258:(EPA) implemented the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) program to promote waste reduction and resource conservation through the use of materials recovered from solid waste, and to ensure that the materials collected in recycling programs will be used again in the manufacture of new products. The EPA is required to designate products that are or can be made with recovered materials, and to recommend practices for buying these products. Once a product is designated, state and federal procuring agencies are required to purchase it with the highest recovered material content level practicable.
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a factory environment, a discarded product is completely disassembled. Useable parts are cleaned, refurbished, and put into inventory. Then the product is reassembled from the old parts (and where necessary, new parts) to produce a unit fully equivalent and sometimes superior in performance and expected lifetime to the original new product".
332:. This saves money (by re-using the frame, and some other components, which still have years of useful life) and allows the incorporation of improved technology. For example, a new diesel engine may have lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust emissions and better reliability. Recent examples include
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Many formal definitions of remanufacturing exist in the literature, but the first published report on remanufacturing, by R. Lund (1984), describes remanufacturing as "... an industrial process in which worn-out products are restored to like-new condition. Through a series of industrial processes in
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In the UK, a market potential of up to 5.6 billion GBP has been identified in remanufacturing, with the benefits said to be improvement to business margins, revenues and security of supply. The United States remanufacturing industry grew by 15% between 2009 and 2011, and in 2020 it accounted for 2%
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In 2004, the EPA published its third CPG update (CPG IV) which designated seven additional products and revised three existing product designations. One of the new product categories to be added was
Rebuilt Vehicular Parts. The EPA defines rebuilt vehicular parts as "vehicle parts that have been
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This type of remanufacturing serves many engine parts and other large and expensive components that become worn after a period of use. An example is the engine block, in particular the cylinder engine bores, which must withstand combustion. Instead of disposing of engine blocks, remanufacturing
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Furthermore, the
Automotive Parts Remanufacturers Association (APRA) realized that communication problems can arise when people from different countries with different language skills talk about remanufacturing. Certain terms can have different meanings as definitions between countries and
402:. Once the product is disassembled and the parts are recovered, the process concludes with an operation similar to original manufacturing. Disassembled parts are inventoried, just like purchased parts and made available for final assembly. Remanufacturing with loss of original
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affecting the performance or the expected life of the whole are replaced. Remanufacturing is a form of a product recovery process that differs from other recovery processes in its completeness: a remanufactured machine should match the same customer expectation as new machines.
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or frame) is inspected for soundness. The whole product is refurbished and critical modules are overhauled, upgraded or replaced. Any defects in the original design are eliminated. This is the case for customized remanufacturing of machine tools,
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and disassembly sequence development. Some of the open questions relate to the commonality of parts in products of different generations, the uncertainty in the supply of used products, and their relationship with
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buffers. There is a fine line between repetitive remanufacturing without loss of identity and product overhaul. The final output has an as-new appearance and is covered by a warranty comparable to that of a new
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is "the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts". It requires the repair or replacement of worn out or
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Johnson, M. R. & McCarthy I. P. (2014) Product
Recovery Decisions within the Context of Extended Producer Responsibility. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 34, 9-28
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In this method, there is the additional challenge of scheduling the sequence of dependent processes and identifying the location of
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and repaired to stock, ready to be reassembled into a remanufactured product. This is the case when remanufacturing
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With this method, a current machine is built on yesterday's base, receiving all enhancements, expected life and
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implies that items are used by a second customer without prior repair operations or as originally designed.
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individuals vary. In 2013, APRA was able to solve these communication problems by publishing a common
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There are three main types of remanufacturing activities, each with different operational challenges.
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is an old name for remanufacturing. It is still widely used by automotive industry. For example, the
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and testing process and must meet the same industry specifications for performance as new parts."
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is researching remanufacturing processes including testing standards for remanufactured products.
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454:). Remanufacturing by recoating of parts is also popular in aviation and with geothermal pipe.
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in many different languages in order to unite all those who deal with the automotive industry.
604:"Remanufacturing". Lund, Robert T., Technology review, v 87, n 2, p 19-23, 28-29, Feb-Mar 1984
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Rebuilding of product to original manufactured product using combo of reused and new parts
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but to be safe on their own website use the combined term 'rebuild/remanufacture'.
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In addition to these is a less significant type of remanufacturing,
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With this method, used goods are disassembled into pre-determined
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of all manufacturing in the US and 1.9% in the
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Golisano
Institute for Sustainability (April 30, 2020).
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Remanufacturing with loss of original product identity
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447:remanufacturing by recoating of worn engine parts.
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359:of a new machine. The physical structure (the
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