392:
90:
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38:
214:
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388:"). After the introductory elements, a fast and more complex song pattern often follows. It is the introductory elements which show a geographic variation. The boundaries of any given dialect may vary but in a rural and forested environment in Norway the average size of these dialect areas is around 41.5 km2.
370:
It is 20–24 cm long with a wingspan of 33–34.5 cm and a weight of 50–75 g. The sexes are similar, with plain brown backs and with dark brown spots on the white underparts. The most striking identification features are the red flanks and underwing, and the creamy white stripe above the
639:
The redwing has an extensive range, estimated at 10 million square kilometres (3.8 million square miles), and an estimated population of 26 to 40 million individuals in Europe alone. The
European population forms approximately 40% of the global population, thus the very preliminary
572:
in a neat nest. The eggs are typically 2.6 x 1.9 centimetres in size and weigh 4.6 grammes, of which 5% is shell, and which hatch after 12–13 days. The chicks fledge at 12–15 days, but the young remain dependent on their parents for a further 14 days.
383:
The
Redwing song consists of a number of introductory elements of descending or ascending frequency. These elements may be of pure tonal quality, or of a more harsh quality (varying degrees of frequency modulations or
1005:
Palinauskas, Vaidas; Markovets, Mikhail Yu; Kosarev, Vladislav V; Efremov, Vladislav D; Sokolov Leonid V; Valkiûnas, Gediminas (2005). "Occurrence of avian haematozoa in
Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk districts of Russia".
379:
The male has a varied short song, and a whistling flight call. Redwings show a distinct dialectic variation in song, having a considerable similarity in song patterns among birds within a local population.
493:
There are multiple records of vagrants from the north-east coast of North
America, as well as two sightings on the north-west coast (one in Washington in 2005, and one in Seward, Alaska in November 2011).
719:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
640:
estimate of the global population is 98 to 151 million individuals. The species is believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the
490:) may be resident, not migrating at all, while those in the far east of the range migrate at least 6,500–7,000 km to reach their wintering grounds.
1305:
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1357:
648:. Numbers can be adversely affected by severe winters, which may cause heavy mortality, and cold wet summers, which reduce breeding success.
529:
The movement occurs in the Autumn to early Winter and they often move at night making a "Tseep" contact call that can carry a long distance.
371:
eye. Adults moult between June and
September, which means that some start to replace their flight feathers while still feeding young.
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1318:
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305:, characterised by rounded heads, longish, pointed wings, and usually melodious songs. Although two European thrushes, the
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456:. In recent years it has expanded its range slightly, both in eastern Europe where it now breeds south into northern
1483:
1409:
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1248:
941:
Bjerke, T. K., & Bjerke, T. H. (1981). Song dialects in the
Redwing Turdus iliacus. Ornis Scandinavica, 40-50.
526:. Unlike the song thrush, the more nomadic redwing does not tend to return regularly to the same wintering areas.
1261:
1230:
265:
204:
644:(i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore precautionarily uplisted to
615:
A Russian study of blood parasites showed that all the fieldfares, redwings and song thrushes sampled carried
502:
Migrating and wintering birds often form loose flocks of 10 to 200 or more birds, often feeding together with
1440:
1344:
1152:
482:, wintering in western, central and southern Europe, north-west Africa, and south-west Asia east to northern
317:
thrushes after they spread north from Africa, the redwing is descended from ancestors that had colonised the
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1028:
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1004:
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A spectrogram showing an example of the song structure of a
Redwing in Iceland. Terminology is applied.
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8:
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The
English name derives from the bird's red underwing. It is not closely related to the
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601:
84:
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1157:
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486:. Birds in some parts of the west of the breeding range (particularly south-western
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T. alis subtus flavescentibus, rectricibus tribus lateralibus apice utrinque albis.
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594:
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507:
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1029:
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.2. MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
335:, the nominate subspecies described by Linnaeus, which breeds in mainland Eurasia.
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361:. It is darker overall, and marginally larger than the nominate form.
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islands from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there.
981:
The Birds of the
Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
737:
New World
Blackbirds: The Icterids (Helm Identification Guides)
582:
568:. Redwings nest in shrubs or on the ground, laying four to six
565:
548:
487:
445:
437:
241:
111:
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661:
301:
About 65 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus
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del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D., eds. (2005).
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796:. Pelagic Monographs. Exeter: Pelagic. pp. 221–225.
721:(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 168.
667:
937:
935:
734:
979:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
313:, are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of
286:, not a thrush. The binomial name derives from the
932:
693:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708819A110990927.en
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416:It breeds in northern regions of Europe and the
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922:RSPB Handbook of British Birds (2014). UK
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552:Nests are often constructed on the ground.
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829:Snow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998).
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581:It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of
735:Jaramillo, Alvaro; Burke, Peter (1997).
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901:Clement, P., & Hathway, R. (2000).
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593:in autumn and winter, particularly of
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1464:IUCN Red List near threatened species
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1441:2CC35369-E8BB-45C0-B3F9-507D3F6D552E
1262:bf2d1bba-9b4b-486d-ab4e-b712d09e4978
471:It is often replaced by the related
260:This species was first described by
248:, slightly smaller than the related
983:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
969:
905:Helm Identification Guides, London
831:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
810:
739:. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd.
679:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
271:under its current scientific name.
13:
953:The Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs
869:Vol. 10. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
867:Handbook of the Birds of the World
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753:
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14:
1500:
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468:area was colonised in 1990–1991.
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668:BirdLife International (2017).
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955:. London: Warne. p. 78.
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475:in areas of higher altitude.
240:family, Turdidae, native to
7:
1489:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
532:
10:
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768:[Linnaeus, 1766 ]"
589:all year, supplemented by
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686:: e.T22708819A110990927.
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345:in 1901, which breeds in
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85:Scientific classification
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400:Distribution and habitat
256:Taxonomy and systematics
21:Redwing (disambiguation)
1484:Birds described in 1758
635:Status and conservation
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282:"redwing", which is an
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514:, sometimes also with
444:, and through most of
424:south to northernmost
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343:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
1384:Paleobiology Database
1034:Feathers of redwing (
833:Concise Edition. OUP
792:Reilly, John (2018).
551:
540:
498:Behaviour and ecology
407:
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1257:Fauna Europaea (new)
324:The redwing has two
276:red-winged blackbird
19:For other uses, see
794:The Ascent of Birds
428:, and east through
55:Conservation status
605:Crataegus monogyna
554:
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460:, and in southern
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357:south to northern
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803:978-1-78427-169-5
508:common blackbirds
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1293:iNaturalist
1081:Wikispecies
699:12 November
628:Trypanosoma
564:forest and
524:ring ouzels
436:, northern
430:Scandinavia
366:Description
307:song thrush
250:song thrush
1458:Categories
1423:Xeno-canto
995:p1215–1218
778:2008-01-28
652:References
587:earthworms
504:fieldfares
473:ring ouzel
418:Palearctic
412:in Iceland
326:subspecies
246:Palearctic
1008:Ekologija
764:"Redwing
512:starlings
480:migratory
462:Greenland
448:to about
319:Caribbean
298:"flank".
280:nicknamed
170:Species:
108:Kingdom:
102:Eukaryota
1337:22708819
1311:10198967
1197:45510219
1158:bob12010
1122:22708819
1117:BirdLife
1106:BioLib:
1066:Wikidata
903:Thrushes
717:(1758).
602:hawthorn
533:Breeding
466:Qaqortoq
426:Scotland
408:Head of
349:and the
244:and the
201:Linnaeus
152:Turdidae
148:Family:
122:Chordata
118:Phylum:
112:Animalia
98:Domain:
75:IUCN 3.1
31:Redwing
1436:ZooBank
1285:redwing
1275:2490781
1072:Q184825
1014:: 8–12.
591:berries
583:insects
577:Feeding
558:conifer
458:Ukraine
442:Belarus
422:Iceland
420:, from
355:Ireland
347:Iceland
284:icterid
236:in the
232:) is a
224:redwing
158:Genus:
138:Order:
128:Class:
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1469:Turdus
1415:558600
1389:365961
1363:411526
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1282:GNAB:
1231:EURING
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1184:redwin
1145:redwin
1100:redwin
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522:, and
488:Norway
478:It is
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438:Poland
432:, the
386:trills
315:Turdus
303:Turdus
292:turdus
290:words
242:Europe
238:thrush
163:Turdus
45:Adult
1410:WoRMS
1402:18261
1306:IRMNG
1298:12749
1249:97233
1236:12010
1218:EUNIS
1179:eBird
1171:59PLT
1142:BOW:
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595:rowan
562:birch
450:165°E
359:Spain
288:Latin
1358:NCBI
1332:IUCN
1319:ITIS
1270:GBIF
1223:1331
1205:EPPO
1135:9564
1130:BOLD
1109:8889
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701:2021
684:2017
625:and
600:and
585:and
570:eggs
560:and
510:and
484:Iran
440:and
375:Song
309:and
234:bird
222:The
205:1758
132:Aves
1397:TSA
1376:141
1345:NBN
1192:EoL
1166:CoL
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1096:ABA
688:doi
452:in
296:ile
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