Retail - Knowledge

1910: 681:

after-sales service quality and a lack of feedback channels for both parties. In addition, because retail enterprises needed to redevelop client relationships for each transaction, marketing costs were high and customer retention was low. All these downsides to transactional marketing gradually pushed the retail industry towards establishing long-term cooperative relationships with customers. Through this lens, enterprises began to focus on the process from transaction to relationship. While expanding the sales market and attracting new customers is very important for the retail industry, it is also important to establish and maintain long term good relationships with previous customers, hence the name of the underlying concept, "relational marketing". Under this concept, retail enterprises value and attempt to improve relationships with customers, as customer relationships are conducive to maintaining stability in the current competitive retail market, and are also the future of retail enterprises.

731: 95: 361: 255:, door-to-door sales or electronic channels. Although the idea of retail is often associated with the purchase of goods, the term may be applied to service providers that sell to consumers. Retail service providers include retail banking, tourism, insurance, private healthcare, private education, private security firms, legal firms, publishers, public transport, and others. For example, a tourism provider might have a retail division that books travel and accommodation for consumers plus a wholesale division that purchases blocks of accommodation, hospitality, transport, and sightseeing which are subsequently packaged into a holiday tour for sale to retail travel agents. 501:

research studies suggest that there is a strong relationship between a store's positioning and the socio-economic status of customers. In addition, the retail strategy, including service quality, has a significant and positive association with customer loyalty. A marketing strategy effectively outlines all key aspects of firms' targeted audience, demographics, preferences. In a highly competitive market, the retail strategy sets up long-term sustainability. It focuses on customer relationships, stressing the importance of added value, customer satisfaction and highlights how the store's market positioning appeals to targeted groups of customers.

718:. In order to maximize the number of selling opportunities, retailers generally want customers to spend more time in a retail store. However, this must be balanced against customer expectations surrounding convenience, access and realistic waiting times. The way that brands are displayed is also part of the overall retail design. Where a product is placed on the shelves has implications for purchase likelihood as a result of visibility and access. Ambient conditions, such as lighting, temperature and music, are also part of the overall retail environment. It is common for a retail store to play music that relates to their target market. 693: 1778: 1682: 282: 1921:

countries, this fraction is an increase over 1970, but there are other countries where the sector has declined since 1970, sometimes in absolute terms, where other sectors have replaced its role in the economy. In the United States the sector has declined from 19% of GDP to 14%, though it has risen in absolute terms from $ 4,500 to $ 7,400 per capita per year. In China the sector has grown from 7.3% to 11.5%, and in India even more, from 8.4% to 18.7%. Emarketer predicts China will have the largest retail market in the world in 2016.

598: 820: 677:; as of 2012 70% of retail workers in the United States were part-time. This may result in financial problems for the workers, who while they are required to be available at all times if their work hours are to be maximized, may not have sufficient income to meet their family and other obligations. Retailers can employ different techniques to enhance sales volume and to improve the customer experience, such as Add-on, Upsell or Cross-sell; Selling on value; and knowing when to close the sale. 357:

shop, which had been entirely absent from the sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century store, gradually made way for store interiors and shopfronts that are more familiar to modern shoppers. Prior to the eighteenth century, the typical retail store had no counter, display cases, chairs, mirrors, changing rooms, etc. However, the opportunity for the customer to browse merchandise, touch and feel products began to be available, with retail innovations from the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

571: 1746: 548: 349: 274: 1585: 1553: 1521: 654: 455: 685: 582:

economic and socio-cultural), demand, competition and infrastructure (e.g. the availability of power, roads, public transport systems). Micro factors include the size of the site (e.g. availability of parking), access for delivery vehicles. A major retail trend has been the shift to multi-channel retailing. To counter the disruption caused by online retail, many bricks and mortar retailers have entered the online retail space, by setting up online catalogue sales and

828: 8974: 43: 807: 8998: 321:, relatively few permanent shops were to be found; instead, customers walked into the tradesman's workshops where they discussed purchasing options directly with tradesmen. In the more populous cities, a small number of shops were beginning to emerge by the 13th century. Outside the major cities, most consumable purchases were made through markets or fairs. Market-places appear to have emerged independently outside Europe. The 1650: 1618: 1958: 1810: 1714: 1838: 840: 8986: 381: 1944: 516: 397:

Retail, using mail order, came of age during the mid-19th century. Although catalogue sales had been used since the 15th century, this method of retailing was confined to a few industries such as the sale of books and seeds. However, improvements in transport and postal services led several entrepreneurs on either side of the Atlantic to experiment with catalogue sales.

444:

and opportunities in the competitive environment, market environment, economic environment and statutory-political environment. The retail strategy is normally devised or reviewed every three to five years by the chief executive officer. The profit margins of retailers depend largely on their ability to achieve market competitive transaction costs.

618:, and socially-oriented. When decision-makers have determined the broad approach to pricing (i.e., the pricing strategy), they turn their attention to pricing tactics. Tactical pricing decisions are shorter term prices, designed to accomplish specific short-term goals. Pricing tactics that are commonly used in retail include discount pricing, 410:

twentieth century, stores were using labels such as "mega-stores" and "warehouse" stores to reflect their growing size. The upward trend of increasing retail space was not consistent across nations and led in the early 21st century to a 2-fold difference in square footage per capita between the United States and Europe.

1098:

Many leading brands choose to target tourists who specifically travel to shop or spend money while on vacation. According to the Global Retail Tourism Market Report 2019–2023, the value of the global shopping tourism market was estimated to be around $ 1.2 trillion in 2018. The report also forecasts

704:

Presentation refers to the physical evidence that signals the retail image. Physical evidence may include a diverse range of elements – the store itself including premises, offices, exterior facade and interior layout, websites, delivery vans, warehouses, staff uniforms. The environment in which

1146:

Between 1985 and 2018 there have been 46,755 mergers or acquisitions conducted globally in the retail sector (either acquirer or target from the retail industry). These deals cumulate to an overall known value of around US$ 2,561 billion. The three major Retail M&A waves took place in 2000, 2007

1083:

It is important for organizations to embrace digital disruption in order to gain a competitive advantage. When an industry experiences digital disruption, it typically signals that consumer needs are shifting. Retailers enhance their analytics process and make better informed decisions thanks to big

759:

Brand-conscious: Brand-consciousness is characterised by a tendency to buy expensive, well-known brands or designer labels. Those who score high on brand-consciousness tend to believe that the higher prices are an indicator of quality and exhibit a preference for department stores or top-tier retail

750:

Many different shopper profiles can be identified. Retailers develop customised segmentation analyses for each unique outlet. However, it is possible to identify a number of broad shopper profiles. One of the most well-known and widely cited shopper typologies is that developed by Sproles and Kendal

726:

Two different strands of research have investigated shopper behaviour. One is primarily concerned with shopper motivations. The other stream of research seeks to segment shoppers according to common, shared characteristics. To some extent, these streams of research are inter-related, but each stream

680:

Transactional marketing aims to find target consumers, then negotiate, trade, and finally end relationships to complete the transaction. In this one-time transaction process, both parties aim to maximize their own interests. As a result, transactional marketing raises follow-up problems such as poor

559:

facing the retailer are the product assortment (what product lines, how many lines and which brands to carry); the type of customer service (high contact through to self-service) and the availability of support services (e.g. credit terms, delivery services, after sales care). These decisions depend

523:

A retail mix is devised for the purpose of coordinating day-to-day tactical decisions. The retail marketing mix typically consists of six broad decision layers including product decisions, place decisions, promotion, price, personnel and presentation (also known as physical evidence). The retail mix

435:

The distinction between "strategic" and "managerial" decision-making is commonly used to distinguish "two phases having different goals and based on different conceptual tools. Strategic planning concerns the choice of policies aiming at improving the competitive position of the firm, taking account

356:

By the 17th century, permanent shops with more regular trading hours were beginning to supplant markets and fairs as the main retail outlet. Provincial shopkeepers were active in almost every English market town. As the number of shops grew, they underwent a transformation. The trappings of a modern

791:

Some researchers have adapted Sproles and Kendall's methodology for use in specific countries or cultural groups. Consumer decision styles are important for retailers and marketers because they describe behaviours that are relatively stable over time and for this reason, they are useful for market

746:

Utilitarian motivations are task-related and rational. For the shopper with utilitarian motives, purchasing is a work-related task that is to be accomplished in the most efficient and expedient manner. On the other hand, hedonic motives refer to pleasure. The shopper with hedonic motivations views

443:

and provide guidance for retail decision-makers and provide an outline of how the product and service mix will optimize customer satisfaction. As part of the strategic planning process, it is customary for strategic planners to carry out a detailed environmental scan which seeks to identify trends

258:

Some retailers badge their stores as "wholesale outlets" offering "wholesale prices." While this practice may encourage consumers to imagine that they have access to lower prices, while being prepared to trade-off reduced prices for cramped in-store environments, in a strictly legal sense, a store

1079:

When discussing the impact of technology on shopping and retail, e-commerce is often the first thing that comes to mind for retailers. However, technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, computer vision and the Internet of Things have used data to transform every part of the shopping

1931:

In the Republic of Armenia, retail trade has been increasing recently. In October 2022, it increased by 23.1% year by year, which was the most considerable rise since April 2021, faster than the 20.7 per cent increase recorded a month earlier. Retail dropped by 1.9% after accumulating 2.1%in the

581:

are primarily concerned with consumer access and may involve location, space utilisation and operating hours. Retailers may consider a range of both qualitative and quantitative factors to evaluate to potential sites under consideration. Macro factors include market characteristics (demographic,

1900:

was worth nearly €107bn, 2.8% more than the previous year when expressed in local currencies. The increase was generated foremost by the discount stores and supermarket segments, and was driven by the skyrocketing prices of foodstuffs. This information is based on the latest PMR report entitled

869:

are increasingly dominating the sector, because they can exert considerable buying power and pass on the savings in the form of lower prices. Many of these large retail chains also produce their own private labels which compete alongside manufacturer brands. Considerable consolidation of retail

566:

is the "sum of acts and elements that allow consumers to receive what they need or desire from retail establishment." Retailers must decide whether to provide a full service outlet or minimal service outlet, such as no-service in the case of vending machines; self-service with only basic sales

368:

By the late 18th century, grand shopping arcades began to emerge across Europe and in the Antipodes. A shopping arcade refers to a multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or

309:

Research from July 2008 suggests that China exhibited a rich history of early retail systems. From as early as 200 BCE, Chinese packaging and branding were used to signal family, place names and product quality, and the use of government imposed product branding was used between 600 and 900 CE.

775:

Impulsive: Impulsive consumers are somewhat careless in making purchase decisions, buy on the spur of the moment and are not overly concerned with expenditure levels or obtaining value. Those who score high on impulsive dimensions tend not to be engaged with the object at either a cognitive or

609:

is normally established in the company's overall strategic plan. In the case of chain stores, the pricing strategy would be set by head office. Broadly, there are six approaches to pricing strategy mentioned in the marketing literature: operations-oriented, revenue-oriented, customer-oriented,

500:

At the conclusion of the retail analysis, retail marketers should have a clear idea of which groups of customers are to be the target of marketing activities. Not all elements are, however, equal, often with demographics, shopping motivations, and spending directing consumer activities. Retail

409:

near Detroit in 1954. Throughout the twentieth century, a trend towards larger store footprints became discernible. The average size of a U.S. supermarket grew from 31,000 square feet (2,900 m) square feet in 1991 to 44,000 square feet (4,100 m) square feet in 2000. By the end of the

396:

emerged in the mid- to late 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and redefined concepts of service and luxury. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained.

289:

Retail markets have existed since ancient times. Archaeological evidence for trade, probably involving barter systems, dates back more than 10,000 years. As civilizations grew, barter was replaced with retail trade involving coinage. Selling and buying are thought to have emerged in Asia Minor

669:

is sold, which, using known patterns of customer patronage, more or less reliably predicts the need for staffing for various functions at times of the year, day of the month or week, and time of day. Usually needs vary widely. Conforming staff utilization to staffing needs requires a flexible

1920:

National accounts show a combined total of retail and wholesale trade, with hotels and restaurants. in 2012 the sector provides over a fifth of GDP in tourist-oriented island economies, as well as in other major countries such as Brazil, Pakistan, Russia, and Spain. In all four of the latter

713:

The store environment consists of many elements such as aromas, the physical environment (furnishings, layout, and functionality), ambient conditions (lighting, air temperature, and music) as well as signs, symbols, and artifacts (e.g. sales promotions, shelf space, sample stations, visual

404:

developed a concept for a shopping mall; a planned, self-contained shopping complex complete with an indoor plaza, statues, planting schemes, piped music, and car-parking. Gruen's vision was to create a shopping atmosphere where people felt so comfortable, they would spend more time in the

771:

Novelty/fashion-conscious: characterised by a consumer's tendency to seek out new products or new experiences for the sake of excitement; who gain excitement from seeking new things; they like to keep up-to-date with fashions and trends, variety-seeking is associated with this

786:

Habitual/brand loyal: characterised by a consumer's tendency to follow a routine purchase pattern on each purchase occasion; consumers have favourite brands or stores and have formed habits in choosing; the purchase decision does not involve much evaluation or shopping

369:

electric lighting. Some of the earliest examples of shopping arcade appeared in Paris, due to its lack of pavement for pedestrians. While the arcades were the province of the bourgeoisie, a new type of retail venture emerged to serve the needs of the working poor.

1932:

earlier month. For the first 10 months of 2022, retail sales increased by 15.5% by measuring the exact time of 2021. Among its bordering countries, on retail trade percentage of GDP, Armenia ranks more increased than Turkey, but it is still lower than Georgia.

1104: 171:

pay for goods and services. Retailing support services may also include the provision of credit, delivery services, advisory services, stylist services and a range of other supporting services. Retail workers are the employees of such stores.

310:

Eckhart and Bengtsson have argued that during the Song dynasty (960–1127), Chinese society developed a consumerist culture, where a high level of consumption was attainable for a wide variety of ordinary consumers rather than just the elite.

3656:

One question raised by the growth of Internet selling is whether there will remain a separate role for retailers over the long term. If the Internet allows producers to reach customers directly, why would any role for retailing 'middlemen'

646:. Retailers must also plan for customer preferred payment modes – e.g. cash, credit, lay-by, Electronic Funds Transfer at Point-of-Sale (EFTPOS). All payment options require some type of handling and attract costs. Contrary to 259:

that sells the majority of its merchandise directly to consumers, is defined as a retailer rather than a wholesaler. Different jurisdictions set parameters for the ratio of consumer to business sales that define a retail business.

755:

Quality conscious/Perfectionist: Quality-consciousness is characterised by a consumer's search for the very best quality in products; quality conscious consumers tend to shop systematically making more comparisons and shopping

730: 191:, supporting services, and the store's overall market positioning. Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel, and presentation. 3782: 814:

is a category killer, retailing everything for the home office or small commercial office; stationery, furniture, electronics, communications devices, copying, printing and photography services, coffee, tea and light

751:

in the mid-1980s. Sproles and Kendall's consumer typology has been shown to be relatively consistent across time and across cultures. Their typology is based on the consumer's approach to making purchase decisions.

763:

Recreation-conscious/Hedonistic: Recreational shopping is characterised by the consumer's engagement in the purchase process. Those who score high on recreation-consciousness regard shopping itself as a form of

767:

Price-conscious: A consumer who exhibits price-and-value consciousness. Price-conscious shoppers carefully shop around seeking lower prices, sales or discounts and are motivated by obtaining the best value for

567:

assistance or a full service operation as in many boutiques and speciality stores. In addition, the retailer needs to make decisions about sales support such as customer delivery and after sales customer care.

734:

People who shop for pleasure are known as recreational shoppers. The recreational shopper has its origins in the grand European shopping arcades. Pictured: The gentry in a Dutch lace shop in the 17th century

590:, shoppers tend to choose the online site of their preferred retailer initially, but as they gain more experience in online shopping, they become less loyal and more likely to switch to other retail sites. 3253: 8652: 2809: 3186: 831:

A general store in Scarsdale, Victoria, Australia operates as a post-office, newsagent, petrol station, video hire, grocer and take-away food retailer. This type of store is referred to locally as a

1909: 870:

stores has changed the retail landscape, transferring power away from wholesalers and into the hands of the large retail chains. In Britain and Europe, the retail sale of goods is designated as a

1084:

data, artificial intelligence, computer vision, and the Internet of Things. The use of data by retailers is mostly evident in the following aspects, based on the above-mentioned new technologies:

528:, but has been expanded and modified in line with the unique needs of the retail context. A number of scholars have argued for an expanded marketing, mix with the inclusion of two new Ps, namely, 8667: 329:

is often cited as the world's oldest continuously operating market; its construction began in 1455. The Spanish conquistadors wrote glowingly of markets in the Americas. In the 15th century, the

1858:

annually rank the nation's top retailers according to sales. The National Retail Federation also separately ranks the 100 fastest-growing U.S. retailers based on increases in domestic sales.

3217: 3548: 1147:

and lately in 2017. However the all-time high in terms of number of deals was in 2016 with more than 2,700 deals. In terms of added value 2007 set the record with the US$ 225 billion.

5292: 2631: 3884: 1123:

with a total known value of US$ 2.255 trillion have been announced. The largest transactions with involvement of retailers in/from the United States have been: the acquisition of

3059: 2843:

Yu-Jia, H. (2012). "The Moderating Effect of Brand Equity and the Mediating Effect of Marketing Mix Strategy On the Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Loyalty ".

928:

carry a mix of food products and consumable household items such as detergents, cleansers, personal hygiene products. Retailers selling consumer durables are sometimes known as

3774: 783:): characterised by a consumer's confusion caused by too many product choices, too many stores or an overload of product information; tend to experience information overload. 436:

of challenges and opportunities proposed by the competitive environment. On the other hand, managerial decision-making is focused on the implementation of specific targets."

8638: 4891: 4663: 3975: 4008: 244:

Retail refers to the activity of selling goods or services directly to consumers or end-users. Some retailers may sell to business customers, and such sales are termed

4756: 865:, that is; a location where goods and services are exchanged. In some parts of the world, the retail sector is still dominated by small family-run stores, but large 417:

and that reductions in store size are evident. Under such competition and other issues such as business debt, there has been a noted business disruption called the

7625: 4098: 4068: 4038: 3818: 2908:

Verhoef, P., Kannan, P.K. and Inman, J., "From Multi-channel Retailing to Omni-channel Retailing: Introduction to the Special Issue on Multi-channel Retailing",

2856:

Morschett, D., Swoboda, B. and Schramm, H., "Competitive Strategies in Retailing: An Investigation of the Applicability of Porter's Framework for Food Retailers

4247: 57: 2773: 421:

in recent years which several retail businesses, especially in North America, are sharply reducing their number of stores, or going out of business entirely.

473:, demographic, geographic, and psychographic profile, values and attitudes, shopping habits, brand preferences, analysis of needs and wants, and media habits 3178: 696:

The retail servicescape includes the appearance, equipment, display space, retail counters, signage, layout and functionality of a retail outlet. Pictured:

574:

Sellers of souvenirs are typically located in high traffic areas such as this London souvenir stand situated near a railway station on a busy street corner.

536:

since these contribute to the customer's unique retail experience and are the principal basis for retail differentiation. Yet other scholars argue that the

3804: 4503: 3289: 4221: 5018: 4711: 4180: 155:. Over the centuries, retail shops were transformed from little more than "rude booths" to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era. In the 5118: 3937: 3823: 3416:

Durvasula, S., Lysonski, S. and Andrews, J.C. (1993), "Cross-cultural generalizability of a scale for profiling consumers' decision-making styles",

8645: 4992: 4488: 4483: 3209: 1008:

restrictions on foreign investment in retailers, in terms of both absolute amount of financing provided and percentage share of voting stock (e.g.

4293:

Hollander, S. C., "Who and What are Important in Retailing and Marketing History: A Basis for Discussion", in S.C. Hollander and R. Savitt (eds.)

747:

shopping as a form of escapism where they are free to indulge fantasy and freedom. Hedonic shoppers are more involved in the shopping experience.

4982: 4417: 3490:

Jain, R. and Sharma, A., "A Review on Sproles & Kendall's Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) for Analyzing Decision Making Styles of Consumers",

1119:

Among retailers and retails chains a lot of consolidation has appeared over the last couple of decades. Between 1988 and 2010, worldwide 40,788

5103: 3858: 3544: 2587: 3721: 476:

Internal analysis – Other capacities including human resource capability, technological capability, financial capability, ability to generate

8657: 5238: 5113: 3359:

Hul, Michael K.; Dube, Laurette; Chebat, Jean-Charles (1 March 1997). "The impact of music on consumers' reactions to waiting for services".

3516:

Bauer, H.H., Sauer, N.E., and Becker, C., "Investigating the relationship between product involvement and consumer decision-making styles",

2623: 5299: 2510: 586:

websites. However, many retailers have noticed that consumers behave differently when shopping online. For instance, in terms of choice of

6647: 3579: 4592: 540:(i.e. retail formula) should be included. The modified retail marketing mix that is most commonly cited in textbooks is often called the 94: 3880: 861:) influence the consumer's store choice and addresses the consumer's expectations. At its most basic level, a retail format is a simple 493:

Review of distribution channels – Lead-times between placing order and delivery, cost of distribution, cost efficiency of intermediaries

5023: 4529: 3819:"Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) – M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses" 3028: 248:

In some jurisdictions or regions, legal definitions of retail specify that at least 80 percent of sales activity must be to end-users.

3323:

Wakefield, L.K. and Blodgett, G J., "The Effect of the Servicescape on Customers' Behavioral Intentions in Leisure Service Settings",

4851: 5066: 5058: 2401: 5489: 3967: 2714: 8677: 6587: 5128: 5091: 5081: 5071: 5033: 4783: 4577: 4426: 4290:, Volume 18, Rebecca H. Holman and Michael R. Solomon (eds.), Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1991, pp. 426–27 3429:

Sproles, G.B. (1985), "From perfectionism to faddism: measuring consumers' decision-making styles", in Schnittgrund, K.P. (Ed.),

487:

Competition analysis – Availability of substitutes, competitor's strengths and weaknesses, perceptual mapping, competitive trends

2687: 6642: 4876: 4871: 4701: 4000: 3932: 3605: 3775:"My publications - Global Travel Retail Market Research Report and Forecast to 2019-2023 - Page 1 - Created with Publitas.com" 392:

The modern era of retailing is defined as the period from the industrial revolution to the 21st century. In major cities, the

159:, an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels, including both 151:

Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant

8687: 6582: 5140: 5086: 4776: 4746: 4321: 4151:"Estimated March imports at major U.S. retail container ports hit five-year low, declines expected to continue amid pandemic" 3910: 3456:

Mishra, Anubhav A. (2015). "Consumer innovativeness and consumer decision styles: A confirmatory and segmentation analysis".

3263: 2995: 2430: 285:

Grand Bazaar, Istanbul (interior). Established in 1455, it is thought to be the oldest continuously operating covered market.

251:

Retailing often occurs in retail stores or service establishments, but may also occur through direct selling such as through

413:

As the 21st century takes shape, some indications suggest that large retail stores have come under increasing pressure from

232:(in English, French, Dutch, German and Spanish) refers to the sale of small quantities of items to consumers (as opposed to 5372: 5150: 5028: 4936: 4803: 4455: 2062: 5879: 4997: 4761: 4607: 4410: 1046:

partially due to loss in business: lack of work-force, often including management, that is properly educated and trained

1038:

constant advances in product design resulting in constant threat of product obsolescence and price declines for existing

594:

are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers across the globe have Internet access both at work and at home.

4090: 4060: 4030: 3828: 880:

Retail stores may be classified by the type of product carried. Softline retailers sell goods that are consumed after a

738:

Babin et al. carried out some of the earliest investigations into shopper motivations and identified two broad motives:

8662: 7437: 4931: 4846: 4818: 4493: 4478: 61: 4128: 3752: 2200: 1881:

and 5,000 in the advanced one. The advanced estimated data is based on a subsample from the US CB complete retail and

8682: 6683: 5191: 4856: 4798: 4793: 4691: 4243: 3642: 3349:

Bailey, P. (April 2015). Marketing to the senses: A multisensory strategy to align the brand touchpoints. Admap, 2–7.

2256: 1128: 360: 79: 6016: 2745: 877:

The European Service Directive applies to all retail trade including periodic markets, street traders and peddlers.

8400: 6370: 5248: 5002: 4751: 4741: 4726: 4706: 4673: 4470: 3142: 2405: 1470: 6128: 5213: 5135: 5123: 4771: 4683: 4617: 956:, etc., and parts for them. Specialist retailers operate in many industries such as the arts e.g. green grocers, 7665: 5243: 4914: 4696: 4647: 4519: 4403: 3628: 1050: 657:

One of the most well-known cross-selling sales scripts comes from McDonald's. "Would you like fries with that?"

4158: 3279: 8977: 6530: 5395: 4881: 4861: 4808: 4766: 4632: 4556: 4213: 1888:

Retail is the largest private-sector employer in the United States, supporting 52 million working Americans.

647: 4190: 7779: 6600: 6593: 6565: 5038: 4987: 4721: 4637: 4572: 4546: 666: 490:

Review of product mix – :: Sales per square foot, stock-turnover rates, profitability per product line

17: 9030: 8989: 7630: 7488: 7008: 6990: 5285: 4919: 4736: 4440: 3881:"Federated and May Announce Merger; $ 17 billion transaction to create value for customers, shareholders" 2174: 884:, or have a limited life (typically under three years) in they are normally consumed. Soft goods include 406: 823:

Apple's concept stores include video walls, Wi-Fi and desks to provide an immersive customer experience.

7695: 6610: 6375: 5699: 5201: 5098: 4956: 4941: 4926: 4668: 4602: 4450: 1851: 957: 714:

communications). Retail designers pay close attention to the front of the store, which is known as the

615: 560:

on careful analysis of the market, demand, competition as well as the retailer's skills and expertise.

374: 314: 3503:

Sproles, G.B., & Kendall, E.L., "A methodology for profiling consumers' decision-marking styles",

8497: 7948: 7498: 7483: 7456: 7106: 6936: 5228: 5206: 5196: 5145: 4834: 4627: 1099:

that the market will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2019 to 2023. In 2023

587: 220:). It was first recorded as a noun in 1433 with the meaning of "a sale in small quantities" from the 6617: 3850: 2569: 8844: 8585: 7747: 7640: 7508: 6622: 5365: 5181: 5176: 4909: 4899: 4597: 4582: 4534: 4498: 4384: 3711: 2498:

Reshaping Retail: Why Technology is Transforming the Industry and How to Win in the New Consumer Dr

1120: 3124: 984:

To achieve and maintain a foothold in an existing market, a prospective retail establishment must

8625: 8317: 7543: 7427: 7047: 6931: 6457: 5669: 5223: 5048: 4839: 4788: 4551: 4460: 4445: 1028: 160: 129: 2517: 1021:, especially those designed to penalize or keep out "big box" retailers (see "Regulatory" above) 405:

environment, thereby enhancing opportunities for purchasing. The first of these malls opened at

9035: 8948: 8928: 8839: 8834: 8252: 7868: 7794: 7300: 7295: 7040: 6570: 5976: 5854: 5849: 5339: 5233: 5155: 4866: 4716: 4612: 3571: 2396: 1987: 1870: 1124: 322: 6853: 6627: 5986: 2974:

The Brand Flip: Why customers now run companies and how to profit from it (Voices That Matter)

2882:

Berens, J.S., "The Marketing Mix, the Retailing Mix and the Use of Retail Strategy Continua",

2420: 8784: 8699: 8433: 8310: 8024: 8002: 7953: 7503: 7261: 7125: 5899: 5722: 5536: 5108: 5076: 4813: 4642: 3442:

Sproles, G.B. (1983). Conceptualisation and measurement of optimal consumer decision making.

3238:

Hee, J.K., "Stand-alone Sale of a Free Gift: Is it effective to accentuate promotion value?"

1874: 1136: 692: 639: 631: 338: 7590: 7210: 6093: 4214:"Asia's ecommerce spending to hit record $ 1 trillion this year – but most of that is China" 3010:

Rao, V.R. and Kartono, B., "Pricing Strategies and Objectives: A Cross-cultural Survey", in

1066:) and direct delivery to consumers from manufacturers and suppliers, cutting out any retail 551:

A typical supermarket carries an assortment of between 30,000 and 60,000 different products.

466:– Market size, stage of market, market competitiveness, market attractiveness, market trends 298:, an open space where, on market days, goods were displayed on mats or temporary stalls. In 140:, directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells in smaller quantities to consumers for a 8859: 8291: 8142: 7855: 7350: 7244: 6860: 6560: 6555: 5936: 5382: 5324: 5218: 4946: 4622: 4587: 2132: 2077: 2047: 1982: 662: 635: 31: 6654: 5704: 601:

Extensive use of the terminal digit 'nine' suggests that psychological pricing is at play.

8: 9001: 8943: 8918: 8801: 8575: 8532: 8492: 8458: 8187: 8154: 8012: 7826: 7806: 7538: 7366: 7345: 7147: 7101: 6833: 6256: 5787: 5358: 4961: 4904: 4731: 4541: 2774:"What influences Chinese fashion retail? Shopping motivations, demographics and spending" 1873:. Retail firms provide data on the dollar value of their retail sales and inventories. A 670:

workforce which is available when needed but does not have to be paid when they are not,

611: 496:

Evaluation of the economics of the strategy – Cost-benefit analysis of planned activities

470: 141: 117: 6201: 4339:

The Landscape of Consumption: Shopping Streets and Cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900

2391: 650:, price is not the most important factor for consumers, when deciding to buy a product. 277:

Marketplace at Trajan's Forum, the earliest known example of permanent retail shopfronts

9025: 8896: 8891: 8704: 8537: 8059: 8037: 8032: 7990: 7963: 7923: 7377: 7271: 7225: 7137: 7096: 7079: 6962: 6957: 6678: 6659: 6472: 6396: 6160: 5961: 5956: 5650: 5308: 5266: 5043: 4951: 3529:

Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing",

3473: 3051: 2869:

Constantinides, E., "The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing",

2801: 2710: 2674: 2137: 1992: 1977: 1878: 1862: 1150:

Here is a list of the top ten largest deals (ranked by volume) in the Retail Industry:

925: 881: 872: 619: 606: 556: 481: 477: 448: 430: 281: 184: 180: 176: 8197: 7432: 5679: 4380:

ECRoPEDIA – Free Global Collection of Retail/FMCG Best practices by ECR Community

3372: 2486:

Principles of a Political Economy with some of their Applications to Social Philosophy

306:. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shop-front. 8764: 8580: 8554: 8542: 8527: 8438: 8286: 8108: 8007: 7938: 7620: 7615: 7555: 7548: 7513: 7276: 7091: 6999: 6747: 6700: 6577: 6437: 6427: 6392: 6382: 6350: 6293: 6288: 6191: 5479: 5437: 5171: 4317: 4283:, D.G. Brian Jones and Mark Tadajewski (eds.), Oxon, Routledge, 2016, pp. 155–72 3692: 3638: 3477: 3284: 3259: 3083:

Kaufmann, P., "Deception in retailer high-low pricing: A 'rule of reason' approach",

2991: 2805: 2793: 2679: 2669: 2579: 2426: 2252: 1997: 1866: 985: 418: 268: 228:

meaning "a piece cut off, shred, scrap, paring". At present, the meaning of the word

5694: 5563: 5514: 3968:"China Eclipses the US to Become the World's Largest Retail Market – eMarketer" 3942: 3601: 3387: 3055: 1127:

for US$ 17 billion in 2006, the merger between Federated Department Stores Inc with

688:

Modern technologies are often displayed in clean environments with much empty space.

597: 8866: 8794: 8789: 8357: 8335: 8295: 8271: 8230: 8202: 8182: 8130: 7975: 7915: 7710: 7493: 7461: 7449: 7330: 7215: 7132: 7074: 6710: 6705: 6669: 6508: 6251: 6236: 6213: 6186: 5757: 5729: 5553: 5524: 5499: 5474: 5457: 5334: 3682: 3671:"Analyzing the Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Industry Transfer Using Big Data" 3465: 3399: 3368: 3043: 2913: 2785: 2321: 2234:

Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C. Lukas, B.A., Schembri, S. Niininen, O. and Cassidy, R.,

2221:

Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C. Lukas, B.A., Schembri, S. Niininen, O. and Cassidy, R.,

2037: 2002: 1972: 1949: 627: 563: 510: 440: 393: 370: 364:

Galeries de bois at au Palais-Royal, one of the earliest shopping arcades in Europe

188: 6838: 6036: 5904: 5684: 3906: 385: 8923: 8871: 8502: 8365: 8215: 8125: 8115: 8103: 8082: 7958: 7943: 7725: 7720: 7560: 7471: 7355: 7340: 7335: 7116: 7030: 6811: 6634: 6605: 6340: 6165: 5884: 5817: 5593: 5541: 5504: 4977: 4313: 3632: 3469: 2917: 2709:

Townsend, Matt; Surane, Jenny; Orr, Emma; Cannon, Christopher (8 November 2017).

2147: 2087: 2072: 2012: 1132: 844: 643: 591: 463: 252: 164: 7193: 5827: 5689: 4389: 8901: 8824: 8590: 8480: 8475: 8453: 8235: 8222: 8165: 8098: 8086: 7980: 7821: 7789: 7690: 7444: 7416: 7381: 7322: 6880: 6875: 6843: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6673: 6516: 6432: 6208: 6147: 6021: 5874: 5869: 5822: 5812: 5802: 5573: 5464: 5452: 5422: 5328: 4524: 3047: 2748:

from the original on 3 February 2017 – via Munich Personal RePEc Archive.

2738:"Old and new approaches to marketing. The quest of their epistemological roots" 2574: 2097: 2092: 2067: 1963: 1897: 1738: 1609: 949: 937: 578: 291: 6006: 5613: 4279:

Alexander, A., "The Study of British Retail History: Progress and Agenda", in

2789: 2325: 9019: 8938: 8448: 8078: 7888: 7705: 7700: 7565: 7402: 7386: 7254: 7240: 7121: 7084: 7015: 6947: 6941: 6926: 6821: 6806: 6714: 6365: 6218: 6181: 6155: 5996: 5941: 5792: 5777: 5603: 5447: 3696: 3179:"Council Post: Three Ways To Crush E-Commerce: Busting Common Misconceptions" 2797: 2683: 2583: 2127: 2112: 2102: 2082: 2057: 2027: 2022: 1770: 1590: 1558: 1526: 1032: 1003: 913: 866: 801: 671: 570: 525: 303: 221: 137: 7575: 6011: 5807: 4351:

Nystrom, P. H., "Retailing in Retrospect and Prospect", in H.G. Wales (ed.)

819: 547: 458:

The retailer also considers the overall strategic position and retail image.

273: 8881: 8816: 8769: 8465: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8330: 8325: 7985: 7843: 7570: 7525: 7395: 7391: 7359: 7249: 7171: 7142: 7067: 7062: 7052: 6952: 6870: 6801: 6756: 6487: 6467: 6452: 6416: 6411: 6387: 6303: 6196: 6073: 5894: 5864: 5782: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5734: 5645: 5546: 5186: 4120: 3744: 3716: 3687: 3670: 2422:

Conflict in the Early Americas: An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's ...

2247:

Jones, Brian D.G.; Shaw, Eric H. (2006). "A History of Marketing Thought",

2196: 2117: 2052: 2007: 1882: 1855: 1009: 999: 921: 917: 708: 653: 401: 348: 299: 145: 60:

and add information such as author, title, date of publication, publisher,

7580: 6103: 6098: 6088: 6051: 6041: 5981: 5914: 5427: 2653:

Wahba, Phil (15 June 2017). "The Death of Retail is Greatly Exaggerated".

2169: 684: 454: 377:

retail store, which he witnessed first-hand in the mid-nineteenth century.

8933: 8913: 8886: 8712: 8470: 8370: 8063: 8052: 8047: 7995: 7873: 7863: 7732: 7188: 7157: 7152: 7111: 7020: 6796: 6771: 6766: 6735: 6492: 6447: 6355: 6335: 6068: 5991: 5951: 5859: 5839: 5583: 5568: 5558: 5494: 5414: 2737: 2351:

Eckhardt, G.M. and Bengtsson. A. "A Brief History of Branding in China",

2338:

Eckhardt, G.M. and Bengtsson. A. "A Brief History of Branding in China",

2309: 2122: 2042: 2017: 1751: 992: 969: 965: 941: 933: 862: 811: 623: 156: 125: 4395: 827: 8876: 8806: 8776: 8759: 8737: 8547: 8417: 8412: 8120: 8068: 7893: 7816: 7715: 7610: 7288: 7198: 7183: 7166: 7162: 6919: 6688: 6422: 6318: 6298: 6229: 6063: 5844: 5713: 5709: 5598: 5442: 4367:

Call of the Mall: The Author of Why We Buy on the Geography of Shopping

4360:

Sugar and Spice: Grocers and Groceries in Provincial England, 1650–1830

2948:

The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Growing More Profitably

2142: 2032: 1545: 1100: 1053:

enabling prospective market entrants to respond to the above challenges

973: 961: 909: 897: 780: 583: 414: 352:

The retail service counter was an innovation of the eighteenth century.

204: 6083: 6046: 5588: 3458:

The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research

1865:

has published the Retail Sales report every month. It is a measure of

8908: 8854: 8754: 8732: 8717: 8519: 8245: 8137: 8073: 7970: 7883: 7838: 7774: 7759: 7605: 7476: 7266: 7057: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6693: 6482: 6462: 6345: 6308: 6001: 5966: 5797: 5717: 5578: 5277: 4332:

The Malling of America: An Inside Look at the Great Consumer Paradise

3431:

American Council on Consumer Interests (ACCI), Conference Proceedings

1706: 1059: 1039: 945: 905: 901: 806: 674: 233: 42: 5509: 5432: 4274:

Shopping in Style: London from the Restoration to Edwardian Elegance

8849: 8559: 8487: 8170: 7898: 7878: 7799: 7635: 7533: 7466: 7235: 6994: 6865: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6535: 6406: 6330: 6078: 6031: 5662: 5637: 5625: 5350: 4150: 3403: 3388:"Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value" 3163:

Barr, A., "PayPal Deepens Retail Drive in Discover Payments Deal",

3111:

Priceless: The Myth of Fair Value (and How to Take Advantage of It)

2511:"Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores" 2473:

Tales of Two Cities: Paris, London and the Birth of the Modern City

2107: 1108: 1067: 1063: 1018: 893: 885: 832: 342: 326: 168: 121: 1837: 8744: 8727: 8507: 8375: 8305: 8281: 8175: 7811: 7737: 7372: 7312: 7305: 7220: 7178: 7025: 7004: 6985: 6967: 6909: 6848: 6816: 6761: 6477: 6401: 6261: 6241: 6170: 5832: 5739: 5657: 5620: 5608: 4295:

First North American Workshop on Historical Research in Marketing

4185: 2742:

The Proceedings of 10th International Conference Marketing Trends

1655: 1623: 1513: 889: 848: 697: 152: 103: 99: 998:

restrictions on real-estate purchases, especially as imposed by

484:, trade relations, reputation, positioning, and past performance 8829: 8210: 8093: 7933: 7742: 7595: 7035: 6664: 6323: 6313: 6276: 6266: 6246: 6058: 5909: 4355:, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 19951, pp. 117–38. 4297:, Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1983, pp. 35–40. 3712:"Retail Inventory Method: Definition, Calculation, and Example" 1957: 1815: 1719: 1674: 1577: 953: 839: 380: 330: 318: 208: 3027:

Hoch, Steven J.; Drèze, Xavier; Purk, Mary E. (October 1994).

1024:

absence of developed supply-chain and integrated IT management

705:

the retail service encounter occurs is sometimes known as the

8749: 8722: 8276: 8042: 7905: 7769: 7677: 7283: 6900: 5529: 5519: 5484: 2832:

Marketing Communications: Framework, Theories and Application

2392:"Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516" 1925: 1913: 1783: 1687: 1476: 1140: 515: 334: 295: 113: 4300:

Jones, F., "Retail Stores in the United States, 1800–1860",

3386:

Babin, Barry J.; Darden, William R.; Griffin, Mitch (1994).

3014:, Rao, V.R. (ed), Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2009, p. 15 661:

Because patronage at a retail outlet varies, flexibility in

439:

In retailing, the strategic plan is designed to set out the

8428: 8240: 7928: 7831: 7784: 7203: 6914: 6281: 6271: 5946: 5469: 1802: 1642: 1107:", which researched in depth the travel retail sector post 727:

offers different types of insights into shopper behaviour.

4385:

Investopedia.The Industry Handbook: The Retailing Industry

2884:

Proceedings of the 1983 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS)

7585: 6904: 6826: 5674: 3310:"The Impact of Retail Servicescape on Buying Behaviour", 4310:

Retailing in the 21st Century: Current and Future Trends

2711:"America's 'Retail Apocalypse' Is Really Just Beginning" 2516:. University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth. Archived from 2708: 1832: 167:. Digital technologies are also affecting the way that 4379: 3637:(12 ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 300. 1916:

has the largest number of vending machines per capita.

1088:

Enhance marketing by Personalizing customer experience

2933:

Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.C. and Ferrell, O.C.,

2251:

Weitz, Barton A.; Wensley, Robin (eds), Sage, p. 41,

1031:

among existing market participants and resulting low

290:(modern Turkey) in around the 7th-millennium BCE. In 4121:"US Census Bureau Monthly & Annual Retail Trade" 3962: 3960: 3710:

Kenton, Will; Rhinehart, Charlene (4 January 2011).

2310:"The Birth of Brand: 4000 Years of Branding History" 1939: 388:

of France, appeared from the mid-nineteenth century.

4308:Krafft, Manfred; Mantrala, Murali K., eds. (2006). 3143:"Josiah Wedgwood, an Industrial Revolution pioneer" 2624:"Bunnings Shifts Focus as it Upsizes Store Network" 642:, were devised by 18th-century retail entrepreneur 3631:(2014). "Perfect Competition in a Single Market". 3385: 3096:Guiltnan, J.P., "The Price Bundling of Services", 2845:International Journal of Organizational Innovation 2225:, 3rd Asia-Pacific ed., Cengage, 2018, pp. 449–50 175:Most modern retailers typically make a variety of 3957: 3938:Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances 3824:Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances 3207: 2772:Parker, Christopher J.; Wenyu, Lu (13 May 2019). 2735: 2610:The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping 2488:, 7th ed., London, Longman, 1909, Section IV.7.53 2462:, Aldershot, Hampshire, Ashgate, 2007, pp. 153–54 2418: 2404:from the original on 13 January 2020 – via 519:The retail marketing mix or the 6 Ps of retailing 9017: 4346:The History and Conservation of Shopping Arcades 3851:"SuperValu-CVS group buys Albertson's for $ 17B" 2929: 2927: 2925: 2460:Perceptions of Retailing in Early Modern England 2447:Perceptions of Retailing in Early Modern England 2366:The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300–1500 1896:In 2011, the grocery market in six countries of 3709: 3634:Intermediate Microeconomics and Its Application 3626: 3251: 1928:became the largest retail market in the world. 400:In the post-war period, an American architect, 4307: 3545:"The World of Retail: Hardlines vs. Softlines" 2736:Volpato, Giuseppe; Stocchetti, Andrea (2009). 2449:, Aldershot, Hampshire, Ashgate, 2007, p,. 129 2270:An Ancient Shopping Center: The Athenian Agora 2238:, 3rd Asia-Pacific ed., Cengage, 2018, p. 451 5366: 5293: 4411: 3542: 3358: 3210:"A Part-Time Life, as Hours Shrink and Shift" 3026: 2922: 239: 4281:The Routledge Companion to Marketing History 3113:, New York: Hill and Wang, 2011, pp. 184–200 1479:was the largest retail market in the world. 2959:Brennan, R., Canning, L. and McDowell, R., 2778:Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 2771: 2670:"The Shopping Mall's Socialist Pre-History" 1464: 1213:Healthcare Providers & Services (HMOs) 1131:valued at 16.5 bil. USD in 2005 – now 179:decisions including the type of store, the 5373: 5359: 5300: 5286: 4418: 4404: 3883:. Phx.corporate-ir.net. 28 February 2005. 2858:Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2328:– via Munich Personal RePEc Archive. 1143:with a value of US$ 10.9 billion in 2004. 843:A local store named "Luovon puoji" in the 795: 4425: 3686: 3012:Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing 2895:Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F. and McDaniel, C., 2667: 2307: 1877:of 12,000 firms is included in the final 136:purchases goods in large quantities from 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 4211: 3909:. Searsholdings.com. 29 September 2004. 3907:"Kmart Finalizes Transaction With Sears" 3569: 3122: 2621: 2567: 1908: 1836: 1447:Discount and Department Store Retailing 1438:Discount and Department Store Retailing 1334:Discount and Department Store Retailing 838: 826: 818: 805: 729: 691: 683: 652: 596: 569: 546: 514: 453: 379: 359: 347: 280: 272: 93: 4181:"Grocery retail in Central Europe 2012" 3745:"Retail Method of Inventory Estimation" 3312:BVIMSR's Journal of Management Research 3087:Volume 70, Issue 2, 1994, pp. 115–1383. 3022: 3020: 2762:, McGraw-Hill, (2003), 2008, pp. 315–26 2543:Shopping as an Entertainment Experience 1103:published a critically acclaimed book " 1080:experience, from browsing to checkout. 451:typically includes following elements: 30:For the comic strip by Norm Feuti, see 14: 9018: 8399: 5307: 3995: 3993: 3455: 3252:Cant, M.C.; van Heerden, C.H. (2008). 3242:, Vol. 43, no. 10, 2015, pp. 1593–1606 2545:, Plymouth, Lexington Books, pp. 35–39 1901:Grocery retail in Central Europe 2012 1505:Number of countries of operation 2020 634:. Two strategies to entice the buyer, 144:. Retailers are the final link in the 8613: 8398: 7663: 6127: 6126: 5393: 5354: 5281: 4399: 4337:Furnee, J. H., and Lesger, C. (eds), 4131:from the original on 14 December 2017 3220:from the original on 27 November 2020 3208:Steven Greenhouse (27 October 2012). 3065:from the original on 20 December 2018 2985: 2963:, 2nd ed., London, Sage, 2011, p. 331 2652: 2634:from the original on 20 December 2018 8985: 5380: 4757:Radio-controlled model aircraft kits 4250:from the original on 7 December 2022 3978:from the original on 9 February 2022 3668: 3189:from the original on 6 February 2019 3029:"EDLP, Hi-Lo, and Margin Arithmetic" 3017: 2834:, London, Prentice Hall, 1995, p. 70 2812:from the original on 28 October 2020 2717:from the original on 18 January 2018 2590:from the original on 22 October 2017 2508: 2063:List of department stores by country 1841:U.S. Monthly Retail Sales, 1992–2010 1833:Statistics for national retail sales 36: 4286:Feinberg, R.A. and Meoli, J., , in 4224:from the original on 19 August 2016 4212:Millward, Steven (18 August 2016). 3990: 3742: 3608:from the original on 4 January 2018 3123:Flanders, Judith (9 January 2009). 2950:, Oxon, Routledge, 2016, p. 1 and 6 2946:Nagle, T., Hogan, J. and Zale, J., 2612:, ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, p. 83 2203:from the original on 11 August 2020 1869:, an important indicator of the US 721: 504: 128:, which is the sale to business or 24: 7664: 5394: 4353:Changing Perspectives in Marketing 4266: 4101:from the original on 13 April 2021 4071:from the original on 13 April 2021 4041:from the original on 13 April 2021 4011:from the original on 15 April 2021 3785:from the original on 11 April 2023 3755:from the original on 9 August 2020 3507:, Vol., 20 No. 2, 1986, pp. 267–79 2935:Marketing: Concepts and Strategies 2568:Gladwell, Malcolm (7 March 2004). 2379:The Buildings of England: Cheshire 2342:, Vol, 30, no. 3, 2010, pp. 210–21 2167: 1534:Hypermarket/supercenter/superstore 1499:2020 total revenue (US$ billion) 424: 25: 9047: 4373: 4276:, London, Thames and Hudson, 1979 3913:from the original on 10 June 2016 3887:from the original on 25 June 2017 3861:from the original on 12 July 2014 3743:Jan, Irfanullah (16 March 2012). 3724:from the original on 28 July 2021 3582:from the original on 17 July 2014 3551:from the original on 18 July 2014 3338:Wine Marketing: A Practical Guide 3325:The Journal of Services Marketing 3292:from the original on 18 July 2018 3240:Social Behavior & Personality 3176: 2690:from the original on 25 June 2022 2475:, Atlantic Books, 2013, Chapter 2 2308:Moore, Karl; Reid, Susan (2008). 1891: 1105:Leading Travel and Tourism Retail 1094:Adjust prices to maximize profits 213:, meaning "to shape by cutting" ( 98:A grocery and cosmetics store in 8996: 8984: 8973: 8972: 5119:Defunct graphics chips and cards 4334:, New York, William Morrow, 1985 4161:from the original on 23 May 2020 3314:, Vol 6, No. 2, 2014, pp. 10–17 2899:, Mason, OH, Cengage, pp. 193–94 2406:Institute of Historical Research 2211:– via The Free Dictionary. 1956: 1942: 1845: 1808: 1776: 1744: 1712: 1680: 1648: 1616: 1583: 1551: 1519: 1471:List of largest retail companies 1114: 1091:Optimize supply chain management 52:lack bibliographical information 41: 8997: 6527:Outdoors & sports equipment 4362:, Oxford University Press, 2016 4304:, October 1936, pp. 135–40 4236: 4205: 4173: 4143: 4113: 4083: 4053: 4023: 3925: 3899: 3873: 3843: 3811: 3797: 3767: 3736: 3703: 3662: 3620: 3594: 3563: 3536: 3531:Journal of Marketing Management 3523: 3510: 3497: 3484: 3449: 3436: 3423: 3418:The Journal of Consumer Affairs 3410: 3379: 3352: 3343: 3330: 3317: 3304: 3272: 3245: 3232: 3201: 3170: 3157: 3135: 3116: 3103: 3090: 3077: 3004: 2990:. Macmillan. pp. 137–160. 2979: 2966: 2953: 2940: 2902: 2889: 2876: 2871:Journal of Marketing Management 2863: 2850: 2837: 2824: 2765: 2752: 2729: 2702: 2668:Wetherell, Sam (8 April 2014). 2661: 2646: 2622:Johanson, Simon (2 June 2015). 2615: 2602: 2561: 2548: 2535: 2502: 2491: 2478: 2465: 2452: 2439: 2419:Rebecca M. Seaman, ed. (2013). 2412: 2384: 2371: 2358: 2345: 2332: 2298:, Elsevier, Oxford, 2006, p. 28 1598:Cash & carry/warehouse club 4489:Oil exploration and production 4392:(U.S.-based trade association) 4091:"2020 Top 100 Retailers Chart" 4001:"Top 50 Global Retailers 2021" 3258:. Juta Academic. p. 176. 2961:Business-to-Business Marketing 2355:, Vol, 30, no. 3, 2010, p. 212 2301: 2288: 2275: 2262: 2241: 2228: 2215: 2189: 2161: 1421:Food & Beverage Retailing 1412:Food & Beverage Retailing 1369:Food & Beverage Retailing 1360:Food & Beverage Retailing 1291:Food & Beverage Retailing 1265:Food & Beverage Retailing 986:overcome the following hurdles 294:, markets operated within the 13: 1: 6531:Personal protective equipment 4983:Construction equipment rental 4288:Advances in Consumer Research 4061:"Hot 100 Retailers 2020 List" 4031:"Top 100 Retailers 2020 List" 3669:Wang, Cuimin (17 June 2021). 3572:"What is Soft Merchandising?" 3518:Journal of Consumer Behaviour 3373:10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90016-6 3336:Hall, C.M. and Mitchell, R., 2657:(Print magazine). p. 34. 2556:101 Amazing Facts about Wales 2377:Pevsner, N. and Hubbard, E., 2154: 1459: 979: 214: 148:from producers to consumers. 5109:Electronic design automation 4369:, Simon & Schuster, 2004 4244:"Fast Moving Consumer Goods" 3470:10.1080/09593969.2014.911199 3446:, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 421–38. 3392:Journal of Consumer Research 3327:, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 45–61. 2918:10.1016/j.jretai.2015.02.005 2285:, ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 105–06 2283:The Romans: New Perspectives 1485:Worldwide top ten retailers 1331:Federated Department Stores 1262:Granada Compass-Hospitality 1192:Value of Transaction ($ mil) 667:Employee scheduling software 373:wrote about the rise of the 194: 7: 8614: 3505:Journal of Consumer Affairs 3492:Indian Journal of Marketing 3444:Journal of Consumer Affairs 2988:Modern Cost-Benefit Methods 2937:, Cengage, 2013, Chapter 12 2873:, Vo. 22, 2006, pp. 422–423 2860:, Vol. 13, 2006, pp. 275–87 2458:Cox, N.C. and Dannehl, K., 2445:Cox, N.C. and Dannehl, K., 2175:Online Etymology Dictionary 1935: 1317:Home Improvement Retailing 1308:Home Improvement Retailing 630:, promotional pricing, and 384:Department stores, such as 341:was the largest in all the 10: 9052: 5104:Electric-vehicle batteries 4852:Children's book publishers 4390:National Retail Federation 4348:, Mansell Publishing, 1986 3675:Mobile Information Systems 3433:, Columbia, MO, pp. 79–85. 3420:, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 55–65 3048:10.1177/002224299405800402 1852:National Retail Federation 1468: 1062:(for example, through the 1051:educational infrastructure 958:contemporary art galleries 799: 508: 428: 302:, trade took place in the 266: 262: 240:Definition and explanation 183:to be served, the optimal 29: 27:Sale of goods and services 8967: 8815: 8698: 8624: 8620: 8609: 8568: 8518: 8411: 8407: 8394: 8261: 8196: 8153: 8023: 7914: 7854: 7758: 7676: 7672: 7659: 7524: 7415: 7321: 6978: 6746: 6546: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6122: 5929: 5750: 5636: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5389: 5315: 5259: 5164: 5057: 5011: 4970: 4890: 4827: 4682: 4656: 4565: 4512: 4469: 4433: 2790:10.1108/JFMM-09-2017-0093 2353:Journal of Macromarketing 2340:Journal of Macromarketing 2326:10.1080/00076790802106299 2272:, ASCSA, 1993 pp. 19–21 1484: 1340:May Department Stores Co 1135:, and the merger between 1074: 557:product-related decisions 50:This article's citations 8845:Mergers and acquisitions 8586:Research and development 6946:Chemical & hormonal 6601:Communications equipment 5114:Flash memory controllers 4702:Astronomical instruments 3855:Phoenix Business Journal 3629:Snyder, Christopher Mark 3036:The Journal of Marketing 2912:, vol. 91, pp. 174–81. 1904: 1465:Global top ten retailers 1121:mergers and acquisitions 524:is loosely based on the 7631:Painting and decorating 6655:Medical imaging systems 6588:Parts & peripherals 4828:Media and entertainment 3933:"M&A by Industries" 3533:, Vol. 22, 2006, p. 421 2425:Abc-Clio. p. 375. 1727:Hypermarket/supermarket 796:Types of retail outlets 544:(see diagram at right). 209: 130:institutional customers 8949:State-owned enterprise 8929:Nonprofit organization 8840:Horizontal integration 6648:Scientific instruments 6611:Network infrastructure 5340:Business-to-government 5067:Advertising technology 4648:Vineyards and wineries 3520:. Vol. 5, 2006 342–54. 3494:, Vol. 43, no. 3, 2013 3145:. Adam Smith Institute 3085:Journal of Retailing, 2397:List and Index Society 2249:Handbook of Marketing. 1917: 1842: 1663:Discount grocery store 1631:Discount grocery store 1141:Sears Roebuck & Co 1002:and against "big-box" 851: 836: 824: 816: 735: 701: 689: 658: 602: 575: 552: 520: 459: 389: 365: 353: 286: 278: 106: 8292:Private investigation 5077:Computer-aided design 5072:Automation integrator 4998:Management consulting 4427:Companies by industry 3805:"MoodieDavitt Report" 2570:"The Terrazzo Jungle" 2381:Penguin, 1978, p. 170 2296:Shopping Environments 1912: 1840: 1167:Acquiror Mid Industry 1129:May Department Stores 1035:, caused in part by: 842: 830: 822: 809: 733: 695: 687: 656: 632:psychological pricing 616:relationship-oriented 600: 573: 550: 518: 457: 383: 363: 351: 284: 276: 97: 8860:Vertical integration 6861:Speciality chemicals 6701:Electrical equipment 6618:Consumer electronics 5325:Business-to-business 5320:Business-to-consumer 5099:Consumer electronics 4872:Satellite television 4302:Journal of Marketing 4246:. 18 November 2022. 3688:10.1155/2021/9916304 3361:Journal of Retailing 3098:Journal of Marketing 2910:Journal of Retailing 2760:The Art Of Retailing 2236:Marketing Principles 2223:Marketing Principles 2133:Visual merchandising 2078:Retail concentration 2048:History of marketing 1983:Business-to-business 1502:Business foundation 1444:Wal-Mart Stores Inc 1435:Wal-Mart Stores Inc 1392:Alliance Boots GmbH 1227:AB Acquisitions Ltd 995:barriers including: 648:common misconception 640:buy one get one free 636:money back guarantee 622:, high-low pricing, 469:Customer analysis – 246:non-retail activity. 32:Retail (comic strip) 8944:Sole proprietorship 8919:Joint-stock company 8188:Veterinary medicine 8013:Property management 7807:Passenger transport 6834:Commodity chemicals 6660:Optical instruments 6628:Video game consoles 6521:Musical instruments 6362:Media reproduction 4877:Television networks 4504:Solar thermal power 3627:Nicholson, Walter; 3543:Ferrara, J. Susan. 2558:, Andrews, UK, 2013 2509:Koot, G.M. (2011). 2138:Licensed victualler 1279:AB Acquisition LLC 1236:Alliance Boots PLC 1182:Target Mid Industry 1019:taxation structures 970:musical instruments 620:everyday low prices 471:Market segmentation 415:online sales models 64:, pages cited, etc. 9031:Marketing strategy 8892:Putting-out system 8401:Information sector 8322:Personal services 7924:Financial services 7396:offshore platforms 7245:advanced materials 7226:Ready-mix concrete 6679:Laser construction 6639:Clocks and watches 6473:Injection moulding 6444:Other fabrication 6397:household hardware 5309:Business marketing 5267:Lists of companies 5151:Telecommunications 5003:Marketing research 4784:Solid-state drives 4573:Beer and breweries 4566:Food and beverages 4193:on 2 November 2012 3945:on 3 November 2020 3604:. Investor Words. 3214:The New York Times 3129:The New York Times 2986:Irvin, G. (1978). 2608:Byrne-Paquet, L., 1993:Consumer behaviour 1978:Direct-to-consumer 1918: 1863:U.S. Census Bureau 1843: 1137:Kmart Holding Corp 930:hardline retailers 926:convenience stores 852: 837: 825: 817: 736: 716:decompression zone 702: 690: 659: 603: 576: 553: 521: 482:economies of scope 460: 431:Strategic planning 390: 366: 354: 287: 279: 107: 58:guide to citations 9013: 9012: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8790:Natural resources 8635:Production-based 8605: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8543:Vocational school 8390: 8389: 8386: 8385: 7655: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7616:Electrical wiring 7602:Specialty trades 7556:Civil engineering 7411: 7410: 7085:Vulcanized rubber 6881:Cleaning products 6721:Electric lighting 6438:Surface finishing 6428:Powder metallurgy 6383:Metal fabrication 6129:Industrial sector 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6017:Rare-earth metals 5925: 5924: 5348: 5347: 5275: 5274: 5082:Computer hardware 4628:Restaurant chains 4618:Ice cream parlors 4365:Underhill, Paco, 4330:Kowinski, W. S., 4323:978-3-540-28399-7 3972:www.emarketer.com 3831:on 6 January 2012 3779:view.publitas.com 3576:Houston Chronicle 3285:Monash University 3265:978-0-7021-6636-5 2997:978-0-333-23208-8 2541:Howard Moss, M., 2432:978-1-59884-777-2 2168:Harper, Douglas. 1998:Convenience store 1867:consumer spending 1830: 1829: 1457: 1456: 1328:28 February 2005 1302:26 February 2013 1282:Other Financials 1256:Other Financials 1250:18 December 2000 1230:Other Financials 1224:3 September 2007 1000:local governments 542:6 Ps of retailing 419:retail apocalypse 269:History of retail 161:bricks and mortar 124:, in contrast to 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 9043: 9000: 8999: 8988: 8987: 8976: 8975: 8872:Enforced breakup 8867:Decentralization 8795:Physical capital 8622: 8621: 8611: 8610: 8409: 8408: 8396: 8395: 8272:Customer service 8183:Residential care 8131:Public relations 7939:Financial advice 7916:Asset management 7711:Department store 7674: 7673: 7661: 7660: 7641:Site preparation 7489:Telecom networks 7457:Waste management 7433:Gas distribution 7117:Synthetic fibers 6844:Industrial gases 6583:Computer systems 6517:Medical supplies 6144: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6124: 6123: 5554:Animal husbandry 5525:Medicinal plants 5411: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5391: 5390: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5335:Business-to-many 5302: 5295: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5124:Hard disk drives 5087:Computer systems 4847:Cable television 4583:Champagne houses 4520:Asset management 4499:Public utilities 4494:Oilfield service 4420: 4413: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4341:, Springer, 2014 4327: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4189:. Archived from 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4157:. 8 April 2020. 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4127:. 11 July 2011. 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3941:. Archived from 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3857:. January 2006. 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3827:. Archived from 3815: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3255:Personal Selling 3249: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3165:Technology News. 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3120: 3114: 3109:Poundstone, W., 3107: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3064: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2920: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2619: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2523:on 6 August 2019 2522: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2314:Business History 2305: 2299: 2292: 2286: 2281:McGeough, K.M., 2279: 2273: 2268:Thompson, D.B., 2266: 2260: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2038:Hanseatic League 2003:Department store 1973:Automated retail 1966: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1950:Companies portal 1947: 1946: 1945: 1861:Since 1951, the 1814: 1812: 1811: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1482: 1481: 1418:Coles Group Ltd 1406:7 February 2007 1395:Other Retailing 1386:Other Retailing 1343:Non Residential 1276:20 January 2006 1239:Other Retailing 1210:Caremark Rx Inc 1204:Other Retailing 1198:11 January 2006 1153: 1152: 1125:Albertson's Inc. 873:service activity 776:emotional level. 722:Shopper profiles 628:product bundling 607:pricing strategy 564:Customer service 511:Retail marketing 505:Retail marketing 394:department store 371:John Stuart Mill 315:Medieval England 253:vending machines 219: 216: 212: 189:customer service 165:online retailing 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 56:Please read the 45: 37: 21: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9008: 8955: 8924:Nationalization 8811: 8781:Primary inputs 8702: 8694: 8627: 8626:Classification 8616: 8597: 8564: 8514: 8498:Social networks 8415: 8403: 8382: 8366:Business travel 8268:Administrative 8257: 8236:Amusement parks 8200: 8192: 8166:Dentist offices 8149: 8019: 7986:Pension funding 7959:Risk management 7944:Holding company 7910: 7850: 7762: 7754: 7726:Specialty store 7721:Online shopping 7668: 7647: 7520: 7407: 7317: 6974: 6932:Pharmaceuticals 6876:Aroma compounds 6812:Petroleum jelly 6742: 6731:Home appliances 6726:Electric motors 6674:spotting scopes 6635:Instrumentation 6548: 6542: 6524:Office supplies 6131: 6110: 6094:Dimension stone 6028:Other minerals 5973:Mining of ores 5921: 5746: 5632: 5579:Other livestock 5465:Permanent crops 5398: 5385: 5379: 5349: 5344: 5311: 5306: 5276: 5271: 5255: 5160: 5053: 5007: 4966: 4886: 4857:Film production 4823: 4804:Traction motors 4747:Modern armament 4678: 4652: 4561: 4557:Venture capital 4552:Stock exchanges 4508: 4465: 4429: 4424: 4376: 4324: 4314:Springer Verlag 4272:Adburgham, A., 4269: 4267:Further reading 4264: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3807:. 5 April 2023. 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3708: 3704: 3667: 3663: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3454: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3384: 3380: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3177:Romis, Rafael. 3175: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3125:"They Broke It" 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2753: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2566: 2562: 2554:Goldstein. J., 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2263: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2148:Window shopping 2088:Retail software 2073:Sales promotion 2013:Dry goods store 1962: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1907: 1894: 1848: 1835: 1809: 1807: 1777: 1775: 1745: 1743: 1713: 1711: 1681: 1679: 1649: 1647: 1617: 1615: 1584: 1582: 1552: 1550: 1520: 1518: 1473: 1467: 1462: 1409:Wesfarmers Ltd 1354:30 August 1999 1314:Home Depot Inc 1305:Home Depot Inc 1288:Albertsons Inc 1268:United Kingdom 1259:United Kingdom 1242:United Kingdom 1233:United Kingdom 1172:Acquiror Nation 1117: 1077: 1029:competitiveness 1004:chain retailers 982: 859:retail formulas 857:(also known as 845:Hailuoto Island 804: 798: 724: 644:Josiah Wedgwood 588:online platform 579:Place decisions 513: 507: 478:scale economies 464:Market analysis 449:retail analysis 433: 427: 425:Retail strategy 271: 265: 242: 217: 203:comes from the 197: 177:strategic level 112:is the sale of 86: 75: 69: 66: 55: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9049: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9006: 8994: 8982: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8902:Temporary work 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8825:Centralization 8821: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8779: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8709: 8707: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8641: 8632: 8630: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8591:Basic research 8583: 8578: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8535: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8422: 8420: 8405: 8404: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8253:Tabletop games 8250: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8225: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8207: 8205: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8159: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8118: 8116:Legal services 8113: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8087:system testing 8076: 8071: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8029: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7949:Money transfer 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7920: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7860: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7822:Passenger rail 7819: 7814: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7790:Moving company 7787: 7782: 7777: 7766: 7764: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:Consumer goods 7693: 7691:Car dealership 7682: 7680: 7670: 7669: 7666:Service sector 7657: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7600: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7530: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7421: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7389: 7384: 7369: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7327: 7325: 7323:Heavy industry 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7262:Metal refining 7259: 7258: 7257: 7255:Synthetic gems 7252: 7247: 7238: 7232:Other mineral 7230: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7122:Thermoplastics 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7002: 6997: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:contraceptives 6944: 6942:Blood products 6939: 6929: 6927:Fine chemicals 6924: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6807:Petrochemicals 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6667: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6571:Semiconductors 6568: 6566:Circuit boards 6563: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6433:Prefabrication 6430: 6425: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6390: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6366:Cassette tapes 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6202:Vegetable oils 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6176: 6175:Dairy products 6173: 6168: 6163: 6152: 6150: 6148:Light industry 6141: 6133: 6132: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5730:Wild mushrooms 5727: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5707: 5705:Natural rubber 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:Tropical fruit 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5423:Arable farming 5419: 5417: 5408: 5400: 5399: 5396:Natural sector 5387: 5386: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5329:B2B e-commerce 5322: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5168: 5166: 5165:Transportation 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Semiconductors 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5034:Mountaineering 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4674:Pharmaceutical 4671: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547:Private equity 4544: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4456:Sporting goods 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4374:External links 4372: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4344:MacKeith, M., 4342: 4335: 4328: 4322: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4235: 4204: 4172: 4142: 4125:www.census.gov 4112: 4082: 4052: 4022: 3989: 3956: 3924: 3898: 3872: 3842: 3810: 3796: 3766: 3735: 3702: 3661: 3643: 3619: 3593: 3570:Time, Forest. 3562: 3547:. Value Line. 3535: 3522: 3509: 3496: 3483: 3448: 3435: 3422: 3409: 3404:10.1086/209376 3378: 3351: 3342: 3329: 3316: 3303: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3231: 3200: 3169: 3167:22 August 2012 3156: 3134: 3115: 3102: 3089: 3076: 3016: 3003: 2996: 2978: 2972:Neumeier, M., 2965: 2952: 2939: 2921: 2901: 2888: 2886:, , pp. 323–27 2875: 2862: 2849: 2836: 2823: 2784:(2): 158–175. 2764: 2758:Lambda, A.J., 2751: 2728: 2701: 2660: 2645: 2614: 2601: 2575:The New Yorker 2560: 2547: 2534: 2501: 2490: 2477: 2464: 2451: 2438: 2431: 2411: 2383: 2370: 2364:Thrupp, S.L., 2357: 2344: 2331: 2320:(4): 419–432. 2300: 2287: 2274: 2261: 2240: 2227: 2214: 2188: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2098:Revenge buying 2095: 2093:Retailtainment 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2068:Point of sales 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1964:Economy portal 1953: 1937: 1934: 1906: 1903: 1898:Central Europe 1893: 1892:Central Europe 1890: 1847: 1844: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1741: 1739:Ahold Delhaize 1736: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1613: 1610:Schwarz Gruppe 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450:United States 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441:United States 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389:United States 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346:United States 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337:United States 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320:United States 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311:United States 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294:United States 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285:United States 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216:United States 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207:United States 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1157:Date Announced 1116: 1113: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1033:profit margins 1025: 1022: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1006: 981: 978: 950:sporting goods 914:Grocery stores 855:Retail formats 800:Main article: 797: 794: 792:segmentation. 789: 788: 784: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 723: 720: 665:is desirable. 509:Main article: 506: 503: 498: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 474: 467: 447:The strategic 426: 423: 407:Northland Mall 292:ancient Greece 267:Main article: 264: 261: 241: 238: 196: 193: 88: 87: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9048: 9037: 9036:Merchandising 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9005: 9004: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8971: 8970: 8966: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8939:Privatization 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8713:Externalities 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8701: 8697: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8674:Market-based 8673: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8612: 8608: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445:Audio-visual 8444: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8199: 8198:Entertainment 8195: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7954:Payment cards 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889:Food delivery 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7869:Drink service 7867: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763:& Storage 7761: 7757: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7706:Grocery store 7704: 7702: 7701:General store 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7387:Rail vehicles 7385: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7360:wind turbines 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351:Machine tools 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7241:Carbon fibers 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Illegal drugs 6956: 6954: 6953:Generic drugs 6951: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Agrochemicals 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6854:Pure elements 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6822:Synthetic oil 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6684:Lens grinding 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606:Mobile phones 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6594:storage media 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549:& optical 6545: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6376:Optical discs 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219:Bottled water 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140:Manufacturing 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900:Sea cucumbers 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564:Dairy farming 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470:Apples et al. 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260:Miscellaneous 5258: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136:Photovoltaics 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039:Skateboarding 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867:Record labels 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4819:Wind turbines 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4772:Semiconductor 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4762:Rolling stock 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4684:Manufacturing 4681: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Biotechnology 4662: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Casual dining 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4530:international 4528: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4358:Stobard, J., 4357: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3646: 3644:9781133189022 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3367:(1): 87–104. 3366: 3362: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3021: 3013: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2976:, 2008, p. 55 2975: 2969: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2747: 2744:(30841): 34. 2743: 2739: 2732: 2716: 2713:. Bloomberg. 2712: 2705: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2294:Coleman, P., 2291: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2257:1-4129-2120-1 2254: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2218: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2160: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2128:Variety store 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113:Store manager 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2103:Sales density 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2083:Retail design 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2058:Like for like 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2028:General store 2026: 2024: 2023:Five and dime 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1940: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1902: 1899: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1883:food services 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1846:United States 1839: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1759:Grocery store 1758: 1755: 1753: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1591:United States 1581: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559:United States 1549: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1527:United States 1517: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1496:Headquarters 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1472: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432:6 March 2011 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1380:19 June 2012 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357:Carrefour SA 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1253:Shareholders 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1187:Target Nation 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1162:Acquiror Name 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1115:Consolidation 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 996: 994: 991: 990: 989: 987: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:, along with 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 874: 868: 867:retail chains 864: 860: 856: 850: 846: 841: 834: 829: 821: 813: 808: 803: 802:Retail format 793: 785: 782: 779:Confused (by 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753: 752: 748: 745: 741: 732: 728: 719: 717: 712: 710: 699: 694: 686: 682: 678: 676: 673: 668: 664: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 599: 595: 593: 592:Online stores 589: 585: 580: 572: 568: 565: 561: 558: 549: 545: 543: 539: 538:Retail Format 535: 531: 527: 526:marketing mix 517: 512: 502: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 479: 475: 472: 468: 465: 462: 461: 456: 452: 450: 445: 442: 437: 432: 422: 420: 416: 411: 408: 403: 398: 395: 387: 386:Le Bon Marché 382: 378: 376: 372: 362: 358: 350: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 283: 275: 270: 260: 256: 254: 249: 247: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 222:Middle French 211: 206: 202: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 138:manufacturers 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 105: 101: 96: 92: 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8897:Spinning-off 8882:Homesteading 8835:Conglomerate 8817:Organization 8770:Raw material 8765:Intermediate 8644: 8643: 8466:Broadcasting 8371:Cruise lines 8341:Maid service 8331:Dry cleaning 8302:Maintenance 8060:Architecture 8025:Professional 7844:Self storage 7748:Distribution 7685: 7526:Construction 7371:Other heavy 7296:Formed metal 7250:Mineral wool 7172:Safety glass 7143:Fused quartz 7138:Borosilicate 6802:Paraffin wax 6757:oil refining 6736:Transformers 6502:Other goods 6488:Stonemasonry 6468:Glassblowing 6453:Blow molding 6412:Locksmithing 6388:Boilermaking 5937:Fossil fuels 5735:Fungiculture 5690:Gutta-percha 5680:Frankincense 5675:Tree tapping 5646:Silviculture 5626:Fur trapping 5537:Horticulture 5485:Stone fruits 5319: 5219:Cruise lines 4957:Supermarkets 4947:Hypermarkets 4932:Cooperatives 4794:Stuffed toys 4603:Coffeehouses 4588:Cheesemakers 4441:Fitness wear 4366: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4312:. New York: 4309: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4252:. Retrieved 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4218:Tech in Asia 4217: 4207: 4195:. Retrieved 4191:the original 4184: 4175: 4163:. Retrieved 4154: 4145: 4133:. Retrieved 4124: 4115: 4103:. Retrieved 4094: 4085: 4073:. Retrieved 4064: 4055: 4043:. Retrieved 4034: 4025: 4013:. Retrieved 4004: 3980:. Retrieved 3971: 3947:. Retrieved 3943:the original 3936: 3927: 3915:. Retrieved 3901: 3889:. Retrieved 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3854: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3829:the original 3822: 3813: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3778: 3769: 3757:. Retrieved 3748: 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3717:Investopedia 3715: 3705: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3650:25 September 3648:. Retrieved 3633: 3622: 3610:. Retrieved 3602:"hard goods" 3596: 3584:. Retrieved 3575: 3565: 3553:. Retrieved 3538: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3504: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3417: 3412: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3345: 3340:, pp. 182–83 3337: 3332: 3324: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3294:. Retrieved 3283: 3280:"Retail Mix" 3274: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3234: 3222:. Retrieved 3213: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3182: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3147:. Retrieved 3137: 3128: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3100:, April 1987 3097: 3092: 3084: 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3042:(4): 16–27. 3039: 3035: 3011: 3006: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2960: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2934: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2870: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2844: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2814:. Retrieved 2781: 2777: 2767: 2759: 2754: 2741: 2731: 2719:. Retrieved 2704: 2692:. Retrieved 2673: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2636:. Retrieved 2627: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2592:. Retrieved 2573: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2525:. Retrieved 2518:the original 2504: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2484:Mill, J.S., 2480: 2472: 2471:Conlin, J., 2467: 2459: 2454: 2446: 2441: 2421: 2414: 2400:(32). 2003. 2395: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2352: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2295: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2269: 2264: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2205:. Retrieved 2191: 2179:. Retrieved 2173: 2163: 2118:Super market 2053:Hyper market 2008:Dollar store 1930: 1923: 1919: 1895: 1887: 1860: 1849: 1475:As of 2016, 1474: 1398:Switzerland 1383:Walgreen Co 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1149: 1145: 1118: 1097: 1082: 1078: 1017:unfavorable 1010:common stock 983: 929: 922:hypermarkets 918:supermarkets 916:, including 879: 871: 858: 854: 853: 810:Australia's 790: 749: 743: 739: 737: 725: 715: 709:servicescape 706: 703: 679: 660: 624:loss leaders 604: 577: 562: 555:The primary 554: 541: 537: 534:Presentation 533: 529: 522: 499: 446: 438: 434: 412: 402:Victor Gruen 399: 391: 375:co-operative 367: 355: 337:) market of 323:Grand Bazaar 312: 308: 300:ancient Rome 288: 257: 250: 245: 243: 229: 225: 200: 198: 187:assortment, 174: 150: 146:supply chain 133: 109: 108: 91: 76: 67: 51: 18:Retail sales 8934:Partnership 8914:Cooperative 8887:Outsourcing 8877:Freelancing 8755:Commodities 8459:Video games 8434:Periodicals 8311:Landscaping 8241:Fairgrounds 8143:Advertising 8064:engineering 8048:Bookkeeping 8003:Real estate 7996:Reinsurance 7894:Restaurants 7864:Foodservice 7856:Hospitality 7839:Warehousing 7827:Ridesharing 7817:Car rentals 7549:Residential 7484:Remediation 7367:Automobiles 7189:Earthenware 7158:Glass fiber 7153:Float glass 6963:Supplements 6937:Antibiotics 6839:Fertilizers 6797:Mineral oil 6772:Diesel fuel 6755:Coal & 6715:fiber optic 6689:Microscopes 6643:GPS devices 6623:Televisions 6556:Electronics 6547:Electrical 6493:Woodworking 6448:3D printing 6407:Gunsmithing 6371:Phonographs 6356:Typesetting 6336:Bookbinding 6299:Dressmaking 6294:Accessories 6226:Soft drinks 6161:Animal feed 5952:Natural gas 5840:Aquaculture 5823:Sea urchins 5695:Maple syrup 5569:Fur farming 5559:Beef cattle 5495:Viticulture 5443:Fiber crops 5415:Agriculture 4962:Superstores 4927:Convenience 4915:independent 4882:Video games 4862:Pornography 4799:Touch input 4752:Motorcycles 4727:Dump trucks 4692:Aerial lift 4669:Health club 4638:Soft drinks 4542:Hedge funds 4484:Oil and gas 4135:11 December 3949:28 February 3749:XPLAIND.com 3069:19 December 2830:Fill, C., 2816:3 September 2638:19 December 2123:Super store 2043:High Street 2018:Final goods 1752:Netherlands 1177:Target Name 1012:) purchased 966:handicrafts 942:electronics 934:automobiles 863:marketplace 812:Officeworks 740:utilitarian 612:value-based 218: 1365 157:digital age 126:wholesaling 9020:Categories 8807:Technology 8777:Innovation 8738:Well-being 8548:University 8481:Television 8418:Mass media 8413:Publishing 8246:Nightclubs 8155:Healthcare 8126:Consulting 8121:Management 8069:Inspection 8053:Tax advice 8033:Accounting 7964:Securities 7780:Intermodal 7716:Mail order 7611:Demolition 7544:Industrial 7539:Commercial 7462:Collection 7313:Cast metal 7199:Refractory 7167:fiberglass 7163:Glass wool 7126:thermosets 7102:Engineered 7031:Engineered 7026:Sawmilling 6920:Toiletries 6891:Explosives 6711:Electrical 6694:Telescopes 6561:Components 6319:Shoemaking 6037:Phosphorus 5930:Geological 5880:Microalgae 5723:Pine resin 5710:Palm sugar 5685:Gum arabic 5599:Beekeeping 5438:Vegetables 5383:industries 5239:automobile 5059:Technology 4952:Pharmacies 4937:Department 4905:Bookstores 4900:Book clubs 4742:Microphone 4737:Locomotive 4707:Automobile 4657:Healthcare 4535:investment 4254:7 December 3917:2 November 3891:2 November 3835:2 November 3398:(4): 644. 3224:28 October 3193:6 February 2721:15 January 2207:17 January 2155:References 2143:Wardrobing 2033:Grey pound 1469:See also: 1460:Statistics 1453:14,288.00 1427:15,287.79 1424:Australia 1415:Australia 1401:15,292.48 1375:15,837.48 1349:16,465.87 1323:17,000.00 1297:17,543.85 1271:17,914.68 1245:19,604.19 1219:26,293.58 1101:Kogan Page 1068:middle man 993:regulatory 980:Challenges 974:gift shops 962:bookstores 938:appliances 910:stationery 898:toiletries 882:single-use 781:overchoice 772:dimension. 764:enjoyment. 700:food court 663:scheduling 605:The broad 584:e-commerce 429:See also: 339:Tlatelolco 210:retaillier 205:Old French 9026:Retailing 8909:Ownership 8855:Monopsony 8733:Pollution 8718:Community 8628:standards 8533:Secondary 8520:Education 8503:Streaming 8171:Hospitals 8162:Medicine 8138:Marketing 8074:Surveying 8038:Assurance 8008:Brokerage 7971:Insurance 7899:Teahouses 7884:Fast food 7775:Air cargo 7760:Transport 7743:Brokerage 7733:Wholesale 7621:Elevators 7606:Cabinetry 7534:Buildings 7514:Telephone 7509:Satellite 7477:Recycling 7472:Hazardous 7438:Renewable 7417:Utilities 7378:Aerospace 7346:Hydraulic 7336:Conveyors 7331:Machinery 7236:Abrasives 7194:Porcelain 7148:Soda-lime 7107:Specialty 7097:Commodity 7058:Cardboard 7041:Composite 6979:Materials 6896:Fireworks 6886:Cosmetics 6866:Adhesives 6748:Chemicals 6706:Batteries 6578:Computers 6513:Jewellery 6499:Furniture 6483:Sintering 6463:Extrusion 6417:Machining 6393:Builders' 6346:Engraving 6341:Embossing 6324:Tailoring 6309:Hatmaking 6209:Beverages 6192:Preserved 6089:Limestone 6059:Quarrying 6032:Gemstones 6002:Palladium 5967:Tar sands 5962:Petroleum 5957:Oil shale 5803:Swordfish 5763:Anchovies 5604:Cochineal 5249:passenger 5202:passenger 5024:Disc golf 4993:Law firms 4835:Animation 4633:Revolving 4608:Fast food 4593:Chocolate 4228:18 August 3697:1875-905X 3478:219645290 3464:: 35–54. 2897:MKTG 2010 2847:, 155–62. 2806:170031856 2798:1361-2026 2684:2158-2602 2584:0028-792X 2368:, pp. 7–8 1924:In 2016, 1823:Furniture 1791:Ecommerce 1707:Carrefour 1695:Ecommerce 1566:Ecommerce 1531:$ 519.93 1366:Promodes 1201:CVS Corp 1060:e-tailing 1040:inventory 946:furniture 906:medicines 902:cosmetics 672:part-time 530:Personnel 234:wholesale 226:retailler 199:The word 195:Etymology 169:consumers 122:consumers 8979:Category 8850:Monopoly 8802:Services 8581:Language 8576:Creative 8560:Tutoring 8538:Tertiary 8508:Websites 8488:Internet 8439:Software 8425:Written 8346:Pet care 8306:Janitors 8296:security 8287:Staffing 8211:Gambling 8104:Interior 8085:, & 8079:Physical 7991:Property 7879:Catering 7812:Airlines 7800:Trucking 7636:Plumbing 7591:Dredging 7566:Railways 7499:Internet 7494:Cable TV 7428:Electric 7373:vehicles 7272:Aluminum 7179:Ceramics 7092:Plastics 7005:Currying 6995:deliming 6968:Vaccines 6910:Perfumes 6849:Pigments 6792:Kerosene 6787:Jet fuel 6782:Gasoline 6777:Fuel oil 6509:Bicycles 6423:smithing 6331:Printing 6289:Clothing 6257:Spinning 6237:Textiles 6187:Prepared 6007:Platinum 5977:Aluminum 5905:Scallops 5818:Lobsters 5793:Mackerel 5773:Sardines 5740:Truffles 5716:, & 5663:Firewood 5638:Forestry 5448:Oilseeds 5207:regional 5197:low-cost 5172:Airlines 5049:Swimming 4971:Services 4920:feminist 4809:Tractors 4767:Scooters 4712:Bicycles 4697:Aircraft 4479:Chemical 4461:Swimwear 4446:Lingerie 4248:Archived 4222:Archived 4165:10 April 4159:Archived 4155:PortNews 4129:Archived 4105:13 April 4099:Archived 4075:13 April 4069:Archived 4045:13 April 4039:Archived 4015:13 April 4009:Archived 3982:25 April 3976:Archived 3911:Archived 3885:Archived 3859:Archived 3789:11 April 3783:Archived 3753:Archived 3722:Archived 3681:: 1–12. 3606:Archived 3580:Archived 3549:Archived 3290:Archived 3218:Archived 3187:Archived 3060:Archived 3056:18134783 2810:Archived 2746:Archived 2715:Archived 2688:Archived 2632:Archived 2588:Archived 2402:Archived 2201:Archived 2197:"retail" 2181:16 March 2170:"retail" 2108:Shopping 1936:See also 1885:sample. 1660:$ 116.06 1628:$ 133.89 1595:$ 163.22 1563:$ 280.52 1493:Company 1064:Internet 1049:lack of 894:footwear 888:, other 886:clothing 833:milk bar 760:outlets. 744:hedonic. 343:Americas 327:Istanbul 153:peddlers 134:retailer 118:services 70:May 2023 9003:Outline 8991:Commons 8745:Funding 8728:Culture 8705:outputs 8615:Related 8555:Testing 8528:Primary 8493:Hosting 8376:Tourism 8362:Travel 8358:Poverty 8336:Funeral 8318:Repairs 8282:Renting 8277:Leasing 8231:Arcades 8227:Venues 8203:leisure 8176:Nursing 8109:Product 8099:Fashion 8083:product 7929:Banking 7738:Auction 7596:Harbors 7576:Tunnels 7561:Bridges 7467:Dumping 7403:Weapons 7221:Plaster 7112:Pellets 7000:Tanning 6986:Leather 6817:Propane 6762:Bitumen 6665:Cameras 6505:Baggage 6478:Pottery 6458:Drawing 6402:Cutlery 6267:Carpets 6262:Weaving 6242:Carding 6171:Canning 6099:Granite 6022:Uranium 6012:Lithium 5885:Seaweed 5870:Oysters 5865:Mussels 5860:Abalone 5855:Tilapia 5850:Catfish 5833:Whaling 5788:Pollock 5783:Haddock 5768:Herring 5758:Fishing 5751:Aquatic 5658:Logging 5621:Hunting 5609:Shellac 5594:Poultry 5542:Flowers 5475:Berries 5458:Tobacco 5433:Legumes 5428:Cereals 5244:freight 5229:Railway 5192:holding 5182:defunct 5177:charter 5146:Silicon 5129:defunct 5092:laptops 5019:Cycling 4978:Casinos 4777:IP core 4722:Cymbals 4513:Finance 4434:Apparel 4197:19 June 4186:PMR Ltd 3759:19 June 3728:19 June 3657:remain? 3296:19 June 2694:19 June 2675:Jacobin 2655:Fortune 2628:The Age 2594:19 June 1820:$ 45.18 1788:$ 71.99 1771:Alibaba 1756:$ 78.17 1724:$ 82.60 1692:$ 82.86 1656:Germany 1624:Germany 1514:Walmart 1372:France 1363:France 1058:direct 890:fabrics 849:Finland 815:snacks. 787:around. 756:around. 707:retail 698:Harrods 675:workers 263:History 185:product 104:Morocco 100:Tangier 8830:Cartel 8703:& 8700:Inputs 8639:ANZSIC 8416:& 8326:Beauty 8294:& 8216:Online 8201:& 8094:Design 8062:& 7976:Health 7934:Credit 7906:Hotels 7686:Retail 7581:Canals 7504:Mobile 7450:Sewage 7424:Power 7394:& 7380:& 7358:& 7306:Forged 7301:Rolled 7284:Alloys 7277:Copper 7243:& 7216:Mortar 7211:Cement 7165:& 7124:& 7075:Rubber 7068:Tissue 7053:Sizing 7036:Lumber 7021:Drying 7009:oiling 7007:& 6993:& 6991:Liming 6903:& 6901:Paints 6717:cables 6713:& 6672:& 6592:Blank 6421:Other 6395:& 6351:Secure 6314:Sewing 6277:Linens 6252:Prints 6247:Dyeing 6223:Liquor 6197:Sweets 6166:Baking 6104:Marble 6084:Gypsum 6064:Gravel 6052:Sulfur 6042:Potash 5997:Silver 5982:Copper 5915:Shrimp 5910:Salmon 5875:Pearls 5700:Mastic 5670:Rattan 5651:Bamboo 5574:Horses 5530:Spices 5520:Olives 5505:Coffee 5480:Citrus 5407:Biotic 5381:Major 5044:Skiing 5012:Sports 4988:Hotels 4910:chains 4892:Retail 4598:Coffee 4471:Energy 4320: 3865:9 July 3695: 3641: 3612:22 May 3586:22 May 3555:22 May 3476: 3262: 3183:Forbes 3149:8 June 3054: 2994: 2804: 2796: 2682: 2582: 2527:29 May 2429: 2255: 1879:survey 1875:sample 1856:Kantar 1816:Sweden 1813: 1781: 1749: 1720:France 1717: 1685: 1675:JD.com 1653: 1621: 1612:(Lidl) 1588: 1578:Costco 1556: 1546:Amazon 1524: 1133:Macy's 1075:Method 954:lumber 768:money. 441:vision 331:Mexica 319:Europe 230:retail 201:retail 181:market 142:profit 110:Retail 8785:Labor 8760:Final 8750:Goods 8723:Crime 8668:UKSIC 8658:NAICS 8569:Other 8476:Radio 8454:Music 8429:Books 8262:Other 8223:Sport 8043:Audit 7874:Cafés 7832:Taxis 7770:Cargo 7678:Sales 7571:Roads 7445:Water 7392:Ships 7382:space 7356:Power 7341:Heavy 7289:Steel 7184:Brick 7133:Glass 7080:Tires 7048:Paper 6178:Flour 6074:Chalk 5895:Clams 5891:Both 5828:Squid 5813:Crabs 5798:Shark 5714:syrup 5547:Seeds 5500:Cocoa 5453:Sugar 5224:Ferry 4942:Games 4840:anime 4789:Steel 4732:Horns 4623:Pizza 4525:Banks 4451:Socks 3474:S2CID 3063:(PDF) 3052:S2CID 3032:(PDF) 2802:S2CID 2521:(PDF) 2514:(PDF) 1926:China 1914:Japan 1905:World 1784:China 1688:China 1490:Rank 1477:China 1109:COVID 1027:high 335:Aztec 304:forum 296:agora 224:verb 207:verb 114:goods 8688:TRBC 8678:GICS 8653:NACE 8646:ISIC 8471:News 8449:Film 7981:Life 7795:Rail 7785:Mail 7626:HVAC 7586:Dams 7267:Iron 7204:Tile 7063:Pulp 7016:Wood 6915:Soap 6905:inks 6767:Coke 6536:Toys 6304:Furs 6282:Rope 6272:Lace 6230:Wine 6214:Beer 6182:Meat 6156:Food 6079:Clay 6069:Sand 6047:Salt 5992:Gold 5987:Iron 5947:Peat 5942:Coal 5845:Carp 5808:Tuna 5718:wine 5614:Silk 5589:Wool 5515:Nuts 5234:Ship 5187:flag 5156:VoIP 5029:Golf 4814:Tram 4717:CIGS 4613:Food 4318:ISBN 4256:2022 4230:2016 4199:2024 4167:2020 4137:2017 4107:2021 4077:2021 4047:2021 4017:2021 3984:2017 3951:2018 3919:2012 3893:2012 3867:2014 3837:2012 3791:2023 3761:2024 3730:2024 3693:ISSN 3679:2021 3652:2020 3639:ISBN 3614:2014 3588:2014 3557:2014 3298:2024 3260:ISBN 3226:2012 3195:2019 3151:2024 3071:2018 2992:ISBN 2818:2020 2794:ISSN 2723:2018 2696:2024 2680:ISSN 2640:2018 2596:2024 2580:ISSN 2529:2017 2427:ISBN 2253:ISBN 2209:2018 2183:2008 1854:and 1850:The 1803:IKEA 1643:Aldi 1139:and 920:and 908:and 742:and 638:and 532:and 317:and 163:and 132:. A 116:and 62:ISBN 8683:ICB 8663:SIC 8351:Sex 6827:Tar 6670:Gun 5778:Cod 5584:Pig 5510:Tea 5214:Bus 4643:Tea 4095:NRF 4065:NRF 4035:NRF 4005:NRF 3683:doi 3466:doi 3400:doi 3369:doi 3044:doi 2914:doi 2786:doi 2322:doi 1988:B2G 1871:GDP 1826:60 1762:10 1730:32 1666:18 1634:33 1601:12 1569:18 1537:27 480:or 325:in 313:In 236:). 120:to 9022:: 8081:, 5712:, 4316:. 4220:. 4216:. 4183:. 4153:. 4123:. 4097:. 4093:. 4067:. 4063:. 4037:. 4033:. 4007:. 4003:. 3992:^ 3974:. 3970:. 3959:^ 3935:. 3853:. 3821:. 3781:. 3777:. 3751:. 3747:. 3720:. 3714:. 3691:. 3677:. 3673:. 3654:. 3578:. 3574:. 3472:. 3462:25 3460:. 3396:20 3394:. 3390:. 3365:73 3363:. 3288:. 3282:. 3216:. 3212:. 3185:. 3181:. 3127:. 3058:. 3050:. 3040:58 3038:. 3034:. 3019:^ 2924:^ 2808:. 2800:. 2792:. 2782:23 2780:. 2776:. 2740:. 2686:. 2678:. 2672:. 2630:. 2626:. 2586:. 2578:. 2572:. 2394:. 2318:50 2316:. 2312:. 2199:. 2172:. 1799:10 1794:7 1698:– 1111:. 988:: 976:. 972:, 968:, 964:, 960:, 952:, 948:, 944:, 940:, 936:, 932:– 912:. 904:, 900:, 896:, 892:, 847:, 626:, 614:, 215:c. 102:, 5374:e 5367:t 5360:v 5331:) 5327:( 5301:e 5294:t 5287:v 4419:e 4412:t 4405:v 4326:. 4258:. 4232:. 4201:. 4169:. 4139:. 4109:. 4079:. 4049:. 4019:. 3986:. 3953:. 3921:. 3895:. 3869:. 3839:. 3793:. 3763:. 3732:. 3699:. 3685:: 3616:. 3590:. 3559:. 3480:. 3468:: 3406:. 3402:: 3375:. 3371:: 3300:. 3268:. 3228:. 3197:. 3153:. 3131:. 3073:. 3046:: 3000:. 2916:: 2820:. 2788:: 2725:. 2698:. 2642:. 2598:. 2531:. 2435:. 2408:. 2324:: 2259:. 2185:. 1767:9 1735:8 1703:7 1671:6 1639:5 1606:4 1574:3 1542:2 1510:1 1070:. 875:. 835:. 711:. 345:. 333:( 83:) 77:( 72:) 68:( 54:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.