Religion in Spain - Knowledge

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priests. Previously, the crisis was not particularly serious because of the age distribution of the clergy. As the twentieth century neared an end, however, a serious imbalance appeared between those entering the priesthood and those leaving it. The effects of this crisis were already visible in the decline in the number of parish priests in Spain—from 23,620 in 1979 to just over 22,000 by 1983 and 19,307 in 2005. New ordinations also dropped 19% from 241 in 1998 to 196 in 2008, with all-time record lows of 168 priests out of 45 million Spaniards taking their vows in 2007. The number of nuns shrank 6.9% to 54,160 in the period 2000–2005 as well. On 21 August 2005,

2809: 4406:, have also contributed to this new involvement in politics by their own admission. The Church is no longer seen as a neutral and independent institution in political affairs and it is generally aligned with the opinion and politics of the People's Party. This implication has had, as a consequence, a renewed criticism from important sectors of the population (especially the majority of left-wing voters) against the Church and the way in which it is economically sustained by the State. While by 2017-2018 the Church was slowly backpedaling, the damage is potentially long-lasting among the younger generations who had not experienced it personally to such a degree. 854: 4241:

draft of the Constitution did not even mention the Church, which was included almost as an afterthought and only after intense pressure from the church's leadership. Article 16 disestablishes Roman Catholicism as the official religion and provides that religious liberty for non-Catholics is a state-protected legal right, thereby replacing the policy of limited toleration of non-Catholic religious practices. The article further states, however, that: "The public authorities shall take the religious beliefs of Spanish society into account and shall maintain the consequent relations of cooperation with the Catholic Church and the other confessions."

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however. More than 70 percent of the diocesan clergy was between the ages of 35 and 65; the average age of the clergy in 1982 was 49 years. At the upper end of the age range, the low numbers reflected the impact of the Civil War, in which more than 4,000 parish priests died. At the lower end, the scarcity of younger priests reflected the general crisis in vocations throughout the world, which began to be felt in the 1960s. Its effects were felt very acutely in Spain. The crisis was seen in the decline in the number of young men joining the priesthood and in the increase in the number of priests leaving Holy Orders. The number of

3714: 3209: 3972: 3049: 1087: 3329: 728: 4366:, stated that the organization was nonpolitical. The organization was founded in 1928 as a reaction to the increasing secularization of Spain's universities, and higher education continued to be one of the institute's foremost priorities. Despite its public commitment to a nonpolitical stance, Opus Dei members rose to occupy key positions in the Franco régime, especially in the field of economic policy-making in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Opus Dei members dominated the group of liberal technocrats who engineered the opening of Spain's 3409: 4018: 2929: 3449: 2769: 3089: 2969: 3009: 4374:(often rumored to be an Opus Dei member), however, the influence of the institute declined sharply. The secrecy of the order and its activities and the power of its myth helped it maintain its strong position of influence in Spain; but there was little doubt that, compared with the 1950s and the 1960s, Opus Dei had fallen from being one of the country's chief political organizations to being simply one among many such groups competing for power in an open and pluralist society. 4174:

reconstruction of church buildings damaged by the war. Laws were passed abolishing divorce and civil marriages as well as banning abortion and the sale of contraceptives. Homosexuality and all other forms of sexual permissiveness were also banned. Catholic religious instruction was mandatory, even in public schools. Franco secured in return the right to name Roman Catholic bishops in Spain, as well as veto power over appointments of clergy down to the parish priest level.

3489: 960:", it is still very hard to pin down what one means by Catholic identity vis a vis orthodoxy today. According to emeritus Pope Benedict XVI, neither statistics nor orthodoxy are the sole measures of "authentic" Catholic identity. Possibly Bishop John Stowe of Lexington, Kentucky (USA), put it best to justify the quest and search among many Catholics, especially in the area of sexuality and spirituality: "...Catholicism cannot be reduced to a morality clause." 3529: 3169: 4257:

government's welfare and culture budgets. For three years, the government would continue to give the Church a gradually reduced subsidy, but after that the church would have to subsist on its own resources. The government would continue, however, its program of subsidizing Catholic schools, which in 1987 cost the Spanish taxpayers about US$ 300 million exclusive of the salaries of teachers, which were paid directly by the Ministry of Education and Science.

2849: 3249: 4276:. More than 19 out of every 20 Spaniards were baptized Catholics; about 60 percent of them attended Mass; about 30 percent of the baptized Catholics did so regularly, although this figure declined to about 20 percent in the larger cities. In 1979, about 97 percent of all marriages were performed according to the Catholic rite. A 1982 report by the church claimed that 82 percent of all children born the preceding year had been baptized in the church. 4170:. While in agreement with the Catholic doctrine in regards of the opposition to sterilization and euthanasia, the regime, imbued of a "deeply Catholic" approach, advocated for "environmental eugenics" instead, enforcing coercive measures justifying the repression, segregation and elimination of its political enemies, otherwise overlapping with a racial discourse that identified the decline of the Spanish race with republican policies and ideology. 4474: 3289: 2889: 4460: 3369: 975: 845:(1975–1982), restrictions on irreligion were lifted. In the last decades religious practice has fallen dramatically and atheism and agnosticism have grown in popularity, with over 14 million people (30.3% of the population as of January 2020) having no religion. The number of irreligious people in Spain follows an increasing trend, with more than 39% of the population being declared as irreligious as of March 2022. 1354: 3129: 4446: 286: 3872: 41: 7649: 4253:

could not have performed at that time. Nevertheless, the revised Concordat was supposed to replace direct state aid to the church with a scheme that would allow taxpayers to designate a certain portion of their taxes to be diverted directly to the Church. Through 1985, taxpayers were allowed to deduct up to 10 percent from their taxable income for donations to the Catholic Church.

5682:, ed. Michelle Dillon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 207-224. Ammerman agrues that Church institutions, constructs, teachings have never been the sole source of the religious narrative that serve to structure the identities of individual adherents. Catholics in general (and Jews) have a high ceiling for non-orthodoxy; fundamentalist Protestants, no ceiling at all. 4233:. Church property not used for religious purposes was henceforth to be subject to taxation, and over a period of years the Church's reliance on state subsidies was to be gradually reduced. The timetable for this reduction was not adhered to, however, and the church continued to receive the public subsidy through 1987 (US$ 110 million in that year alone). 4208: 909:

Spain and Portugal. In 2019 alone, before the COVID-19 pandemic, 350,000 people from all over the world walked "El Camino." In 2020, only 50,000 could make the walk or "sacred route" because of the pandemic. Most if not all cities and towns celebrate a patron saint's festival, no matter how small or known, which often includes

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and more to do with the routine observance of important rituals such as baptism, marriage, and burial of the dead. A 1980 survey revealed that, although 82 percent of Spaniards were believers in Catholicism, very few considered themselves to be very good practitioners of the faith. In the case of the

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to confirm the right of Spaniards to religious freedom and to begin the process of disestablishing Catholicism as the state religion. The drafters of the Constitution tried to deal with the intense controversy surrounding state support of the Church, but they were not entirely successful. The initial

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Changes in the social meaning of religious vocations were perhaps part of the problem; having a priest in the family no longer seemed to spark the kind of pride that family members would have felt in the past. The principal reason in most cases, though, was the church's continued ban on marriage for

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In the Early Modern Period, the Crown saw itself as the bulwark of Catholicism and doctrinal purity. Catholicism was introduced in the New World and the Philippines under Spanish colonialism, but the monarchs insisted on independence from papal "interference". Bishops were forbidden to report to the

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Connected to the Old Regime, the Catholic Church became the most controversial institution in Spain in the 19th and 20th centuries, struggling to find ways to relate to the nascent liberal society as well as clashing with governments seeking to find an acceptable delimitation of the role of religion

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Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in weekly religious worship. A July 2021 study shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 36% never attend mass, 20.8% barely ever attend mass, 19% attend mass a few times a year, 6.8% two or three times per month, 13.4% every Sunday

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In contrast to an earlier era, when rejection of the church went along with education, in the late 1980s studies showed that the more educated a person was, the more likely he or she was to be a practicing Catholic. This new acceptance of the church was due partly to the church's new self-restraint

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Government financial aid to the Catholic Church was a difficult and contentious issue. The Church argued that, in return for the subsidy, the state had received the social, health, and educational services of tens of thousands of priests and nuns who fulfilled vital functions that the state itself

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is not so popular among Spaniards, but it attracts hundreds of thousands pilgrims and tourists yearly. The destination of most is Santiago's baroque cathedral, where believers can visit what is said to be the tomb of James, the apostle, who, according to Catholic tradition, brought Christianity to

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Under Francoism, Roman Catholicism was the only religion to have legal status; other worship services could not be advertised, and no other religion could own property or publish books. The Government not only continued to pay priests' salaries and to subsidize the Church, it also assisted in the

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borrowings they like, resulting in a unique personal 'soft' spirituality without any possible church sanction or endorsement. These people typically self-define themselves as Catholics, but they only attend church for christenings, funerals or weddings and are not orthodox followers. Although the

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An important number of Latin American immigrants, who are usually strong Catholic practitioners, have helped the Catholic Church to recover part of the attendance that regular Masses (Sunday Mass) used to have in the sixties and seventies and that was lost in the eighties among native Spaniards.

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in favor of religious freedom in 1965 provided more rights to other religious denominations in Spain. In the late 1960s, the Vatican attempted to reform the Church in Spain by appointing interim, or acting, bishops, thereby circumventing Franco's stranglehold on the country's clergy. Many young

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with the Vatican that granted the church an extraordinary set of privileges: mandatory canonical marriages for all Catholics; exemption from government taxation; subsidies for new building construction; censorship of materials the Church deemed offensive; the right to establish universities, to

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dropped by 44.5% to 32,270 between 2000 and 2016; most of them are old. By contrast, some expressions of popular religiosity still thrive, often linked to local festivals, and about 68.5% of the population self-defined themselves as Catholics in 2018, but just 39.8% of them (27.3% of the total

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One important indicator of the changes taking place in the role of the church was the reduction in the number of Spaniards in Holy Orders. In 1984 the country had more than 22,000 parish priests, nearly 10,000 ordained monks, and nearly 75,000 nuns. These numbers concealed a troubling reality,

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In addition, Article 27 also aroused controversy by appearing to pledge continuing government subsidies for private, Church-affiliated schools. These schools were sharply criticized by Spanish Socialists for having created and perpetuated a class-based, separate, and unequal school system. The

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Partly because of the protests against this arrangement from representatives of Spain's other religious groups and even from some Catholics, the tax laws were changed in 2007 so that taxpayers could choose between giving 0.52 percent of their income tax to the church and allocating it to the

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The era of Muslim rule before 1055 is often considered a "Golden Age" for the Jews as Jewish intellectual and spiritual life flourished in Spain. Only in the northern fringes of the peninsula did Christians remain under Christian rule. Here they established the great pilgrimage centre of

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shrank from 24,300 in 1975 to 18,500 in 2018, with an average age of 65.5 years. By contrast, many expressions of popular religiosity still thrive, often linked to local festivals. Several instances of Catholic cultural practices are present among the general population, such as Catholic

3667:. In the late 15th to early 16th century, Jews and Muslims were forced to choose between conversion or expulsion, with the fostering of Catholic uniformity across the territory remaining a major concern for both State and Church authorities throughout the two following centuries. 4198:

reserved for priest prisoners. In 1966, the Franco regime passed a law that freed other religions from many of the earlier restrictions, but the law also reaffirmed the privileges of the Catholic Church. Any attempt to revise the 1953 Concordat met Franco's rigid resistance.

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and less religious. Another force was the massive shift in population from farm and village to the growing urban centers, where the church had less influence over the values of its members. These changes were transforming the way Spaniards defined their religious identity.

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ranked Spain as the 16th out of 34 European countries in levels of religiosity, with 21% of the population declaring they were "highly religious" in the poll. 3% of Spaniards consider religion as one of their three most important values, lower than the 5% European average.

4335:, according to surveys between 40 and 45 percent of the party's rank-and-file members held religious beliefs, and more than 70 percent of these professed to be Catholics. Among those entering the party after Franco's death, about half considered themselves Catholic. 679:—over 70% of Spaniards supported gay marriage in 2004 according to a study by the Centre for Sociological Research. Indeed, in June 2005 a bill was passed by 187 votes to 147 to allow gay marriage, making Spain the third country in the European Union to allow 6412:

The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the

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adopted a democratic stance and was decisive in separating church from state in Spain. As a result, he received continuous death threats from hardline Francoists, including far-right Catholics, until democracy was well established; "¡Tarancón al paredón!"

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unilaterally renounced the right to name the bishops; later that year, Madrid and the Vatican signed a new accord that restored to the church its right to name bishops, and the Church agreed to a revised Concordat that entailed a gradual financial

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Constitution, however, includes no affirmation that the majority of Spaniards are Catholics or that the state should take into account the teachings of Catholicism. The Constitution declares Spain a "non-confessional" state, however it is not a

4043:(also known as the Spanish Inquisition) in 1478. An ethno-religious cleansing of Jews, Muslims, and former Muslims took place in the Iberian Peninsula from the late 15th to early 17th centuries under the purview of a series of royal decrees. 892:

have mostly lost their original religious nature. The continuing success of these festivals is the result of a mix of religious, cultural, social and economic factors including sincere devotion, local or family traditions, non-religious

3918:, the Visigothic king at Toledo, converted to Catholicism and launched a movement to unify doctrine. The Council of Lerida in 546 constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them under the blessings of Rome. The multiple 4297:

in politics. In a significant change from the pre-Civil War era, the church had accepted the need for the separation of religion and the state, and it had even discouraged the creation of a Christian Democratic party in the country.

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No religion shall have a state character. The public authorities shall take into account the religious beliefs of Spanish society and shall consequently maintain appropriate cooperation relations with the Catholic Church and other

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and holidays, and 2.9% multiple times per week. According to a 2021 survey, those who go to church several times a year are 17.3% of the total population; those who go several times a month, 9.3%; those who go every Sunday and all

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Nevertheless, there were forces at work bringing about fundamental changes in the place of the church in society. One such force was the improvement in the economic fortunes of the great majority of Spaniards, making society more

4596:, 10,104 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". Page 20. 998:

showed that there were above 2,100,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain in 2019 (around 4,4% of the total population). The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the

4663:, 10,104 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". 4679:, 3,814 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". 660:

83 (2015), only 3% of Spaniards consider religion as one of their three most important values, just like in 2008 and even lower than the 5% European average. And according to the 2005 Eurobarometer Poll:

1216: 4102:, the majority murdered between July and December 1936. Over four thousand were diocesan priests, as well as 13 bishops, and 2,365 male regulars or religious priests. On the other hand, the small 3991:) with the latter forming the majority of the Islamic-ruled area by the end of the 10th century. Most Christians who remained adopted Arabic culture, and these Arabized Christians became known as 5816: 1376:

in Spain and a total number of around 300,000 adherents if sympathizers are included. There are also almost 300 centers for Buddhist practice in the country. However, some of its teachings, like

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in Spain fell from more than 9,000 in the 1950s to only 1,500 in 1979, even though it rose slightly in 1982 to about 1,700. In 2008, there were just 1,221 students in these theological schools.

708:, which according to surveys in 2017 and 2018, finds around an 85% of support, and around a 60% of support among practicing religious people, people over 65 years of age or conservative voters. 4874: 4264:(begun in November 1975), the number of non-Catholics was probably no more than 300,000. About 290,000 of these were of other Christian faiths, including several Protestant denominations, 5852: 3968:, then landed with substantial reinforcements. Taking advantage of the Visigoths' infighting, by 718 the Muslims dominated most of the peninsula, establishing Islamic rule until 1492. 1316:, both in 2001. The association has planned to expand the Temple of Purity and Silence as a traditional Chinese Taoist templar complex, the first Taoist temple of this kind in Europe. 562:

How often do you attend mass or other religious services, except for those related to ceremonies of social nature, such as weddings, communions or funerals? (March 2022 CIS survey)

3636:(1563–1648) was especially strong in Spain and the Inquisition was not definitively abolished until 1834, thus continuing their animosity towards Islam, Judaism, Protestantism and 8142: 2700:(Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas) in September–October 2012 and September–October 2019 discovered information relating to the rates of religious self-identification across 614:

is still the largest religion in Spain, most Spaniards—and especially the younger—choose not to follow the Catholic teachings in morals, politics or sexuality, and do not attend

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By the early 8th century, the Visigothic kingdom had fragmented and the fragments were in disarray, bankrupt and willing to accept external help to fight each other. In 711 an

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Sin Tarancón y su grupo de colaboradores, apoyados en todo momento por el papa Pablo VI, la transición desde el nacionalcatolicismo hacia la democracia hubiera sido imposible.

7120: 2704:. A study carried out by the same institution in October 2019 showed that the percentage of Catholics has decreased overall, from 72.9% to 68.3%, in a period of seven years. 4398:, especially personated through important politicians in the right-wing People's Party, has increased again. Old and new media, which are property of the Church, such as the 3987:

During this period the number of Muslims increased greatly through the migration of Arabs and Berbers, and the conversion of local Christians to Islam (known as Muladis or

5878: 5763: 1301: 6664:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Comunidad Foral de Navarra (aut.)" 8147: 4010:

takeover of the bulk of Al-Andalus, Christians living in Muslim-ruled territory faced harsher treatment. Faced with the choice of death, conversion, or emigration, many

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Krishna Temples in Barcelona, Madrid, Malaga, Tenerife and Brihuega along with a Krishna restaurant in Barcelona. Some of Hinduism's shared teaching with Buddhism like

6490:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Principado de Asturias (aut.)" 901:, perceived beauty, cultural significance, territorial identity, meeting friends and relatives, increased sales and a massive influx of tourists to the largest ones. 6461:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Comunidad Valenciana (aut.)" 6371:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Castilla - La Mancha (aut.)" 4625: 3683:

of the state, while recognizing "the religious beliefs of all Spaniards" and establishing "appropriate cooperation" with the Catholic Church and other confessions.

6548:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Comunidad de Madrid (aut.)" 6519:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla" 4269: 8152: 6577:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta" 5171: 6139:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Región de Murcia (aut.)" 7829: 6255:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Castilla y León (aut.)" 5255: 5745: 5719: 4182:

operate radio stations, and to publish newspapers and magazines; protection from police intrusion into church properties; and exemption of military service.

6168:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Extremadura (aut.)" 4080:

to pay the salaries of the clergy and to subsidize other expenses of the Roman Catholic Church as a compensation for the seizure of church property in the

6606:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, País Vasco (aut.)" 6432:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Cantabria (aut.)" 6313:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Andalucía (aut.)" 1227:) and the Fintan Druidic Order, both registered. Amongst the Wiccan groups, two have been granted official registration: the Spanish Wiccan Association ( 6693:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Cataluña (aut.)" 6342:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, La Rioja (aut.)" 6284:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Canarias (aut.)" 6094: 4732: 8386: 6635:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Islas Baleares" 6197:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Galicia (aut.)" 6820: 6460: 6226:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Aragón (aut.)" 6167: 6431: 6312: 4839: 6634: 6489: 6283: 4997: 4704: 6692: 6663: 6518: 6196: 7454: 6605: 6547: 6225: 6138: 5061: 4487: 1007:) and other African/Arab countries. Almost 880,000 of them had Spanish nationality, most being immigrants that achieved the Spanish citizenship. 6576: 6341: 5948: 5856: 821:

became relatively popular (although the majority of the society was still very religious) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During the

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Although a majority of Spaniards self-identify as Catholics, younger generations tend to ignore the Church's moral doctrines on issues such as

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Another sign of the church's declining role in Spanish life was the diminishing importance of the controversial secular religious institute

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The number of Orthodox adherents in the country began to increase in the early 1990s, when Spain experienced an influx of immigrants from

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https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/january-february-march-2014/2014-01-special-feature-the-hindu-diaspora-within-continental-europe/

4119: 765:(as many as 0.7 million people), with Bulgarians, Russians, Ukrainians, Moldovans, and others bringing the total to about 1.0 million. 316: 8443: 7117: 5380:[General information - Statistical data] (in Spanish). Federation of Evangelical Religious Entities of Spain. Archived from 5113: 4672: 4656: 4589: 3922:

definitively established what would be later known as the Catholic Church in Spain and contributed to define Catholicism elsewhere.

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Liu Zemin, a 21st-generation descendant of poet, soldier and prophet Liu Bo Wen (1311–1375). The temple, located in the district of

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in Spain range from 40,000 for 2016 to 75,000 as of 2024. Another estimate for 2014 is that about 25,000 of 40,000 Hindus come from

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Armstrong, Megan (2007). "Transatlantic Catholicism: Rethinking the Nature of the Catholic Tradition in the Early Modern Period".

5939:. Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2017. 8418: 3696: 5882: 5106: 4660: 4593: 1024:

form less than 0.2% of the overall population, somewhere between 13,000 and 50,000. They are primarily located in the cities of

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are legal and readily available on par with Western European standards. This issue was further evidence with the passing of the

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imposed a series of secularist measures that threatened the Church's hegemony in Spain, provoking the Church's support for the

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didn't arrive in Spain until the late 20th century. According to an estimation from 2018, there are around 90,000 followers of

7508:"Acontecimientos Vocacionales, estadística de seminarios mayores 2008. Pastoral Vocacional, Hermandad de Sacerdotes Operarios" 7487:"Acontecimientos Vocacionales, estadística de seminarios mayores 2007. Pastoral Vocacional, Hermandad de Sacerdotes Operarios" 6809:"La implantación de nuevos fenómenos religiosos en la península ibérica (Siglos III-XI). Aceptaciones, rechazos y compromisos" 8438: 6860: 6733: 4362:(Work of God). Opus Dei, a worldwide lay religious body, did not adhere to any particular political philosophy. Its founder, 3413: 3408: 782:

has been boosted by immigration, but remains a small testimonial force among native Spaniards (1%). Spain has been seen as a

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in Spain are far more related to politics than religion, and the huge unpopularity of typically religion-related issues like

494: 238: 4974: 6843: 5035: 8682: 7806: 7571: 7140: 6058:

The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a, creyente de otra religión, no creyente o ateo/a?"

6013: 5653: 5377: 4632: 4328: 684: 5817:"Ramchandani asiste en Pamplona al congreso internacional sobre minorías religiosas en España & La verdad de ceuta;" 5549: 4940: 694:

Changes to the divorce laws to make the process quicker and to eliminate the need for a guilty party have been popular.

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Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 34 Nations, Clusters of Nations, Continents, and Diversity

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is the second largest religion, but far behind Christianity (mostly Roman Catholicism) and irreligion. A study made by

437:, (35.2% define themselves as non-practising, while 16.8% as practising), 2.4% as followers of other faiths (including 6911:

Martín Corrales, Eloy (2020). "The Spain That Enslaves and Expels: Moriscos and Muslim Captives (1492 to 1767–1791)".

6808: 5802: 8179: 7507: 7486: 7313: 7021: 6996: 6930: 6791: 5904: 4410: 4304: 489: 7528: 6750: 6719:"La expulsión de los judíos y el retorno de los sefardíes como nacionales españoles. Un análisis histórico-jurídico" 5691:

Richard Bryne, "Pope Benedict Thanks Educators and Addresses Academic Freedom in Talk at Catholic University (USA)"

4403: 786:(meaning lack of success) among Evangelical Protestants. Protestant churches claim to have about 1,200,000 members. 8547: 7932: 7771: 5259: 5202: 4099: 3865: 841:

ideology of the regime. Irreligious people could not be public workers or express their thoughts openly. After the

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The traditional links between the political right and the church no longer dictated political preferences; in the

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and participated in anti-regime agitation. Many of them ended as leftist politicians, with some imprisoned in the

1187: 656:

and other creeds have not had any significant success out of their previous sphere of influence. According to the

8194: 8137: 8007: 7959: 7954: 7927: 7890: 7796: 7223: 6414: 5128: 4261: 3835: 3831: 3803: 2701: 1256: 675:

Evidence of the liberal turn in contemporary Spain can be seen in the widespread support for the legalization of

4969: 4293:

youth of the country, even smaller percentages believed themselves to be "very good" or "practicing" Catholics.

1064:

Besides various varieties of Christianity, Islam, Judaism and the non-religious, Spain also has small groups of

8926: 8819: 8632: 4324: 4230: 1320: 746:

Spain is not a traditionally Orthodox country. Iberian Christians remained under Rome's sphere of influence in

691:(PP) against it. However, when the Popular Party came into power in 2011, the law was not revoked or modified. 309: 8885: 8657: 8209: 8027: 7801: 7438: 7224:"Authoritarianism and punitive eugenics: racial hygiene and national Catholicism during Francoism, 1936-1945" 4565: 4312: 3819: 3692: 1220: 1069: 842: 142: 5597: 4212: 1219:, of which four, the first one is officially registered by the State; Celtist or Druidic groups include the 8132: 8096: 7922: 5981: 4555: 4125: 3931: 3604: 419: 5437: 4300: 8900: 8852: 8744: 8739: 8540: 8199: 7723: 7658: 6687: 6658: 6629: 6600: 6571: 6542: 6513: 6484: 6455: 6426: 6394: 6365: 6336: 6307: 6278: 6249: 6220: 6191: 6162: 6133: 6107: 6037: 5830: 5469: 5281: 5010: 4846: 1036:. With smaller populations existing in other major urban areas across the country. Most Spanish Jews are 7550:"Un informe de la Iglesia califica a 13TV de "culturalmente pobre", afín al PP y para "la tercera edad"" 5704:

Joshua J. McElewee, "Bishop apologizes to fired LGBT Catholic educator at theology gathering,"

5306: 4386:

Since 2003, the involvement of the Catholic Church in political affairs, through special groups such as

8947: 8059: 7756: 7686: 7461: 7399: 7338: 4507: 2635: 1336: 741: 676: 108: 7370: 7100: 5624: 4875:"Cae un 3,5% el número de religiosos en España hasta los 42.921, durante el Año de la Vida Consagrada" 3976: 3843: 853: 433:

According to the Spanish Center for Sociological Research, 52.0% of Spanish citizens self-identify as

8857: 8704: 8453: 8233: 8159: 7905: 7849: 7844: 7664: 4237: 3794:

There is some archaeological evidence of Christianity slowly penetrating the Peninsula from Rome and

3784: 3629: 688: 302: 7193:

Los otros mártires: las religiones minoritarias en España desde la Segunda República a nuestros días

1335:

and inaugurated with the presence of the People's Republic of China consul Qu Chengwu, enshrines 28

990:, especially during and after the 2000s, have led to a fast increasing number of Muslims. Nowadays, 885: 8862: 8824: 8428: 8074: 7949: 7746: 7206:

Los protestantes españoles: la doble lucha por la libertad durante el primer franquismo (1939-1953)

7037: 5776: 3827: 3749: 3713: 3660: 877: 722: 270: 87: 7299: 5964: 4781: 1332: 8804: 8189: 8047: 7786: 6852: 4902: 4273: 4137: 4087: 3971: 701: 5528:"ElectoPanel (24oct): España, 'dividida como las aguas' ante la cuestión de la fe | Electomanía" 5145: 4413:

shrank from 24,300 in 1975 to 18,500 in 2018 when the average age was 65.5 years. The number of

3847: 8774: 8734: 8714: 8694: 8597: 8127: 7776: 7766: 7104: 4524: 4289: 4265: 4186: 4103: 4000: 3637: 3625: 3088: 834: 830: 779: 774: 541: 466: 113: 7970: 5929: 4110:

side, most churches were closed and many priests and religious figures were jailed or killed.

8890: 8709: 8466: 8423: 8320: 8280: 8255: 8064: 8012: 7679: 7044: 5766:

Hinduism Today - "Special Feature The Hindu Diaspora Within Continental Europe", January 2014

4608:

How do European countries differ in religious commitment? Use our interactive map to find out

4502: 4465: 4359: 4348: 4225: 3810:, with 2,050 discovered tombs, dates back to the second half of the 3rd century. Saints like 3760: 3756: 3621: 1919: 1809: 957: 881: 265: 7619: 6718: 917:

and the like but whose actual religious following is variable and sometimes merely nominal.

8910: 8895: 8842: 8789: 8784: 8759: 8617: 8353: 8285: 8275: 8122: 8081: 8069: 7736: 5570:

Joseph Wilson and Ianin Sullivan, "Pilgrims return to Spain's 'El Camino' after pandemic,"

4529: 4497: 4419: 4281: 4167: 4149: 3876: 3815: 3745: 2414: 1699: 1105:

through British colony of Gibraltar in the early 20th century. Estimates for the number of

987: 921: 873: 838: 751: 747: 631: 502: 8880: 4052:

Pope except through the Crown. In 1767, under the Bourbon dynasty, the Crown banished the

3811: 1358: 8: 8814: 8764: 8724: 8677: 8672: 8662: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8622: 8607: 8602: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8403: 8290: 8270: 8260: 8042: 8017: 7781: 7305: 6912: 5005: 4560: 4423: 4391: 4371: 4133: 4040: 3961: 3953: 3861: 3788: 3633: 3600: 3333: 3328: 3213: 3208: 1165: 1132:

There are also about 40 Hindu temples/worship-places in Spain. The first Hindu temple in

800: 705: 619: 525: 426: 415: 206: 168: 7053: 4903:"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups" 3575:, it has been observed, is a nation-state born out of religious struggle mainly between 2933: 2928: 1086: 671:

18% answered that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force."

8905: 8847: 8809: 8799: 8779: 8769: 8754: 8749: 8729: 8699: 8667: 8652: 8627: 8563: 8398: 8393: 8295: 8265: 8214: 8054: 8037: 7976: 7873: 7839: 7731: 7593: 6936: 6893: 6889: 5207: 5176: 4806: 4548: 4536: 4492: 4163: 3919: 3899: 3823: 3772: 3708: 3704: 3093: 1348: 1274: 1173: 905: 865: 727: 518: 130: 118: 69: 62: 5986: 5654:"Monseñor Munilla: "hoy se llevan el sincretismo y el esoterismo como espiritualidad"" 4166:

saw the restoration of the church's privileges, pursuant to the ideological tenets of

8719: 8689: 8413: 8310: 8305: 8245: 8184: 8174: 8086: 7995: 7981: 7937: 7916: 7854: 7319: 7309: 7255: 7205: 7017: 6992: 6969: 6940: 6926: 6856: 6824: 6787: 6729: 5445: 5233: 4570: 4512: 4178: 4107: 4095: 4057: 4036: 4007: 3851: 3729: 3644: 3617: 1102: 1081: 1065: 822: 697: 687:(PSOE) and other left-leaning parties supporting the measure and the center-to-right 649: 481: 147: 73: 7240: 4086:

of 1835–1837. This pact was renounced in 1931, when the secular constitution of the

4068:

Catholicism became the state religion in 1851, when the Spanish government signed a

334:

Answer to the question 'How do you define yourself in religious matters?' in Spain (

8507: 8500: 8345: 8204: 8110: 8032: 7942: 7910: 7824: 7714: 7706: 7245: 7235: 6965: 6918: 6885: 6762: 4517: 4395: 4195: 4091: 3887: 3780: 3608: 3453: 3448: 3133: 3053: 2773: 2768: 1531: 1260: 1045: 1016: 533: 510: 498: 252: 137: 48: 31: 4207: 8373: 8368: 8164: 7859: 7791: 7124: 6956: 5936: 5853:"Hermandad Druida Dun Ailline registrada como entidad religiosa | PNC Spain" 4479: 4315:

in 2008. While placing, as mandated, the right hand in the Constitution, being a

4017: 3965: 3949: 3722: 3672: 3612: 2853: 2848: 1238: 979: 805:

Irreligion in Spain is a phenomenon that exists at least since the 17th century.

762: 680: 653: 548: 473: 399: 345: 211: 80: 6767: 5381: 8516: 8433: 8408: 8335: 8250: 7834: 7761: 7572:"La Iglesia califica a 13 TV como afín al PP y para "la tercera edad" | Bluper" 4543: 4308: 3680: 3676: 3656: 2973: 2968: 1049: 1041: 991: 969: 914: 864:

However, some expressions of popular religiosity still thrive, often linked to

758: 615: 529: 411: 222: 201: 193: 183: 174: 125: 22: 7430: 6922: 5908: 5331: 1091: 8941: 8474: 8330: 7653: 6828: 5746:"Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas" 5720:"Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas" 5449: 5094: 4944: 4879: 4288:

Being a Catholic in Spain had less and less to do with regular attendance at

4246: 4191: 4129: 3903: 3588: 2084: 1864: 1377: 1328: 1141: 1037: 1021: 657: 537: 485: 477: 442: 260: 4676: 3914:

in Spain, however the native population remained staunchly Catholic. In 587

3655:" practices that survived for a while even among Christianized populations. 931: 668:

21% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force".

8521: 8479: 8363: 8219: 7259: 7014:

Educationalization and Its Complexities: Religion, Politics, and Technology

5651: 4451: 3883: 3857: 3783:

also intended to visit Hispania; tradition has that he did and founded the

3768: 3737: 3718: 1644: 1339:

of the province of China where most of the Chinese in Barcelona come from.

869: 818: 514: 403: 290: 158: 6042: 5357:"El 85% de los españoles a favor de regularizar la eutanasia | Ipsos" 4755: 4733:"España experimenta retroceso en catolicismo - El Mundo - Mundo Cristiano" 4056:

from the Spanish Empire. The Inquisition was ended for good in the 1830s.

935:, people mix popular Roman Catholic beliefs and traditions with their own 8461: 8358: 7751: 5474: 4399: 4332: 3980: 3939: 3592: 3576: 2813: 2808: 1754: 1297: 1212: 1161: 810: 645: 641: 623: 611: 371: 7250: 7455:"Estadísticas "Día del Seminario" 2009, Conferencia Episcopal Española" 7136: 6897: 6807:

Bosseman, Gaelle; Gomez, Carole; Jiménez Sánchez, Juan Antonio (2021).

5678:

Nancy Ammerman, "Religious Identities and Religious Institutions," in

4707:[The express secularization of the Spanish youth] (in French). 4316: 3935: 3890:

most of the lands of the former empire. In the years following 410 the

3795: 3679:

has grown strongly. The 1978 Constitution abolished Catholicism as the

3664: 3596: 2524: 2139: 1353: 1122: 952: 936: 910: 857: 506: 7404: 7375: 7343: 5629: 5601: 5203:"As Spaniards Lose Their Religion, Church Leaders Struggle to Hold On" 8532: 8315: 8022: 6988: 5552:(Report). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS). 17 March 2022 4327:, more than half of the country's practicing Catholics voted for the 4098:, alleged communists and anarchists in Republican areas killed about 4069: 4029: 4025: 3907: 3891: 3776: 3533: 3528: 3173: 3168: 3013: 3008: 2580: 2029: 1586: 1362: 1324: 1313: 1300:

master Tian Chengyang in the 2000s, leading to the foundation of the

1293: 1113:, 5,000 from Eastern Europe and Latin America and 10,000 are Spanish 1025: 944: 826: 683:

to marry. This vote was split along conservative-liberal lines, with

458: 434: 55: 6876:

Roth, Norman (1992). "The Jews of Spain and the Expulsion of 1492".

6751:"Los orígenes del cristianismo hispano. Algunas claves sociológicas" 5527: 2893: 1033: 7741: 4708: 4473: 4387: 4352: 4340: 4073: 3992: 3988: 3915: 3911: 3895: 3764: 3733: 3652: 3648: 3253: 3248: 3048: 2469: 1373: 1369: 1196: 1126: 1098: 956:

term (non-orthodox) and concept find an analogue in the notion of "

940: 894: 454: 450: 446: 5803:"Presentación de la Federación Hindú de España | Yoga en Red" 5395: 5258:. International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. Archived from 4434:

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

1281:

is a Basque Neopagan organisation active in the Basque countries.

974: 7671: 7652:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6726:

Actas del I Congreso Internacional sobre Migraciones en Andalucía

5879:"Confesión Religiosa Wicca Celtíbera registrada | PNC Spain" 5475:"Avance de resultados del estudio 3271 - Barómetro de enero 2020" 5400: 5036:"10 milhões vivem em cidades sem presença evangélica, na Espanha" 4367: 4053: 3957: 3799: 3584: 3493: 3488: 3293: 3288: 1974: 1385: 1208: 1177: 1149: 1004: 1000: 948: 806: 627: 361: 7594:"España, cada vez menos católica, cada vez más incrédula y atea" 7323: 3871: 40: 4077: 3839: 2888: 2194: 1289: 1137: 1114: 1106: 1053: 1029: 889: 837:

period (1939–1975) irreligion was not tolerated, following the

761:. The dominant nationality among Spanish Orthodox adherents is 5436:

Calvo, Vera Gutiérrez; Romero, José Manuel (5 December 2013).

5332:"·CIS·Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas·Página de inicio" 5062:"Spain: 10 million live in towns without evangelical presence" 3868:. This Christianity was already an early form of Catholicism. 1384:, have partially syncretized with the cultural mainstream via 1148:, have partially syncretized with the cultural mainstream via 665:

59% of Spaniards responded that "they believe there is a God."

7702: 5307:"Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005" 4272:. The number of Jews in Spain was estimated at 13,000 in the 3741: 3580: 3572: 3373: 3368: 3128: 2359: 2304: 1381: 1246: 1215:, the Asatru Lore Vanatru Assembly, the Gotland Forn Sed and 1181: 1145: 1133: 1118: 1110: 898: 814: 438: 7529:"Estadísticas de la Iglesia en España, Diócesis de Canarias" 6806: 5652:

Red Iberoamericana de Estudio de las Sectas (3 April 2013).

4426:

continues to be the fastest growing demographic as of 2018.

4202: 7434: 4941:"Spain's Awakening:Is revival around the corner for Spain?" 4780:. Worldwide Religious News. 15 October 2004. Archived from 4370:

after 1957. After the 1973 assassination of Prime Minister

4011: 3945: 3663:

in the 8th century, which resulted in the establishment of

2249: 1273:), Basque witchcraft, have been revived and have ties with 4270:

members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

6095:"Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España" 4666: 4422:

of Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim and Protestant immigrants,

4414: 1052:

organisations in major cities, and a Reform Synagogue in

4260:

In a population of about 39 million at the beginning of

3898:

around 360—occupied what is now Spain and Portugal. The

3728:

Before Christianity, there were multiple beliefs in the

461:(14.4%) or non-believers (12.9%), as of September 2023. 7089:"Edict of Thessalonica": See Codex Theodosianus XVI.1.2 5099: 4807:"La edad media del clero español es de 65 años y medio" 4418:

population) attend Mass monthly or more often. Despite

3910:(568–586). Visigothic rule led to a brief expansion of 1308:) and the opening of the Temple of Purity and Silence ( 544:

and most Protestants being of an immigrant background.

7135:

Text used in this cited section originally came from:

5424:

El ateísmo. La aventura de pensar libremente en España

4626:"Eurobarometer 83 - Values of Europeans / Spring 2015" 4158:

Dictator Francisco Franco and his wife attending mass.

4060:

continued to be denied in practice, if not in theory.

536:. Spain has been regarded as generally unwelcoming of 469:, 14.9%; and those who go several times a week, 4.3%. 5951:. La Vanguardia, 23 April 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2017. 5590: 5550:

Advance on study results 3355 Barómetro de marzo 2022

1160:

Paganism draws a minority in Spain. The most visible

6041:(Centre for Sociological Research) (November 2018). 5949:"Así funciona el primer templo taoísta de Barcelona" 5759: 5757: 5755: 5234:"Secular drive challenges Spain's Catholic identity" 4441: 528:

found that 54% of Spaniards had a favorable view of

7083: 6691:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6662:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6633:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6604:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6575:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6546:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6517:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6488:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6459:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6430:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6398:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6369:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6340:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6311:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6282:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6253:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6224:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6195:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6166:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6137:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 6111:(Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). 5711: 5473:(Centre for Sociological Research) (January 2020). 4177:In 1953 this close cooperation was formalized in a 7586: 7449: 7447: 7420: 6156: 5959: 5957: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 3659:was introduced in the Iberian Peninsula after the 1117:; there are also small communities of Hindus from 630:, enjoys social prestige in line with the general 7620:"Spain: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report" 5752: 4620: 4618: 3628:(1492), followed by the persecution and eventual 1296:. Among Spanish people, it was introduced by the 829:, while religion was largely abolished among the 8939: 7500: 7479: 7431:Rodríguez Zapatero is sworn into his second term 6681: 6420: 6400:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos" 6301: 6113:"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos" 4970:"Sharing the Gospel in Spain a Work in Progress" 4705:"La sécularisation express des jeunes Espagnols" 4140:. It would remain in effect until 1 April 1939. 3906:; it reached its high point during the reign of 3651:, with the latter absorbing many elements from " 3643:Judaism and Christianity were introduced in the 648:prevent them from being used in such conflicts. 7444: 7030: 6910: 6821:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 6748: 6478: 6272: 5954: 5274: 4825: 4488:Spanish society after the democratic transition 4022:Royal Collegiate Church of Santa María la Mayor 3686: 2708:Religion by Spanish autonomous communities (%) 1323:was opened in 2014 by the Chinese community of 982:, the first mosque to be built in modern Spain. 6782:Gannon, Martin J.; Pillai, Rajnandini (2015). 6652: 6594: 6507: 6185: 6101: 5930:"S'ha inaugurat un temple taoista a Barcelona" 5501:"España ha dejado de ser católica practicante" 4801: 4799: 4615: 4331:. Although the Socialist leadership professed 4041:Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition 3822:are believed to have been martyred during the 1250: 8548: 7687: 7297: 6716: 6623: 6536: 6214: 6127: 6069:"Apostatar en España, ¿trámite o vía crucis?" 6007: 6005: 5975: 5973: 5299: 3771:of Spaniards and Portuguese, originating the 338:survey; sample size: 10,104; September 2023) 310: 7521: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7167:The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy 6781: 6565: 6330: 5227: 5225: 4840:"Estadísticas de la Iglesia en España, 2005" 3763:was the first to spread Christianity in the 3607:(1492) were highly relevant in the union of 1268: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 6449: 5583:Nicholas Casey, The roots of a pilgrimage, 5435: 5028: 4796: 3599:(ending in 1492), the establishment of the 8555: 8541: 7694: 7680: 7391: 7362: 7330: 7308:; Federal Research Division. p. 115. 7098: 6359: 6243: 6033: 6031: 6002: 5980:Zárraga, José Luis de (26 December 2008). 5970: 5378:"Información general - Datos estadísticos" 5200: 5165: 5163: 5095:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08279b.htm 4120:Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic 4113: 4094:uprising five years later. In the ensuing 1249:heritage; the Pan-Galician Druidic Order ( 317: 303: 7339:"El cardenal Tarancón lo intentó en 1971" 7249: 7239: 7129: 6953: 6766: 5463: 5222: 5172:"Europeans Fast Falling Away From Church" 5143: 4990: 4869: 4867: 4753: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4203:Separation of church and state since 1978 4190:priests, under foreign influence, became 920:Another trend among Spanish believers is 825:irreligious people were repressed by the 794: 636:Decline of Christianity in Western Europe 386: Believer in another religion (2.4%) 7266: 7052:. BOE. Vol. 311. 29 December 1978. 6388: 5623:Segurola, Santiago (21 September 2016). 5622: 5396:"Protestants call for 'equal treatment'" 5282:"Eurobarometer 69 - Values of Europeans" 5169: 4964: 4962: 4943:. Latin American Mission. Archived from 4778:"Zapatero accused of rejecting religion" 4754:Tarvainen, Sinikka (26 September 2004). 4299: 4206: 4153: 4016: 3970: 3870: 3712: 3671:in public affairs. Since the end of the 1404:Beliefs of Spaniards, 2008 (percentage) 1352: 1186: 1085: 996:Unión de comunidades islámicas de España 973: 860:of a Brotherhood during Easter in Spain. 852: 726: 7169:(South Bend: Notre Dame Press, 1987) 9. 6982: 6028: 5979: 5831:"Hare Krishna Temples Around the World" 5525: 5231: 5160: 5054: 4319:, he waived the Bible and the Crucifix. 3808:Paleo-Christian Necropolis of Tarragona 3798:via major cities and ports, especially 3697:History of the Catholic Church in Spain 1292:has a presence in Spain, especially in 592: Every Sunday and holidays (13.4%) 586: Two or three times a month (9.3%) 8940: 8562: 7400:"El cardenal que hizo llorar a Franco" 7397: 7336: 7298:Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra (1990). 7221: 7011: 6841: 6689:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6660:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6631:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6602:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6573:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6544:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6515:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6486:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6457:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6428:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6396:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6367:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6338:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6309:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6280:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6251:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6222:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6193:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6164:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6135:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6109:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 6039:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 5471:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 5196: 5194: 5139: 5137: 5114:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4864: 4727: 4725: 4691: 4673:Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas 4631:. May 2015. p. 56. Archived from 4429: 4364:Jose Maria Escriva de Balaguer y Albas 3701:Constantine the Great and Christianity 2702:Spain's various autonomous communities 1136:city was completed in 2007. There are 380: Indifferent/Non-believer (12.9%) 8536: 7965:Natural Sites of Community Importance 7675: 7156:(New York: Harper Collins, 2007) 132. 6011: 5680:Handbook of the Sociology of Religion 5645: 5616: 5498: 4959: 4702: 3875:The 7th-century Visigothic church of 3860:issued decrees that effectively made 1191:Heathen wedding at the temple of the 1094:, province of Málaga, opened in 2001. 7368: 7337:Bedoya, Juan G. (20 November 2007). 7228:História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 6875: 6014:"El estado de la religión en España" 5248: 5093:(New York: Appleton Company, 1910), 4975:Back to God Ministries International 4913:from the original on 22 October 2019 4770: 4063: 3956:, then defeated the Visigothic king 1365:is considered the largest in Europe. 906:Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela 872:. World-famous examples include the 735: 532:, while 76% had a favorable view of 8444:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 7564: 7398:Bedoya, Juan G. (22 January 2012). 7141:Library of Congress Country Studies 5963:Diez de Velasco, Francisco, (2018). 5201:Loewenberg, Samuel (26 June 2005). 5191: 5134: 4938: 4925: 4747: 4722: 4703:Morel, Sandrine (1 February 2017). 1391: 1203:Spanish Heathen groups include the 848: 13: 7701: 7574:(in Spanish). bluper.elespanol.com 6890:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1992.tb00882.x 6845:A Brief History of Islam in Europe 6012:Cantó, Antonio (18 October 2009). 5717: 5426:. Editorial Cátedra, Madrid, 2016. 5170:Sciolino, Elaine (19 April 2005). 4735:(in Spanish). CBN.com. 7 July 2011 4688:CIS. "Barametro de Junio de 2021." 4143: 1241:is a center of Druidry (Galician: 1217:Circulo Asatrú Tradición Hispánica 1068:, Buddhists, Pagans, Taoists, and 1059: 784:graveyard for foreign missionaries 580: Several times a year (20.8%) 540:, with only 1% of Spaniards being 524:A Survey published in 2019 by the 14: 8959: 7182:, (London 3rd edition, 1990) 271. 5232:Pingree, Geoff (1 October 2004). 5107:"Macrobarómetro de marzo de 2022" 4661:"Barómetro de Septiembre de 2023" 4594:"Barómetro de Septiembre de 2023" 4218:(Tarancón to the execution wall!) 2696:Large studies carried out by the 1310:Templo de la Pureza y el Silencio 1306:Asociación de Taoísmo de Cataluña 1255:) is specific to Galicia. In the 1205:Odinist Community of Spain–Ásatrú 598: Several times a week (4.7%) 354: Practicing Catholic (16.8%) 7647: 7612: 7542: 7369:Cruz, Juan (13 September 2007). 7215: 7210:Anales de Historia contemporánea 7198: 7185: 7172: 7159: 7146: 7111: 6985:A Social History of Modern Spain 6970:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00483.x 6043:"Barómetro de noviembre de 2018" 5965:"Panorama del budismo en España" 5438:"España aconfesional y católica" 5144:Abernethy, Bobby (7 July 2006). 4472: 4458: 4444: 4355:priest to get married in Spain. 4329:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 4046: 3866:state church of the Roman Empire 3854:were active in the same period. 3787:. Other later myths include the 3527: 3487: 3447: 3407: 3367: 3327: 3287: 3247: 3207: 3167: 3127: 3087: 3047: 3007: 2967: 2927: 2887: 2847: 2807: 2767: 2698:Center for Sociological Research 2691: 768: 685:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 284: 39: 8008:Autonomous communities of Spain 7641: 7241:10.1590/S0104-59702016000500008 7092: 7071: 7016:. University of Toronto Press. 7005: 6976: 6947: 6904: 6869: 6835: 6800: 6775: 6742: 6710: 6415:Autonomous communities of Spain 6087: 6061: 5942: 5923: 5897: 5871: 5845: 5823: 5809: 5795: 5769: 5738: 5698: 5685: 5672: 5627:[Religion à la carte]. 5577: 5564: 5542: 5519: 5492: 5429: 5416: 5388: 5370: 5349: 5324: 5129:Autonomous communities of Spain 5080: 5009:. December 2011. Archived from 4895: 4377: 1400:yielded the following results: 1245:) owing to a claim to a strong 711: 8419:National and regional identity 6749:Fernández Ubiña, José (2007). 6075:(in Spanish). 20 December 2019 5777:"Chapter 60 Hinduism in Spain" 5499:Embid, Julio (16 April 2014). 4756:"Reforms anger Spanish church" 4682: 4650: 4599: 4583: 4231:separation of church and state 4106:was harshly persecuted by the 3925: 716: 453:etc.), and 44.1% identify as: 1: 7600:(in Spanish). 8 February 2018 6717:Prados García, Celia (2011). 5693:Chronicle of Higher Education 4576: 4083:Desamortización de Mendizábal 3693:History of Early Christianity 2719:Practicing and non-practicing 1231:) and the Celtiberian Wicca ( 1221:Dun Ailline Druid Brotherhood 843:Spanish democratic transition 547:The patron saint of Spain is 406:is the most widely professed 5042:(in Portuguese). 10 May 2019 4677:"Barómetro de Julio de 2021" 4420:the arrival of large numbers 4305:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 4126:Spanish Constitution of 1931 3932:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3687:Antiquity and late Antiquity 1865:Three wise men visited Jesus 1225:Hermandad Druida Dun Ailline 1044:, and the majority practice 554: 7: 8439:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 7012:-Jofré, Rosa Bruno (2019). 6914:Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814 6842:Berger, Maurits S. (2014). 6768:10.3989/hs.2007.v59.i120.36 5982:"La fe española hace aguas" 5967:, Retrieved 21 August 2020. 5598:"Jóvenes, ateos y cofrades" 5287:. November 2008. p. 16 5236:. Christian Science Monitor 4437: 3902:established its capital in 2140:Communication with the dead 1342: 1207:, which identifies as both 1155: 1075: 604: Did not answer (1.1%) 392: Did not answer (1.6%) 10: 8964: 5706:National Catholic Reporter 4537:Eastern Orthodoxy in Spain 4508:Roman Catholicism in Spain 4213:Vicente Enrique y Tarancón 4147: 4117: 4014:and Christians emigrated. 3929: 3744:religions, as well as the 3690: 3638:parts of the Enlightenment 3587:(and, to a lesser extent, 3567: 1514: 1346: 1302:Catalan Taoist Association 1252:Irmandade Druídica Galaica 1101:first arrived in Spain by 1079: 1014: 1010: 967: 798: 772: 742:Eastern Orthodoxy in Spain 739: 731:Catholic mass in Arnedillo 720: 677:same-sex marriage in Spain 574: Almost Never (21.2%) 8919: 8871: 8833: 8570: 8494: 8452: 8344: 8241: 8232: 8118: 8109: 8003: 7994: 7881: 7872: 7817: 7722: 7713: 7665:Federal Research Division 7552:(in Spanish). eldiario.es 6923:10.1163/9789004443761_004 6402:(in Spanish). p. 160 5935:28 September 2017 at the 4238:1978 Spanish Constitution 3828:Diocletianic Persecutions 3640:for most of its history. 3630:expulsion of the Moriscos 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2715: 2712: 1521: 1512: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1284: 1233:Wicca Tradición Celtíbera 706:Spanish law on euthanasia 8097:Wars and armed conflicts 7737:Ancient History Timeline 7222:Campos, Ricardo (2016). 7123:13 February 2009 at the 6983:Shubert, Adrian (1990). 6698:(in Spanish). p. 24 6669:(in Spanish). p. 23 6640:(in Spanish). p. 23 6611:(in Spanish). p. 23 6582:(in Spanish). p. 20 6553:(in Spanish). p. 23 6524:(in Spanish). p. 20 6495:(in Spanish). p. 21 6466:(in Spanish). p. 25 6437:(in Spanish). p. 21 6376:(in Spanish). p. 24 6347:(in Spanish). p. 21 6318:(in Spanish). p. 23 6289:(in Spanish). p. 23 6260:(in Spanish). p. 24 6231:(in Spanish). p. 24 6202:(in Spanish). p. 24 6173:(in Spanish). p. 21 6144:(in Spanish). p. 22 6115:(in Spanish). p. 77 6048:(in Spanish). p. 21 5480:(in Spanish). p. 47 5066:Evangelical Focus Europe 4185:The proclamation of the 4124:On 9 December 1931, the 3979:turned church after the 963: 789: 723:Catholic Church in Spain 7797:Transition to democracy 7772:Reaction and revolution 7212:(Vol. 17, pp. 253-300). 6853:Leiden University Press 5905:"Primer Templo Taoista" 5718:EP (18 February 2020). 5422:Andreu Navarra Ordoño: 4274:Murcia Jewish community 4249:like France or Mexico. 4224:In 1976, however, King 4138:Second Spanish Republic 4114:Second Spanish Republic 4088:Second Spanish Republic 4006:In 1147, following the 3977:Great Mosque of Córdoba 3888:Germanic tribes invaded 3765:Roman Iberian Peninsula 1482:Non-practicing Catholic 1398:Obradoiro de Socioloxia 1229:Asociación Wicca España 1164:religions are forms of 886:Sanfermines in Pamplona 702:emergency contraception 467:holy days of obligation 443:Protestant Christianity 8613:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8387:International Interest 8195:Science and technology 7891:Autonomous communities 7371:"La rabia de Tarancón" 7301:Spain: A Country Study 7105:Jewish Virtual Library 5587:, 7 November 2021, A8. 5146:"Catholicism In Spain" 4525:Protestantism in Spain 4320: 4221: 4187:Second Vatican Council 4164:Francoist dictatorship 4159: 4032: 4001:Santiago de Compostela 3984: 3894:—who had converted to 3879: 3767:. He later became the 3725: 3673:Francoist dictatorship 2728:(Atheism/Agnosticism) 1366: 1269: 1264: 1251: 1242: 1200: 1169: 1125:(around 500) and from 1095: 983: 861: 835:Francoist dictatorship 795:Irreligion and atheism 780:Protestantism in Spain 775:Protestantism in Spain 732: 488:. The total number of 410:, with high levels of 8424:National Day of Spain 7204:Vilar, J. B. (2001). 7180:The Spanish Civil War 7045:Constitution of Spain 7039:Constitución española 6786:. SAGE Publications. 5625:"Religión a la carta" 5384:on 30 September 2011. 5091:Catholic Encyclopedia 5087:St. James the Greater 4998:"Global Christianity" 4566:Bahá'í Faith in Spain 4503:Christianity in Spain 4466:European Union portal 4349:Evans David Gliwitzki 4325:1982 general election 4309:affirmation of office 4303: 4226:Juan Carlos de Borbon 4210: 4157: 4020: 3974: 3964:. Tariq's commander, 3948:raiding party led by 3874: 3716: 1920:Resurrection of Jesus 1810:Virgin birth of Jesus 1356: 1190: 1089: 977: 958:Cafeteria Catholicism 882:Mystery Play of Elche 856: 730: 549:St. James the Greater 503:Holy Week processions 418:is guaranteed by the 344: Non-Practicing 8028:Constitutional Court 7191:Velasco, M. (2012). 5633:(in Spanish). Madrid 4939:MacHarg, Kenneth D. 4758:. Dawn International 4530:Anglicanism in Spain 4498:Religion in Portugal 4409:The total number of 4220:was a common slogan. 4168:National Catholicism 4150:National Catholicism 3877:San Pedro de la Nave 3844:Basílides of Astorga 1700:Historicity of Jesus 1472:College & higher 986:The recent waves of 874:Holy Week in Seville 752:Great Schism of 1054 748:Western Christianity 700:, contraception and 420:Spanish Constitution 239:World Heritage Sites 8834:States with limited 8564:Religion in Europe 7971:Plazas de soberanía 7306:Library of Congress 7137:Spain Country Study 5833:. Stephen-knapp.com 5006:Pew Research Center 4909:. 14 October 2019. 4907:Pew Research Center 4852:on 20 December 2009 4561:Irreligion in Spain 4430:Freedom of religion 4392:Neocatechumenal Way 4372:Luis Carrero Blanco 4313:second inauguration 4266:Jehovah's Witnesses 4134:freedom of religion 4104:Protestant minority 3962:Battle of Guadalete 3954:Strait of Gibraltar 3862:Nicene Christianity 3850:or the influential 3789:Seven Apostolic Men 3721:temple of Diana in 3634:Counter-Reformation 3601:Spanish Inquisition 3583:, but also against 2709: 1477:Practicing Catholic 1405: 1396:A 2008 poll by the 1279:Sorginkoba Elkartea 1166:Germanic Heathenism 1121:(around 200), from 926:religión a la carta 924:, often defined as 878:Romería de El Rocío 866:Christian festivals 801:Irreligion in Spain 568: Never (29.5%) 526:Pew Research Center 427:Pew Research Center 416:Freedom of religion 8200:Telecommunications 7901:Biosphere Reserves 7802:Contemporary Spain 7792:Spain under Franco 7732:Prehistoric Iberia 7152:Michael Burleigh, 6917:. pp. 67–84. 6855:. pp. 41–42. 5859:on 29 October 2013 5574:, 6 June 2021, A9. 5404:. 10 December 2007 5262:on 23 October 2008 5208:The New York Times 5177:The New York Times 5016:on 1 November 2013 4978:. 28 November 2018 4947:on 23 October 2008 4784:on 23 October 2008 4638:on 21 October 2020 4549:Ahmadiyya in Spain 4493:Religion in France 4321: 4222: 4162:The advent of the 4160: 4033: 3985: 3920:Councils of Toledo 3900:Visigothic Kingdom 3896:Arian Christianity 3880: 3802:, since the early 3726: 3709:Councils of Toledo 3705:Visigothic Kingdom 3094:Castilla-La Mancha 2707: 2415:Malevolent sorcery 1403: 1388:-style movements. 1367: 1361:opened in 2003 in 1349:Buddhism in Europe 1275:Basque nationalism 1267:) and Sorginkery ( 1201: 1152:-style movements. 1096: 1090:A Hindu temple in 984: 890:Falles of Valencia 862: 733: 8948:Religion in Spain 8935: 8934: 8530: 8529: 8490: 8489: 8414:Myths and legends 8382:National Interest 8228: 8227: 8180:Largest companies 8105: 8104: 8092:Political parties 8060:Foreign relations 7990: 7989: 7938:Iberian Peninsula 7886:Autonomous cities 7868: 7867: 7165:Jose M. Sanchez, 7078:Cf. decree, infra 6862:978-90-8728-195-3 6735:978-84-921390-3-3 4883:. 1 February 2016 4571:Hinduism in Spain 4513:Opus Dei in Spain 4402:radio network or 4368:autarchic economy 4351:became the first 4096:Spanish Civil War 4064:Concordat of 1851 4058:Religious freedom 4037:Catholic Monarchs 3852:Hosius of Corduba 3848:Marcial of Mérida 3812:Eulalia of Mérida 3757:a medieval legend 3730:Iberian Peninsula 3681:official religion 3645:Iberian Peninsula 3618:Catholic Monarchs 3605:expulsion of Jews 3565: 3564: 2720: 2689: 2688: 1526: 1524:Total percentage: 1519: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1462:Elementary school 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1359:Benalmádena Stupa 1103:Sindhi immigrants 1082:Hinduism in Spain 880:in Huelva or the 839:national-catholic 823:Spanish Civil War 736:Eastern Orthodoxy 482:same-sex marriage 408:religion in Spain 327: 326: 8955: 8872:Dependencies and 8571:Sovereign states 8557: 8550: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8510: 8503: 8239: 8238: 8170:Financial crisis 8160:Economic history 8116: 8115: 8033:Cortes Generales 8001: 8000: 7943:Peninsular Spain 7879: 7878: 7830:Pre-Roman Iberia 7825:General overview 7720: 7719: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7651: 7650: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7460:. Archived from 7459: 7451: 7442: 7441:, 12 April 2008) 7428: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7352: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7304:. United States 7295: 7264: 7263: 7253: 7243: 7234:(Suppl 1): 3–4. 7219: 7213: 7202: 7196: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7144: 7133: 7127: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7099:Rebecca Weiner. 7096: 7090: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7054:BOE-A-1978-31229 7051: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6850: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6728:. p. 2119. 6723: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6581: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6465: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6436: 6424: 6418: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6375: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6346: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6317: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6143: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6047: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6009: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5977: 5968: 5961: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5907:. Archived from 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5881:. Archived from 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5855:. Archived from 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5819:. 10 March 2024. 5813: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5715: 5709: 5702: 5696: 5695:, 18 April 2008. 5689: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5594: 5588: 5585:The Boston Globe 5581: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5286: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5198: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5141: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5103: 5097: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4936: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4845:. Archived from 4844: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4603: 4597: 4587: 4556:Judaism in Spain 4518:Palmarian Church 4482: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4396:Legion of Christ 4236:It took the new 4196:Concordat prison 4092:Francisco Franco 4039:established the 3796:Roman Mauretania 3785:Diocese of Écija 3781:Paul the Apostle 3732:including local 3532: 3531: 3492: 3491: 3454:Balearic Islands 3452: 3451: 3412: 3411: 3372: 3371: 3332: 3331: 3292: 3291: 3252: 3251: 3212: 3211: 3172: 3171: 3134:Kingdom of Spain 3132: 3131: 3092: 3091: 3052: 3051: 3012: 3011: 2972: 2971: 2934:Castile and León 2932: 2931: 2892: 2891: 2852: 2851: 2812: 2811: 2772: 2771: 2718: 2710: 2706: 1755:Jesus son of God 1587:Divine creation 1532:Existence of God 1522: 1517:% answering Yes: 1515: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1406: 1402: 1392:Specific beliefs 1272: 1261:Basque Gentility 1254: 1046:Orthodox Judaism 1017:Judaism in Spain 849:Popular religion 681:same-sex couples 603: 597: 591: 585: 579: 573: 567: 511:Way of St. James 391: 385: 379: 369: 359: 353: 343: 319: 312: 305: 291:Spain portal 289: 288: 287: 43: 34: 32:Culture of Spain 18: 17: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8915: 8873: 8867: 8853:Northern Cyprus 8835: 8829: 8745:North Macedonia 8566: 8561: 8531: 8526: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8486: 8481:Toro de Osborne 8448: 8429:Public holidays 8340: 8301:Life expectancy 8224: 8190:Property bubble 8101: 7986: 7864: 7860:Spanish miracle 7813: 7787:Second Republic 7709: 7700: 7660:Country Studies 7657: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7396: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7367: 7363: 7350: 7348: 7335: 7331: 7316: 7296: 7267: 7220: 7216: 7203: 7199: 7190: 7186: 7177: 7173: 7164: 7160: 7151: 7147: 7134: 7130: 7125:Wayback Machine 7116: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7058: 7056: 7049: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6991:. p. 144. 6981: 6977: 6957:History Compass 6952: 6948: 6933: 6909: 6905: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6819:(147). Madrid: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6780: 6776: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6686: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6628: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6405: 6403: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6277: 6273: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6106: 6102: 6097:. 2 April 2015. 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6036: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5937:Wayback Machine 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5911:on 12 June 2013 5903: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5885:on 29 June 2013 5877: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5805:. 23 June 2016. 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5716: 5712: 5703: 5699: 5690: 5686: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5604:. 30 March 2018 5596: 5595: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5199: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5168: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4701: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4671: 4667: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4611:. Pew Research. 4605: 4604: 4600: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4480:Religion portal 4478: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4432: 4380: 4205: 4152: 4146: 4144:Francoist Spain 4122: 4116: 4076:that committed 4066: 4049: 3966:Musa bin Nusair 3950:Tariq ibn-Ziyad 3942: 3928: 3775:. According to 3773:Way of St James 3711: 3689: 3661:Muslim conquest 3603:(1478) and the 3570: 3526: 3486: 3446: 3406: 3366: 3326: 3286: 3246: 3206: 3166: 3126: 3086: 3046: 3006: 2966: 2926: 2886: 2846: 2806: 2766: 2717: 2694: 1394: 1351: 1345: 1287: 1174:Celtic paganism 1158: 1084: 1078: 1062: 1060:Minor religions 1019: 1013: 980:Basharat Mosque 972: 966: 851: 803: 797: 792: 777: 771: 744: 738: 725: 719: 714: 654:Catholic Church 652:efforts by the 608: 607: 606: 605: 601: 599: 595: 593: 589: 587: 583: 581: 577: 575: 571: 569: 565: 557: 474:pre-marital sex 396: 395: 394: 393: 389: 387: 383: 381: 377: 375: 367: 365: 357: 355: 351: 349: 341: 323: 285: 283: 276: 275: 271:National anthem 256: 255: 244: 243: 234: 233: 217: 216: 197: 196: 178: 177: 172: 171: 153: 152: 101: 100: 30: 12: 11: 5: 8961: 8951: 8950: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8927:European Union 8923: 8921: 8920:Other entities 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8874:other entities 8869: 8868: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8822: 8820:United Kingdom 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8633:Czech Republic 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8471:Cultural icons 8469: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8048:Prime Minister 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7960:National parks 7957: 7955:Municipalities 7952: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7935: 7930: 7928:Extreme points 7925: 7920: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7835:Spanish Empire 7832: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7777:First Republic 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7747:Medieval Spain 7744: 7742:Roman Hispania 7739: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7699: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7611: 7585: 7563: 7541: 7520: 7499: 7478: 7467:on 30 May 2009 7443: 7419: 7390: 7361: 7329: 7314: 7265: 7214: 7197: 7184: 7171: 7158: 7145: 7128: 7110: 7091: 7082: 7070: 7029: 7022: 7004: 6997: 6975: 6946: 6931: 6903: 6868: 6861: 6834: 6813:Hispania Sacra 6799: 6792: 6774: 6755:Hispania Sacra 6741: 6734: 6709: 6680: 6651: 6622: 6593: 6564: 6535: 6506: 6477: 6448: 6419: 6387: 6358: 6329: 6300: 6271: 6242: 6213: 6184: 6155: 6126: 6100: 6086: 6060: 6027: 6001: 5969: 5953: 5941: 5922: 5896: 5870: 5844: 5822: 5808: 5794: 5768: 5751: 5737: 5710: 5697: 5684: 5671: 5644: 5615: 5600:(in Spanish). 5589: 5576: 5563: 5541: 5518: 5491: 5462: 5444:(in Spanish). 5428: 5415: 5387: 5369: 5348: 5323: 5298: 5273: 5247: 5221: 5190: 5159: 5133: 5112:(in Spanish). 5098: 5079: 5053: 5027: 4989: 4958: 4924: 4894: 4863: 4824: 4813:. 1 March 2018 4795: 4769: 4746: 4721: 4690: 4681: 4665: 4649: 4614: 4598: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4544:Islam in Spain 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4469: 4455: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4411:parish priests 4379: 4376: 4204: 4201: 4192:worker priests 4148:Main article: 4145: 4142: 4128:established a 4118:Main article: 4115: 4112: 4065: 4062: 4048: 4045: 3927: 3924: 3750:Roman religion 3688: 3685: 3677:secularization 3569: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3414:Basque Country 3403: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2974:Canary Islands 2963: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2714: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2527:of the future 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1393: 1390: 1344: 1341: 1286: 1283: 1259:, traditional 1257:Basque Country 1157: 1154: 1077: 1074: 1061: 1058: 1040:as opposed to 1015:Main article: 1012: 1009: 970:Islam in Spain 968:Main article: 965: 962: 850: 847: 827:Francoist side 799:Main article: 796: 793: 791: 788: 773:Main article: 770: 767: 759:Eastern Europe 750:following the 740:Main article: 737: 734: 721:Main article: 718: 715: 713: 710: 689:People's Party 673: 672: 669: 666: 632:secularization 600: 594: 588: 582: 576: 570: 564: 560: 559: 558: 556: 553: 490:parish priests 412:secularization 388: 382: 376: 366: 356: 350: 340: 332: 331: 330: 325: 324: 322: 321: 314: 307: 299: 296: 295: 294: 293: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 257: 251: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 235: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 204: 198: 192: 191: 190: 187: 186: 180: 179: 173: 167: 166: 165: 162: 161: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 134: 133: 123: 122: 121: 116: 111: 102: 96: 95: 94: 91: 90: 84: 83: 77: 76: 66: 65: 59: 58: 52: 51: 45: 44: 36: 35: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8960: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8886:Faroe Islands 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8858:South Ossetia 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8705:Liechtenstein 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8553: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8153:median income 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023:Head of State 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7767:Enlightenment 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7690: 7685: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7655: 7654:public domain 7646: 7645: 7625: 7624:Freedom House 7621: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7573: 7567: 7551: 7545: 7530: 7524: 7509: 7503: 7488: 7482: 7463: 7456: 7450: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7423: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7315:9780160285509 7311: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7261: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7181: 7178:Hugh Thomas, 7175: 7168: 7162: 7155: 7154:Sacred Causes 7149: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7023:9781487505349 7019: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6998:0-203-42121-3 6994: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6932:9789004443761 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6878:The Historian 6872: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6846: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6793:9781483340067 6789: 6785: 6778: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6096: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6015: 6008: 6006: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5832: 5826: 5818: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5783:. 7 July 2020 5782: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5741: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5551: 5545: 5529: 5526:electomania. 5522: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5308: 5302: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5235: 5228: 5226: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5195: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5164: 5147: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5068:. 10 May 2019 5067: 5063: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5012: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4882: 4881: 4880:La Vanguardia 4876: 4870: 4868: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4757: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4685: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4634: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4456: 4453: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4317:non-religious 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4282:materialistic 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4247:secular state 4242: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4180: 4179:new Concordat 4175: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130:secular state 4127: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4100:7,000 priests 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4047:Modern period 4044: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3864:the official 3863: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761:apostle James 3758: 3755:According to 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3632:in 1609. The 3631: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589:Protestantism 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2729: 2726:Unaffiliated 2711: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2692:Regional Data 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2085:Reincarnation 2083: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:reincarnation 1375: 1371: 1364: 1360: 1357:The Buddhist 1355: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Taoist priest 1326: 1322: 1321:Taoist temple 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142:reincarnation 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:Jews in Spain 1018: 1008: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 981: 976: 971: 961: 959: 954: 953:philosophical 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 907: 902: 900: 896: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:patron saints 867: 859: 855: 846: 844: 840: 836: 833:. During the 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 802: 787: 785: 781: 776: 769:Protestantism 766: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 743: 729: 724: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 670: 667: 664: 663: 662: 659: 658:Eurobarometer 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Irreligiosity 617: 613: 563: 552: 550: 545: 543: 539: 538:Protestantism 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 515:patron saints 512: 509:(such as the 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 487: 486:contraception 483: 479: 478:homosexuality 475: 470: 468: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 373: 363: 347: 339: 337: 329: 320: 315: 313: 308: 306: 301: 300: 298: 297: 292: 282: 281: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 254: 248: 247: 240: 237: 236: 228: 227: 224: 221: 220: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 195: 189: 188: 185: 182: 181: 176: 170: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 120: 117: 115: 114:Protestantism 112: 110: 107: 106: 105:Christianity 104: 103: 99: 93: 92: 89: 86: 85: 82: 79: 78: 75: 71: 68: 67: 64: 61: 60: 57: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 37: 33: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 8863:Transnistria 8825:Vatican City 8794: 8480: 8467:Coat of arms 8364:Bullfighting 8354:Architecture 8325: 8321:Prostitution 8281:Homelessness 8256:Demographics 8210:Trade unions 8148:unemployment 8133:Car industry 8065:Human rights 8013:Constitution 7969: 7915: 7895:ranked lists 7807:1975–present 7659: 7642:Bibliography 7627:. Retrieved 7623: 7614: 7602:. Retrieved 7598:Infocatólica 7597: 7588: 7576:. Retrieved 7566: 7554:. Retrieved 7544: 7532:. Retrieved 7523: 7511:. Retrieved 7502: 7490:. Retrieved 7481: 7469:. Retrieved 7462:the original 7427:(in Spanish) 7422: 7410:. Retrieved 7408:(in Spanish) 7403: 7393: 7381:. Retrieved 7379:(in Spanish) 7374: 7364: 7356: 7349:. Retrieved 7347:(in Spanish) 7342: 7332: 7300: 7251:10261/201534 7231: 7227: 7217: 7209: 7200: 7192: 7187: 7179: 7174: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7148: 7131: 7118:The Almohads 7113: 7094: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7066:confessions. 7064: 7057:. Retrieved 7043: 7038: 7032: 7013: 7007: 6984: 6978: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6913: 6906: 6884:(1): 17–30. 6881: 6877: 6871: 6844: 6837: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6783: 6777: 6761:(120): 427. 6758: 6754: 6744: 6725: 6712: 6700:. Retrieved 6688: 6683: 6671:. Retrieved 6659: 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6630: 6625: 6613:. Retrieved 6601: 6596: 6584:. Retrieved 6572: 6567: 6555:. Retrieved 6543: 6538: 6526:. Retrieved 6514: 6509: 6497:. 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