310:. (1960) originally proposed the existence of two linear nuclei (nucleus linearis intermedius and nucleus linearis rostralis). This study was published before techniques enabling the visualization of serotonin or the enzymes participating in its synthesis had been developed, as first demonstrated by Dahlström and Fuxe in 1964. Later, it was revealed that of these two nuclei, only the former (nucleus linearis intermedius, now known as the caudal linear nucleus), proved to contain serotonin-producing neurons, though both of them contain dopaminergic neurons.
513:
49:
29:
472:
Overall, the caudal raphe nuclei, including the nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus and nucleus raphe obscurus, all project towards the spinal cord and brain stem. The more-rostral nuclei, including the nucleus raphe pontis, nucleus centralis superior (also called median raphe nucleus, mRN)
1031:
Nomina
Anatomica. Zusammengestellt von der im Jahre 1923 gewählten Nomenklatur-Kommission, unter Berücksichtigung der Vorschläge der Mitglieder der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, der Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, sowie der American Association of Anatomists, überprüft und durch
592:
which causes dramatic increases in food intake, memory retention, and increases in anxiety. The effects of ghrelin are seen on the raphe nucleus as soon as an hour after injection, suggesting rapid changes in the structure of the nucleus. Changes also occur after 24 hours suggesting delayed
551:
altering serotonin levels for sleep/wake states. The raphe nuclei will then transmit feedback to the SCN about the animal's vigilance and levels of alertness. This reciprocal feedback between the two structures provides an adaptable yet stable basis of circadian rhythms.
476:
The numerous projections from the mRN and dRN to key brain structures make serotonergic system fundamental in regulating brain homeostasis. However, studies also show feedback loops from numerous areas of the brain controlling the serotonergic neurons located in the
1284:
Carlini VP, Varas MM, Cragnolini AB, Schiöth HB, Scimonelli TN, de
Barioglio SR (January 2004). "Differential role of the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nucleus in regulating feeding, memory, and anxiety-like behavioral responses to ghrelin".
657:
678:
In 1964, Dahlstrom and Fuxe (discussed in ), using the Falck-Hillarp technique of histofluorescence, observed that the majority of serotonergic soma are found in cell body groups, which previously had been designated as the raphe
567:
The raphe pallidus wasn't switched off using 8-OH-DPAT, which in turn reduced body temperature due to a reduced response to cold. This suggests the importance of the raphe nucleus in responding appropriately to the cold.
564:, resulting in both brown adipose tissue (BAT) temperature and heart rate increasing. This suggests that activation of the raphe nucleus results in an increase in sympathetic activity to the BAT.
804:
Dahlstroem A, Fuxe K (1964). "Evidence for the
Existence of Monoamine-Containing Neurons in the Central Nervous System. I. Demonstration of Monoamines in the Cell Bodies of Brain Stem Neurons".
986:
An illustrated medical dictionary. Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages
469:
These nuclei interact with almost every pertinent portion of the brain, but only a few of them have specifically independent interaction. These select nuclei are discussed as follows.
1089:
Peyron C, Petit JM, Rampon C, Jouvet M, Luppi PH (January 1998). "Forebrain afferents to the rat dorsal raphe nucleus demonstrated by retrograde and anterograde tracing methods".
1159:
Monti JM, ed. (2008). "Reciprocal connections between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the midbrain raphe nuclei: A putative role in the circadian control of behavioral states".
2825:
1047:"Figure 4. Diagram of the human brain showing the divergent serotonergic projections of the raphe nuclei to both cortical and subcortical locations throughout the brain"
1016:
Die Nomina anatomica des Jahres 1895 (B.N.A.) nach der
Buchstabenreihe geordnet und gegenĂĽbergestellt den Nomina anatomica des Jahres 1935 (I.N.A.) (3. Auflage)
155:
769:
Taber E, Brodal A, Walberg F (April 1960). "The raphe nuclei of the brain stem in the cat. I. Normal topography and cytoarchitecture and general discussion".
525:
The raphe nuclei have a vast impact upon the central nervous system. Many of the neurons in the nuclei (but not the majority) are serotonergic; i.e., contain
1124:
Azmitia EC, Segal M (June 1978). "An autoradiographic analysis of the differential ascending projections of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in the rat".
3025:
1747:
1200:
Madden CJ, Morrison SF (2003). "Excitatory amino acid receptor activation in the raphe pallidus area mediates prostaglandin-evoked thermogenesis".
1075:
399:
The Latin names commonly used for most of these nuclei are grammatically and orthographically incorrect. Latin grammar would require to use the
2130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
658:"Understanding the neuroanatomical organization of serotonergic cells in brain provides insight into the functions of this neurotransmitter"
2977:
1973:
1807:
1782:
1787:
2753:
831:
Halliday GM, Törk I (April 1989). "Serotonin-like immunoreactive cells and fibres in the rat ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum".
2463:
868:"Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex"
3018:
2416:
232:
1184:
671:
536:
Projections from the raphe nuclei also terminate in the dorsal horn of spinal gray matter where they regulate the release of
263:
2505:
1046:
2411:
617:
3011:
1839:
1430:
2777:
2686:
2401:
2211:
2012:
548:
162:
3034:
2760:
2748:
2202:
2122:
1844:
1752:
1329:
937:
1001:
Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre
Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen. (Dritte Auflage)
560:
A large increase in sympathetic nerve activity was observed when an excitatory amino acid was injected into the
3278:
3149:
2802:
2717:
2669:
2406:
2072:
2034:
1921:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1667:
2087:
1545:
506:
150:
53:
Horizontal cross section of the brainstem at the lower pons. The raphe nucleus is labeled #18 in the middle.
2972:
2845:
2782:
2270:
2082:
2060:
1859:
1812:
1608:
1237:"Central efferent pathways mediating skin cooling-evoked sympathetic thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue"
2674:
2456:
2265:
2166:
2039:
1550:
1513:
1032:
BeschluĂź der
Anatomischen Gesellschaft auf der Tagung in Jena 1935 endgĂĽltig angenommen. (Vierte Auflage)
547:(SCN), thus contributing in circadian rhythms in animals. The SCN transmits to the raphe nuclei via the
3219:
3164:
3094:
3050:
2351:
1503:
3349:
3224:
2870:
2220:
2215:
2188:
2154:
2135:
2065:
1854:
1849:
1603:
1598:
1580:
1508:
1344:
Sari Y (October 2004). "Serotonin1B receptors: from protein to physiological function and behavior".
691:
Briley M, Moret C (October 1993). "Neurobiological mechanisms involved in antidepressant therapies".
2853:
2517:
2277:
2240:
2192:
1963:
1764:
1486:
924:
644:
revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of
Roderick McKenzie
612:
376:
362:
259:
204:
81:
1618:
3265:
3196:
2835:
2567:
2260:
2149:
2029:
2007:
3130:
3115:
2794:
2449:
2356:
1958:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1168:
561:
544:
498:
478:
414:
333:
274:
268:
192:
134:
106:
433:
is an incorrect Latin rendering of the
Ancient Greek word ῥαφή as the initial letter rho with
3145:
3103:
3065:
2984:
2927:
2917:
2740:
2691:
2346:
2103:
2077:
1708:
1457:
1423:
357:
286:
1160:
916:
3168:
3111:
2922:
2863:
2492:
2428:
2299:
2197:
2002:
1876:
735:
581:
386:
338:
298:
292:
280:
8:
3319:
3119:
3069:
2912:
2815:
2712:
2681:
2512:
2500:
2396:
2341:
2255:
1834:
1802:
1742:
1713:
1662:
1652:
1535:
917:
313:
In some works (e.g.), researchers have grouped the nuclei lineares into one nucleus, the
248:
739:
3354:
3206:
3138:
3126:
2765:
2630:
2601:
2250:
1914:
1326:"A Lecture, Higher Brain Function: Activation of the Brain and Levels of Consciousness"
1261:
1236:
892:
867:
747:
661:
1213:
1102:
883:
99:
3134:
2830:
2770:
2707:
2662:
2619:
2609:
2583:
2562:
2161:
2024:
1978:
1942:
1613:
1498:
1493:
1440:
1396:
1391:
1374:
1361:
1302:
1266:
1217:
1180:
1161:
1141:
1106:
1069:
972:
Onomatologia
Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart.
952:
897:
848:
844:
813:
786:
751:
708:
704:
667:
502:
473:
and nucleus raphe dorsalis (dRN) project towards the brain areas of higher function
328:
34:
1357:
2943:
2907:
2657:
2336:
2245:
2206:
2144:
2019:
1657:
1540:
1476:
1416:
1386:
1353:
1294:
1256:
1248:
1209:
1172:
1133:
1098:
887:
879:
840:
778:
743:
700:
607:
482:
446:
343:
1241:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
512:
3324:
3273:
3191:
3172:
3153:
2956:
2481:
2282:
1968:
1575:
1570:
584:. When administered, larger doses of ghrelin act centrally on the raphe nucleus,
434:
407:
228:
86:
1176:
3255:
3183:
3090:
2537:
2374:
2317:
1997:
1481:
1298:
1252:
602:
236:
208:
200:
184:
576:
More recent studies of the Raphe Nuclei done with rats involve the effects of
251:, and appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the
247:
The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the
3343:
3306:
3247:
3061:
3042:
2951:
2899:
1907:
1797:
1792:
1373:
McKittrick CR, Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ, McEwen BS, Sakai RR (March 1995).
637:
533:
neurotransmitter and are modulated through fibrous pathways in the midbrain.
490:
486:
413:('seam') in these Latin expressions. The main authority in anatomical names,
400:
143:
139:
38:
3296:
3003:
2895:
2639:
2547:
2327:
2051:
1988:
1759:
1634:
1365:
1306:
1270:
1221:
901:
817:
790:
494:
212:
48:
2441:
1400:
1325:
1137:
1110:
852:
782:
755:
712:
3073:
2939:
2820:
2731:
2529:
2309:
2099:
1826:
1448:
1408:
1145:
585:
537:
168:
3238:
1375:"Serotonin receptor binding in a colony model of chronic social stress"
941:
320:
252:
220:
196:
1899:
3054:
530:
526:
224:
216:
3314:
3080:
2473:
589:
370:
93:
1372:
239:
are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets.
3288:
3157:
1167:. Samüel Deurveilher and Kazue Semba. Birkhäuser Basel. pp.
577:
306:. In the first systematic examination of the raphe nuclei, Taber
974:
Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Universitätsbuchhändler.
429:
however can also be contested as numerous sources indicate that
1163:
Serotonin and Sleep: Molecular, Functional and Clinical Aspects
656:
Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Fisher SK, Albers RW, Uhler MD (1999).
497:. The connection between these areas, particularly between the
2826:
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
953:
Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998).
571:
1283:
69:
1054:
The Neuropharmacology of Hallucinogens: a technical overview
1931:
914:
501:
and the orbital cortices, is thought to have influences on
450:
351:
655:
41:. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.)
28:
1088:
726:
Törk I (1990). "Anatomy of the serotonergic system".
1287:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
666:(Sixth ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
16:
Moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in brain stem
768:
629:
3341:
1234:
319:, shrinking the number of raphe to seven, e.g.,
1199:
915:Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, van Huijzen C (2008).
803:
3019:
2457:
1915:
1424:
762:
3033:
1193:
1123:
1044:
992:
966:
964:
830:
806:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum
635:
516:Dopamine and serotonin pathways in the brain
2471:
1074:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
983:
690:
572:The raphe nuclei and the effects of ghrelin
3026:
3012:
2464:
2450:
1922:
1908:
1438:
1431:
1417:
1022:
977:
908:
728:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
47:
27:
1683:Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1390:
1260:
961:
923:(4 ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp.
891:
543:The raphe nuclei provide feedback to the
215:in the brain and decrease the release of
191:, "seam") are a moderate-size cluster of
1668:Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1235:Nakamura K, Morrison SF (January 2007).
511:
1929:
998:
865:
421:instead of the grammatically incorrect
3342:
1951:
1346:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1323:
1028:
1013:
1007:
859:
797:
233:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
3007:
2445:
1903:
1412:
1158:
1343:
1126:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
988:. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
946:
771:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
725:
266:, the raphe nuclei are known as the
719:
555:
13:
1316:
1003:. Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
748:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16870.x
618:List of regions in the human brain
14:
3366:
884:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004
2687:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
919:The human central nervous system
705:10.1097/00002826-199310000-00002
549:dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
540:, which inhibit pain sensation.
481:, including the orbital cortex,
163:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1358:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.008
1330:East Tennessee State University
1277:
1228:
1152:
1117:
1082:
1038:
1018:. Leipzig: Georg Thieme Verlag.
931:
406:('of the seam') instead of the
394:
3279:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
3150:Substantia nigra pars compacta
2803:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
2073:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
2035:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1688:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1673:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1034:. Jena: Verlag Gustav Fischer.
824:
684:
649:
464:
323:makes the following ordering:
1:
2088:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
1546:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1214:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00527-x
1103:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00268-6
623:
507:obsessive compulsive disorder
445:in Latin. The edition of the
2973:Superior cerebellar peduncle
2846:Midbrain reticular formation
2271:Lateral parabrachial nucleus
2083:Medial vestibulospinal tract
2061:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
1813:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
1609:Rostral ventromedial medulla
1392:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00152-S
1056:. Erowid Pharmacology Vaults
845:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90092-0
734:(1): 9–34, discussion 34–5.
636:Liddell HG, Scott R (1940).
7:
2675:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
2266:Medial parabrachial nucleus
2040:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1551:Inferior salivatory nucleus
1177:10.1007/978-3-7643-8561-3_4
866:Ikemoto S (November 2007).
642:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
596:
520:
493:, and several areas of the
37:at about the middle of the
10:
3371:
3220:Anterior raphespinal tract
3165:Tuberoinfundibular pathway
3051:Nucleus basalis of Meynert
1604:Arcuate nucleus of medulla
1299:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.150
1253:10.1152/ajpregu.00427.2006
693:Clinical Neuropharmacology
441:) is normally rendered as
377:Nucleus centralis superior
363:Nucleus centralis inferior
242:
3305:
3287:
3264:
3246:
3237:
3225:Lateral raphespinal tract
3205:
3182:
3102:
3089:
3041:
2965:
2938:
2894:
2887:
2871:Reticulotegmental nucleus
2844:
2811:
2793:
2739:
2730:
2700:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2618:
2600:
2576:
2555:
2546:
2528:
2491:
2480:
2387:
2367:
2326:
2308:
2295:
2233:
2221:Inferior salivary nucleus
2216:Superior salivary nucleus
2177:
2111:
2098:
2066:Vestibulocerebellar tract
2050:
1987:
1938:
1825:
1775:
1735:
1728:
1698:
1642:
1633:
1599:Ventral respiratory group
1589:
1581:Accessory cuneate nucleus
1563:
1524:
1465:
1456:
1447:
812:(Suppl): SUPPL 232:1–55.
231:against these receptors.
188:
161:
149:
133:
105:
92:
80:
68:
63:
58:
46:
26:
21:
3035:Neurotransmitter systems
2854:dorsal tegmental nucleus
2783:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
2278:Superior olivary nucleus
2241:Pedunculopontine nucleus
2193:Trigeminal motor nucleus
2013:Ventral trigeminal tract
1964:Superior medullary velum
1765:Inferior olivary nucleus
1487:Dorsal respiratory group
613:Pedunculopontine nucleus
3197:Lateral tegmental field
2836:Interpeduncular nucleus
2568:Central tegmental tract
2261:Subparabrachial nucleus
2030:Central tegmental tract
2008:Dorsal trigeminal tract
1783:Posterior median sulcus
1748:Anterior median fissure
1045:BilZ0r; Erowid (2005).
984:Foster FD (1891–1893).
833:Brain Research Bulletin
639:A Greek-English Lexicon
593:modifications as well.
203:which are coupled with
3131:Ventral tegmental area
3116:Ventral tegmental area
2795:Ventral tegmental area
2357:Pontocerebellar fibers
1959:Cerebellopontine angle
1889:Perihypoglossal nuclei
955:Terminologia Anatomica
872:Brain Research Reviews
545:suprachiasmatic nuclei
517:
499:nucleus raphe dorsalis
479:nucleus raphe dorsalis
415:Terminologia Anatomica
387:Nucleus raphe dorsalis
334:Nucleus raphe obscurus
275:nucleus raphe pallidus
269:nucleus raphe obscurus
3171:) → Pituitary gland (
3146:Nigrostriatal pathway
3104:Dopaminergic pathways
3066:Medial septal nucleus
2985:Interpeduncular fossa
2928:Temporopontine fibers
2692:Dentatothalamic tract
2347:Corticopontine fibers
2078:Vestibulospinal tract
1788:Posterolateral sulcus
1709:Olivocerebellar tract
1619:Pre-Bötzinger complex
1379:Biological Psychiatry
1138:10.1002/cne.901790311
783:10.1002/cne.901140205
515:
449:that was ratified in
419:nucleus raphes magnus
304:caudal linear nucleus
3169:Infundibular nucleus
3112:Mesocortical pathway
2923:Frontopontine fibers
2918:Corticopontine tract
2493:Corpora quadrigemina
2198:Facial motor nucleus
2003:Trigeminal lemniscus
1753:Anterolateral sulcus
957:. Stuttgart: Thieme.
663:Basic Neurochemistry
582:dorsal raphe nucleus
423:nucleus raphe magnus
381:median raphe nucleus
373:reticular formation
369:Raphe nuclei of the
358:Nucleus raphe pontis
354:reticular formation
350:Raphe nuclei of the
339:Nucleus raphe magnus
299:dorsal raphe nucleus
293:median raphe nucleus
287:nucleus raphe pontis
281:nucleus raphe magnus
3320:Subthalamic nucleus
3120:Prefrontal cortices
2913:Corticobulbar tract
2908:Corticospinal tract
2816:Periaqueductal gray
2713:Rubro-olivary tract
2682:Spinothalamic tract
2648:Sensory / ascending
2556:Sensory / ascending
2513:Superior colliculus
2501:Inferior colliculus
2397:Reticular formation
2342:Corticobulbar tract
2337:Corticospinal tract
2256:Parabrachial nuclei
1835:Reticular formation
1803:Hypoglossal trigone
1714:Rubro-olivary tract
1663:Juxtarestiform body
1653:Sensory decussation
1536:Hypoglossal nucleus
740:1990NYASA.600....9T
249:reticular formation
211:. They function as
3207:Serotonin pathways
3139:olfactory tubercle
3127:Mesolimbic pathway
2766:Oculomotor nucleus
2701:Motor / descending
2577:Motor / descending
2388:Other grey: Raphe/
2330:: Motor/descending
2251:Pneumotaxic center
2234:Grey: Other nuclei
1705:Descending tracts
999:Triepel H (1910).
970:Hyrtl, J. (1880).
518:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3233:
3232:
3135:Nucleus accumbens
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2831:Parabrachial area
2771:Trochlear nucleus
2726:
2725:
2708:Rubrospinal tract
2610:Cerebral aqueduct
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2584:Tectospinal tract
2563:Spinotectal tract
2518:Superior brachium
2506:Inferior brachium
2439:
2438:
2383:
2382:
2291:
2290:
2229:
2228:
2162:Vestibular nuclei
2025:Lateral lemniscus
1979:Facial colliculus
1897:
1896:
1821:
1820:
1724:
1723:
1629:
1628:
1614:Botzinger complex
1559:
1558:
1499:Vestibular nuclei
1494:Gustatory nucleus
1324:Currie D (2005).
1186:978-3-7643-8560-6
1029:Stieve H (1949).
1014:Kopsch F (1941).
673:978-0-397-51820-3
417:uses for example
329:medulla oblongata
177:
176:
172:
100:nlx_anat_20090205
35:medulla oblongata
3362:
3350:Brainstem nuclei
3244:
3243:
3167:: Hypothalamus (
3100:
3099:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2944:Substantia nigra
2892:
2891:
2737:
2736:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2553:
2552:
2489:
2488:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2306:
2305:
2246:Apneustic center
2207:Abducens nucleus
2182:
2145:Cochlear nucleus
2116:
2109:
2108:
2020:Medial lemniscus
1949:
1948:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1733:
1732:
1658:Medial lemniscus
1640:
1639:
1541:Nucleus ambiguus
1529:
1477:Solitary nucleus
1470:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1369:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1311:
1310:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1004:
996:
990:
989:
981:
975:
968:
959:
958:
950:
944:
935:
929:
928:
922:
912:
906:
905:
895:
863:
857:
856:
828:
822:
821:
801:
795:
794:
766:
760:
759:
723:
717:
716:
688:
682:
681:
653:
647:
646:
633:
608:Substantia nigra
556:Thermoregulation
483:cingulate cortex
447:Nomina Anatomica
344:Nucleus pallidus
327:Raphe nuclei of
316:nucleus linearis
190:
169:edit on Wikidata
166:
51:
31:
19:
18:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3325:Globus pallidus
3301:
3283:
3274:Globus pallidus
3260:
3256:Climbing fibers
3229:
3201:
3192:Locus coeruleus
3178:
3173:Median eminence
3154:Caudate nucleus
3085:
3037:
3032:
3002:
2989:
2961:
2957:Pars reticulata
2934:
2875:
2840:
2807:
2789:
2722:
2696:
2622:
2614:
2588:
2572:
2542:
2524:
2484:
2476:
2472:Anatomy of the
2470:
2440:
2435:
2389:
2379:
2363:
2322:
2297:
2287:
2283:Locus coeruleus
2225:
2178:
2173:
2112:
2094:
2046:
1983:
1974:Medial eminence
1969:Sulcus limitans
1940:
1934:
1930:Anatomy of the
1928:
1898:
1893:
1840:Gigantocellular
1817:
1808:Medial eminence
1771:
1720:
1694:
1625:
1585:
1576:Cuneate nucleus
1571:Gracile nucleus
1555:
1525:
1520:
1466:
1443:
1439:Anatomy of the
1437:
1407:
1334:
1332:
1319:
1317:Further reading
1314:
1282:
1278:
1233:
1229:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1157:
1153:
1122:
1118:
1087:
1083:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1008:
997:
993:
982:
978:
969:
962:
951:
947:
936:
932:
913:
909:
864:
860:
829:
825:
802:
798:
767:
763:
724:
720:
689:
685:
674:
654:
650:
634:
630:
626:
599:
574:
558:
523:
467:
435:rough breathing
425:. The spelling
408:nominative case
397:
245:
237:antidepressants
229:partial agonist
201:5-HT1 receptors
173:
126:
122:
118:
114:
54:
42:
33:Section of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3184:Norepinephrine
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3161:
3160:
3142:
3141:
3123:
3122:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2741:cranial nuclei
2734:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2718:Descending MLF
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2538:Pretectal area
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2375:Basilar sulcus
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2318:Pontine nuclei
2314:
2312:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2104:Cranial nuclei
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1998:Trapezoid body
1994:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1473:
1471:
1460:
1458:Cranial nuclei
1451:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1370:
1341:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1276:
1247:(1): R127-36.
1227:
1192:
1185:
1151:
1116:
1081:
1037:
1021:
1006:
991:
976:
960:
945:
930:
907:
858:
823:
796:
761:
718:
699:(5): 387–400.
683:
672:
648:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
603:Locus ceruleus
598:
595:
573:
570:
562:Raphe Pallidus
557:
554:
522:
519:
466:
463:
439:spiritus asper
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
389:
384:
367:
366:
365:
360:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
258:In order from
244:
241:
209:adenyl cyclase
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
109:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3367:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3297:Renshaw cells
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:Septal nuclei
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3043:Acetylcholine
3040:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3006:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Pars compacta
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2900:Cerebral crus
2897:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:Mesencephalic
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:Ascending MLF
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Parvocellular
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Vagal trigone
1796:
1794:
1793:Area postrema
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1385:(6): 383–93.
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:(6): 565–82.
1351:
1347:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:(3): 635–41.
1292:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
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1196:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:(3): 641–67.
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:(2): 443–68.
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1025:
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839:(4): 725–35.
838:
834:
827:
819:
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811:
807:
800:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:(2): 161–87.
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733:
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491:preoptic area
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401:genitive case
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213:autoreceptors
210:
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205:Gi/Go-protein
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195:found in the
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75:nuclei raphes
73:
71:
67:
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3215:Raphe nuclei
3214:
2859:Raphe nuclei
2858:
2640:White matter
2548:White matter
2424:Raphe nuclei
2423:
2179:
2113:
1867:Raphe nuclei
1866:
1635:White matter
1526:
1467:
1382:
1378:
1349:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1290:
1286:
1279:
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1230:
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1202:Neuroscience
1201:
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1129:
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1091:Neuroscience
1090:
1084:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
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1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
971:
954:
948:
933:
918:
910:
878:(1): 27–78.
875:
871:
861:
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832:
826:
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799:
774:
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764:
731:
727:
721:
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529:, a type of
524:
495:hypothalamus
475:
471:
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458:
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442:
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427:raphe/raphes
426:
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398:
395:Nomenclature
380:
315:
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303:
297:
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285:
279:
273:
267:
257:
246:
207:-inhibiting
199:. They have
181:raphe nuclei
180:
178:
128:A14.1.06.401
124:A14.1.05.601
120:A14.1.05.402
116:A14.1.04.318
112:A14.1.04.257
74:
22:Raphe nuclei
3074:Hippocampus
2978:Decussation
2821:Red nucleus
2732:Grey matter
2530:Grey matter
2127:Trigeminal
1449:Grey matter
1208:(1): 5–15.
586:hippocampus
538:enkephalins
509:prognosis.
465:Projections
457:instead of
64:Identifiers
3344:Categories
2417:Paramedian
1860:Paramedian
942:NeuroNames
624:References
503:depression
489:, lateral
321:NeuroNames
253:brain stem
221:anxiolytic
197:brain stem
3355:Serotonin
3307:Glutamate
3248:Aspartate
3055:Neocortex
2654:Lemnisci
2631:Tegmentum
2623:(Ventral)
2412:Tegmental
2390:reticular
2180:efferent:
2131:Principal
2114:afferent:
1991:: Sensory
1943:tegmentum
1527:efferent:
1468:afferent:
938:ancil-190
531:monoamine
527:serotonin
485:, medial
225:Buspirone
217:serotonin
3315:Thalamus
3081:Striatum
2620:Peduncle
2485:(Dorsal)
2474:midbrain
2296:Ventral/
2167:Superior
2155:Anterior
2054:: Motor
1882:Pallidus
1872:Obscurus
1649:Sensory
1514:Inferior
1366:15527863
1335:18 April
1307:14697239
1271:16931649
1222:14596844
1070:cite web
1060:18 April
902:17574681
818:14229500
791:13836517
597:See also
590:amygdala
521:Function
371:midbrain
243:Anatomy
227:acts as
94:NeuroLex
3289:Glycine
3158:putamen
2966:Surface
2663:Lateral
2368:Surface
1952:Surface
1939:Dorsal/
1855:Lateral
1850:Ventral
1743:Pyramid
1729:Surface
1699:Ventral
1590:Ventral
1504:Lateral
1441:medulla
1401:7772647
1262:2441894
1111:9466453
893:2134972
853:2736398
756:2252340
736:Bibcode
713:8221701
679:nuclei.
580:on the
578:ghrelin
352:pontine
264:rostral
235:(SSRI)
87:D011903
59:Details
3070:Fornix
2864:dorsal
2658:Medial
2482:Tectum
2429:Median
2402:Caudal
2150:Dorsal
2136:Spinal
1877:Magnus
1679:Motor
1643:Dorsal
1564:Dorsal
1509:Medial
1399:
1364:
1305:
1269:
1259:
1220:
1183:
1171:–131.
1146:565370
1144:
1109:
927:, 893.
900:
890:
851:
816:
789:
754:
711:
670:
588:, and
455:rhaphe
404:raphes
308:et al.
290:, the
284:, the
278:, the
272:, the
260:caudal
219:. The
193:nuclei
2896:White
2328:White
2052:White
1989:White
1760:Olive
1736:Front
1482:tract
1050:(PNG)
459:raphe
431:raphe
411:raphe
223:drug
185:Greek
167:[
156:84017
70:Latin
39:olive
3266:GABA
3156:and
3137:and
3068:) →
2940:Grey
2888:Base
2407:Oral
2310:Grey
2300:base
2100:Grey
1932:pons
1827:Grey
1776:Back
1397:PMID
1362:PMID
1337:2006
1303:PMID
1267:PMID
1218:PMID
1181:ISBN
1142:PMID
1107:PMID
1076:link
1062:2006
898:PMID
849:PMID
814:PMID
787:PMID
752:PMID
709:PMID
668:ISBN
505:and
451:Jena
189:ῥαφή
179:The
144:5955
140:6035
107:TA98
82:MeSH
2778:GVE
2761:GSE
2749:GSA
2602:CSF
2352:MCP
2212:GVE
2203:GSE
2189:SVE
2123:GSA
1387:doi
1354:doi
1295:doi
1291:313
1257:PMC
1249:doi
1245:292
1210:doi
1206:122
1173:doi
1169:103
1134:doi
1130:179
1099:doi
940:at
925:890
888:PMC
880:doi
841:doi
810:232
779:doi
775:114
744:doi
732:600
701:doi
262:to
151:FMA
135:TA2
3346::
3239:AA
3152:→
3148::
3133:→
3129::
3118:→
3114::
3091:BA
3072:→
3053:→
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676:.
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461:.
443:rh
302:,
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187::
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96:ID
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3027:e
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2465:e
2458:t
2451:v
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1941:(
1923:e
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1432:e
1425:t
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171:]
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