
457:that it is a culture universal.
79:in the art and religion of many
2975:
2950:
2924:
2892:
2867:
2721:
2581:
2493:Encyclopedia of World Mythology
2425:
2289:
2222:, p. 350 and Elkin (1977)
2213:
2148:
2121:
2112:
1898:
1884:Bininj Kunwok online dictionary
1871:
1758:
1708:
1654:
1541:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1047:
1030:
1021:
572:may vary however, according to
69:Australian Aboriginal languages
2567:. SUNY Press. pp. 67–68.
2455:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t6737bs6n
2394:. UNSW Press. pp. 15–16.
1364:
695:
210:, and recorded under the name
13:
1:
3091:, University of Chicago Press
2958:"Eyes of the Rainbow Serpent"
2561:Dooley, Deborah Anne (1995).
2516:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2007).
1408:Dictionary of World Mythology
1112:
648:area in the northern part of
603:or Wagilag sisters, from the
145:different Aboriginal cultures
134:
2988:"Ch. 8. The Rainbow Mystery"
2984:Brandenstein, Carl Georg von
1767:, p. 20, citing Palmer.
576:differences. Peoples of the
73:different Aboriginal peoples
7:
3235:Princeton University Presse
1095:scrub or amethystine python
987:
969:Japanese role-playing games
904:Influence in modern culture
857:Role in traditional culture
222:(Maithakari). Two mythical
206:; it is apparently a giant
125:Names in different cultures
10:
3481:
3227:"Mythology of Arnhem Land"
3186:"Mythology of Arnhem Land"
2822:"Rainbow Serpent Festival"
1996:10.1163/156853506777965839
1480:Hargrave, Susanne (1983).
1448:Échanges et communications
1402:Cotterell, Arthur (2003).
753:<sc>syn.</sc>
712:Possible origins in nature
29:
2960:. Amazon. 12 January 2022
2849:"Rainbow Serpent Project"
2259:Isaacs, Jennifer (1979).
2029:Kickett, Everett (1994).
1457:10.1515/9783111698281-034
921:Museum of Old and New Art
796:Morelia spilota variegata
782:Another candidate is the
192:, one of Yolngu peoples.
3275:Chippindale, Christopher
3128:10.1515/9783110807165.23
2447:10.1017/cbo9780511751202
2299:pp. 12–13, 31, cited in
1704:. Angus & Robertson.
1351:Rainbow Serpent Festival
1186:Mercatante, Anthony S.;
1014:
934:Rainbow Serpent Festival
663:people of south-western
115:Rainbow Serpent Festival
3415:Rainbow serpent deities
3388:11 January 2018 at the
3342:, Harper & Brothers
3225:—— (2021).
2433:Baldwin Spencer, Walter
2295:Berndt, Ronald (1951),
1967:Roughsey, Dick (1975).
1907:, p. 330 and 1996.
1742:McElroy, W. A. (1884).
1264:"The First Australians"
919:(1970-72), held at the
636:Another story from the
176:The serpent is called
3392:Accessed 29 April 2013
3279:Archaeology in Oceania
2912:Cite journal requires
2787:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
2587:Knight, Chris (1983).
2376:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
2347:. In Buchler, Ira R.;
2247:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
2235:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
2155:Blust, Robert (2023).
2012:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
1950:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
1825:. In Buchler, Ira R.;
1765:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
1727:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
1662:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
1334:Radcliffe-Brown (1926)
928:
731:
722:Wonambi naracoortensis
633:, Northern Territory.
437:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
422:Development of concept
140:
48:
3375:Accessed 8 July 2008
3334:Warner, William Lloyd
3110:Mountford, Charles P.
3083:Berndt, Ronald Murray
2742:Reptiles of Australia
2388:Seal, Graham (1999).
1922:Arts & Activities
1782:Taylor, Luke (1996).
1660:Roth (1897) cited in
1554:, p. 182, repr.
1404:"Overview: Yurlungur"
1381:, p. 185, repr.
1377:. (also discussed in
911:
894:Indigenous Australian
719:
671:, smashed and pushed
233:Other names include:
132:
90:of this being within
81:Aboriginal Australian
46:
32:Farancia erytrogramma
3357:Accessed 8 July 2008
2631:. Csiro Publishing.
2536:, pp. 105, 123.
1702:Our Sandhill Country
1444:Berndt, Catherine H.
92:Aboriginal mythology
3401:Accessed 3 May 2013
3255:Roth, Walter Edmund
2762:National Geographic
2647:, Oenpelli python,
2607:Brandenstein (1982)
2325:Brandenstein (1982)
2267:: Lansdowne Press.
1969:The Rainbow Serpent
1675:Johnston, T. Harvey
1642:Roth, Walter Edmund
1536:Brandenstein (1982)
1373:, pp. 254–257
999:Serpent (symbolism)
957:The Rainbow Serpent
771:), which is called
755:Antaresia childreni
3445:Legendary serpents
3088:Art in Arnhem Land
3042:(September 1961),
2879:artasiapacific.com
2789:, pp. 19, 20.
2665:Lindenmayer, David
2237:, pp. 19, 25.
1971:. Sydney: Collins.
1619:on 19 January 2020
1607:"Djalu' Gurruwiwi"
1508:– via JSTOR.
1304:on 12 January 2018
1274:on 11 January 2018
929:
875:Northern Territory
793:The carpet snake (
732:
654:Wolfe Creek Crater
646:Great Sandy Desert
638:Northern Territory
141:
100:Aboriginal society
63:often seen as the
49:
3430:Creator goddesses
3383:television series
3381:First Australians
3079:Berndt, Catherine
2758:"Rainbow Serpent"
2735:Lowenstein (1961)
2663:Michael, Damian;
2274:978-0-7018-1330-7
2168:978-90-04-67829-3
2161:. Brill, Leiden.
2054:, pp. 31–32.
2033:. Daniel Habedank
1521:, pp. 79–78.
1467:978-3-11-169828-1
747:Children's python
665:Western Australia
650:Western Australia
471:diffracting light
226:of the Mycoolon (
75:. It is a common
16:(Redirected from
3472:
3455:Oceanian dragons
3343:
3329:
3301:
3269:
3248:
3221:
3177:
3141:
3114:Maddock, Kenneth
3105:
3092:
3070:
3035:
3004:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2851:. Archived from
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2768:on 3 August 2013
2754:
2745:
2744:, p. 99 opp. 112
2725:
2719:
2718:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2675:Csiro Publishing
2660:
2651:
2642:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2349:Maddock, Kenneth
2341:Maddock, Kenneth
2337:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:Mountford (1978)
2104:
2093:
2092:
2072:
2055:
2052:Mountford (1978)
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2026:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1953:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1827:Maddock, Kenneth
1819:Maddock, Kenneth
1815:
1806:
1805:
1779:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1559:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1522:
1519:Mountford (1978)
1516:
1510:
1509:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1459:
1440:
1434:
1431:Oxford Reference
1428:
1426:
1424:
1399:
1386:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1260:
1247:
1246:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1195:
1183:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1106:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1025:
944:for this piece.
887:fertility ritual
819:Paleoherpetology
751:Liasis childreni
681:Kimberley region
631:Murchison Ranges
627:Warumungu people
139:
136:
21:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3450:Rainbow deities
3435:Snake goddesses
3405:
3404:
3390:Wayback Machine
3351:
3346:
3245:
3166:10.2307/2843596
3138:
3002:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2938:. 30 March 2020
2930:
2929:
2925:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2828:on 21 July 2017
2820:
2819:
2815:
2804:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2740:Worrel (1966),
2726:
2722:
2715:
2699:Evans, Nicholas
2696:
2692:
2685:
2661:
2654:
2639:
2622:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2470:
2465:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2313:Maddock (1978a)
2311:
2307:
2301:Maddock (1978a)
2294:
2290:
2275:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2218:
2214:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2096:
2073:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2010:
2003:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1956:
1944:, Bulletin 5,
1940:
1933:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1878:Garde, Murray.
1876:
1872:
1866:Maddock (1978b)
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:. p. 261.
1792:Clarendon Press
1780:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1698:
1694:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1585:
1562:
1558:, p. 141).
1546:
1542:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1400:
1389:
1385:, p. 143).
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1212:
1193:"Rainbow Snake"
1184:
1145:
1134:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
990:
906:
859:
769:Oenpelli python
714:
698:
566:
564:Serpent stories
479:mother of pearl
467:spectral colors
463:
461:Characteristics
429:Rainbow Serpent
424:
419:
204:Boulia District
169:, Julunggur or
137:
127:
53:Rainbow Serpent
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Rainbow serpent
15:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Dragon deities
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3349:External links
3347:
3345:
3344:
3330:
3302:
3270:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3190:American Imago
3178:
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3093:
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3036:
3019:(3): 349–352,
3005:
3000:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2949:
2936:Samurai Gamers
2923:
2914:|journal=
2891:
2866:
2847:Webster, Tor.
2839:
2813:
2791:
2779:
2746:
2730:, p. 116
2720:
2713:
2690:
2683:
2677:. p. 64.
2652:
2637:
2625:Cogger, Harold
2611:
2609:, p. 116.
2599:
2580:
2573:
2553:
2538:
2523:
2508:
2502:978-0706403978
2501:
2480:
2463:
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2400:
2380:
2368:
2361:
2345:"Introduction"
2329:
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2288:
2273:
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2193:(2): 118–126.
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2136:(2): 519–536.
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2094:
2083:(3): 291–301.
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2016:
2001:
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1868:, p. 105.
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1492:(4): 347–357.
1472:
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1338:
1315:
1298:"The Dreaming"
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821:
820:
775:in the native
713:
710:
697:
694:
565:
562:
516:phallic symbol
504:hermaphroditic
462:
459:
443:of Australia.
423:
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3137:9789027976802
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2870:
2855:on 5 May 2013
2854:
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2498:
2494:
2491:"Australia".
2487:
2485:
2477:
2476:public domain
2466:
2464:9780511751202
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2401:9780868406800
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2377:
2372:
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2362:9783110807165
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2327:, p. 62.
2326:
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2255:
2249:, p. 25.
2248:
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2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2014:, p. 24.
2013:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1906:
1905:Taylor (1990)
1901:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1840:9783110807165
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
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1803:
1801:9780198233541
1797:
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1761:
1753:
1749:
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1729:, p. 19.
1728:
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1557:
1556:RĂłheim (2021)
1553:
1552:RĂłheim (1951)
1549:
1544:
1538:, p. 64.
1537:
1532:
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1394:
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1384:
1383:RĂłheim (2021)
1380:
1379:RĂłheim (1951)
1376:
1372:
1371:Warner (1937)
1367:
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1211:9780816073115
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1182:
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965:Megami Tensei
962:
958:
954:
953:Dick Roughsey
950:
949:Lardil people
945:
943:
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926:
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828:
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789:
788:Liasis fuscus
785:
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762:
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756:
752:
748:
745:
740:
735:
730:
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703:
693:
691:
690:Dick Roughsey
685:
682:
678:
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605:Yolngu people
602:
597:
594:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
574:environmental
571:
570:serpent story
561:
557:
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531:
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433:Rainbow Snake
430:
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190:Dhangu people
187:
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78:
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66:
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58:
57:Rainbow Snake
54:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3425:Creator gods
3396:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3338:
3310:
3306:
3282:
3278:
3266:
3262:
3234:
3231:Dundes, Alan
3193:
3189:
3182:RĂłheim, GĂ©za
3157:
3153:
3118:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3075:Elkin, A. P.
3051:
3047:
3040:Elkin, A. P.
3016:
3012:
3009:Elkin, A. P.
2991:
2976:Bibliography
2962:. Retrieved
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2935:
2926:
2905:cite journal
2894:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:the original
2842:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:the original
2816:
2807:
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2766:the original
2761:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2703:
2693:
2669:
2628:
2602:
2588:
2583:
2563:
2556:
2517:
2511:
2492:
2437:
2427:
2390:
2383:
2371:
2352:
2320:
2315:, p. 6.
2308:
2296:
2291:
2260:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2220:Elkin (1930)
2215:
2190:
2186:
2157:
2150:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2080:
2076:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
1987:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1952:, p. 19
1925:
1921:
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1883:
1873:
1861:
1856:, p. 4.
1854:Elkin (1961)
1849:
1830:
1787:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1710:
1701:
1695:
1689:(pt 2): 289.
1686:
1682:
1669:
1664:, p. 19
1656:
1646:
1621:. Retrieved
1614:the original
1601:
1592:
1588:
1543:
1514:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1447:
1438:
1421:. Retrieved
1407:
1374:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1267:
1232:
1197:
1137:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1037:
1032:
1023:
981:rainbow flag
977:
973:
956:
946:
938:
930:
916:
913:Sidney Nolan
899:
891:
879:menstruation
864:
860:
844:
830:
829:
822:
813:
808:
804:
794:
792:
787:
784:water python
781:
772:
765:
763:
754:
750:
743:
736:
733:
726:
720:
706:
699:
686:
658:
643:
635:
621:
598:
595:
567:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
526:
523:
520:
501:
489:The Dreaming
487:
485:of colours.
481:exhibits an
464:
455:
448:
445:
440:
432:
428:
425:
414:
409:
404:
399:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
358:
340:
330:
321:
312:
303:
294:
288:
278:
274:
266:
257:
251:
238:
232:
223:
215:
211:
208:carpet snake
195:
194:
188:clan of the
181:
177:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
149:
142:
112:
104:
96:The Dreaming
85:
71:by the many
59:is a common
56:
52:
50:
40:
3054:(1): 1–15,
2884:28 November
2303:, p. 2
1948:, cited in
1942:Roth (1903)
1928:(1): 22–26.
942:Blake prize
871:Arnhem Land
869:sisters of
851:Madtsoiidae
696:Iconography
617:Arnhem Land
609:Arnhem Land
550:Andrénjinyi
512:androgynous
483:iridescence
359:Wanamangura
289:Andrénjinyi
283:Gubbi Gubbi
138: 1878
65:creator God
36:Ayida-Weddo
3460:Snake gods
3409:Categories
3399:short film
2964:12 January
2810:: 172–181.
1623:19 January
1595:(3): 6–14.
1423:21 January
1113:References
1103:file snake
1101:, and the
967:series of
961:Hellblazer
825:Queensland
801:Walmadjari
759:opalescent
728:Thylacoleo
677:Avon River
585:linked to
544:serpent's
510:, thus an
493:waterholes
365:(Talainji)
337:(Gaagudju)
322:Kunmanggur
247:Rembarrnga
245:/Buan and
218:among the
151:Yurlunggur
3202:0065-860X
3160:: 19–25.
3098:Anthropos
2594:pp. 67–68
2343:(1978a).
2130:Anthropos
1880:"ngalyod"
1821:(1978b).
1506:0029-8077
1429:also via
1375:et passim
1036:Given as
777:Kunwinjku
702:macropods
644:From the
623:Wollunqua
591:fertility
582:Dreamtime
578:monsoonal
450:everywhen
395:Warumungu
390:Wollunqua
363:Thalanyji
345:Wikmunkan
326:Murinbata
304:Goorialla
281:) by the
262:Kunwinjku
220:Mitakoodi
171:Julunggul
167:Jurlungur
163:Yulunggur
159:Yurlungur
3386:Archived
3336:(1937),
3299:40387039
3257:(1903),
3218:14837890
3210:26301306
3184:(1951).
3148:(1926).
3116:(eds.).
3085:(1950),
3068:40329294
3033:40327333
2986:(1982),
2859:17 April
2832:11 April
2701:(2003).
2667:(2018).
2627:(2014).
2435:(1904).
2351:(eds.).
2207:40329684
2142:40465957
1829:(eds.).
1677:(1943).
1644:(1897).
1589:ReVision
1356:9 August
1278:29 April
1190:(2009).
1055:Ngalmudj
1042:Windorah
1038:Cunmurra
988:See also
883:Kunapipi
809:Kooremah
673:boulders
613:Kunapipi
542:Numereji
508:bigender
497:resource
405:Wonungar
331:Numereji
267:Yingarna
228:Maikulan
224:Kooremah
212:Cunmurra
200:Pitapita
119:Victoria
110:struck.
3327:0332450
3307:Oceania
3233:(ed.).
3174:2843596
3104:: 31–40
3048:Oceania
3013:Oceania
2942:11 July
2772:5 April
2283:7274630
2224:p/. 129
2187:Oceania
1890:16 June
1486:Oceania
1347:"About"
1004:Eingana
873:in the
867:Wawalag
846:Morelia
841:pythons
832:Wonambi
805:Kanmare
773:nawaran
761:white.
739:Wawilak
661:Noongar
625:is the
601:Wawalag
410:Worombi
400:Wonambi
393:by the
361:by the
354:Noongar
352:by the
343:by the
333:by the
324:by the
315:by the
313:Wanampi
306:by the
299:Ingarda
297:by the
275:Dhakkan
260:by the
258:Ngalyod
243:Dalabon
216:Tulloun
196:Kanmare
184:by the
133:Myndie
108:drought
3325:
3297:
3241:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3172:
3134:
3066:
3031:
2998:
2711:
2681:
2649:p. 828
2645:p. 823
2635:
2571:
2499:
2461:
2398:
2359:
2281:
2271:
2265:Sydney
2205:
2165:
2140:
1837:
1798:
1754:: 291.
1504:
1464:
1414:
1239:
1208:
1204:–818.
1099:taipan
1097:, the
1009:Wirnpa
925:Hobart
669:Wagyls
546:iwaiyu
530:bunyip
379:Myndie
374:Langal
369:Galeru
341:Taipan
335:Kakadu
317:Aṉangu
295:Kajura
285:(Kabi)
279:Takkan
239:Bolung
182:Wititj
155:Yolngu
3323:JSTOR
3295:JSTOR
3229:. In
3206:JSTOR
3170:JSTOR
3064:JSTOR
3029:JSTOR
2203:JSTOR
2138:JSTOR
2037:3 May
1946:p. 10
1617:(PDF)
1610:(PDF)
1308:3 May
1015:Notes
917:Snake
837:genus
835:is a
475:prism
384:Ungur
350:Wagyl
252:muitj
186:Galpu
178:Witij
88:power
77:motif
61:deity
3239:ISBN
3214:PMID
3198:ISSN
3132:ISBN
2996:ISBN
2966:2022
2944:2021
2918:help
2886:2022
2861:2013
2834:2013
2774:2013
2732:apud
2709:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2279:OCLC
2269:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2039:2013
1892:2019
1835:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1625:2020
1502:ISSN
1462:ISBN
1433:site
1425:2020
1412:ISBN
1358:2021
1310:2013
1280:2013
1237:ISBN
1206:ISBN
725:and
659:The
587:land
415:Yero
277:(or
113:The
51:The
3315:doi
3287:doi
3162:doi
3124:doi
3056:doi
3021:doi
2451:hdl
2443:doi
2195:doi
2085:doi
1992:doi
1926:152
1494:doi
1452:doi
1268:SBS
1202:817
1053:Or
923:in
915:'s
823:In
807:or
766:aka
744:aka
607:of
506:or
469:by
431:or
55:or
3411::
3321:,
3311:60
3309:,
3293:,
3283:31
3281:,
3265:,
3261:,
3212:.
3204:.
3192:.
3188:.
3168:.
3158:56
3156:.
3152:.
3130:.
3102:56
3100:,
3081:;
3077:;
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3052:32
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3027:,
3015:,
2990:,
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