362:"At first sight it appears much more difficult to form an accurate idea of the state of Upper than of Lower Canada. The visible and broad line of demarcation which separates parties by the distinctive characters of race, happily has no existence in the Upper Province. The quarrel is one of an entirely English, if not British population. Like all such quarrels, it has, in fact, created, not two, but several parties; each of which has some objects in common with some one of those to which it is opposed. They differ on one point, and agree on another; the sections, which unite together one day, are strongly opposed the next; and the very party, which acts as one, against a common opponent, is in truth composed of divisions seeking utterly different or incompatible objects. It is very difficult to make out from the avowals of parties the real objects of their struggles, and still less easy is it to discover any cause of such importance as would account for its uniting any large mass of the people in an attempt to overthrow, by forcible means, the existing form of Government."
365:"We are not now to consider the policy of establishing representative government in the North American Colonies. That has been irrevocably done; and the experiment of depriving the people of their present constitutional power, is not to be thought of. To conduct their Government harmoniously, in accordance with its established principles, is now the business of its rulers; and I know not how it is possible to secure that harmony in any other way, than by administering the Government on those principles which have been found perfectly efficacious in Great Britain. I would not impair a single prerogative of the Crown; on the contrary, I believe that the interests of the people of these Colonies require the protection of prerogatives, which have not hitherto been exercised. But the Crown must, on the other hand, submit to the necessary consequences of representative institutions; and if it has to carry on the Government in unison with a representative body, it must consent to carry it on by means of those in whom that representative body has confidence."
368:"A plan by which it is proposed to ensure the tranquil government of Lower Canada, must include in itself the means of putting an end to the agitation of national disputes in the legislature, by settling, at once and for ever, the national character of the Province. I entertain no doubts as to the national character which must be given to Lower Canada; it must be that of the British Empire; that of the majority of the population of British America; that of the great race which must, in the lapse of no long period of time, be predominant over the whole North American Continent. Without effecting the change so rapidly or so roughly as to shock the feelings and trample on the welfare of the existing generation, it must henceforth be the first and steady purpose of the British Government to establish an English population, with English laws and language, in this Province, and to trust its government to none but a decidedly English Legislature."
214:
359:"The French complained of the arrogance and injustice of the English; the English accused the French of the vices of a weak and conquered people, and charged them with meanness and perfidy. The entire mistrust which the two races have thus learned to conceive of each other's intentions, induces them to put the worst construction on the most innocent conduct; to judge every word, every act, and every intention unfairly; to attribute the most odious designs, and reject every overture of kindness or fairness, as covering secret designs of treachery and malignity."
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progressive nature of the colony's neighbour, the United States. He believed as those ideas were already available to the people and understood, nothing less would be accepted or tolerated and so it must be embraced to satisfy the people and maintain the peace: "establishing a representative government in the North
American Colonies. That has been irrevocably done and the experiment of depriving the people of their present constitutional power is not to be thought of."
404:
recommended this approach and had instead proposed that the representation should be based on the respective populations of the two regions. The
British government rejected that recommendation and instead implemented equal representation, apparently to give the English-speaking population of the new province a dominant voice in the provincial government, furthering the goal of assimilating the French-speaking population.
512:
468:. It was also pointed out that an uprising had occurred in Upper Canada where there was only one "race". According to Papineau and other Patriotes, the analysis of the economic situation of French Canadians was biased. Indeed, from 1791 to the rebellions, the elected representatives of Lower Canada had been demanding control over the budget of the colony.
309:
Durham also recommended the creation of a municipal government and a supreme court in
British North America. He was interested in not only unifying Upper and Lower Canada but also including Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. He also wanted to resolve the issue of land over Prince Edward Island, but those
273:
Lord Durham found that although the rebellions of Upper and Lower Canada were over, peace and unity were yet to be found in Canada. The people living in both colonies in Canada were struggling, as the economic situation in both areas all but collapsed. Poor farming conditions that year led to reduced
346:
And is this French
Canadian nationality one which, for the good merely people of that people, we ought to strive to perpetuate, even if it were possible? I know of no national distinctions marking and continuing a more hopeless inferiority. The language, the laws, the character of the North American
236:
Durham knew how to organize support in Upper Canada. His team drew upon a long tradition of petitioning and the example of political activism in
Britain. There were extensive advance publicity and public processions to attract audiences for meetings. The goal was to convince London of the widespread
321:
However, Durham believed that the problems in mostly Lower Canada were not of a political nature, but rather of an ethnic one. The assimilation of French
Canadians would solve this issue, and the unification of the two Canadas would provide an effective way of doing so, first by giving the union an
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On the first page of his report he stated that "hile the present state of things is allowed to last, the actual inhabitants of these
Provinces have no security for person or property—no enjoyment of what they possess—no stimulus to industry." He would return to that theme repeatedly throughout his
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The two most well-known suggestions from Lord Durham's report were the fusion of Upper and Lower Canada, to become a single unified colony, the
Province of Canada, ruled under a single legislature, and to introduce a responsible government. Durham had believed that to be inevitable because of the
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It will be acknowledged by every one who has observed the progress of Anglo-Saxon colonization in
America, that sooner or later the English race was sure to predominate even numerically in Lower Canada, as they predominate already, by their superior knowledge, energy, enterprise, and wealth. The
476:
The general conclusions of the report regarding self-governance eventually spread to various other white settler colonies, including
Australia and New Zealand in the 1850s (with Western Australia receiving self-government in 1890). The parallel nature of government organization in Australia and
244:
According to Durham, the culture of the French Canadians had changed little in 200 years and showed no sign of the progress that British culture had made. His report contains the famous assessment that Lower Canada had "two nations warring within the bosom of a single state" and that the French
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Durham also visited the United States and wrote that he had assumed that he would find that the rebellions had been based on liberalism and economics. However, he eventually concluded that the real problem was the conflict between the traditionalist French and the modernizing English, and that
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was required to have equal representation from Canada East and Canada West, even though the population of Canada East was considerably larger. In 1840, the population of Canada East was estimated at 670,000, while the population of Canada West was estimated to be 480,000. Lord Durham had not
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The assertion that the so-called "French" Canadians had no history and no culture and that the conflict was primarily that of two ethnic groups evidently outraged Papineau. It was pointed out that many of the Patriote leaders were of British or British Canadian origin, including among others
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There can hardly be conceived a nationality more destitute of all that can invigorate and elevate a people, than that which is exhibited by the descendants of the French in Lower Canada, owing to their retaining their peculiar language and manners. They are a people with no history, and no
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harvests and increased poverty for farmers. As well as increased political tension and bitterness between parties and races of people, particularly in Lower Canada. Both Canadas were in a state of distress. Durham brought along a small but highly talented staff, most notably including
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he strong arm of a popular legislature would compel the obedience of the refractory population; and the hopelessness of success would gradually subdue the existing animosities, and incline the French Canadian population to acquiesce in their new state of political
265:
Durham had become the Governor-General in Lower Canada in 1837 but soon submitted his resignation because of his conflict with British Parliament mostly because of his progressive nature. He believed the British Parliament should give the colonies more power by a
270:. Lord Durham was sent back to Canada in 1838 by British Parliament and the Crown to investigate the cause behind the rebellions of both Upper and Lower Canada and propose suggestions to fix any remaining problems and lessen the chance of future rebellions.
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continent are English; and every race but the English (I apply this to all who speak the English language) appears in a condition of inferiority. It is to elevate them from that inferiority that I desire to give to the Canadians our English character.
436:(History of the insurrection of Canada in refutation of the Report of Lord Durham). Lord Durham believed that, to eliminate the possibility of rebellions, French Canadians had to adopt British-Canadian culture and the English language.
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The report was entitled "Report on the Affairs of British North America". It was considered controversial as it suggested radical ideas for the time, such as for the British Parliament granting the Canadas a responsible government.
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assimilation of the French minority, through their adoption of the political institutions and the "superior advantages of their English competitors", had effectively put an end to the tensions between the two communities.
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The proposed merger would benefit Upper Canada as, whereas the construction of canals would to a considerable debt load, access to the fiscal surplus of former Lower Canada would allow that debt to be erased.
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t is on this essentially foreign literature, which is conversant about events, opinions, and habits of life, perfectly strange and unintelligible to them, that they are compelled to be dependent. ...
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were opposed to a union that called for "obliterating nationality." The "Report" led to major reforms and democratic advances. The two Canadas were subsequently merged into a single colony, the
351:
This is because, at the time of the report, English-speakers used the word race to mean ethnicity, referring to the populations of European states as "the English race", "the German race" etc.
282:. The three of them collaborated to prepare and write the report. It was generally disparaged or ignored in Britain but did draw attention from some leading British intellectuals such as
205:" (that is, self-government), which took a decade. In the long run, it advanced democracy and played a central role in the evolution of Canada's political independence from Britain.
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error, therefore, to which the present contest must be attributed is the vain endeavour to preserve a French Canadian nationality in the midst of Anglo-American colonies and states.
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In these circumstances I should be indeed surprised, if the more reflecting part of the French Canadians entertained at present any hope of continuing to preserve their nationality.
17:
30:
This article is about the 1839 report on the causes of rebellions in Canada. For the report on the FBI's investigation into links between Donald Trump and Russia, see
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popular support in Canada for the report proposals. The meetings were represented as nonpartisan, respectable, loyal, orderly and deserving of parliamentary support.
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Several references to "race" are made in this report, referring to French Canadians or Canadiens as a one race and to the English or Anglo-Canadians as another.
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English majority, which would rule over the French Canadian population minority and second, by reinforcing its influence every year through English emigration.
802:
387:
The British Parliament implemented the first point immediately but not the second. Responsible government was only granted to these colonies after 1848.
1141:
925:
Henderson, Jarett. "Banishment to Bermuda: Gender, Race, Empire, Independence and the Struggle to Abolish Irresponsible Government in Lower Canada."
1146:
669:
Anna Plassart, and Hugo Bonin, "Democratic struggle or national uprising? The Canadian rebellions in British political thought, 1835–1840."
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The report did not see any of its recommendations come into force in the African and Asian colonies, but some limited democratic reforms in
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453:
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Durham, 1839: "Report on the Affairs of British North America", bound with several appendices that do not appear on this particular link
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Durham resigned on 9 October 1838 amid controversy excited in London by his decision of the penal questions and was soon replaced by
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Morissette, Benoît. "'The Foundations of Freedom and Civilization': The Durham Report, Municipal Institutions and Liberalism."
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The Report and Despatches of the Earl of Durham, Her Majesty's High Commissioner and Governor-General of British North America
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Carol Wilton, "'A Firebrand amongst the People': The Durham Meetings and Popular Politics in Upper Canada."
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Canada to this day is an ongoing proof of the long-enduring effects of the report's recommendations.
456:, who would have become President of Lower Canada had the second insurrection succeeded; journalist
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Newbould, I. D. C. "Lord Durham, the Whigs and Canada, 1838: The Background to Durham's Return"
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1098:"Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America, Volume 2: Text of the Report"
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were then uninterested. Those suggestions would be put into place decades later, during the
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Papineau, Louis-Joseph. "Histoire de la résistance du Canada au gouvernement anglais", in
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Republicanism and responsible government: the shaping of democracy in Australia and Canada
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Self-Government in Canada, and How it was Achieved: The Story of Lord Durham's Report
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186:, anglophone Tories were supportive because it would enable them to remain in power.
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elite, while out-of-power reformers welcomed the ideal of responsible government. In
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the introduction of responsible government for all colonies in British North America
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500:. The report of Durham was laid before Parliament in London on 11 February 1839.
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7#1 The Canadian Historical Association/La Société historique du Canada, 1928.
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420:(History of the resistance of Canada to the English government) in the French
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1085:"Critical Review of Sir Francis Head’s Narrative and of Lord Durham’s Report"
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Histoire de l'insurrection du Canada en réfutation du Rapport de Lord Durham
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229:, he formed numerous committees with essentially all the opponents of the
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286:. Much more important was the impact on Anglophone Canada, where led by
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New, Chester. "Lord Durham and the British Background of His Report."
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Brown, George W. "The Durham Report and the Upper Canadian Scene."
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and made numerous personal observations on life in the colonies.
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Smith, William. "The Reception of the Durham Report in Canada."
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Lambton, John George, Charles Buller, Edward Gibbon Wakefield.
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121:
743:"Websters Dictionary 1828 - Webster's Dictionary 1828 - Race"
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Canadians were "a people with no literature and no history".
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Lord Durham's report on the affairs of British North America
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that Upper and Lower Canada be united into one province, and
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Histoire de la résistance du Canada au gouvernement anglais
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1004:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
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Rapport sur les affaires de l’Amérique du Nord britannique
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in 1838 to investigate and report on the causes of the
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Martin, Ged. "The influence of the Durham Report." in
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The Durham Report and British policy: A Critical Essay
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Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'Ă©tudes canadiennes
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became possible that otherwise would not have been.
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775:. Toronto: The Canadian Publishers. pp. 77–78.
1006:8#4 (1976), pp. 351–374 DOI: 10.2307/4048187
872:Lambton, John George, 1st Earl of Durham, in the
310:suggestions failed to come to fruition since the
163:and given special powers as high commissioner of
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805:. Historica Foundation of Canada. Archived from
790:. Toronto: The Canadian Publishers. p. 146.
706:. Toronto: The Canadian Publishers. p. 139.
615:David Mills, Richard Foot, and Andrew McIntosh,
876:, University of Toronto, Université Laval, 2000
794:
760:. Toronto: The Canadian Publishers. p. 33.
424:in May 1839. In June, it appeared in Canada in
1055:, London: Ridgways, Piccadilly, 1839, 423 p. (
915:Cameron, David R. "Lord Durham Then and Now."
399:The newly created Legislative Assembly of the
97:Report on the Affairs of British North America
42:Report on the Affairs of British North America
18:Report on the Affairs of British North America
685:David R. Cameron, "Lord Durham Then and Now"
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120:, is an important document in the history of
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718:"Durham Report | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
646:"Durham Report | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
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494:Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham
454:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
27:1839 report regarding rebellions in Canada
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201:. It moved Canada slowly on the path to "
1142:Reports of the United Kingdom government
963:Reappraisals in British Imperial History
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174:The Report was highly controversial. In
874:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
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605:Canadian Encyclopedia article on Durham
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1147:History of the Commonwealth of Nations
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560:Richard Hanson (Australian politician)
376:Durham made two main recommendations:
159:on 29 May. He had just been appointed
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32:Durham special counsel investigation
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939:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2014).
894:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1988).
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391:Implementation of recommendations
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217:Lord Durham, author of the report
892:Political Thought of Lord Durham
840:"Province of Canada (1841–67)",
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178:it was rejected by the dominant
145:John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
87:John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
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946:, (Cambridge UP, 1972) 120 p. (
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786:Craig, Gerald M., ed. (1963).
771:Craig, Gerald M., ed. (1963).
756:Craig, Gerald M., ed. (1963).
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702:Craig, Gerald M., ed. (1963).
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298:it produced dramatic reforms.
108:, 1839) commonly known as the
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1014:Report of the Annual Meeting.
976:. Historical Foundation, 2008
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901:, London: P.S.King, 414 p. (
897:Bradshaw, Frederick (1903).
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1036:, Oxford: Clarendon Press (
917:Journal of Canadian Studies
671:Global Intellectual History
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994:Canadian Historical Review
983:15.1 (2019): 99–124. DOI:
910:Canadian Historical Review
722:thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
650:thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
633:Canadian Historical Review
296:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine
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974:The Canadian Encyclopedia
619:The Canadian Encyclopedia
458:Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan
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1030:Lucas, Charles Prestwood
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53:First page of the report
1127:Legal history of Canada
981:World Political Science
929:46#92 (2013): 321–348.
555:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
316:Confederation of Canada
280:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
1137:Upper Canada Rebellion
1132:Lower Canada Rebellion
996:20.2 (1939): 119–135.
689:25#1 (1990), pp. 5–23.
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268:responsible government
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203:responsible government
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912:20#2 (1939): 136–160.
842:Canadian Encyclopedia
635:75.3 (1994): 346–375.
472:Impact outside Canada
464:, general during the
446:Battle of Saint-Denis
414:Louis-Joseph Papineau
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153:rebellions of 1837–38
856:Lord Durham's Report
788:Lord Durham's Report
773:Lord Durham's Report
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704:Lord Durham's Report
498:Union of the Canadas
466:Battle of St-Charles
462:Thomas Storrow Brown
412:In exile in France,
155:. Durham arrived in
139:The notable British
117:Lord Durham's Report
1102:Faded Page (Canada)
1093:Faded Page (Canada)
1066:, Paris. May 1839 (
1064:La Revue du Progrès
935:Jones, Benjamin T.
919:25.1 (1990): 5–23+
430:La Revue canadienne
422:La Revue du Progrès
1122:Province of Canada
890:Ajzenstat, Janet.
545:Rebellions of 1837
444:, the hero of the
401:Province of Canada
355:Important passages
312:Maritime Provinces
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192:Province of Canada
1072:online in English
540:History of Canada
250:literature. ...
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70:Government report
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