Revival of the Hebrew language

2005:-style rhymes were written for children. During the first decade of 20th century, Epstein's and Wilkomitz's Hebrew education, which restricted the children from speaking Yiddish not only in school but also at home and on the street, made progress toward wider use of Hebrew. The first native speakers of Hebrew, who had mainly learned it in the Hebrew schools of the First Aliyah period and came to speak it as their primary language, reached adulthood during this time. Aside from rare exceptions who had been born prior such as Itamar Ben-Avi, the first generation of children who acquired Modern Hebrew as native speakers at home from their parents rather than mainly learning it at school were born during this decade, to parents who had attended the Hebrew schools of the First Aliyah period. In addition, many of the Jewish immigrants during this period had reasonable Hebrew reading proficiency acquired from their education prior to arriving in the country. Most still learned it as a second language. Due to the growth of the number of native speakers and proficiency among second-language speakers, the Hebrew press was able to grow. During this period, it greatly increased in popularity and circulation. In 1912, it was observed that there was hardly a young Jew in the country who could not read a Hebrew newspaper. 197: 33: 1010: 2249: 502:; however, different ways of writing consonants are not always heard in all Sephardic pronunciations. For example, the Dutch Sephardic pronunciation does not distinguish between the beth with and without dagesh: both are pronounced as "b". The "taf" is always pronounced as "t", with or without dagesh. There are at least two possibilities to explain the merger: the difference disappeared over time in the Sephardic pronunciations, or it never was there in the first place: the pronunciation stems from a separate Hebrew dialect, which always was there, and which for example the Masoretes did not use as reference. 1945:. Initially, it hired Hebrew-speaking women to teach Jewish women and girls spoken and written Hebrew. In 1890, the company established the Hebrew Language Committee, which coined new Hebrew words for everyday use and for a wide variety of modern uses and encouraged the use of grammatically correct Hebrew. Although the organization collapsed in 1891, the Hebrew Language Committee continued to function. It published books, dictionaries, bulletins, and periodicals, inventing thousands of new words. The Hebrew Language Committee continued to function until 1953, when it was succeeded by the 1975: 1434: 865:(also spelled Dvora Baron and Deborah Baron) (1887–1956), was a Hebrew writer who fascinated her readers with her unique use of the language in Eastern Europe, which was dominated by Yiddish speakers. Her early writings mostly involve the feminine Yiddish traditions, and she worked on more feminist topics in her later writings. The topics were mostly divided into two sorts: (1) the marginalization of female in the religious and family life; (2) the tension between men and women, and between generation to generation. 2241: 1990:

had secured its place as the exclusive language of assemblies, conferences, and discussions. Educated Second Aliyah members already were familiar with the literary Hebrew that had developed in Europe, and they identified with the notion that Hebrew could serve as an impetus for the national existence for the Jewish people in Israel. This group was joined by the aforementioned graduates of Hebrew schools, who had already begun to raise native-born speakers of Hebrew in their families. During this period, the

473:, although this cannot be known for certain, as there are no recordings of how the language (or its respective dialects) sounded e.g. in Kana'an; Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation has a variation of vowels and consonants, which follows closely the variation of the vowel and consonant signs written down by the masoretes around the 7th century CE, indicating that there is a strong link with the language heard by them. For example, where we see two different vowel signs, or a consonant with or without a dogeish ( 333:, Biblical and Talmudic commentaries, and books of meditation. In most cases, certainly in the base of Hebrew's revival, 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the use of Hebrew was not at all natural, but heavy in flowery language and quotations, non-grammatical forms, and mixing-in of other languages, especially Aramaic. Hebrew also functioned as a language of secular high culture, and as a lingua franca between Jews from disparate countries. Jewish scientists and historians such as 1884:, and for a short while taught at Hebrew schools, for the first time making use of the method of "Hebrew in Hebrew". In 1889, there were plays in Hebrew and schools teaching children to speak Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda's efforts to persuade Jewish families to use only Hebrew in daily life at home met very limited success. According to Ben-Yehuda, ten years after his immigration to Palestine, there were only four families in Jerusalem that used Hebrew exclusively. According to the 4237: 2403:, p. 442. " Yet in all activity, three salient principles remained constant. First, Jews must make it their priority to return to the land; ‘the settlement of the land is the only true Zionism, all else being self-deception, empty verbiage and merely a pastime’. Second, the structure of the new community must be designed to assist this process within a socialist framework. Third, the cultural binding of the Zionist society must be the Hebrew language. 1282:, the Jewish population during the Mandate Period, for general purposes. At this stage, Hebrew possessed both spoken and written forms, and its importance was reflected in the official status of Hebrew during the British Mandate. All of the stages were characterized by the establishment of many organizations that took an active and ideological part in Hebrew activities. This resulted in the establishment of Hebrew high schools (גימנסיות), the 600: 219: 2302:

state's administration denigrated Yiddish and enacted policies to promote Hebrew and remove resources from Yiddish-language cultural activities. A year after its establishment in 1948, the state of Israel banned Yiddish theater and periodicals under their legal powers to control material published and presented in foreign languages (with the important exception of poet Avrom Sutkever’s literary magazine Di goldene kayt).

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Jaffa. Hebrew teachers recreated the Hebrew Language Committee, which began to determine uniform linguistic rules, as opposed to the disjointed ones that had arisen previously. The Council declared as its mission "to prepare the Hebrew language for use as a spoken language in all affairs of life," formulated rules of pronunciation and grammar, and offered new words for use in schools and by the general public.

2276:, which aimed to teach soldiers Hebrew so they could function in the military and post-military civilian life. During the 1950s, Hebrew was taught in most military bases by recruited teachers and female soldiers. A 1952 order demanded that soldiers be taught Hebrew until they could converse freely on everyday matters, write a letter to their commander, understand a basic lecture, and read a 2090:, or Jewish population of Palestine. It was legislated under the Mandate that English, Hebrew, and Arabic would be the official spoken languages of Palestine. In 1919, a centralized Jewish school system in which the language of instruction was Hebrew was established. As the Yishuv grew, the immigrants arriving from the diaspora did not speak Hebrew as a mother tongue, and learned it as a 1926:; the four-year schools for farmers' children were not of a high caliber; and a great lack of linguistic means for teaching Hebrew plus the lack of words to describe day-to-day activities, not to mention the absence of Hebrew schoolbooks. Added to these, there was no agreement on which accent to use, as some teachers taught Ashkenazi Hebrew while others taught Sephardi Hebrew. 2260:

was established in 1948, 80.9% of Jews who had been born in Palestine spoke Hebrew as their only language in daily life, and another 14.2% of Palestine-born Jews used it as a first among two or more languages. The small minority of Jews who had been born in Palestine but did not use Hebrew as a first

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that taught Hebrew and used it as the primary language of instruction. It survived for three years. The Literature Council, which was based on the Clear Language Society was founded in 1890 to experiment in the municipal and rural schools. It showed the possibility to make Hebrew the only language in

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Ya'akov Abramovitch (1836–1917), is often known by the name of his main character, "Mendele Mocher Sfarim" (מוכר ספרים), meaning "bookseller". He began writing in Hebrew as a Haskalah writer and wrote according to all the conventions of Haskalah-era literature. At a certain point, he decided to write

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to Palestine in 1924. But after the transfer of literary Hebrew to Palestine, a substantial difference between spoken and written Hebrew remained, and this difference persists today. The characteristics of spoken Hebrew only began to seep into literature in the 1940s, and only in the 1990s did spoken

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The revival of the Hebrew language in practice advanced in two parallel strains: The revival of written-literary Hebrew and the revival of spoken Hebrew. In the first few decades, the two processes were not connected to one another and even occurred in different places: Literary Hebrew was renewed in

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In 1903, the Union of Hebrew Teachers was founded, and sixty educators participated in its inaugural assembly. Though not extremely impressive from a quantitative viewpoint, the Hebrew school program did create a nucleus of a few hundred fluent Hebrew speakers and proved that Hebrew could be used in

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Mendele's language was considered a synthetic one, as it consisted of different echelons of Hebrew development and was not a direct continuation of a particular echelon. However, today, his language is often considered a continuation of Rabbinic Hebrew, especially grammatically. He was considered as

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began to write complex works of short fiction and novels in Hebrew, using the language to express psychological realism and interiority for the first time. As Hebrew poets and writers began arriving in Palestine armed with the new literary language, they exerted a certain amount of influence on the

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Another difficulty faced by Haskalah Hebrew writers was that the audience was exclusively male with profound study background, which meant that women and the less educated men were pushed against reading Hebrew by reading Yiddish literature, which led a number of writers to write in Yiddish to find

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and flowery language. Purism was a principle that dictated that all words used should be of biblical origin (even if the meaning was not biblical). The principle of flowery language was based on bringing full verses and expressions as they were from the Tanakh, and the more flowery a verse was, the

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In daily life, immigrants largely limited their use of Hebrew to when they needed to, most often in their working lives, and to a somewhat lesser extent to satisfy cultural needs. They tended to use their native languages more when socializing and interacting with family. In 1954, about 60% of the

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and its Yiddish culture, the members of the Second Aliyah established relatively closed-off social cells of young people with a common world view. In these social cells—mostly in the moshavot—Hebrew was used in all public assemblages. Though not spoken in all homes and private settings yet, Hebrew

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Hebrew education continued to expand, as more and more Hebrew educational institutions came about. The number of Hebrew kindergartens continued to grow. In 1905, Yehuda Leib and Fania Matman-Cohen, a couple of educators, began teaching the first high school classes in Hebrew in their apartment in

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with his poem "To the Bird" of the same year. Additionally, great efforts were taken to write scientific books in Hebrew, for which the vocabulary of scientific and technical terms was greatly increased. At the same time, Europe saw the rise of Hebrew language newspapers and magazines, while even

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Yiddish was also a common language among immigrants to Israel from Eastern Europe and the Yiddish as a cultural language and in daily use continued despite Israel's efforts to promote Hebrew as the common vernacular through having Hebrew as the language of instruction in schools. Many in the new

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Following Israeli independence, large waves of Jewish refugees came from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and other parts of the world. The Israeli population increased significantly, doubling within a short period of time. These immigrants spoke a variety of languages and had to be taught

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The language's revival eventually brought linguistic additions with it. While the initial leaders of the process insisted they were only continuing "from the place where Hebrew's vitality was ended", what was created represented a broader basis of language acceptance; it includes characteristics

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newspaper. Soldiers also absorbed Hebrew through their regular service. Soldiers who were about to finish their service without a grasp of Hebrew deemed sufficient were sent to a special Hebrew school founded by the army for the last three months of their service. Immigrants from Arab countries

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minority also began learning Hebrew, as Hebrew lessons were introduced into Arab schools. In 1948, the study of Hebrew was made compulsory in Arab schools from the third grade to high school, though the general language of instruction remained Arabic. This created a situation in which the Arab

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Also in 1913, the Language Committee voted to establish the official pronunciation of Hebrew - a pronunciation loosely based on the Hebrew pronunciation of Sephardic communities because it sounded more "authentic" to their ears than the Ashkenazic pronunciation of European Jewish communities.

1082:. The first Hebrew schools were established in these settlements, Hebrew increasingly became a spoken language of daily affairs, and finally became a systematic and national language. Yet Ben-Yehuda's fame and notoriety stems from his initiation and symbolic leadership of the Hebrew revival. 1865:

worthy of national rights was its use of a common language spoken by both the society and the individual. On 13 October 1881, while in Paris, Ben-Yehuda began speaking Hebrew with friends in what is believed to be the first modern conversation using the language. Later that year, he made

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in Yiddish and caused a linguistic revolution, which was expressed in the widespread usage of Yiddish in Hebrew literature. After a long break he returned in 1886 to writing in Hebrew, but decided to ignore the rules of biblical Hebrew, and proponents of that style, like

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The Academy of Hebrew Language focused on the structure and the spelling of Hebrew and prompted the issues about the further expansion of the use of Hebrew in Mandatory Palestine. The Academy worked with the Language College to publish the Ben-Sira in a scientific form.

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grew. As the number of people whose primary language was Hebrew increased, so did the demand for Hebrew reading materials and entertainment such as books, newspapers, and plays. During World War I, about 34,000 Jews in Palestine recorded Hebrew as their native language.

1956:, Hebrew was the primary language of instruction. Over the next decade, the girls' school became a major center of Hebrew education and activism. In 1898, the first Hebrew kindergarten opened in Rishon LeZion. It was followed by a second one in Jerusalem in 1903. 1277:

period. In the first period, the activity centered on Hebrew schools in the Settlements and in the Pure Language Society; in the second period, Hebrew was used in assembly meetings and public activities; and in the third period, it became the language used by the

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But while it was easy to write stories taking place in the biblical period and dealing with biblical topics, Haskalah-era writers began to find it more and more difficult to write about contemporary topics. This was due mostly to the lack of a broad and modern

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Ben-Yehuda's main innovation in the revival of the Hebrew language lies in his having invented many new words to denote objects unknown in Jewish antiquity, or that had long been forgotten in their original Hebrew usage and context. He invented words such as

1913:, where the classes were taught exclusively in Hebrew. The Haviv school is recognized as the first Hebrew school of modern times. From the 1880s onward, schools in the agricultural settlements gradually began teaching general subjects in Hebrew. In 1889, 2900: 2293:

population reported the use of more than one language. The children of these immigrants tended to pick up Hebrew as their first language, while their parents' native languages were either used as second languages or lost to them altogether. The

2367: 1052:, inter-communal affairs that required verbal communication were handled in a modified form of Medieval Hebrew. Hebrew was used by Jews from different linguistic backgrounds in marketplaces in Jerusalem since at least the early 19th century. 1878:, who was born in Jerusalem on 31 July 1882, became the first native speaker of Modern Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda attempted to convince other families to do so as well, founded associations for speaking Hebrew, began publishing the Hebrew newspaper 850:, and added into the vocabulary a host of words from the Rabbinic Age and the Middle Ages. His new fluid and varied style of Hebrew writing reflected the Yiddish spoken around him, while still retaining all the historical strata of Hebrew. 1036:, Jewish merchants knew enough Hebrew to communicate, and thus had a much easier time trading with each other than non-Jews had trading internationally due to the language barrier. As Jews in Palestine spoke a variety of languages such as 2035:

should be its language of instruction, arguing among other things that German possessed an extensive scientific and technical vocabulary while a parallel vocabulary drawn from Hebrew would need to be created from scratch, often using

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and Colloquial Arabic were the spoken languages most prevalent in Jewish communities (with Ladino more prevalent in the Mediterranean and Arabic, Aramaic, Kurdish, and Persian more widely spoken by Jews in the East), while

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In Jerusalem, Ben-Yehuda tried to garner support for the idea of speaking Hebrew. He determined that his family would only speak Hebrew, and raised his children to be native Hebrew speakers. His first child, a son named

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and the Ashkenazi Jews who spoke Yiddish needed a common language for commercial purposes. The most obvious choice was Hebrew. Although Hebrew was spoken in this case, it was not a native mother tongue, but more of a

754:, was deserving of fine literature. They considered Mishnaic Hebrew and other varieties of Hebrew to be defective and unfit for writing. Particularly influential on the movement was early 18th century Italian rabbi 40:

newspaper with a sub-headline reading "Newspaper for news, literature and science". HaZvi revolutionized Hebrew newspaper publishing in Jerusalem by introducing secular issues and techniques of modern journalism.

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lists 80,396 Hebrew speakers in Mandatory Palestine (829 in the Southern District, 60,326 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 706 in Samaria, and 18,625 in the Northern District), including 65,447 in municipal areas (32,341 in

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See p. 63 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006), "A New Vision for 'Israeli Hebrew': Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language",

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Europe's cities, whereas spoken Hebrew developed mainly in Palestine. The two movements began to merge only in the beginning of the 1900s, and an important point in this process was the immigration of

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in the 16th century, but there were still differences between spoken street language and written language. Among the Jews of Europe, the situation resembled that of the general population, but with:

2269:, or intensive Hebrew-language school, was established to teach immigrants basic Hebrew language skills, and an ulpan course became a major feature of the experience of immigrating to Israel. 881:, who has done significant work on modern Hebrew literature and the context that enabled the language to revive itself via creative writing. The book has a large section on Abramovitch. 2040:

or translations of terms anyway. Substantial unanimity of opinion in the Yishuv ran against this proposal, which was defeated, leading to the founding of Israel's foremost institute of

2763:, ed. Yosef Tobi, Tel-Aviv University: Tel-Aviv 2006, p. 61 ) as being some angelic entity that had "utmost strength". Others have explained it to mean an angel that changes hues. 1265:), mentioned 38 times in the Hebrew Bible, is now widely used in Modern Hebrew to signify "grape-juice", although in its original usage, it is merely a synonym for vintage wine. 1024:. The use of Hebrew enabled Jews to flourish in international trade throughout Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages. In Jewish communities that existed throughout Europe, the 2759:

is found only once in the Hebrew Bible, in Ezekiel's vision of the chariot (Ezek. 1:4; 1:27), but has been explained in a medieval Judeo-Arabic lexicon (reprinted in the book,

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the settlement. At this point, progress was slow, and it encountered many difficulties: parents were opposed to their children learning in an impractical language, useless in

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Hebrew. While immigrant children were expected to learn Hebrew through school, much effort was put into ensuring adults would learn the language. The institution of the

2939:, Lecture published by The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology. Bar-Ilan University / 20 February 2020, minutes 20:29–20:38. (in Hebrew) 1861:

in 19th-century Europe, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda was captivated by the innovative ideas of Zionism. At that time, it was believed that one of the criteria needed to define a

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and educator Chaim Kalmi, founded the Clear Language Society, with the goal of teaching Hebrew. The company taught Hebrew and encouraged Hebrew education in schools,

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As the Second Aliyah began, Hebrew usage began to break out of the family and school framework into the public venue. Motivated by an ideology of rejecting the

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is often regarded as the "reviver of the Hebrew language" having been the first to raise the concept of reviving Hebrew and initiating a project known as the

1792: 1314:, of grassroots pioneers, and above all, of the transformation of the Jews into a Hebrew nation with its own land. Yiddish was degradingly referred to as a 282:

used the language in a wide variety of disciplines. This usage kept alive a substantial portion of the traits characteristic of Hebrew. First and foremost,

2012:, was established. In its streets and in cafes, Hebrew was already widely spoken. The entire administration of the city was carried out in Hebrew, and new 2108:

was established, which worked to enforce Hebrew use. Jews who were overheard speaking other languages on the street were admonished: "Jew, speak Hebrew" (

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either prior to their immigration or in Palestine, while their children picked up Hebrew as their native language. At this time, the use of Hebrew as the

2048:, with a curriculum taught in Hebrew. This incident is seen as a watershed marking the transformation of Hebrew into the official language of the Yishuv. 458:

were preserved. Despite this, regional influences of other languages caused many changes, leading to the development of different forms of pronunciation:

4486: 3137: 1070:): he was the first to raise the concept of reviving Hebrew, to publish articles in newspapers on the topic, and he initiated the project known as the 551:, when two languages—one of prestige and class and another of the masses—exist within one culture. In Europe, this phenomenon has waned, starting with 2016:

or those not yet speaking Hebrew were forced to speak in Hebrew. Street signs and public announcements were written in Hebrew. A new building for the

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The revival of spoken Hebrew can be separated into three stages, which are concurrent with (1) the First Aliyah, (2) the Second Aliyah, and (3) the

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Harshav, Benjamin (February 2009), "Flowers Have No Names: The revival of Hebrew as a living language after two thousand years was no miracle",

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Within each of these groups, there also existed different subsets of pronunciation. For example, differences existed between the Hebrew used by

1901:, or agricultural settlements, of the First Aliyah, which was concentrated in the Hebrew schools. A Hebrew boarding school was established by 4481: 3236: 664: 2868:(a blazed trail), the word "kevīsh" being only an adjective or descriptive word, but not a common noun as it is used today. It is said that 1173:, who have been traditionally considered as the main source of distribution of maize in Europe. The latter word was calqued from the German 1020:

Jewish communities with different colloquial languages had used Hebrew to communicate with each other across Europe and the Near East since

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in 1884, where religious studies were conducted in Hebrew and students spoke Hebrew with their teachers and among themselves. In 1886, the

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without any native speakers subsequently acquiring several million native speakers, and no other examples of a sacred language becoming a

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at the crucial period of the beginning of Israeli Hebrew". According to Zuckermann, although the revivalists wished to speak Hebrew with

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in a pure, Biblical style of Hebrew, he was greatly admired by the maskillim who deemed him the founder of modern Hebrew literature.

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and spread worldwide over subsequent centuries. The work of these early poets, often quite obscure, has been preserved mostly in the

2608: 4039: 3094: 196: 2079: 1656: 1596: 508:, thought by Aaron Bar-Adon to preserve much of the Classical Hebrew pronunciation, was barely known when the revival took place. 148: 650: 56:

region toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, through which the language's usage changed from purely the

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Mendele's style was excitedly adopted by contemporary writers and spread quickly. It was also expanded into additional fields:

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was used for secular writing, and Hebrew used for religious purposes (though some Jewish scholars from the Arab world, such as

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was difficult. Although an earlier, little known attempt at scientific writing was made when Israel Wolf Sperling translated

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sessions and discussions of Zionist groups were conducted and transcribed in Hebrew. In addition, poets and writers such as

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In the fifty years preceding the start of the revival process, a version of spoken Hebrew already existed in the markets of

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During the Middle Ages, Hebrew continued in use as a written language in Rabbinical literature, including in judgments of

4797: 2020:, a continuation of the first Hebrew high school established by the Matman-Cohens, was built in the city that same year. 1952:

A Hebrew boys' school opened in Jaffa in 1893, followed by a Hebrew girls' school. Although some subjects were taught in

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As a greater number of children passed through Hebrew language schools, the number of people who spoke Hebrew as their

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more quality it was said to possess. Another linguistic trait thought to increase a text's prestige was the use of

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extensively engaged in secular Hebrew poetry, discussing topics such as love, nature, and wine. The works of these

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Technion Israel Institute of Technology. "Technion History: A story of how one stone changed the world ." (n.d.)

1787: 1318:, and its speakers encountered harsh opposition, which finally led to a Language War between Yiddish and Hebrew. 987:

to works by Molière, Goethe, Shakespeare, Homer, Byron, Lermontov, and Aeschylus. At the same time, writers like

2752: 4726: 4381: 4338: 4161: 3995: 3358: 1946: 1625: 1581: 1475: 1074:. However, what finally brought about the revitalization of Hebrew were developments in the settlements of the 621: 376:

poets greatly influenced future attempts at Hebrew poetry, including the modern revival. Outside of Spain, the

465:, used by Eastern and Western European Jews, maintained mostly the structure of vowels but may have moved the 4461: 4386: 4371: 3318: 934:, R. Israel Meir Ha-Kohen (the Hafes Hayyim), Aaron Kahnstam, Shalom Jonah Tscharno, Simha Hayyim Vilkomitz, 353: 3194: 2104:, and the revival process was no longer a process of creation, but a process of expansion. In Tel Aviv, the 1216:

trail". In what most rabbis view as an error, Ben-Yehuda is accredited with introducing the new Hebrew word

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rites; however, the general concept of religious poems to be sung during prayer is now common in all rites.

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adjective meaning "trodden down; blazed", rather than a common noun. It was originally used to describe "a

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the representative figure who provided great literatures to whichever language he was associated with.

257:, a related Semitic language. From the 2nd century CE until the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language 136: 124:

made Hebrew the sole official language of the State of Israel, while giving Arabic a "special status".

3013: 750:(משכילים), who sought to distance themselves from Rabbinic Judaism, decided that Hebrew, specifically 88:. The revitalization of Hebrew was then ultimately brought about by its usage in Jewish settlement in 4782: 4615: 4496: 2017: 1979: 1603: 927: 447: 814:

in 1877 and 1878, this barrier was breached with more lasting effect in the 1880s by a writer named

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minority would continue to use Arabic as its native language but also become proficient in Hebrew.

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the language of the broader culture (depending on the country), used for secular speech and writing

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used by the long-established European, North African, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities, with

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Young adult immigrants picked up much of their Hebrew through mandatory military service in the

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Sometimes, old Hebrew words took on different meanings altogether. For example, the Hebrew word

4787: 4751: 4466: 3717: 3368: 2622: 2138: 2118: 1991: 1360: 1187:, was rejected by Ben-Yehudah, who thought it too vulgar, suggesting instead that it be called 915: 381: 117: 3784: 3264:"How Yiddish became a 'foreign language' in Israel despite being spoken there since the 1400s" 3125: 3066: 4501: 4456: 4111: 3942: 3702: 3556: 2396: 2273: 2252:

Israel: Day to Day Spoken Language, Among Non-Hebrew Speakers in the Jewish Population (1948)

2083: 1756: 1322: 1274: 1071: 919: 839: 815: 361: 85: 1395:. The impact of the founder population on Israeli Hebrew is incomparable with that of later 889:. She notes the influence of Yiddish on his Hebrew, and traces this language interaction to 237:

Historical records testify to the existence of Hebrew from the 10th century BCE to the late

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The process of Hebrew's return to regular usage is unique; there are no other examples of a

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The linguistic situation against which background the revival process occurred was one of

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On the origin of the Near Eastern archaeological amber (Akkadian elmesu; Hebrew hasmal).

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The pinnacle of Hebrew's development during this period came in 1913, in the so-called "

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The Haskalah-era literature written in Hebrew based itself upon two central principles:

723: 4560: 4521: 4201: 4023: 3964: 3959: 3837: 3018: 2721: 2713: 2027:": The Company for Aiding German Jews, then planning the establishment of a school for 1934: 1902: 1751: 1055: 1013: 992: 967: 894: 698: 389: 342: 81: 53: 3280: 1974: 1310:

of Yiddish. Against the exilic Yiddish language stood revived Hebrew, the language of

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As no Hebrew equivalent could be found for the names of certain produce native to the

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Institutionalized Language Planning – Documents and Analysis of the Revival of Hebrew

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Spoken Language and Hebrew proficiency, by Sex in Israel according to the 1948 Census

1892: 1499: 1392: 1338: 1283: 923: 770: 416: 264: 163: 109: 89: 2825: 1433: 1306:

Throughout all periods, Hebrew signified for both its proponents and detractors the

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Otherwise, creative work in Hebrew was mostly limited to liturgical poems known as

369: 299: 283: 254: 175: 159: 69: 3295:, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2, pp. 40–67 (2009). 2772: 494:

of only five vowels, but did preserve the consonants, the grammatical stress, the

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language had mainly grown up before the development of the Hebrew school system.

2240: 2129: 2109: 2091: 2032: 1986: 1953: 1819: 1485: 1458: 1417: 1115: 1049: 1037: 947: 943: 931: 882: 751: 517: 505: 488: 480: 438:

Hebrew was used not only in written form but also as an articulated language, in

432: 420: 268: 242: 226: 191: 65: 57: 3138:"Rechnitzer on Segal, 'A New Sound in Hebrew Poetry: Poetics, Politics, Accent'" 4706: 4640: 4635: 4268: 4146: 3827: 3546: 3536: 3451: 3446: 2229: 2149: 2056: 1914: 1875: 1777: 1508: 1326: 1226:) for "confiture; marmalade", believing it to be derived from the lexical root 1170: 1041: 983:

began avidly translating European works into Hebrew, from the Finnish epic the

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wrote an article in 1889 using the style entitled "This is not the Way", and

890: 862: 484: 412: 408: 404: 377: 373: 272: 222: 105: 97: 897:

would break from Mendele's style, and utilize more experimental techniques.

738:

A preceding process to the revival of literary Hebrew took place during the

259: 4686: 4676: 4666: 4625: 4421: 4351: 4288: 4171: 3954: 3870: 3802: 3644: 3604: 3584: 3531: 2872:(1847–1924) is the one that coined this modern Hebrew word for “road.” See 2002: 1807: 1731: 1688: 1561: 1551: 1536: 1408: 1119: 1075: 1029: 939: 874: 847: 583: 513: 443: 365: 93: 2447:

The Rise and Decline of a Dialect: A Study in the Revival of Modern Hebrew

2343:"Israeli Law Declares the Country the 'Nation-State of the Jewish People'" 4303: 4298: 4221: 4029: 3875: 3599: 3541: 2830: 2426: 2075: 1930: 1396: 1025: 1021: 799: 791: 715: 521: 250: 3298: 4416: 4396: 3919: 2923: 2821: 2717: 2685: 2041: 1566: 1513: 1307: 783: 624: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 579: 477:), a difference is also heard in the various Ashkenazic pronunciations. 470: 455: 439: 357: 338: 230: 211: 2656: 4645: 4630: 4346: 4318: 3894: 3865: 3293:

Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns

2777: 2542:

A Marriage Made in Heaven – The Sexual Politics of Hebrew and Yiddish

2225: 2177: 2165: 1371:(as reflected in Yiddish) failed. "Had the language revivalists been 1368: 1349: 1291: 1126: 727: 548: 528: 319: 4064:

Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

2701: 1383:), Israeli Hebrew would have been a totally different language—both 599: 3969: 3561: 3377: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2197: 2045: 2028: 2009: 1518: 1384: 1364: 1333:

of the vast majority of language revivalists and first pioneers in

1295: 1157:), respectively. The former word derives from the name of a son of 1097: 984: 739: 330: 295: 286:

was preserved in full through well-recognized sources, chiefly the

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also gives a short overview of Mendele and his milieu in her book

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Becoming Israeli: National Ideals and Everyday Life in the 1950s,

2281:

tended to pick up Hebrew faster than European immigrants, due to

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derived from all periods of Hebrew language, as well as from the

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The widespread production of Hebrew schoolbooks also began, and

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in the 1st-century CE as meaning "fiery creatures who speak."

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Reshit hachinuch ha'ivri ba'arec utrumato lehachya'at halashon

1177:(literally “love apple”), from the triconsonantal Hebrew root 893:, the last Haskalah poet of America. Eventually, writers like 835: 4746: 4451: 4446: 4005: 3850: 3754: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3664: 3609: 3594: 3589: 3579: 3136:

HNet Humanities and Social Sciences Online, Haim Rechnitzer,

2909: 2857: 2266: 2221: 2193: 2189: 2173: 2169: 1938: 1918: 1880: 1741: 1661: 1234:(jam; fruit conserves; marmalade). He also invented the word 1162: 1130: 1064:) is often regarded as the "reviver of the Hebrew language" ( 1033: 763: 499: 311: 291: 208: 116:

in 1948, one of two official languages of Israel, along with

37: 3113:

Mother Tongues and Other Reflections on the Italian Language

1208:), which now denotes a "street" or a "road," is actually an 241:(lasting to 70 CE), after which the language developed into 4141: 3779: 3724: 3674: 3669: 3654: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3126:

http://www.technion.ac.il/en/about/history-of-the-technion/

2209: 1376: 279: 4096: 2473:

Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv in the 19th Century, 1777–1917

2086:, Hebrew continued to develop as the main language of the 2078:, when Palestine came under British rule, first under the 3684: 3639: 1244:) for the citrus fruit orange, which is a combination of 380:

were especially known until contemporary times for their

3056:

A New Sound in Hebrew Poetry: Poetics, Politics, Accent

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Jewish Culture in Muslim Lands and Cairo Geniza Studies

2341:

Halbfinger, David M.; Kershner, Isabel (19 July 2018).

1359:

background. He argues that their attempt to deny their

957: 3211:

Language Education Policy: The Arab Minority in Israel

2880:"With Tu Bishvat Near, a Tree Grows in Zichron Yaakov" 2609:"This week in history: Revival of the Hebrew language" 487:, preserved a structure different from the recognized 290:(especially those portions used liturgically like the 2860:'s commentary on Exodus 9:17, where he says the word 2128:), or, more alliteratively, "Hebrew , speak Hebrew" ( 384:, exemplified by revered 17th century rabbi and poet 2988: 2623:"Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and the Making of Modern Hebrew" 2143: 2123: 388:. Other secular poets of the post-Spain era include 92:

that arrived in the waves of migration known as the

143:and became a tenet of the ideology associated with 3289:, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Jerusalem Post, 18 May 2009. 3014:"This Week in History: Hebrew goes conversational" 2340: 1325:believe that "Yiddish is a primary contributor to 403:, designed to be sung, chanted, or recited during 27:Process of making Hebrew a lingua franca in Israel 3281:History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language 3208:Amara, M.; Mar'i, Abd Al-Rahman (11 April 2006). 1888:newspaper, there were ten such families in 1900. 4769: 4487:Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America 2429:, Jewish Agency and Alpha Press, Jerusalem, 1973 2148:) was a campaign initiated by Ben-Yehuda's son, 4517:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews 4507:Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland 4085:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament 825: 3207: 1994:also adopted Hebrew as its official language. 1110:) for electricity, although the latter word ( 742:, the Jewish movement paralleling the secular 4112: 3319: 2741:These words are marked as "New Words" in the 2063: 1827: 954:as significant contributors to the movement. 705: 589: 582:(1135–1204), wrote primarily in Arabic or in 310:. Apart from these, Hebrew was known through 2782: 2746: 2566: 1963: 1909:was established in the Jewish settlement of 1260: 1239: 1221: 1203: 1178: 1152: 1142: 1105: 1091: 1065: 1059: 905: 3195:"The Mass Migration to Israel of the 1950s" 2874:Haaretz, Contributions made by Ze'ev Yavetz 1402: 999: 910:, Rubin Mass Publishers, Jerusalem, 1964), 127:More than purely a linguistic process, the 4482:Women's International Zionist Organization 4119: 4105: 3326: 3312: 2932:The Wine of our ancestors in Ancient Times 2901:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda on the use of the word 2820: 1929:In 1889, Ben-Yehuda, together with rabbis 1834: 1820: 1268: 341:wrote in Hebrew, as did travelers such as 3214:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3176: 3174: 2106:Battalion for the Defence of the Language 1798:Demographic history of Palestine (region) 1793:History of the Jews in the Land of Israel 1183:meaning lust. The new name, suggested by 778:, words appearing only once in the text. 702:Hebrew start widely appearing in novels. 684:Learn how and when to remove this message 3234: 3078: 3050: 3048: 3011: 2491:"The Emergence of Spoken Israeli Hebrew" 2443: 2247: 2239: 1973: 1845: 1008: 950:, Yehiel Halperin, H. A. Friedland, and 834: 830: 709: 267:and official language and as the Judaic 217: 195: 31: 2957: 2679: 2677: 2635: 2539: 2488: 2424:A Short History of the Hebrew Language, 2334: 2080:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 1471:Jews who remained in the Land of Israel 726:, 1816. The "Are at this hour asleep!" 565:Hebrew employed for liturgical purposes 407:. This form originated in late antique 14: 4770: 3261: 3171: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2508:"Online Books by Israel Wolf Sperling" 1169:who was sometimes identified with the 996:development of spoken Hebrew as well. 805:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas 4591:Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict 4100: 3307: 3045: 3012:Omer-Man, Michael (12 October 2011). 2981: 2979: 2877: 2683: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2470: 1321:Nonetheless, some linguists, such as 1301: 1004: 4576:UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 2985:Mandate over Palestine, 24 July 1922 2801:Balashon - Hebrew Language Detective 2674: 2484: 2482: 2439: 2437: 2435: 958:Continuation of the literary revival 622:adding citations to reliable sources 593: 4571:UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 3333: 2942: 2783: 2747: 2591:"China Virtual Jewish History Tour" 2567: 2564: 2133: 2113: 1895:, widespread activity began in the 1261: 1240: 1222: 1204: 1179: 1153: 1143: 1118:, chapter 1, has been explained by 1106: 1092: 1066: 1060: 906: 746:. Members of this movement, called 114:Israeli Declaration of Independence 24: 3262:Golden, Zach (11 September 2023). 3041:On the Death and Life of Languages 2976: 2838:from the original on 7 August 2022 2544:. University of California Press. 2526: 2360: 2235: 1747:Ministry of Aliyah and Integration 1129:, he devised new Hebrew words for 811:Journey to the Center of the Earth 786:, meaning translating books about 25: 4809: 4586:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 3274: 2479: 2432: 2413:The Origin of the Hebrew Language 1230:, and related to the Arabic word 278:Even so, during the Middle Ages, 249:in the 6th century BCE until the 131:of Hebrew was utilized by Jewish 4512:Institute for Zionist Strategies 4235: 3000:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 2008:In 1909, the first Hebrew city, 1432: 868: 857: 633:"Revival of the Hebrew language" 598: 4377:Zionist Organization of America 3299:Learn Hebrew Phrases with Audio 3255: 3228: 3201: 3187: 3155: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3105: 3087: 3072: 3060: 3033: 3005: 2916: 2894: 2878:Maltz, Judy (25 January 2013). 2850: 2814: 2789: 2766: 2735: 2649: 2629: 2615: 2601: 2583: 2558: 1870:and came to live in Jerusalem. 887:Modernism and Cultural Transfer 609:needs additional citations for 531:. The Sephardic Jews who spoke 4727:Zionism as settler colonialism 4382:Zionist Organization of Canada 4212:Revival of the Hebrew language 2743:Even-Shoshan Hebrew Dictionary 2500: 2464: 2417: 2406: 2390: 2368:"The Hebraization of Surnames" 1947:Academy of the Hebrew Language 1891:On the other hand, during the 1647:Revival of the Hebrew language 1476:Homeland for the Jewish people 559:Yiddish as the spoken language 72:used for daily life among the 46:revival of the Hebrew language 13: 1: 4462:Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia) 4387:Religious Zionists of America 4372:Zionist Federation of Germany 2512:onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu 2327: 1252:(golden), or "golden apple". 879:The Invention of Hebrew Prose 185: 4722:Progressive except Palestine 3241:. Indiana University Press. 3238:Yiddish in Israel: a History 2595:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 2514:. University of Pennsylvania 1803:Historical Jewish population 826:Hebrew writers and educators 7: 4717:Muslim supporters of Israel 4126: 3150:Encyclopedia of Linguistics 3067:The New Jewish Encyclopedia 2781:(Book of Exodus): Aramaic: 2305: 2144: 2124: 2100:of the Yishuv was already a 1657:Hebraization of place names 1348:, they could not avoid the 1294:labor organization, and in 1195:supplanted the other name. 10: 4814: 4798:Hebrew-language literature 4737:Zionist political violence 4702:Jewish political movements 4472:Jewish Resistance Movement 4362:World Zionist Organization 4227:Zionism, race and genetics 3369:Transliteration to English 2958:Saulson, Scott B. (1979). 2067: 2064:Mandate period (1919–1948) 1967: 1717:World Zionist Organization 1406: 706:Hebrew during the Haskalah 590:Revival of literary Hebrew 189: 4654: 4603: 4546: 4535: 4497:American Zionist Movement 4337: 4244: 4233: 4134: 4048: 3983: 3928: 3893: 3836: 3793: 3693: 3570: 3524: 3508: 3501: 3424: 3386: 3341: 3235:Rojanski, Rachel (2020). 3069:– Vaad Ha-Lashon Ha-Ivrit 2905:for confiture (in Hebrew) 2864:is translated in Aramaic 2471:Eliav, Mordechai (1978). 2018:Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium 1980:Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium 1964:Second Aliyah (1904–1914) 928:Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin 569:In the Arab Middle East, 450:and the pronunciation of 263:1880, Hebrew served as a 4402:Jewish Agency for Israel 4217:Hebraization of surnames 4207:Negation of the Diaspora 4057:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar 2565:Rin, Svi (April 1966). " 2444:Bar-Adon, Aaron (1975). 2372:Jewish Agency for Israel 2161:1922 census of Palestine 1960:the day-to-day context. 1727:Jewish Agency for Israel 1652:Hebraization of surnames 1403:First Aliyah (1882–1903) 1298:—the first Hebrew city. 1000:Revival of spoken Hebrew 989:Micah Yosef Berdichevsky 347:Chaim Yosef David Azulai 4407:Jewish National Council 4367:Zionist General Council 3164:Palestine Census (1922) 2540:Seidman, Naomi (1997). 2317:Language revitalization 1907:Haviv elementary school 1852:Haviv elementary school 1269:Three stages of revival 394:Israel ben Moses Najara 4752:Conservatism in Israel 4467:Jewish Party (Romania) 2684:Black, Jeremy (2001). 2253: 2245: 1992:World Zionist Congress 1982: 1854: 1528:Aliyah in modern times 1191:. Eventually the name 1017: 914:described the work of 902:Great Hebrew Educators 842: 735: 584:Judeo-Arabic languages 354:particular flourishing 234: 215: 41: 4502:Am Yisrael Foundation 3079:Haramati, Sh (1979). 2962:. Mouton Publishers. 2573:Jewish Social Studies 2401:A History of the Jews 2274:Israel Defense Forces 2251: 2243: 2084:Mandate for Palestine 2068:Further information: 1977: 1968:Further information: 1849: 1757:Am Yisrael Foundation 1604:from the Soviet Union 1577:from Muslim countries 1407:Further information: 1072:Ben-Yehuda Dictionary 1012: 924:R. Hayyim of Volozhin 920:Naphtali Hirz Wessely 840:Mendele Mocher Sfarim 838: 831:Mendele Mocher Sfarim 816:Mendele Mocher Sfarim 713: 429:Romaniote (old Greek) 352:Hebrew experienced a 221: 199: 139:, led many people to 86:Ben-Yehuda Dictionary 35: 4757:Liberalism in Israel 4732:Zionist antisemitism 4556:Chronology of Aliyah 4442:World Agudath Israel 4392:Jewish National Fund 4078:Strong's Concordance 3364:Ancient inscriptions 3111:Lepschy, Giulio C.: 2826:"At Last, Pomedorn!" 2824:(25 February 2009). 2753:Modern Hebrew usages 2025:War of the Languages 1722:Jewish National Fund 1185:Yechiel Michel Pines 981:Shaul Tchernichovsky 756:Moshe Chaim Luzzatto 618:improve this article 247:Babylonian Captivity 239:Second Temple period 176:non-Hebrew languages 155:and Israeli policy. 149:renaming of the land 108:became one of three 4697:Jewish emancipation 4581:Timeline of Zionism 4566:Balfour Declaration 4197:Gathering of Israel 4071:Brown–Driver–Briggs 3287:Let my people know! 2928:Bar-Ilan University 2657:"حيصل - Wiktionary" 2322:Yiddish Renaissance 2125:Yehudi, daber ivrit 2082:and then under the 2070:Mandatory Palestine 1917:opened a school in 1737:Mossad LeAliyah Bet 1454:Gathering of Israel 1355:arising from their 1329:because it was the 796:European literature 411:with poets such as 382:tradition of poetry 182:being predominant. 137:political movements 102:Mandatory Palestine 4793:History of Zionism 4561:History of Zionism 3920:Law of attenuation 3425:Reading traditions 3283:, David Steinberg. 3019:The Jerusalem Post 2611:. 15 October 2010. 2347:The New York Times 2254: 2246: 1983: 1935:Chaim Hirschensohn 1903:Aryeh Leib Frumkin 1859:Jewish nationalism 1855: 1631:from Latin America 1547:during World War I 1323:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 1302:Hebrew and Yiddish 1067:"מחיה השפה העברית" 1056:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 1018: 1014:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 1005:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 993:Uri Nissan Gnessin 968:Haim Nahman Bialik 946:, Nisson Touroff, 895:Yosef Haim Brenner 843: 736: 699:Haim Nahman Bialik 405:religious services 390:Immanuel the Roman 343:Benjamin of Tudela 269:language of prayer 253:, many Jews spoke 235: 216: 141:change their names 120:. In July 2018, a 110:official languages 82:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 42: 4765: 4764: 4692:Jewish Autonomism 4599: 4598: 4551:History of Israel 4527:Birthright Israel 4094: 4093: 3950:Verbal morphology 3889: 3888: 3402: 3221:978-0-306-47588-7 3148:Strazny, Philip: 3002:5 (1), pp. 57–71. 2661:en.wiktionary.org 2568:גדולי הינוך בעמנו 2489:Izre'el, Shlomo. 2312:Hebrew literature 2145:Ivri, daber ivrit 2142: 2122: 1857:With the rise of 1844: 1843: 1500:Pre-Modern Aliyah 1284:Hebrew University 1100:(aubergine) and 970:expanded it into 916:Maharal of Prague 907:גדולי חינון בעמנו 694: 693: 686: 668: 417:Eleazar ben Kalir 245:. From about the 227:written in Hebrew 166:with millions of 164:national language 90:Ottoman Palestine 74:Jews in Palestine 18:Revival of Hebrew 16:(Redirected from 4805: 4783:Language revival 4742:Zio (pejorative) 4712:Muscular Judaism 4682:New antisemitism 4662:List of Zionists 4616:Independence Day 4544: 4543: 4427:Hashomer Hatzair 4239: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4098: 4097: 4040:Unicode and HTML 3506: 3505: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3459: 3399:northern dialect 3396: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3039:Hagege, Claude: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2986: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2955: 2940: 2933: 2920: 2914: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2750: 2749: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2537: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2441: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2374:. Archived from 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2287:Semitic language 2147: 2137: 2135: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2114:יהודי, דבר עברית 1924:higher education 1836: 1829: 1822: 1696:Development town 1679:One Million Plan 1436: 1413: 1412: 1264: 1263: 1243: 1242: 1225: 1224: 1207: 1206: 1182: 1181: 1156: 1155: 1146: 1145: 1114:), found in the 1109: 1108: 1095: 1094: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1062: 977:David Frischmann 912:Zevi Scharfstein 909: 908: 732:Henry IV, Part 2 689: 682: 678: 675: 669: 667: 626: 602: 594: 576:Classical Arabic 518:Lithuanian Jewry 463:Ashkenazi Hebrew 448:Hebrew phonology 370:Abraham Ibn Ezra 322:, and the like. 284:Classical Hebrew 160:natural language 70:written language 21: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4778:Hebrew language 4768: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4650: 4595: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4522:Nefesh B'Nefesh 4437:HaNoar HaTzioni 4333: 4240: 4231: 4130: 4125: 4095: 4090: 4049:Reference works 4044: 3979: 3975:Vav-consecutive 3924: 3903:Biblical Hebrew 3885: 3832: 3817:Mater lectionis 3789: 3689: 3566: 3520: 3497: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3455: 3420: 3382: 3337: 3335:Hebrew language 3332: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3172: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3054:Segal, Myriam: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2956: 2943: 2931: 2921: 2917: 2913:, 9 March 1888. 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2771: 2767: 2740: 2736: 2702:10.2307/4200510 2682: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2638:Natural History 2634: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2538: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2442: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2407: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2378:on 21 July 2011 2366: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2308: 2238: 2236:State of Israel 2134:עברי, דבר עברית 2092:second language 2072: 2066: 1972: 1966: 1840: 1788:Jewish refugees 1752:Nefesh B'Nefesh 1684:Immigrant camps 1486:Jewish question 1411: 1405: 1304: 1275:British Mandate 1271: 1137:, calling them 1116:Book of Ezekiel 1061:אליעזר בן יהודה 1022:the Middle Ages 1007: 1002: 960: 948:Sarah Schenirer 944:Samson Benderly 932:Israel Salanter 883:Yael S. Feldman 877:, and his book 871: 860: 833: 828: 752:Biblical Hebrew 724:Solomon Löwishn 708: 690: 679: 673: 670: 627: 625: 615: 603: 592: 506:Yemenite Hebrew 489:Tiberian Hebrew 481:Sephardi Hebrew 243:Mishnaic Hebrew 194: 192:Hebrew language 188: 168:native speakers 58:sacred language 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4811: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4707:Greater Israel 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4655:Related topics 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4641:Ben-Gurion Day 4638: 4636:Jabotinsky Day 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:Territorialism 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Land of Israel 4144: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4024:modern Israeli 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3913:Philippi's law 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3828:Plene scriptum 3825: 3820: 3813: 3799: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3276: 3275:External links 3273: 3270: 3269: 3254: 3247: 3227: 3220: 3200: 3186: 3180:Helman, Anat: 3170: 3154: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3104: 3086: 3071: 3059: 3044: 3032: 3004: 2987: 2975: 2968: 2941: 2915: 2893: 2849: 2813: 2788: 2784:חיות אשא ממללא 2765: 2734: 2673: 2648: 2628: 2614: 2600: 2582: 2571:Book Review". 2557: 2550: 2525: 2499: 2478: 2463: 2456: 2431: 2416: 2405: 2389: 2359: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2304: 2237: 2234: 2150:Itamar Ben-Avi 2065: 2062: 2057:first language 1965: 1962: 1915:Israel Belkind 1876:Itamar Ben-Avi 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1765:Related topics 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1509:Return to Zion 1503: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1456: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1404: 1401: 1363:roots, negate 1327:Israeli Hebrew 1303: 1300: 1270: 1267: 1171:Turkish people 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 959: 956: 952:Janusz Korczak 936:Yishaq Epstein 870: 867: 859: 856: 832: 829: 827: 824: 776:hapax legomena 707: 704: 692: 691: 606: 604: 597: 591: 588: 567: 566: 563: 560: 510: 509: 503: 478: 386:Shalom Shabazi 362:Shmuel HaNagid 335:Abraham Zacuto 304:Book of Psalms 190:Main article: 187: 184: 112:and after the 48:took place in 36:Front page of 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4810: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4788:Modern Hebrew 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4672:The Holocaust 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Jerusalem Day 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:Yom HaZikaron 4609: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4339:Organizations 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294:Proto-Zionism 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4192:Promised Land 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4177:Law of Return 4175: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3955:Semitic roots 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908:Modern Hebrew 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3823:Abbreviations 3821: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760:Kubutz/shuruk 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3248:9780253045171 3244: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2971: 2969:90-279-7567-1 2965: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2897: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773:Moses de León 2769: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2561: 2553: 2551:0-520-20193-0 2547: 2543: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2457:9783111803661 2453: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2289:like Hebrew. 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2250: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:fait accompli 2099: 2098: 2097:lingua franca 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1970:Second Aliyah 1961: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:Rishon LeZion 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709:Organizations 1708: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674:Youth village 1672: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1621:from Ethiopia 1619: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491:Law of Return 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1449:Promised Land 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:typologically 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346:pronunciation 1343: 1340: 1336: 1335:Eretz Yisrael 1332: 1331:mother tongue 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:Jewish Legion 1285: 1281: 1276: 1266: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1080:Second Aliyah 1077: 1073: 1058:(1858–1922) ( 1057: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1011: 997: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 969: 965: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 903: 898: 896: 892: 891:Gabriel Preil 888: 884: 880: 876: 869:Other figures 866: 864: 863:Devorah Baron 858:Devorah Baron 855: 851: 849: 841: 837: 823: 819: 817: 813: 812: 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 777: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744:Enlightenment 741: 733: 729: 725: 722:to Hebrew by 721: 717: 712: 703: 700: 688: 685: 677: 666: 663: 659: 656: 652: 649: 645: 642: 638: 635: – 634: 630: 629:Find sources: 623: 619: 613: 612: 607:This section 605: 601: 596: 595: 587: 585: 581: 577: 572: 564: 561: 558: 557: 556: 554: 550: 545: 543: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 507: 504: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 485:Sephardi Jews 482: 479: 476: 472: 469:and lost the 468: 464: 461: 460: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444:batei midrash 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413:Jose ben Jose 410: 409:Eretz Yisrael 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Jews of Yemen 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:Islamic Spain 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 273:mother tongue 270: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 232: 228: 224: 223:Mishneh Torah 220: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 183: 181: 177: 171: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 133:modernization 130: 125: 123: 119: 118:Modern Arabic 115: 111: 107: 106:Modern Hebrew 103: 99: 98:Second Aliyah 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 4687:Not one inch 4677:Antisemitism 4667:Anti-Zionism 4626:Yom HaAliyah 4422:Habonim Dror 4352:Hovevei Zion 4289:Post-Zionism 4211: 4172:Jewish state 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4055: 3990: 3871:Inverted nun 3856:Cantillation 3815: 3785:Sin/Shin dot 3557:Paleo-Hebrew 3373:from English 3257: 3237: 3230: 3210: 3203: 3189: 3181: 3163: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3062: 3055: 3040: 3035: 3023:. Retrieved 3017: 3007: 2999: 2959: 2918: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2884:. Retrieved 2870:Ze'ev Yavetz 2866:oraḥ kevīsha 2865: 2861: 2852: 2840:. Retrieved 2829: 2816: 2804:. Retrieved 2800: 2791: 2776: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2737: 2729: 2693: 2689: 2666:16 September 2664:. Retrieved 2660: 2651: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2617: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2572: 2560: 2541: 2518:26 September 2516:. Retrieved 2511: 2502: 2472: 2466: 2446: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2400: 2397:Paul Johnson 2392: 2380:. Retrieved 2376:the original 2362: 2350:. Retrieved 2346: 2336: 2300: 2295:Israeli Arab 2291: 2271: 2263: 2256:By the time 2255: 2228:, and 13 in 2168:, 19,498 in 2158: 2154: 2101: 2095: 2073: 2054: 2050: 2022: 2013: 2007: 2003:Mother Goose 2000: 1996: 1984: 1958: 1951: 1928: 1896: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1872: 1856: 1808:Yom HaAliyah 1732:Youth Aliyah 1646: 1626:from Romania 1409:First Aliyah 1391:, much more 1320: 1305: 1272: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1217: 1213: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1174: 1165:) listed in 1148: 1138: 1124: 1120:Rabbi Yehuda 1111: 1101: 1087: 1084: 1076:First Aliyah 1054: 1030:North Africa 1019: 961: 940:David Yellin 901: 900:In his book 899: 886: 878: 875:Robert Alter 872: 861: 852: 848:Abraham Mapu 844: 820: 809: 803: 780: 768: 747: 737: 714:First known 695: 680: 674:October 2019 671: 661: 654: 647: 640: 628: 616:Please help 611:verification 608: 568: 546: 526: 522:German Jewry 516:and that of 514:Polish Jewry 511: 437: 398: 366:Judah HaLevi 351: 324: 277: 258: 236: 172: 157: 126: 94:First Aliyah 76:, and later 45: 43: 29: 4537:History and 4304:Non-Zionism 4299:Neo-Zionism 4264:Revisionist 4222:Judaization 3876:Shekel sign 3838:Punctuation 3803:with Niqqud 3713:Palestinian 3502:Orthography 3482:Palestinian 3266:. 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Revival of the Hebrew language

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