5332:
5857:
5837:
5808:
5766:
5730:
5701:
5672:
5636:
5594:
5558:
5529:
5500:
5464:
5442:
5406:
5377:
5348:
25:
5889:
4901:
4060:
1244:, with the former symbol denoting a semivowel with compressed rounding typical of front vowels, and the latter symbol denoting a semivowel with protruded rounding typical of central and back vowels, though an additional verbal clarification is usual in such cases, as the IPA does not provide any official means to distinguish sounds with compressed and protruded rounding.
840:
yet another. The IPA chart has been organized so that the raising diacritic moves the value of a letter through these series toward the top of the chart, and the lowering diacritic toward the bottom of the chart, but this only works for some of the consonants. While it would be convenient if all
1185:
and therefore a more narrow transcription of it is . However, this symbol is not commonly used mainly because of the common practice of avoiding using diacritics wherever possible, and because very few languages contrast front and central open unrounded vowels.
1173:
However, since the IPA does not specify the exact amount of centralization that centralized vowels have, the symbols and can in modern transcriptions be used at times to transcribe fully central vowels, or vowels that have a variable amount of centralization.
1239:
can be centralized much like vowels; for instance, the semivowels corresponding to the close central vowels can be written as centralized palatal semivowels , or centralized velar semivowels . The transcription vs. may also denote a distinction in the
2402:
2438:
1212:
the centralized and the advanced/retracted diacritics, generally the former indicates a more central vowel, so that e.g. indicates an only slightly centralized (retracted) front vowel
767:. More precise transcription will use the fricative symbols with the lowering diacritic, (the last symbol may be rendered as , but that may not display properly in some browsers).
1273:
are closer to the midpoint of the vowel space than their referent vowels. That is, they are closer to the mid-central vowel schwa not just by means of centralization, but also by
2412:
841:
consonants could be so ordered, consonants are too diverse for a single dimension to capture their relationships. In addition, many of the points along the series may be
744:. The ambiguous symbols for rear approximant/fricatives may be specified as fricatives with the raising diacritic, , or as approximants with the lowering diacritic, . In
2422:
534:, rather than the front vowel. If precision is desired, this may also be indicated with the minus sign , although a number of other transcriptions are also possible.
2407:
1297:
In most languages, vowels become mid-centralized when spoken quickly, and in some languages, such as
English and Russian, many vowels are also mid-centralized when
2392:
2369:
2359:
763:, or intermediate between fricative and approximant. This may be partially due to the fact there is only a dedicated IPA symbol for one of them, the
771:, on the other hand, requires the opposite: Its fricated trill, which is a separate phoneme, may be transcribed as a raised trill, . Similarly, the
1166:⟩) will be seen instead of (by analogy with ). Before the letters were added to the IPA in 1993, the symbols were used for these near-
2354:
5261:
3307:
3053:
1635:
772:
605:
sound is articulated with the tongue or lip lowered (the mouth more open) than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the
3321:
3314:
3060:
1197:
diacritics may be used (an equivalent transcription of is retracted ), but the concept of centralization is convenient in cases where
1170:
values. would now be assumed to represent articulations intermediate between and . Similarly, would be intermediate between and .
3535:
3293:
3039:
89:
2304:
61:
5050:
3328:
3025:
5223:
5153:
5089:
5012:
3300:
3046:
1560:
A simpler transcription is also possible, and involves putting an additional labialization diacritic next to the last symbol: .
42:
5898:
5433:
5218:
5096:
4993:
4910:
4069:
3830:
3737:
2318:
68:
5173:
5110:
4915:
3920:
3812:
3719:
3032:
579:
sound is articulated with the tongue or lip raised higher than some reference point. In the IPA this is indicated with the
5449:
5266:
5117:
5063:
5019:
4449:
4404:
3907:
3844:
3751:
3202:
2958:
5471:
5246:
5031:
5000:
4415:
4367:
4353:
4295:
4281:
3929:
3837:
3744:
2349:
1378:
1146:
407:
75:
5520:
5195:
5180:
4960:
4429:
3947:
3858:
3819:
3765:
3726:
3483:
1628:
1595:
776:
324:
sound is one that is pronounced farther to the back of the vocal tract, and its IPA diacritic is the subscript minus
108:
5692:
4946:
4422:
4074:
4001:
3938:
3851:
3758:
3265:
3209:
3174:
2965:
2930:
1142:
464:
57:
5757:
5536:
5491:
5056:
5038:
3983:
3251:
3007:
2313:
1885:
1659:
1122:
236:
diacritics under the letter. Another dimension of relative articulation that has IPA diacritics is the degree of
221:
5708:
5663:
5549:
4966:
4905:
4900:
4332:
4260:
4064:
4059:
3865:
3772:
3418:
3377:
3113:
2780:
1858:
46:
686:
In other non-IPA transcription systems, raised vowels are indicated with the iconic upward-pointing arrowhead
5721:
5507:
5368:
4974:
4856:
4716:
4684:
4008:
3272:
3188:
3181:
2944:
2937:
2766:
1853:
1223:
1121:
than some point of reference, or that has undergone a shift in this direction. The diacritic for this in the
5828:
5679:
5565:
5256:
4952:
4847:
4836:
4748:
4360:
4288:
3990:
3448:
3258:
3237:
3160:
3014:
2993:
2916:
2397:
2297:
1865:
1848:
1840:
1621:
1182:
531:
1536:
1445:
1417:
1340:
1331:
1261:
1157:
1153:
1100:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1004:
999:
989:
984:
971:
966:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
926:
921:
914:
909:
899:
892:
887:
882:
780:
560:
551:
486:
475:
471:
467:
456:
448:
441:
430:
403:
399:
274:
265:
170:
162:
154:
5737:
5384:
5339:
5069:
4863:
4346:
4325:
4274:
4017:
3435:
3391:
3384:
3335:
3127:
3120:
3071:
2816:
2787:
2636:
2465:
1880:
1875:
1215:
791:
5893:
5888:
5799:
5397:
4980:
4877:
4799:
3677:
3570:
3457:
3363:
3279:
3195:
3099:
2951:
2798:
2773:
2752:
2145:
1870:
1489:
1178:
527:
504:
479:
460:
178:
145:
of a speech sound relative to some reference point. Typically, the comparison is made with a default,
5948:
5848:
5585:
5355:
5251:
4870:
4790:
4779:
4381:
4339:
4309:
4267:
3641:
3349:
3244:
3167:
3085:
3000:
2923:
2830:
2681:
2652:
1792:
1737:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1406:
1376:
1221:
1213:
5815:
5627:
5413:
4928:
4806:
4374:
4302:
4026:
3623:
3597:
3546:
3466:
3398:
3342:
3078:
2858:
2823:
2663:
2643:
2622:
1903:
1722:
1655:
794:) to most close (most stricture), there are several independent relationships among speech sounds.
142:
82:
5864:
5777:
5601:
4820:
4216:
3684:
3517:
3508:
3491:
3370:
3286:
3106:
2844:
2805:
2759:
2695:
2290:
2106:
2101:
2012:
1505:
1388:
35:
5643:
4813:
4577:
4515:
4207:
4196:
4141:
3663:
3648:
3528:
3356:
3092:
2837:
2723:
2688:
2579:
2564:
2548:
2123:
1933:
1732:
1707:
1651:
1220:, whereas indicates a more centralized (retracted) front vowel, or even a fully central vowel
721:
134:
1416:
have two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: spread, as in , and open-rounded ⟨
1314:('I saw two cars today'), instead of the standard . This can severely affect intelligibility.
4639:
4566:
4546:
4504:
4484:
4223:
4120:
3630:
3604:
3579:
3553:
2865:
2709:
2670:
2629:
2559:
2520:
2364:
1712:
1689:
1667:
1413:
1194:
741:
725:
483:
421:
The difference between a fronted and non-fronted consonant can be heard in the
English words
138:
1281:. The diacritic used to mark this in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the over-cross,
492:
Languages may have phonemes that are farther back than the nearest IPA symbol. For example,
5102:
4628:
4608:
4586:
4524:
4237:
4176:
3499:
2851:
2702:
2604:
2150:
2113:
1825:
1518:(), although the last transcription can also indicate an only somewhat advanced back vowel.
1459:
1399:
1298:
1190:
284:
2282:
8:
5903:
5166:
4770:
4657:
4648:
4557:
4495:
4244:
4230:
4148:
3670:
2730:
2584:
2541:
2221:
2091:
2068:
1817:
1770:
1742:
1436:
737:
733:
570:
507:) the way a prototypical is. A more precise transcription is therefore . Similarly, the
388:
may be used to indicate retraction, as above, or phrases like "retracted i" may be used.
5943:
5189:
4619:
4185:
4134:
4113:
2872:
2716:
2574:
2554:
2508:
2086:
1919:
1727:
1684:
1205:
move toward each other, rather than all advancing or retracting in the same direction.
368:
Both vowels and consonants may be fronted or backed. In verbal description, the prefix
668:
toward the top of the vowel chart. For example, represents a vowel somewhere between
5614:
5145:
4540:
4391:
4155:
4082:
3696:
2609:
2589:
2531:
2417:
2208:
2165:
2042:
2007:
1830:
1797:
1765:
1699:
1591:
1384:
1080:
846:
764:
384:. Otherwise phrases like "fronted u" may be used. For retraction, either the prefix
301:
than some reference point. The diacritic for this in the IPA is the subscript plus,
5424:
4478:
4169:
4127:
2599:
2569:
2536:
2526:
2233:
2226:
2081:
2037:
2032:
1895:
1807:
1784:
1760:
1717:
1676:
1308:
Mid-centralization of vowels can be a speech impediment. An example from Polish is
745:
679:
toward the bottom of the chart. For example, represents a vowel somewhere between
520:
392:
5748:
5482:
4939:
4469:
4162:
3591:
2594:
2460:
2198:
2096:
2076:
2017:
1985:
1802:
1585:
1302:
832:
729:
519:; that is, pronounced farther back than a prototypical velar, between velar and
508:
493:
380:
1394:
These diacritics are sometimes also used with consonants to indicate degrees of
5654:
2170:
1391:
is much more rounded than is typical for a low vowel, and may be transcribed .
826:
822:
768:
680:
669:
1375:, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. For example, the English
5937:
5313:
4830:
4672:
4086:
2256:
2216:
2193:
2160:
2133:
1402:
1395:
1118:
415:
411:
672:
and , or may even be . Lowering, on the other hand, means that the vowel is
5159:
2881:
2266:
2185:
2175:
2155:
1429:
842:
512:
499:
is a postalveolar sibilant. While this is often transcribed as , it is not
5911:
5325:
5308:
5082:
4602:
3406:
2475:
2453:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2138:
1995:
1241:
1198:
808:
804:
760:
663:
438:
414:, or somewhere between and , may need to be clarified verbally, or on a
298:
237:
153:
in a neutral sound environment. For example, the
English velar consonant
627:
When a letter has a descender, the tack may be written after it, using:
530:. However, in most languages where it is used, actually stands for the
5790:
5318:
2616:
2470:
2054:
1464:
1202:
796:
396:
1177:
In the majority of languages described as having an (which denotes a
5576:
5078:
4319:
4252:
3138:
2894:
2498:
2243:
2049:
2000:
1960:
1955:
1942:
1409:
distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either or .
1236:
836:
812:
800:
756:
752:
445:
402:
is farther forward than what is normally indicated by the IPA letter
233:
229:
225:
126:
122:
975:
674:
24:
5882:
5213:
5135:
5129:
4894:
4053:
2891:
1977:
1965:
1451:
749:
146:
1441:
4986:
4190:
2746:
2448:
1950:
816:
624:. Both consonants and vowels may be marked as raised or lowered.
374:
150:
478:
in the phrase "I need that" is farther front than normal due to
1613:
1531::133), who transcribes the central realizations of the English
784:
5289:
2443:
1990:
1167:
1114:
406:. This fronting may be shown explicitly, especially within a
217:
1383:
often has very little rounding, and may be transcribed . In
849:
as well, and these parameters are independent of stricture.
297:
sound is one that is pronounced farther to the front of the
2312:
1542:
372:
may be used to indicate fronting, especially in the terms
712:. Thus, IPA is equivalent to , IPA is equivalent to .
661:
In the case of a vowel, raising means that the vowel is
1575:
Clark, John; Yallop, Collin; Fletcher, Janet (2007),
1149:
near-close central vowels, the symbols may be used.
228:
over the vowel letter. The others are used with both
184:
The relative position of a sound may be described as
4091:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
724:
to have more or less stricture. For example, raised
1574:
365:may instead be used after the letter, as in and .
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1152:In other (non-IPA) transcription systems, ⟨
720:With consonants, raising and lowering changes the
1189:Instead of the diacritic for centralization, the
779:as . (A dedicated letter for this sound, ⟨
755:of the voiced stops are generally transcribed as
699:while lowered vowels have the downward arrowhead
5935:
715:
1467:(vowel fronting or raising, triggered by or )
5262:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2298:
1629:
1603:
1579:, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 22–26, 264–266
1548:
1454:(vowel raising and partly fronting in Greek)
1309:
656:
1753:
526:Officially, the IPA symbol stands for the
2305:
2291:
1636:
1622:
1583:
1528:
1432:involve changes in place of articulation:
216:. The latter two terms are only used with
2360:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1247:
1231:
251:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1349:There are also diacritics, respectively
1317:
410:: . Whether this is as far front as the
1577:Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
787:and may be used in IPA transcription.)
5936:
2530:
1301:. This is a general characteristic of
437:is fronted under the influence of the
5287:
4769:
4468:
4184:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2496:
2331:
2286:
1617:
1086:
537:
474:may be transcribed . In English, the
5298:
5239:
4932:
4142:
4103:
2512:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
5267:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4121:
4081:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1420:⟩ (), as in English and .
455:, is farther back than an alveolar
13:
4177:
2350:International Phonetic Association
710:MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOWN ARROWHEAD
14:
5960:
5863:
5847:
5827:
5814:
5798:
5776:
5756:
5736:
5720:
5707:
5691:
5678:
5662:
5642:
5626:
5613:
5600:
5584:
5564:
5548:
5535:
5519:
5506:
5490:
5470:
5448:
5432:
5412:
5396:
5383:
5367:
5354:
5338:
5194:
5179:
5172:
5152:
5128:
5116:
5109:
5095:
5088:
5062:
5049:
5037:
5030:
5018:
5011:
4999:
4992:
4973:
4959:
4945:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4835:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4789:
4778:
4747:
4715:
4683:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4627:
4618:
4607:
4585:
4576:
4565:
4556:
4545:
4523:
4514:
4503:
4494:
4483:
4448:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4403:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4206:
4195:
4149:
4025:
4016:
4007:
4000:
3989:
3982:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3906:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3818:
3811:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3725:
3718:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3647:
3640:
3629:
3622:
3603:
3596:
3578:
3569:
3552:
3545:
3534:
3527:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3482:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3434:
3417:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2880:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2804:
2797:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2669:
2662:
2651:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2605:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1587:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
1208:When a transcription system uses
777:voiceless velar lateral fricative
444:. In English, the plosive in the
5887:
5855:
5835:
5806:
5764:
5728:
5699:
5670:
5634:
5592:
5556:
5527:
5498:
5462:
5440:
5404:
5375:
5346:
5330:
4899:
4135:
4114:
4058:
2403:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1643:
1423:
1079:For non-lateral consonants, see
697:MODIFIER LETTER LOW UP ARROWHEAD
232:and vowels, and are marked with
23:
16:Description of producing a sound
4156:
2314:International Phonetic Alphabet
1660:International Phonetic Alphabet
1567:
1360:COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW
1123:International Phonetic Alphabet
489:, and may be transcribed as .
339:. For letters with descenders,
222:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
5247:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4170:
4128:
2497:
2423:IPA chart for English dialects
2332:
1554:
1539:with the symbols instead of .
1521:
1480:
1373:COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW
1181:vowel), the vowel is actually
1074:
773:non-sibilant coronal fricative
169:) compared to articulation of
1:
4163:
1604:Wierzchowska, Bożena (1971),
1473:
1311:zobaczyłem dziś dwa samochody
855:Examples of stricture series
783:⟩, is provided by the
716:Raised and lowered consonants
5257:Voiceless bidental fricative
2365:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1278:
523:, and is thus transcribed .
7:
2466:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1590:(8th ed.), Routledge,
1274:
1141:For example, to transcribe
470:. In narrow transcription,
177:). This fronting is called
173:before other vowels (as in
10:
5965:
5288:
1486:They include: centralized
1407:voiceless velar fricatives
1078:
568:
528:open front unrounded vowel
363:MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN
337:COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW
282:
5789:
5747:
5653:
5575:
5481:
5423:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5296:
5283:
5252:Nasal palatal approximant
4929:Co-articulated consonants
4829:
4774:
4737:
4705:
4670:
4601:
4539:
4477:
4438:
4390:
4318:
4251:
4189:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4110:
3962:
3884:
3791:
3695:
3590:
3490:
3405:
3232:
3136:
2988:
2890:
2745:
2615:
2547:
2519:
2505:
2492:
2431:
2385:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2242:
2207:
2184:
2122:
2067:
2028:
1976:
1941:
1932:
1912:
1894:
1839:
1816:
1783:
1698:
1675:
1666:
1649:
1608:(in Polish), Warsaw: PZWS
1584:Cruttenden, Alan (2014),
1387:, on the other hand, the
1338:
1329:
1324:
1259:
1254:
1098:
1093:
657:Raised and lowered vowels
651:MODIFIER LETTER DOWN TACK
622:COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW
558:
549:
544:
350:MODIFIER LETTER PLUS SIGN
314:COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW
272:
263:
258:
149:articulation of the same
220:, and are marked in the
4101:Non-pulmonic consonants
3233:Non-sibilant fricative
2989:Non-sibilant affricate
2355:History of the alphabet
1389:open back rounded vowel
683:and , or may even be .
638:MODIFIER LETTER UP TACK
596:COMBINING UP TACK BELOW
58:"Relative articulation"
2413:Sinological extensions
1652:Articulatory phonetics
1398:. For example, in the
1310:
1271:Mid-centralized vowels
1248:Mid-centralized vowels
1232:Centralized semivowels
933:Approximant / Vibrant
790:From most open (least
722:manner of articulation
465:postalveolar fricative
252:Advanced and retracted
133:is description of the
1826:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1414:Extensions to the IPA
1318:More and less rounded
1156:⟩ (or ⟨
775:is written , and the
759:even though they are
484:interdental consonant
131:relative articulation
3885:Lateral approximant
2151:Labio-palatalization
1460:fronting (phonology)
1325:More or less rounded
408:narrow transcription
285:Fronting (phonetics)
43:improve this article
2509:Pulmonic consonants
1841:Double articulation
1549:Wierzchowska (1971)
1437:raising (phonology)
1400:Athabaskan language
1136:COMBINING DIAERESIS
856:
571:Raising (phonetics)
259:Advanced, retracted
4439:Lateral fricative
4085:, to the left are
3792:Lateral fricative
2580:Postalveolar
2565:Linguolabial
2408:Naming conventions
2371:Journal of the IPA
1448:raising in Arabic)
1125:is the diaeresis,
1087:Centralized vowels
854:
736:, whereas lowered
545:Raised and lowered
538:Raised and lowered
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5874:
5873:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5232:
5231:
5057:Uvular–epiglottal
4924:
4923:
4886:
4885:
4097:
4096:
4045:
4044:
3963:Lateral tap/flap
2560:Labiodental
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2418:World Orthography
2280:
2279:
2166:Pharyngealization
2063:
2062:
1928:
1927:
1886:Uvular–epiglottal
1779:
1778:
1347:
1346:
1292:COMBINING X ABOVE
1268:
1267:
1111:centralized vowel
1107:
1106:
1081:Central consonant
1070:
1069:
981:Near-close vowel
765:velar approximant
567:
566:
451:, as in the word
281:
280:
161:before the vowel
119:
118:
111:
93:
5956:
5949:Speech disorders
5915:
5891:
5868:
5867:
5859:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5839:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5781:
5780:
5768:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5741:
5740:
5732:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5712:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5683:
5682:
5674:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5647:
5646:
5638:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5604:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5569:
5568:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5540:
5539:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5388:
5387:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5359:
5358:
5350:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5285:
5284:
5237:
5236:
5198:
5183:
5176:
5156:
5132:
5120:
5113:
5099:
5092:
5066:
5053:
5041:
5034:
5025:Labial–retroflex
5022:
5015:
5003:
4996:
4977:
4967:Labial–retroflex
4963:
4949:
4933:
4903:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4850:
4839:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4782:
4753:
4721:
4689:
4660:
4653:
4644:
4633:
4624:
4613:
4591:
4582:
4571:
4562:
4551:
4529:
4520:
4509:
4500:
4489:
4475:bottom: uvular)
4452:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4407:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4210:
4199:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4092:
4062:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4004:
3993:
3986:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3910:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3822:
3815:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3729:
3722:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3651:
3644:
3633:
3626:
3607:
3600:
3582:
3573:
3556:
3549:
3538:
3531:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3486:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3438:
3421:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2884:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2808:
2801:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2673:
2666:
2655:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2494:
2493:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2234:Voice onset time
1939:
1938:
1859:Labial–retroflex
1751:
1750:
1673:
1672:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1580:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:Cruttenden (2014
1525:
1519:
1517:
1510:() and advanced
1509:
1501:
1494:(), centralized
1493:
1484:
1447:
1419:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1242:type of rounding
1227:
1219:
1165:
1155:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1046:
1041:Near-open vowel
1036:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1001:
996:Close-mid vowel
991:
986:
973:
968:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
928:
923:
916:
911:
901:
894:
889:
884:
857:
853:
830:is another; and
782:
711:
708:
705:
703:
698:
695:
692:
690:
652:
649:
646:
644:
639:
636:
633:
631:
623:
620:
619:
615:
613:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
563:
562:
554:
553:
542:
541:
509:velar consonants
488:
477:
473:
469:
458:
450:
443:
432:
405:
401:
364:
361:
358:
356:
351:
348:
345:
343:
338:
335:
334:
330:
328:
316:. Conversely, a
315:
312:
311:
307:
305:
277:
276:
268:
267:
256:
255:
172:
164:
156:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5923:
5913:
5912:unrounded
5908:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5820:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5797:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5755:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5661:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5583:
5571:
5570:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5489:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5431:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5337:
5331:
5292:
5271:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5201:Labial–alveolar
5199:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5177:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5133:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5059:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5007:
5006:Labial–alveolar
5004:
4997:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4953:Labial–alveolar
4950:
4942:
4925:
4920:
4750:
4718:
4706:Voiced lateral
4686:
4661:
4650:
4641:
4630:
4621:
4610:
4588:
4579:
4568:
4559:
4548:
4526:
4517:
4506:
4497:
4486:
4474:
4472:
4090:
4079:
2585:Retroflex
2501:
2480:
2439:ASCII encodings
2427:
2381:
2334:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2281:
2276:
2238:
2203:
2180:
2125:
2118:
2059:
2024:
1972:
1924:
1908:
1890:
1854:Labial–alveolar
1835:
1812:
1793:Alveolo-palatal
1775:
1749:
1738:Palato-alveolar
1694:
1662:
1656:Co-articulation
1645:
1642:
1612:
1598:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1426:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1330:
1320:
1303:vowel reduction
1291:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1260:
1255:Mid-centralized
1250:
1234:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1099:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1026:Open-mid vowel
718:
709:
706:
701:
700:
696:
693:
688:
687:
659:
650:
647:
642:
641:
637:
634:
629:
628:
621:
617:
616:
611:
610:
595:
591:
590:
585:
584:
573:
559:
550:
540:
362:
359:
354:
353:
349:
346:
341:
340:
336:
332:
331:
326:
325:
313:
309:
308:
303:
302:
287:
273:
264:
254:
214:mid-centralized
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5962:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5861:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5834:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5812:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5763:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5705:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5676:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5598:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5555:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5533:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5504:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5446:
5439:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5403:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5381:
5374:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5352:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5134:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5107:
5103:Labial–palatal
5101:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5068:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4738:Nasal lateral
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4614:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4552:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4521:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4492:
4490:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4014:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Bilabial
2552:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2386:Special topics
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:Glottalization
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Palatalization
2143:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1904:Velopharyngeal
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:Labial–palatal
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1849:Labial–coronal
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1723:Denti-alveolar
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1551:, p. 131.
1541:
1520:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1425:
1422:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1233:
1230:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
987:
982:
978:
977:
974:
969:
964:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
930:
929:
924:
919:
917:
912:
907:
903:
902:
897:
895:
890:
885:
880:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
717:
714:
658:
655:
565:
564:
556:
555:
547:
546:
539:
536:
279:
278:
270:
269:
261:
260:
253:
250:
179:palatalization
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5961:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5918:
5917:
5916: rounded
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5866:
5850:
5843:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5779:
5772:
5759:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5723:
5716:
5710:
5694:
5687:
5681:
5665:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5629:
5622:
5616:
5609:
5603:
5587:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5551:
5544:
5538:
5522:
5515:
5509:
5493:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5435:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5399:
5392:
5386:
5370:
5363:
5357:
5341:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5197:
5191:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5155:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5131:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5070:Labial–uvular
5065:
5058:
5052:
5040:
5033:
5021:
5014:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Case variants
2396:
2394:
2393:Cursive forms
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Uvularization
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:Labialization
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Coronal–velar
1879:
1877:
1876:Labial–uvular
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1607:
1606:Wymowa polska
1602:
1599:
1597:9781444183092
1593:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:sound changes
1424:Sound changes
1421:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:labialization
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1117:that is more
1116:
1112:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1003:
998:
995:
994:
988:
983:
980:
979:
970:
965:
962:
961:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
932:
931:
925:
920:
918:
913:
908:
905:
904:
898:
896:
891:
886:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
859:
858:
852:
851:
850:
848:
844:
839:
838:
834:
829:
828:
824:
819:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
788:
786:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
713:
684:
682:
678:
676:
671:
667:
665:
654:
625:
608:
604:
599:
582:
578:
572:
557:
548:
543:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
515:are actually
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
490:
485:
481:
466:
462:
454:
447:
440:
436:
428:
424:
419:
417:
416:vowel diagram
413:
412:central vowel
409:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
382:
377:
376:
371:
366:
323:
319:
300:
296:
292:
286:
271:
262:
257:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
168:
160:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5909:
5186:Labial–velar
5136:
5123:Labial–velar
5044:Labial–velar
4981:Labial–velar
4927:
4473:(top: velar;
4100:
4080:
2507:
2374:
2370:
2186:Tongue shape
2176:Nasalization
2156:Velarization
2126:articulation
1896:Pathological
1871:Labial–velar
1754:Active place
1733:Postalveolar
1708:Linguolabial
1644:Articulation
1605:
1586:
1576:
1568:Bibliography
1556:
1544:
1523:
1502:(), lowered
1482:
1427:
1411:
1393:
1348:
1307:
1296:
1270:
1269:
1235:
1209:
1207:
1188:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1140:
1110:
1108:
963:Close vowel
831:
821:
795:
789:
761:approximants
742:approximants
726:approximants
719:
685:
673:
662:
660:
626:
606:
602:
600:
580:
576:
574:
525:
516:
500:
496:
491:
480:assimilation
461:assimilation
452:
434:
429:, where the
426:
422:
420:
390:
385:
379:
373:
369:
367:
321:
317:
294:
290:
288:
246:less rounded
245:
242:more rounded
241:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
174:
166:
158:
143:articulation
130:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5148:approximant
5083:approximant
3407:Approximant
2476:IPA Braille
2454:Kirshenbaum
1996:Approximant
1713:Interdental
1690:Labiodental
1203:back vowels
1094:Centralized
1075:Centralized
1056:Open vowel
847:lateralized
809:approximant
805:close vowel
640:as in , or
505:palatalized
503:(partially
439:front vowel
299:vocal tract
238:roundedness
210:centralized
5938:Categories
5899:full chart
5425:Near-close
5219:full chart
5141:(variable)
4911:full chart
4394:affricate
4070:full chart
3699:affricate
2499:Consonants
2471:IPA number
2333:IPA topics
2124:Secondary
2114:Percussive
2082:Ingressive
2055:Continuant
1474:References
1465:i-mutation
1299:unstressed
1237:Semivowels
1011:Mid vowel
906:Fricative
835:→ trilled
797:Open vowel
757:fricatives
753:allophones
738:fricatives
734:fricatives
609:diacritic
583:diacritic
569:See also:
397:back vowel
375:prepalatal
283:See also:
230:consonants
226:diacritics
69:newspapers
5944:Phonetics
5749:Near-open
5483:Close-mid
5167:Implosive
5160:Velarized
5079:Fricative
4831:Voiceless
4771:Implosive
4320:Fricative
4253:Affricate
4087:voiceless
3139:fricative
3137:Sibilant
2895:affricate
2542:Laryngeal
2432:Encodings
2244:Phonation
2222:Aspirated
2217:Voiceless
2092:Implosive
2077:Egressive
2069:Airstream
2050:Occlusive
2001:Semivowel
1961:Fricative
1956:Affricate
1943:Obstruent
1818:Laryngeal
1771:Subapical
1743:Retroflex
1527:See e.g.
1195:retracted
1147:unrounded
843:nasalized
837:fricative
813:fricative
801:mid vowel
792:stricture
675:more open
517:postvelar
482:with the
463:with the
446:affricate
318:retracted
194:retracted
127:phonology
123:phonetics
99:July 2018
5910:Legend:
5904:template
5883:IPA help
5655:Open-mid
5224:template
5214:IPA help
5190:Ejective
5162:alveolar
4916:template
4895:IPA help
4186:Ejective
4075:template
4054:IPA help
3492:Tap/flap
2892:Sibilant
2575:Alveolar
2139:Rounding
2107:Ejective
2102:Pulmonic
2087:Ejective
2013:Tap/flap
1978:Sonorant
1966:Sibilant
1920:Bidental
1728:Alveolar
1685:Bilabial
1452:iotacism
1385:Assamese
1279:lowering
1191:advanced
874:Lateral
820:is one;
681:cardinal
670:cardinal
653:as in .
618:◌̞
607:downtack
592:◌̝
513:Kwakiutl
381:prevelar
333:◌̠
310:◌̟
291:advanced
186:advanced
147:unmarked
5914:•
5314:Central
5146:Lateral
4987:Plosive
4775:Voiced
4673:lateral
4671:Tenuis
4662:
4392:Lateral
3697:Lateral
2747:Plosive
2610:Glottal
2590:Palatal
2532:Coronal
2449:X-SAMPA
2257:Breathy
2043:Lateral
2008:Vibrant
1951:Plosive
1831:Glottal
1798:Palatal
1766:Laminal
1700:Coronal
1370:̜
1357:̹
1289:̽
1275:raising
1183:central
1143:rounded
1133:̈
1119:central
817:plosive
750:lenited
746:Spanish
707:˯
694:˰
648:˕
635:˔
603:lowered
532:central
459:due to
393:English
360:˗
347:˖
295:fronted
206:lowered
190:fronted
165:(as in
159:fronted
151:phoneme
83:scholar
5892:
5290:Vowels
5139:-sound
4904:
4541:Voiced
4479:Tenuis
4083:voiced
4063:
3054:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2600:Uvular
2570:Dental
2549:Manner
2537:Dorsal
2527:Labial
2267:Creaky
2227:Tenuis
2194:Sulcal
2038:Rhotic
2033:Liquid
1934:Manner
1808:Uvular
1785:Dorsal
1761:Apical
1718:Dental
1677:Labial
1594:
1535:vowel
1367:
1365:U+031C
1354:
1352:U+0339
1341:◌̜◌˓◌͑
1332:◌̹◌˒◌͗
1286:
1284:U+033D
1130:
1128:U+0308
976:(N/A)
785:extIPA
748:, the
730:trills
704:
702:U+02EF
691:
689:U+02F0
664:closer
645:
643:U+02D5
632:
630:U+02D4
614:
612:U+031E
588:
586:U+031D
581:uptack
577:raised
561:◌̞◌˕◌
552:◌̝◌˔◌᷵
521:uvular
494:Polish
453:church
395:, the
357:
355:U+02D7
344:
342:U+02D6
329:
327:U+0320
322:backed
306:
304:U+031F
266:◌̟◌˖◌᫈
234:iconic
218:vowels
202:raised
198:backed
135:manner
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5894:audio
5326:Close
5309:Front
5240:Other
5174:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4940:Nasal
4906:audio
4603:Nasal
4470:Click
4065:audio
3592:Trill
3061:d̠ɹ̠˔
2617:Nasal
2595:Velar
2521:Place
2444:SAMPA
2319:chart
2272:Stiff
2262:Slack
2252:Modal
2209:Voice
2199:Domed
2097:Click
2018:Trill
1991:Vowel
1986:Nasal
1913:Other
1803:Velar
1668:Place
1533:GOOSE
1516:]
1512:[
1508:]
1504:[
1500:]
1496:[
1492:]
1488:[
1442:imāla
1428:Many
1226:]
1222:[
1218:]
1214:[
1199:front
1179:front
1168:schwa
1115:vowel
1113:is a
879:Stop
871:Trill
865:Nasal
833:trill
769:Czech
501:domed
386:post-
224:with
212:, or
139:place
90:JSTOR
76:books
5791:Open
5319:Back
5196:t͡pʼ
4430:q𝼄ʼ
4423:k𝼄ʼ
4416:c𝼆ʼ
4282:t̠ʃʼ
4268:t̪θʼ
4261:p̪fʼ
4191:Stop
3642:ɽ̊r̥
3308:ɹ̠̊˔
3040:tɹ̝̊
2461:TIPA
2375:JIPA
1592:ISBN
1537:/uː/
1412:The
1403:Hupa
1362:and
1210:both
1201:and
1154:ᵻ, ᵿ
1145:and
868:Flap
862:Oral
827:stop
823:flap
740:are
732:are
728:and
472:/tʃ/
449:/tʃ/
425:and
378:and
370:pre-
352:and
275:◌̠◌˗
244:and
175:cool
167:keep
163:/iː/
137:and
125:and
62:news
5577:Mid
5181:ɠ͡ɓ
5064:q͡p
5051:q͡ʡ
5039:ɡ͡b
5032:k͡p
5020:ɖ͡b
5013:ʈ͡p
5001:d͡b
4994:t͡p
4975:ŋ͡m
4961:ɳ͡m
4947:n͡m
4642:ɴ𝼊
4640:ŋ𝼊
4580:ɢ𝼊
4578:ɡ𝼊
4518:q𝼊
4516:k𝼊
4405:tɬʼ
4310:qχʼ
4303:kxʼ
4296:tɕʼ
4289:tʂʼ
4275:tsʼ
4002:𝼈̥
3773:ɡʟ̝
3766:k𝼄
3759:ɟʎ̝
3752:c𝼆
3745:d𝼅
3322:ɻ̊˔
3315:ɹ̠˔
3047:dɹ̝
3033:d̪ð
3026:t̪θ
3015:b̪v
3008:p̪f
2938:d̠ʒ
2931:t̠ʃ
2343:IPA
1446:/a/
1277:or
1193:or
900:t͡ɬ
845:or
511:in
487:/ð/
476:/d/
468:/ʃ/
457:/t/
442:/i/
435:key
433:in
431:/k/
427:coo
423:key
404:‹u›
400:/u/
391:In
320:or
293:or
289:An
200:),
192:),
171:/k/
157:is
155:/k/
141:of
121:In
45:by
5940::
5644:o̞
5628:ɤ̞
5602:ø̞
5586:e̞
5137:Sj
5090:ɥ̊
4878:ʛ̥
4871:ɠ̊
4864:ʄ̊
4857:ᶑ̊
4848:ɗ̥
4837:ɓ̥
4751:ɴǁ
4749:ŋǁ
4719:ɢǁ
4717:ɡǁ
4687:qǁ
4685:kǁ
4651:ɴǂ
4649:ŋǂ
4631:ɴǃ
4629:ŋǃ
4622:ɴǀ
4620:ŋǀ
4611:ɴʘ
4609:ŋʘ
4589:ɢǂ
4587:ɡǂ
4569:ɢǃ
4567:ɡǃ
4560:ɢǀ
4558:ɡǀ
4549:ɢʘ
4547:ɡʘ
4527:qǂ
4525:kǂ
4507:qǃ
4505:kǃ
4498:qǀ
4496:kǀ
4487:qʘ
4485:kʘ
4450:ɬʼ
4382:χʼ
4375:xʼ
4368:ɕʼ
4361:ʂʼ
4354:ʃʼ
4347:sʼ
4340:θʼ
4333:fʼ
4326:ɸʼ
4245:ʡʼ
4238:qʼ
4231:kʼ
4224:cʼ
4217:ʈʼ
4208:tʼ
4197:pʼ
4178:EG
4150:RF
4143:PA
4122:LD
4115:BL
4089:.
4027:ʟ̆
4018:ʎ̆
4009:𝼈
3984:ɺ̥
3948:ʟ̠
3866:ʟ̝
3859:𝼄
3852:ʎ̝
3845:𝼆
3838:𝼅
3738:tꞎ
3727:dɮ
3720:tɬ
3664:ʀ̥
3649:ɽr
3624:r̥
3598:ʙ̥
3580:ʡ̆
3571:ɢ̆
3547:ɽ̊
3529:ɾ̥
3518:ɾ̼
3500:ⱱ̟
3484:ʔ̞
3329:ɻ˔
3301:ð̠
3294:θ̠
3273:ð̼
3266:θ̼
3128:ʔh
3121:ʡʢ
3114:ʡʜ
3107:ɢʁ
3100:qχ
3093:ɡɣ
3086:kx
3079:ɟʝ
3072:cç
3001:bβ
2994:pɸ
2966:dʑ
2959:tɕ
2952:dʐ
2945:tʂ
2924:dz
2917:ts
2788:d̼
2781:t̼
2774:b̪
2767:p̪
2724:ɴ̥
2710:ŋ̊
2696:ɲ̊
2682:ɳ̊
2664:n̥
2653:n̼
2637:ɱ̊
2623:m̥
2551:↓
2523:→
1658:–
1654:–
1405:,
1305:.
1294:.
1262:◌̽
1228:.
1161:,
1138:.
1109:A
1101:◌̈
1050:æ̃
1035:ɛ̃
1020:ẽ̞
1015:e̞
990:ẽ̝
985:e̝
957:l̥
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