United States in the Vietnam War

2668:. Consequently, Johnson faced a difficult situation regarding whether the costs of intervening outweighed the benefits. In essence, America had reached the point of no return. The pride of America and the pride of Johnson as a strong President means that the individual actions and responses of Johnson in Vietnam are somewhat responsible for the failures resulting from U.S. intervention. Johnson himself did not want to appear weak against communism as he feared the backlash from the U.S. public and his Republican rivals. However, he also did not want to engage America in a costly and humiliating war. Discussing Vietnam with Senator Russell in May 1964, he expressed serious concerns about countering guerrilla tactics, the likely ineffectiveness and probable domestic political impact of conducting a bombing campaign in the north, and a number of other factors. Whilst these challenges would have been faced by any President in office at the time, it is ultimately Johnson's individual decisions and attitudes that brought America into the Vietnam War. Historians have been sympathetic towards Johnson's situation, but others believe that the inevitability of war and Johnson's trapping by previous Presidents like John F. Kennedy is a dubious proposal. Fredrick Logevall believes there were choices available to him debate and fluidity was more of a reality than a Cold War consensus as key figures such as Senator 3624: 3104: 3145: 4082:

offensive then ran out of steam, conceding the rest of the occupied territory to the North Vietnamese. South Vietnam had countered the heaviest attack since Tet, but it was very evident that it was totally dependent on U.S. airpower for its survival. Meanwhile, the withdrawal of American troops, who numbered less than 100,000 at the beginning of the year, was continued as scheduled. By June only six infantry battalions remained. On August 12, the last American ground combat division left the country. However, the U.S. continued to operate the base at Long Binh. Combat patrols continued there until November 11 when the U.S. handed over the base to the South Vietnamese. After this, only 24,000 American troops remained in Vietnam and President Nixon announced that they would stay there until all U.S. POW's were freed.

4094:, where he threw several divisions at the entrenched South Vietnamese forces, ultimately losing over half of his army as casualties. General Giap's loss and subsequent retreat was viewed as so great a failure by the North Vietnamese Communist Party that Giap was relieved of his command. Although ARVN troops withstood and repelled the massive PAVN attack at An Lộc, American air power seems to have been a key to the ARVN success, just as it had been a key factor in supporting U.S. ground forces when they operated in South Vietnam prior to 1972. Thus, the 1973 withdrawal of U.S. military support and passage of Congressional resolutions cutting off U.S. funding for combat activities in Indochina (H.R. 9055 and H.J.Res. 636) opened the way for the 1975 defeat of the Republic of Vietnam. 3286:

destroy missions, for example, would have been nearly impossible without it. Helicopters allowed American commanders to move large numbers of troops to virtually anywhere, regardless of the terrain or roads. Troops could also be easily resupplied in remote areas. The helicopter also provided another new and vital capability: medical evacuation. It could fly wounded soldiers to aid stations very quickly, usually within the critical first hour. This gave wounded soldiers a higher chance of survival in Vietnam than in any previous war. The helicopter was also adapted for many other roles in Vietnam, including ground attack, reconnaissance, and electronic warfare. Without the helicopter, the war would have been fought very differently.

4186:

day, dealing a death blow to McGovern's already doomed campaign. Kissinger had not, however, counted on the intransigence of South Vietnamese President Thieu, who refused to accept the agreement and demanded some 90 changes in its text. These the North Vietnamese refused to accept, and Nixon was not inclined to put too much pressure on Thieu just before the election, even though his victory was all but assured. The mood between the U.S. and North further turned sour when Hanoi went public with the details of the agreement. The Nixon Administration claimed that North Vietnamese negotiators had used the pronouncement as an opportunity to embarrass the President and to weaken the United States. White House Press Secretary

4600:... with small likelihood of a successful outcome." In addition, doubts surfaced about the ability of the military to train foreign forces. Furthermore, throughout the war there was found to be considerable flaws and dishonesty by officers and commanders due to promotions being tied to the body count system touted by Westmoreland and McNamara. And behind the scenes Secretary of Defense McNamara wrote in a memo to President Johnson his doubts about the war: "The picture of the world's greatest superpower killing or seriously injuring 1,000 noncombatants a week, while trying to pound a tiny backward nation into submission on an issue whose merits are hotly disputed, is not a pretty one." 4577: 2731: 2798:

was seen by the administration as the perfect opportunity to present Congress with "a pre-dated declaration of war" in order to strengthen weakening morale in South Vietnam through reprisal attacks by the U.S. on the North. The attack was pivotal in justifying the Johnson administration's intensification of the war. Even before confirmation of the phantom attack had been received in Washington, President Johnson had decided that an attack could not go unanswered. Johnson ordered attacks on North Vietnamese naval instalments almost immediately, and capitalised on the incident by convincing congress to accept intensified military action in Vietnam.

4348:" to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support further military interventions abroad after Vietnam. According to a 2004 Gallup poll, 62 percent of Americans believed it was an unjust war. US public polling in 1978 revealed that nearly 72% of Americans believed the war was "fundamentally wrong and immoral." Nearly a decade later, the number fell to 66%. In the past three decades, surveys have consistently shown that only around 35% of Americans believe that the war was fundamentally wrong and immoral. When surveyed in 2000, one third of Americans believed that the war was a noble cause. 52: 4423:." Although King was initially hesitant to speak about the U.S. government's decision to go to war with Vietnam, he would condemn them and their actions in his speech. Delivered in the heart of New York City, King gave his many reasons as to why the War was an irrational decision, noting how it had moral and ethical implications. King correspondingly touched on how the escalating violence was very destructive and had infinite consequences on the Vietnamese people. In the speech, King also expressed how the war had broader implications for America's moral standing in the world. 2705:

forces, which Jacobs argues meant that Kennedy felt he had to intervene elsewhere in Southeast Asia in Vietnam and that the dovish attitude towards Laos was antithetical to the hawkish outlook towards Vietnam. Jacobs argues that Kennedy viewed the Vietnamese people more able to fight communism than the "unfit Lao". Jacobs argues the "American statesmen and the American media constructed a putative Lao national character that differed from South Vietnam's and that made Lao chances of withstanding communist pressure appeal negligible".

1953: 3342:. The U.S. used the base as a border surveillance position overlooking Route 9, the only east–west road that crossed the border in the province. Westmoreland also hoped to use the base as a jump-off point for any future incursion against the Trail system in Laos. During the spring of 1967, a series of small-unit actions near Khe Sanh prompted MACV to increase its forces. These small unit actions and increasing intelligence information indicated that the PAVN was building up significant forces just across the border. 4612:... they insisted of having something to say about the making of decisions that determined whether they might live or die." The morale and discipline problems and resistance to conscription were important factors leading to the creation of an all-volunteer military force by the United States and the termination of conscription. The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973. The all-volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks. 3429:

pledged himself to devoting the rest of his term in office to the search for peace in Vietnam. Johnson announced that he was limiting bombing of North Vietnam to just north of the Demilitarized Zone and that U.S. representatives were prepared to meet with North Vietnamese counterparts in any suitable place "to discuss the means to bring this ugly war to an end". A few days later, much to Johnson's surprise, North Vietnam agreed to contacts between the two sides. On May 13, what became known as the

4528: 4540:(PTSD). Vietnam veterans suffered from PTSD in unprecedented numbers, as many as 15.2% of Vietnam veterans, because the U.S. military had routinely provided heavy psychoactive drugs, including amphetamines, to American servicemen, which left them unable to process adequately their traumas at the time. An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft, and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted. On January 21, 1977, United States president 4198:, which began on December 18 with large raids against both Hanoi and the port of Haiphong. Nixon justified his actions by blaming the impasse in negotiations on the North Vietnamese. Although this heavy bombing campaign caused protests, both domestically and internationally, and despite significant aircraft losses over North Vietnam, Nixon continued the operation until December 29. He also exerted pressure on Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement reached in October. 3405:, increasingly began to characterize the war as a stalemate. What shocked and dismayed the American public was the realization that either it had been lied to or that the American military command had been dangerously overoptimistic in its appraisal of the situation in Vietnam. The public could not understand how such an attack was possible after being told for several years that victory was just around the corner. The Tet Offensive came to embody the growing 8345: 8335: 1460: 1421: 3639:. Because of the change in American strategy posed by Vietnamization, Abrams pursued a very different approach. The U.S. was gradually withdrawing from the conflict, and Abrams favored smaller-scale operations aimed at PAVN/NLF logistics, more openness with the media, less indiscriminate use of American firepower, elimination of the body count as the key indicator of battlefield success, and more meaningful cooperation with South Vietnamese forces. 1470: 2854: 4626: 4212: 4111: 3998: 3909: 3690: 3540: 2942: 4491:. Other figures point to $ 138.9 billion from 1965 to 1974 (not inflation-adjusted), 10 times all education spending in the US and 50 times more than housing and community development spending within that time period. General record-keeping was reported to have been sloppy for government spending during the war. It was stated that war-spending could have paid off every mortgage in the US at that time, with money leftover. 3843: 3448: 4367: 8355: 1730:, President Truman approves $ 10 million in military assistance for anti-communist efforts in Indochina. The Defense Attaché Office was established in Saigon in May 1950, a formal recognition of Viet Nam (vice French Indochina). This was the beginning of formal U.S. military personnel assignments in Viet Nam. U.S. Naval, Army and Air Force personnel established their respective attaches at this time. 3362:

forces began to melt back toward Laos. MACV (and future historians) were left with only questions. What was the goal of the PAVN? Was the siege a real attempt to stage another Dien Bien Phu? Or had the battles near the border (which eventually drew in half of MACV's maneuver battalions) been a diversion, meant to pull forces away from the cities, where another PAVN offensive would soon commence?

4687:

Marines especially believed in punishment to curb drug use. The Marine Commandant at the time, General Wilson Jr., believed it was better for its strength to diminish than to allow heroin-addicted Marines to continue to serve. This method was effective at preventing new troops from becoming users because new troops had become users due to existing troops introducing them to the drugs.

4312:) was unable to fulfill his promises to Thieu. At the same time, aid to North Vietnam from the Soviet Union increased. With the U.S. no longer heavily involved, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union no longer saw the war as significant to their relations. The balance of power shifted decisively in North Vietnam's favor, and the North subsequently launched a major military offensive, the 2651:. Also, if the U.S. intervened, this would have increased the likelihood of China giving military support to the USSR and North Vietnam. But, more importantly, the prevalent threat of communism drove President Truman and his advisers to intervene in Vietnam due to the domestic pressures to oppose and defeat communism and the fear of the consequences if communist expansion continued. 3035: 3976:

air and artillery support (American troops were forbidden to enter Laos), the ARVN moved across the border along Route 9, utilizing the abandoned Marine outpost of Khe Sanh as a jumping-off point. At first, the incursion went well, but unlike the Cambodian operation of 1970, the PAVN decided to stand and fight, finally mustering around 60,000 men on the battlefield.

3354:) to defend Khe Sanh. Another massive aerial effort was undertaken to keep the beleaguered Marines supplied. There were many comparisons (by the media, Americans military and political officials, and the North Vietnamese) to the possibility of PAVN staging a repeat of its victory at Dien Bien Phu, but the differences outweighed the similarities in any comparison. 3186:(p. 265). However, it is disputed by the Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network Website, which claims the average age of MOS 11B personnel was 22. This compares with 26 years of age for those who participated in World War II. Soldiers served a one-year tour of duty. The average age of the U.S. military men who died in Vietnam was 22.8 years old. 4363:... success rests not only on military progress but on correctly analysing the nature of the particular conflict, understanding the enemy's strategy, and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of allies. A new humility and a new sophistication may form the best parts of a complex heritage left to the Army by the long, bitter war in Vietnam." 3672:

playing the two nations off against one another. Even with Nixon's rapprochement, their support of North Vietnam increased significantly in the years leading up to the U.S. departure in 1973, enabling the North Vietnamese to mount full-scale conventional offensives against the South, complete with tanks, heavy artillery, and the most modern

4438:

Korea and Southern Vietnam. He notes how he is himself a victim of America’s so-called democracy, and calls the white people in attendance his "enemies." He noted how the United States was fighting for international freedom in Vietnam, yet was still denying full rights and equality to African Americans at home, labeling them as hypocrites.

1827:, called to determine the post-French future of Indochina, proposes a temporary division of Vietnam, to be followed by nationwide elections to unify the country in 1956. However the final declaration was left unsigned by all delegates, after the United States and the State of Vietnam stated they wouldn't accept the proposal. 2621:

military advisors in Vietnam had grown to at least 16,000. Nevertheless, the Kennedy administration had expressed desires to wind down US military intervention, without fully withdrawing from Vietnam. On October 2, 1963, the White House outlined its intentions to withdraw 1,000 men from Vietnam by then end of the year.

3221:, who had already recognized the security of the villages as the key to success. Walt had immediately commenced pacification efforts in his area of responsibility, but Westmoreland was unhappy, believing that the Marines were being underutilized and fighting the wrong enemy. In the end, MACV won out and Westmoreland's 6510:... the war could and should have been avoided and should have been halted at several key junctures, one as early as 1963. According to McNamara, he and other senior advisers to President Lyndon B. Johnson failed to head it off through ignorance, inattention, flawed thinking, political expediency and lack of courage. 3095:. During the savage fighting that took place, both sides learned important lessons. The North Vietnamese began to adapt to the overwhelming American superiority in air mobility, supporting arms, and close air support by moving in as close as possible during confrontations, thereby negating the effects of the above. 1523:, first in an extremely limited capacity and escalating over a period of 20 years. The U.S. military presence peaked in April 1969, with 543,000 American military personnel stationed in Vietnam. By the conclusion of the United States's involvement in 1973, over 3.1 million Americans had been stationed in Vietnam. 3209:. He said, "One of the biggest reasons that a lot of GIs do get high over here is there is nothing to do. This place is really a drag; it's a bore over here. Like right now sitting around here, we are getting loaded. Whereas, it doesn't really get you messed up; that's I guess the main reason why we smoke it." 4081:

had been terminated in 1968. The PAVN attacks against Huế, An Lộc, and Kon Tum were contained and the ARVN launched a counteroffensive in May to retake the lost northern provinces. On September 10, the South Vietnamese flag once again flew over the ruins of the Citadel of Quảng Trị City, but the ARVN

3975:

In 1971 the U.S. authorized the ARVN to carry out an offensive operation aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh Trail in southeastern Laos. Besides attacking the PAVN logistical system (which would buy time for the U.S. withdrawal) the incursion would be a significant test of Vietnamization. Backed by U.S.

3791:

laid out the missteps taken by four administrations in their Vietnam policies. For example, they revealed the Johnson administration's obfuscations to Congress concerning the Gulf of Tonkin incidents that had led to direct U.S. intervention; they exposed the clandestine bombing of Laos that had begun

3671:

China and the Soviet Union had been the principal backers of North Vietnam's effort through large-scale military and financial aid. The two communist superpowers had competed with one another to prove their "fraternal socialist links" with the regime in Hanoi. The North Vietnamese had become adept at

3659:

that led to nuclear arms reductions by the U.S. and Soviet Union and the beginning of a dialogue with China. In this context, Nixon viewed Vietnam as simply another limited conflict forming part of the larger tapestry of superpower relations; however, he was still determined to preserve South Vietnam

3607:

under the slogan that he would end the war in Vietnam and bring "peace with honor". However, there was no plan to do this, and the American commitment continued for another five years. The goal of the American military effort was to buy time, gradually building up the strength of the South Vietnamese

3492:

to look into the allegations. After a flurry of activity, the Peers Commission issued its report. It declared that "an atmosphere of atrocity" surrounded the event, concluding that a massacre had taken place and the crime had been covered up by the commander of the Americal Division and his executive

3345:

Indeed, PAVN was doing just that. Two regular divisions (and later elements of a third) were moving toward Khe Sanh, eventually surrounding the base and cutting off its only road access. Westmoreland, contrary to the advice of his Marine commanders, reinforced the outpost. As far as he was concerned,

3277:

and dozens of others) the war boiled down to hard marching through some of the most difficult terrain on the planet and weather conditions that were alternately hot and dry, or cold and wet. It was the PAVN/NLF that actually controlled the pace of the war, fighting only when their commanders believed

3252:

As a result of the conference held in Honolulu, President Johnson authorized an increase in troop strength to 429,000 by August 1966. The large increase in troops enabled MACV to carry out numerous operations that grew in size and complexity during the next two years. For U.S. troops participating in

3120:

in February 1966, Westmoreland claimed that the U.S. presence had succeeded in preventing the immediate defeat of the South Vietnamese government but that more troops would be necessary if systematic offensive operations were to be conducted. The issue then became in what manner American forces would

2896:

gradually escalated in intensity, with aircraft striking only carefully selected targets. When that did not work, its goals were altered to destroying North Vietnam's will to fight by destroying the nation's industrial base, transportation network, and its (continually increasing) air defenses. After

2797:

reports of the second attack were met with Scepticism from many U.S. officials. While it is 'indisputable' that the first attack occurred, the evidence of the second attack, McNamara contends, "appears probable but not certain". This incited rampant confusion in Washington. Nevertheless, the incident

2699:

Americans at the mid century considered some Asians tough and therefore dependable anticommunist allies while consigning other to the ranks of those who, in the words of a State Department working paper "will not fight for themselves" much less for the free world. No Asian was rated lower in American

2634:

A major factor that led President Lyndon B. Johnson to intervene into Vietnam militarily was the fear of communism due to Cold War tensions with communist countries such as China and the Soviet Union. South Vietnam was very important to the U.S. in Asia with it being perceived as a western democratic

2498:

U.S. objectives and concept of operations to prevent communist domination of South Vietnam; to create in that country a viable and increasingly democratic society, and to initiate, on an accelerated basis, a series of mutually supporting actions of a military, political, economic, psychological, and

4535:

By the war's end, 58,220 American soldiers had been killed, more than 150,000 had been wounded, and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled. The average age of the U.S. troops killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years. According to Dale Kueter, "Of those killed in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5

4300:

The first U.S. prisoners of war were released by North Vietnam on February 11, and all U.S. military personnel were to leave South Vietnam by March 29. As an inducement for Thieu's government to sign the agreement, Nixon had promised that the U.S. would provide financial and limited military support

3361:

was in the process of being field tested in Laos as the siege of Khe Sanh began. Westmoreland ordered that it be employed to detect PAVN troop movements near the Marine base and the system worked well. By March, the long-awaited ground assault against the base had failed to materialize and communist

2704:

Jacobs writes that Eisenhower and later Kennedy both "reduced the Lao to a set of stereotypes: childlike, lazy, submissive, unfit to fight the free world's battles". Therefore, Kennedy was dissuaded from sponsoring a military intervention in Laos and instead compromised with the Pathet Lao communist

2300:

July 28, 1965 — In a nationally televised speech, President Johnson announced his decision to send an additional 50,000 American troops to South Vietnam, increasing the number of personnel there by two-thirds and to bring the commitment to 125,000. Johnson also said that the monthly draft call would

4678:

The earliest reported use of drugs among US troops in Vietnam was recorded in 1963. During this time the most commonly used drug was marijuana, which was sometimes used in the form of hashish. Soldiers mainly used the drug during downtime in rear areas and commanders expressed concern that it would

4603:

Ron Milam has questioned the severity of the "breakdown" of the U.S. armed forces, especially among combat troops, as reflecting the opinions of "angry colonels" who deplored the erosion of traditional military values during the Vietnam War. Although acknowledging serious problems, he questions the

4494:

More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam. James E. Westheider wrote that "At the height of American involvement in 1968, for example, 543,000 American military personnel were stationed in Vietnam, but only 80,000 were

4418:

focused largely on addressing issues pertaining to racial segregation and unfair treatment of black people. However, in the later stages, he extended his activism to addressing large-scale issues such as his opposition and condemnation of the Vietnam War. In 1967, King addressed the issues he found

3795:

The importance of the actual content of the papers to U.S. policy-making was disputed, but the window that they provided into the flawed decision-making process at the highest levels of the U.S. government opened the issue for other questions. Their publication was a news event and the government's

3389:

in the single worst massacre of the conflict. The hoped-for uprising never took place; indeed, the offensive drove some previously apathetic South Vietnamese to fight for the government. Another surprise for the communists was that the ARVN did not collapse under the onslaught, instead turning in a

3086:

The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964. Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South, and a plan was developed to use PAVN units to split southern Vietnam in half through the Central Highlands. The two

2685:

reforms would be damaged. According to Isaacs, the view that Johnson was pushed into war by external factors like public pressure and political necessity can be hard to justify and was instead part of the masculine urge to solve international conflicts with war and "that if enough planes could drop

2588:

One major frustration among the Kennedy administration was the continued prominent role of Ngo Dinh Nhu, the younger brother of Diem, within the South Vietnamese regime. Nhu held a prominent role in the Diem government, to the chagrin of US officials. Following a meeting with Nhu, Hillsman surmised

4686:

The military had launched education programs to deal with the growing drug abuse problem among the troops. When it failed, the military began to court martial offenders in large numbers. When the number of courts-martial became too high, the military began to discharge troops from the service. The

4682:

Towards the end of US involvement in Vietnam, heroin use spiked. Morale dropped toward the end of US involvement due to lack of support at home, and a feeling that the war was purposeless. Troops used heroin and other drugs to pass time, and to deal with the mental stresses of combat, boredom, and

4437:

and used the war as an example of how his country and government continue to make irrational decisions. Malcolm X goes as far as saying how his own country has failed him and his people, as the black community still struggles for equal rights yet is being shipped abroad to go to war in places like

3850:

On March 18, 1970, Sihanouk, who was out of the country on a state visit, was deposed by a vote of the National Assembly and replaced by General Lon Nol. Cambodia's ports were immediately closed to North Vietnamese military supplies, and the government demanded that PAVN/NLF forces be removed from

3834:

By 1969 the policy of non-alignment and neutrality had worn thin for Prince Sihanouk, ruler of Cambodia. Pressures from the right in Cambodia caused the prince to begin a shift away from the pro-left position he had assumed in 1965–1966. He began to make overtures for normalized relations with the

3642:

Vietnamization of the war, however, created a dilemma for U.S. forces: the strategy required that U.S. troops fight long enough for the ARVN to improve enough to hold its own against Communist forces. Morale in the U.S. ranks rapidly declined during 1969–1972, as evidenced by declining discipline,

2598:

Frustrations boiled over following Nhu's American-trained special forces crackdown on Buddhist pagodas in Hue in 1963. More than fourteen hundred Buddhists were arrested. Buddhist monks were protesting discriminatory practices and demanding a political voice. The repression of the protests sparked

1578:

The conflict resulted in 58,279 U.S. military personnel deaths before the official end of U.S. combat operations in 1973. As of 2019, it was estimated that approximately 610,000 Vietnam veterans are still alive, making them the second largest group of American military veterans behind those of the

4555:

As the Vietnam War continued inconclusively and became more unpopular with the American public, morale declined and disciplinary problems grew among American enlisted men and junior, non-career officers. Drug use, racial tensions, and the growing incidence of fragging—attempting to kill unpopular

4288:

force) and both ARVN and PAVN/NLF forces would remain in control of the areas they then occupied, effectively partitioning South Vietnam. Both sides pledged to work toward a compromise political solution, possibly resulting in a coalition government. To maximize the area under their control, both

4185:

on October 22 after the negotiating deadlock was broken and a tentative agreement had been hammered out by U.S. and North Vietnamese representatives at the peace negotiations in Paris. The head of the U.S. negotiating team, Henry Kissinger, declared that "peace is at hand" shortly before election

3979:

The North Vietnamese first struck the flanks of the ARVN column, smashed its outposts, and then moved in on the main ARVN force. Unlike previous encounters during the conflict, the PAVN fielded armored formations, heavy artillery, and large amounts of the latest anti-aircraft artillery. After two

3306:

by the military) In the 1964 presidential campaign, Johnson presented himself as the candidate who would be less willing to use nuclear weapons (see "Daisy" ad). As President, LBJ urged the military not to give the president the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons in Vietnam. Throughout the

3244:

level). Since the goal of the operations was to kill the enemy, terrain was not taken and held as in previous wars. Savage fighting and the retreat of the communists was immediately followed by the abandonment of the terrain just seized. Combined with this was the anger and frustration engendered

3070:

as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place. The US Government deployment of ground forces to Da Nang had not been consulted with the South Vietnamese government. Instead the initial deployment and gradual build-up was a

3054:

to run for president with Ky on the ballot as the vice-presidential candidate in the 1967 election. Thieu and Ky were elected and remained in office for the duration of the war. In the presidential election of 1971, Thieu ran for the presidency unopposed. With the installation of the Thieu and Ky

4390:

noted, "if anything came out of Vietnam, it was that air power couldn't do the job." Even General William Westmoreland admitted that the bombing had been ineffective. As he remarked, "I still doubt that the North Vietnamese would have relented." U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in a

4193:

Because of Thieu's unhappiness with the agreement, primarily the stipulation that North Vietnamese troops could remain "in place" on South Vietnamese soil, the negotiations in Paris stalled as Hanoi refused to accept Thieu's changes and retaliated with amendments of its own. To reassure Thieu of

3983:

On August 18, Australia and New Zealand decided to withdraw their troops from the conflict. The total number of U.S. forces in South Vietnam dropped to 196,700 on October 29, 1971, the lowest level since January 1966. On November 12, 1971, Nixon set a February 1, 1972 deadline for the removal of

3152:

These limitations were not foisted upon the military as an afterthought. Before the first U.S. soldiers came ashore at Da Nang, the Pentagon was cognizant of all of the parameters that would be imposed by their civilian leaders, yet they still agreed that the mission could be accomplished within

3006:

to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964. Under Westmoreland, the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place. American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969. With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement it had created the

2611:

We wish to give Diem reasonable opportunity to remove Nhu, but if he remaisn obdurate, then we are prepared to accept the obvious implications that we can no longer support Diem. You may tell appropriate military commanders that we will give them direct support in any interim period of breakdown

2593:

The American military are still chasing Viet Cong and advising the Vietnamese to chase Viet Cong. They're not adopting the program the President has recommended, our own military are not. Diem has turned the strategic-hamlet program over to Nhu, who's taken the title, the name of it, and nothing

2584:

majority. This contributed to the impression of Diệm's rule as an extension of the French Colonial regime. Promised land reforms were not instituted, and Diệm's strategic hamlet program for village self-defense (and government control) was a disaster. The Kennedy administration grew increasingly

4069:

Early in April, PAVN opened two additional operations. The first, a three-division thrust supported by tanks and heavy artillery, advanced out of Cambodia on April 5. The North Vietnamese seized the town of Loc Ninh and advanced toward the provincial capital of An Lộc in Bình Long Province. The

3285:

During the Vietnam War, the use of the helicopter, known as "Air Mobile", was an essential tool for conducting the war. In fact, the whole conduct and strategy of the war depended on it. Vietnam was the first time the helicopter was used on a major scale, and in such important roles. Search and

2663:

by historians. His decision making was motivated by a variety of reasons, including his personal fear of appearing soft on communism, but also his fear of engaging America in another stalemate like the Korean War. It is largely agreed upon that Johnson inherited a complicated situation from his

2454:

forces in Vietnam which differed from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower, who felt the neighboring country Laos was the "cork in the bottle" in combating the threat of Communism in southeast Asia. Kennedy was fearful of the domino effect, that by allowing Vietnam to fall to

4382:

Others point to a failure of U.S. military doctrine. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara stated that "the achievement of a military victory by U.S. forces in Vietnam was indeed a dangerous illusion." The inability to bring Hanoi to the bargaining table by bombing also illustrated another U.S.

3428:

announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination for the 1968 presidential election. On March 31, in a speech that took America and the world by surprise, Johnson announced that "I shall not seek, and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your President" and

2676:

Robert Dean says Robert Mcnamara recognises that Johnson could have avoided war in his 1995 memoirs. Dean believes "the basic explanation McNamara offers is that the Kennedy and Johnson policy makers were blinded by their own rigid anti-communist ideology". Arnold R. Isaacs says that there was

3867:

The incursion also sparked large-scale demonstrations on and closures of American college campuses. The expansion of the conflict into Cambodia was seen as an expansion of the conflict into yet another country, nullifying Nixon's promises of de-escalating the war. During the ensuing protests,

3212:

American forces would conduct operations against PAVN forces, pushing them further back into the countryside away from the heavily populated coastal lowlands. In the backcountry the U.S. could fully utilize its superiority in firepower and mobility to bleed the enemy in set-piece battles. The

2620:

Though reluctant to immediately launch full scale U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict, the Kennedy Administration would escalate the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam who acted as advisors to the South Vietnamese military. At the time of Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the number of U.S.

2459:

I think that the struggle is close enough. China is so large, looms so high just beyond the frontiers, that if South Vietnam went, it would not only give them an improved geographic position for a guerrilla assault on Malaysia, but would also give the impression that the wave of the future in

3373:

holiday and mounted their largest offensive thus far, in hopes of sparking a general uprising among the South Vietnamese. These forces, ranging in size from small groups to entire regiments, attacked nearly every city and major military installation in South Vietnam. The Americans and South

3228:

Both sides chose similar strategies. PAVN, which had been operating a more conventional, large-unit war, switched back to small-unit operations in the face of U.S. military capabilities. The struggle moved to the villages, where the "hearts and minds" of the South Vietnamese peasants, whose

3124:

The nature of the American military's strategic and tactical decisions made during this period colored the conflict for the duration of the American commitment. The logistical system in Laos and Cambodia should be cut by ground forces, isolating the southern battlefield. However, political

1711:

1949 — Chinese communists reach the northern border of Indochina. The Viet Minh drive the French from the border region and begin to receive large amounts of weapons from the Soviet Union and China. The weapons transform the Viet Minh from an irregular large-scale insurgent movement into a

4394:

Hanoi had persistently sought unification of the country since the Geneva Accords, and the effects of U.S. bombings had negligible impact on the goals of the North Vietnamese government. The effects of U.S. bombing campaigns had mobilised the people throughout North Vietnam and mobilised

3374:

Vietnamese, initially surprised by the scope and scale of the offensive, quickly responded and inflicted severe casualties on their enemies. The NLF was essentially eliminated as a fighting force and the places of the dead within its ranks were increasingly filled by North Vietnamese.

3337:

Most of the PAVN/NLF operational capability was possible only because of the unhindered movement of men along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. To threaten this flow of supplies, the Marine Corps established a combat base on the South Vietnamese side of the Laotian frontier, near the village of

2259:(the attack is later disputed), leading President Johnson to call for air strikes on North Vietnamese patrol boat bases. Two U.S. aircraft are shot down and one U.S. pilot, Everett Alvarez, Jr., becomes the first U.S. airman to be taken prisoner by North Vietnam. Congress passes the 2526:

We hope that he comes to see that, but in the final analysis it is the people and the government itself have to win or lose this struggle. All we can do is help, and we are making it very clear, but I don't agree with those who say we should withdraw. That would be a great mistake.

3851:

the border areas within 72 hours. On March 29, 1970, the Vietnamese had taken matters into their own hands and launched an offensive against the Cambodian army. A force of North Vietnamese quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia reaching to within 15 miles (24 km) of

2616:

It was never, however, the prerogative of the Kennedy administration to remove the Diem government from power. As the McNamara-Taylor report cautioned," Our policy should be to seek urgently to identify and build contacts with an alternative leadership if and when it appears."

4604:

alleged "near mutinous" conduct of junior officers and enlisted men in combat. Investigating one combat refusal incident, a journalist declared, "A certain sense of independence, a reluctance to behave according to the military's insistence on obedience, like pawns or puppets

3467:. Although not all of the members of the company participated, a significant number of them, led by Calley, did. He personally ordered the executions of hundreds of villagers in large groups. The killings ended only when an American helicopter crew, headed by Warrant Officer 3325:

By mid-1967, Westmoreland said that it was conceivable that U.S. forces could be phased out of the war within two years, turning over progressively more of the fighting to the ARVN. That fall, however, savage fighting broke out in the northern provinces. Beginning below the

3413:. Moreover, the U.S. media coverage made it even more clear that an overall victory in Vietnam was not imminent. It also massively weakened the domestic support for the Johnson administration at the time. The days of an open-ended commitment to the conflict were over. 3115:

declared that if the major operations needed to neutralize North Vietnamese and NLF forces were to succeed, U.S. troop levels in South Vietnam would have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000. In a series of meetings between Westmoreland and the President held in

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communist movement. Fearing that another failure on the part of the U.S. to stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies, Kennedy realized, "Now we have a problem in making our power credible... and Vietnam looks like the place."

4564:

By every conceivable indicator, our army that now remains in Vietnam is in a state approaching collapse, with individual units avoiding or having refused combat, murdering their officers and non commissioned officers, drug-ridden, and dispirited where not near

3481:, who took unobtrusive official black-and-white photos of the operation through the lens of his military-issued camera and color shots of the massacre with his personal camera. Although the operation appeared suspicious to Calley's superiors, it was forgotten. 2694:

According to Seth Jacobs, during the 1950s and 1960s, there was a conceptualisation of Asian nations across a hierarchy of good and bad within the American imagination, which affected US policymakers view of how intervention would materialise. Jacobs states:

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is double-crossing him, draws up plans for a phony coup and counter-coup to reaffirm the Diệm regime. Đính sends Nhu's loyal special forces out of Saigon on the pretext of fighting communists and in readiness for the counter coup, and rings Saigon with rebel

2292:

March 10, 1965 — Authored in secret with roots in at least 1964, "Plan of Action for South Vietnam," was a Top Secret rolling document and evolving plan that outlined a significant departure from the public narrative: eradicating communism in indochina, to

1861:

1955 — North Vietnam launches an 'anti-landlord' campaign, during which counter-revolutionaries are imprisoned or killed. The numbers killed or imprisoned are disputed, with historian Stanley Karnow estimating about 6,000 while others (see the book

4406:, persisted for many years after the war's conclusion. The costs of the war loom large in American popular consciousness; a 1990 poll showed that the public incorrectly believed that more Americans lost their lives in Vietnam than in World War II. 1570:. In September 1950, the U.S. started to supply the French. From 1950 until 1954, the United States poured more than $ 3 billion into the war, bankrolling "more than 80 percent of its material costs" over the four-year period. From the 1950s the 1679:

October 1945 — British troops land in southern Vietnam and establish a provisional administration. The British free French soldiers and officials imprisoned by the Japanese. The French begin taking control of cities within the British zone of

3157:

was to be the key. The general held that larger offensive operations would grind down the communists and eventually lead to a "crossover point" in PAVN/NLF casualties after which a decisive (or at least political) victory would be possible.

4391:

secret memo to President Gerald Ford that "in terms of military tactics, we cannot help draw the conclusion that our armed forces are not suited to this kind of war. Even the Special Forces who had been designed for it could not prevail."

1748:, Truman announces "acceleration in the furnishing of military assistance to the forces of France and the Associated States in Indochina...". and sends 123 non-combat troops to help with supplies to fight against the communist Viet Minh. 3654:

and the Soviet Union. An avowed anti-communist since early in his political career, Nixon could make diplomatic overtures to the communists without being accused of being "soft on communism". The result of his overtures was an era of

2539:(NLF, or derogatively, Viet Cong) in South Vietnam with the aid of U.S. matériel and advisers, and, by 1962, seemed to be gaining the upper hand. Senior U.S. military leaders received positive reports from the U.S. commander, General 2805:

in 1969. It was on the basis of the administration's assertions that the attacks were "unprovoked aggression" on the part of North Vietnam, that the United States Congress approved the Southeast Asia Resolution (also known as the

3980:

months of savage fighting, the ARVN retreated back across the border, closely pursued by the North Vietnamese. One half of the invasion force was killed or captured during the operation, and Vietnamization was seen as a failure.

2004:

June 1961 — Kennedy meets with Khrushchev in Vienna. He protests North Vietnam's attacks on Laos and points out that the U.S. was supporting the neutrality of Laos. The two leaders agree to pursue a policy of creating a neutral

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in 1964; and they detailed the American government's complicity in the death of Ngô Đình Diệm. The study presented a continuously pessimistic view of the likelihood of victory and generated fierce criticism of U.S. policies.

2464:

During 1961, his first year in office, Kennedy assigned $ 28.4M to the enlargement of the South Vietnamese army and $ 12.7M to enhance the civil guard. He also found himself faced with a three-part crisis: The failure of the

4336:... And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who was Ho Chi Minh? Nobody really knew. So, until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves, we'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business. It's very dangerous. 1574:

of geopolitics was prominent in U.S. foreign policy thinking. Thus it was feared that communism would spread to neighboring countries unless checked, the overall aim being to prevent communist domination in South-East Asia.

7254: 3334:, large PAVN forces began to stand their ground and fight. This willingness of the communists to remain fixed in place inspired MACV to send reinforcements from other sectors of South Vietnam. The Border Battles had begun. 4556:

officers and non-commissioned officers with grenades or other weapons—created severe problems for the U.S. military and impacted its capability of undertaking combat operations. By 1971, a U.S. Army colonel writing in the

3493:

officer. Perhaps 400 Vietnamese civilians, mostly old men, women, and children had been killed by Charlie company. Several men were charged in the killings, but only Calley was convicted. He was given a life sentence by a

4499:

had been controlled by the president since World War II, and men were drafted every year except 1947 until it was ended in 1973. 1,857,304 people were conscripted into military service from August 1964 to February 1973.

3619:

Nixon's papers show that in 1968, as a presidential candidate, he ordered Anna Chennault, his liaison to the South Vietnam government, to persuade them to refuse a cease-fire being brokered by President Lyndon Johnson.

3859:

to extend their power. Nixon ordered a military incursion into Cambodia by U.S. and ARVN troops in order to both destroy PAVN/NLF sanctuaries bordering South Vietnam and to buy time for the U.S. withdrawal. During the

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At the beginning of the North Vietnamese invasion, the media, including conservative commentator William F. Buckley, predicted the downfall of the Republic of Vietnam; Buckley even called for the firing of General

3213:

cleaning-out of the NLF and the pacification of the villages would be the responsibility of the South Vietnamese military. The adoption of this strategy, however, brought Westmoreland into direct conflict with his

4297:. A separate cease-fire had been installed in Laos in February. Five days before the signing of the agreement in Paris, President Lyndon Johnson, whose presidency had been tainted with the Vietnam issue, died. 4569:....The morale, discipline, and battle-worthiness of the U.S. Armed Forces are, with a few salient exceptions, lower and worse than at any time in this century and possibly in the history of the United States. 4070:

second new offensive, launched from the tri-border region into the Central Highlands, seized a complex of ARVN outposts near Dak To and then advanced toward Kon Tum, threatening to split South Vietnam in two.

2493:

The commitment to defend South Vietnam was reaffirmed by Kennedy on May 11 in National Security Action Memorandum 52, which became known as "The Presidential Program for Vietnam". Its opening statement reads:

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January 27, 1973 - U.S. troops are planned to be withdrawn from South Vietnam in 60 days due to the signing of the Paris Peace Accords. North Vietnam and Nixon also agree to withdraw troops from Cambodia and

2672:

opposed the war: "exact numbers are hard to come by, but certainly in the Senate a clear majority of Democrats and moderate Republicans were either downright opposed to Americanisation or were ambivalent".

4272:

On January 15, 1973, citing progress in peace negotiations, Nixon announced the suspension of all offensive actions against North Vietnam, to be followed by a unilateral withdrawal of all U.S. troops. The

4679:

hinder combat operations. Heroin consumption was also common among US troops and, according to historians such as Robins, was a large problem as an estimated 34% of servicemen consumed it at least once.

3839:. Seeing a shift in the prince's position, President Nixon ordered the launching of a top-secret bombing campaign, targeted at the PAVN/NLF Base Areas and sanctuaries along Cambodia's eastern border. 1698:

and occupy the rest of northern Vietnam. The Viet Minh use the negotiating process with France and China to buy time to use their armed forces to destroy all competing nationalist groups in the north.

4351:

Failure of the war is often placed at different institutions and levels. Some have suggested that the failure of the war was due to political failures of U.S. leadership. The official history of the

4429:

was a prominent spokesperson for the black community in America but also did not fear speaking out against larger issues such as the Vietnam War. In 1964, Malcolm X gave his infamous speech titled "

3182: 3236:

For the American soldier, whose doctrine was one of absolute commitment to total victory, this strategy led to a frustrating small-unit war. Most of the combat was conducted by units smaller than

4289:

sides in South Vietnam almost immediately engaged in land-grabbing military operations, which turned into flashpoints. The signing of the Accords was the main motivation for the awarding of the

2607:, which was covered in the world press. The communists took full advantage of the situation and fueled anti-Diệm sentiment to create further instability. In August, the State Department stated: 2207:, with the tacit approval of the Kennedy administration. Diệm and Nhu escape the presidential residence via a secret exit after loyalist forces were locked out of Saigon, unable to rescue them. 4058:

Vietnamization received another severe test in the spring of 1972 when the North Vietnamese launched a massive conventional offensive across the Demilitarized Zone. Beginning on March 30, the

6679:

Eidenmuller, Michael E. American Rhetoric: Martin Luther King, Jr: A Time to Break Silence (Declaration Against the Vietnam War), www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkatimetobreaksilence.htm.

2547:, or MACV. By the following year, however, cracks began to appear in the façade of success. In January, a possible victory that was turned into a stunning defeat for government forces at the 8905: 7730: 3409:

at the heart of U.S. government statements. These realizations and changing attitudes forced the American public (and politicians) to face hard realities and to reexamine their position in

3201:" to highlight their accelerated training. Unlike soldiers in World War II and Korea, there were no secure rear areas in which to get rest and relaxation. One unidentified soldier said to 3278:

that they had the upper hand and then disappearing when the Americans and/or ARVN brought their superiority in numbers and firepower to bear. North Vietnam, utilizing the Ho Chi Minh and

2865:, in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam, was attacked twice by the NLF, resulting in the deaths of over a dozen U.S. personnel. These guerrilla attacks prompted the administration to 2522:

Kennedy had faced much international pressure against his increasing involvement in Vietnam, non the least from Charles De Gaulle on, but Kennedy held steadfast, stating on September 2:

4821: 4066:

to the North Vietnamese) quickly overran the three northernmost provinces of South Vietnam, including the provincial capital of Quảng Trị City. PAVN forces then drove south toward Huế.

3193:

deprived units of experienced leadership. As one observer put it, "we were not in Vietnam for 10 years, but for one year 10 times." As a result, training programs were shortened. Some

3884:

in Mississippi. In an effort to lessen opposition to the U.S. commitment, Nixon announced on October 12 that the U.S. would withdraw 40,000 more troops from Vietnam before Christmas.

1809:

inscribed with French Air Force insignia were killed when their aircraft was hit by ground fire and crashed after making a parachute drop to resupply French troops at Dien Bien Phu.

6923:

Combat Area Casualty File, November 1993. (The CACF is the basis for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, i.e. The Wall), Center for Electronic Records, National Archives, Washington, DC

3668:

employed Chinese and Soviet foreign policy gambits to successfully defuse some of the anti-war opposition at home and secured movement at the negotiations that had begun in Paris.

3804:) carried out to prevent their publication—mainly on national security grounds—then went on to generate yet more criticism and suspicion of the government by the American public. 3800:) and extra-legal efforts (the "Plumbers" break-in at the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist committed to gain material to discredit him, was one of the first steps on the road to 2511:

countries threatened by the new "wars of national liberation". Originally intended for use behind front lines after a conventional invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed that the

7309: 6977: 6934:"The Drugs That Built a Super Soldier: During the Vietnam War, the U.S. Military Plied Its Servicemen with Speed, Steroids, and Painkillers to Help Them Handle Extended Combat" 8915: 1499: 4332:

First, we didn't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean War, but this was a different country. Secondly, we didn't know our South Vietnamese allies

7407: 6347: 4487:

Between 1953 and 1975, the United States was estimated to have spent $ 168 billion on the war (equivalent to $ 1.65 trillion in 2023). This resulted in a large federal

7473: 7443: 3623: 3027:. The U.S. paid for (through aid dollars) and logistically supplied all of the allied forces. As the manpower demand increased to meet these obligations McNamara initiated 2229:

November 1963 — By this time, Kennedy had increased the number of military personnel from the 900 that were there when he became president to 16,000 just before his death.

17: 7422: 1676:— who was working with the Viet Minh to repatriate Americans captured by the Japanese — was killed by a member of the Viet Minh who mistakenly believed him to be French. 4328:

In the post-war era, Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention. General Maxwell Taylor, one of the principal architects of the war, noted:

8614: 8400: 8240: 5825:

Dean, Robert (2002). "They'll Forgive You For Anything Except Being Weak: Gender and US Escalation in Vietnam 1961-65". In Young, Marilyn B.; Buzzanco, Robert (eds.).

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and facing an increasingly hostile Congress that withheld funding. The President was able to exert little influence on a hostile public long sick of the Vietnam War.

4190:

told the press on November 30 that there would be no more public announcements concerning U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam since force levels were down to 27,000.

1566:. However, Stalin and Mao's offer of support to the Viet Minh changed the battlefield dynamic and geopolitical character from an independence struggle to part of the 8798: 8527: 6493: 3103: 2928:. These operations as a whole were an expensive failure - the bombings, desipte the devastation did not stop the flow of supplies coming down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. 2810:) on August 7. The law gave the President broad powers to conduct military operations without an actual declaration of war. The resolution passed unanimously in the 760: 312: 6396: 4980: 4683:

feelings of hopelessness. Robert Steele and Morgan Murphy toured Vietnam in 1971 and discovered that 15% of the US military said they were addicted to heroin.

3608:

armed forces, and re-equipping it with modern weapons so that they could defend their nation on their own. This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called

2892:. U.S. airpower would act as a method of "strategic persuasion", deterring the North Vietnamese politically by the fear of continued or increased bombardment. 1737:) Indochina to Vietnam to assist the French. The President claimed they were not sent as combat troops, but to supervise the use of $ 10 million worth of U.S. 622: 479: 2150:

First Lady to the bachelor Diệm makes a series of vitriolic attacks on Buddhists, calling the immolations "barbecues". Diệm ignores U.S. calls to silence her.

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international support for North Vietnam due to the perception of a super-power attempting to bomb a significantly smaller, agrarian society into submission.

3042:

Meanwhile, political affairs in Saigon were finally settling down — at least as far as the Americans were concerned. On February 14 the most recent military

1050: 3294:

Although the use of nuclear weapons was proposed as a contingency plan by the military, President Johnson shut this idea down, approving instead the use of

2329:

June 8, 1969 - Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S. troops would be withdrawn by the end of September. A month later, troops would begin departing South Vietnam

7765: 7520: 4359:

have often seemed to exist apart from larger issues, strategies, and objectives. Yet in Vietnam the Army experienced tactical success and strategic failure

2576:

Diệm was already growing unpopular with many of his countrymen because of his administration's nepotism, corruption, and its apparent bias in favor of the

4863:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History

3471:, discovered Calley's unit in the act and threatened to attack them with his aircraft's weapons unless they stopped. One of the soldiers on the scene was 5800:

Logevall, Fredrick (2008). "There Ain't No Daylight: Lyndon Johnson and the Politics of Escalation". In Bradley, Mark Phillip; Young, Marilyn B. (eds.).

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exposed the My Lai massacre in print, and the Haeberle photos were released to the world media. The Pentagon launched an investigation headed by General

3366: 2681:. Isaacs says that engaging in the war would be more damaging politically to Johnson and the Democrats than disengagement because an expensive war meant 2394:

July 26, 1971 - Kissinger announces plans for $ 7.5 billion in aid to be provided for Vietnam, and for the removal of all U.S. troops within nine months.

1895:

1954–1956 — 450,000 Vietnamese civilians flee the Viet Minh administration in North Vietnam and relocate in South Vietnam as part of the US government's

786: 776: 2342:

October 15, 1969 - Hundreds of thousands of people attend mass protests across the United States for the United States to withdraw from the Vietnam War.

8940: 8348: 4831: 2536: 1492: 1019: 582: 7911: 4643: 4503:

As of 2013, the U.S. government is paying Vietnam veterans and their families or survivors more than $ 22 billion a year in war-related claims.

4233: 4132: 4019: 3930: 3711: 3561: 2963: 2050: 2043: 1424: 6898: 5116: 3346:

if the communists were willing to mass their forces for destruction by American air power, so much the better. He described the ideal outcome as a "

2888:

that was inaugurated on March 2, 1965. Its original purpose was to bolster the morale of the South Vietnamese and to serve as a signaling device to

7504: 977: 607: 556: 3129:. Ever present in the minds of diplomats, military officers, and politicians was the possibility of a spiraling escalation of the conflict into a 6784: 4090:

as an incompetent military leader. But the ARVN succeeded in defeating General Giap and his huge invading army. His forces were shattered at the

617: 433: 8910: 7750: 2767:

when it was attacked by three P-4 torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy. Reports later reached the Johnson administration saying that the

752: 1839: 7957: 2503:

Nevertheless, the Kennedy administration held onto its fundamental belief in nation building. Kennedy was intrigued by the idea of utilizing

1485: 4277:

on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" were signed on January 27, officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

2297:

The report is infamously dated both 10 and 24 March 1965—months and ultimately years before the bulk of US ground troops are to be deployed.

8895: 8573: 8252: 3357:

MACV used this opportunity to field its latest technology against the North Vietnamese. A sensor-driven, anti-infiltration system known as

3229:

cooperation was absolutely necessary to military success, would be won or lost. The U.S. had given responsibility for this struggle to the

647: 587: 472: 411: 389: 356: 323: 268: 224: 202: 169: 136: 103: 7464: 5050: 2734:

Commandant of the Marine Corps Wallace Greene (left), III MAF commander General Robert Cushman (center), and General Westmoreland (right).

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President Johnson in conversation with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Earle Wheeler (center) and General Creighton Abrams (right).

1835: 1441: 1398: 766: 528: 7459: 3144: 2742:(RVN or South Vietnam), bringing the total American troop level to 21,000. Shortly thereafter an incident occurred off the coast of the 2301:

more than double, to more than 1,000 new young men per day (from 17,000 to 35,000) for enlistment and training in the U.S. Armed Forces.

5082: 3153:

them. Westmoreland believed that he had found a strategy that would either defeat North Vietnam or force it into serious negotiations.

2515:

employed by Special Forces would be effective in the "brush fire" war in South Vietnam. Thus, in May 1961, Kennedy sent detachments of

1972: 1096: 1041: 1014: 592: 7453: 2361:

April 30, 1970 - Nixon announces that U.S. troops were sent into Cambodia, reversing his April 20 decision to withdraw 150,000 troops.

8900: 8288: 6981: 5001: 2801:

Neither Congress nor the American people learned the whole story about the events in the Gulf of Tonkin until the publication of the

2215: 1665:

forces enter from the north and, as previously planned by the Allies, establish an administration in the country as far south as the

665: 602: 597: 564: 550: 485: 8408: 8245: 7492: 4384: 3632: 3604: 3504:

made public in 1994 by the "Freedom of Information Act" reveals seven, albeit much smaller, massacres previously unacknowledged by

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caused consternation among both the military advisers in the field and among politicians in Washington, D.C. JFK also indicated to

2414: 2060:

of 1962, which provides "... military assistance to countries which are on the rim of the Communist world and under direct attack".

1820:. The defeat, along with the end of the Korean War the previous year, causes the French to seek a negotiated settlement to the war. 1690:

March 6, 1946 — After negotiations with the Chinese and the Viet Minh, the French sign an agreement recognizing Vietnam within the

931: 917: 781: 732: 685: 680: 627: 577: 522: 7470: 7440: 6933: 6877: 4301:(in the form of air strikes) so that the South would not be overrun. But Nixon was fighting for his political life in the growing 2677:

limited public pressure to escalate war whilst his political position was already safe because of an electoral vote of 486 in the

8516: 8176: 4779: 4420: 3500:

Although My Lai generated a lot of civilian recriminations and bad publicity for the military, it was not the only massacre. The

1388: 1009: 612: 571: 542: 7925: 6329: 3161:

It is widely held that the average U.S. serviceman was nineteen years old, as evidenced by the casual reference in a pop song ("

2008:

June 1961 — Kennedy said, "Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place" to James Reston of

8391: 7483: 3501: 3055:

government (the Second Republic), the U.S. had a pliable, stable, and semi-legitimate government in Saigon with which to deal.

2811: 2763:

was conducting an electronic intelligence collection mission in international waters (even as claimed by North Vietnam) in the

675: 514: 499: 6587: 6351: 6205: 3424:. Although Johnson was not on the ballot, commentators viewed this as a defeat for the President. Shortly thereafter, Senator 8656: 7690: 7291: 7169: 7144: 7059: 6815: 6712: 6650: 6624: 6565: 6527: 6468: 6440: 6417: 5934: 5909: 5884: 5809: 5735: 5614: 5333: 5234: 5179: 5148: 4946: 4892: 4774: 3416:

The psychological impact of the Tet Offensive effectively ended the political career of Lyndon Johnson. On March 11, Senator

1463: 1091: 1055: 996: 904: 654: 536: 493: 301: 91: 4573:

Between 1969 and 1971 the U.S. Army recorded more than 900 attacks by troops on their own officers and NCOs with 99 killed.

2410:

August 29, 1972 - Nixon announces the further withdrawal of U.S. troops in South Vietnam to only 27,000 by December 1, 1972.

8640: 8587: 7775: 6854: 6192: 2839:, agreed on November 28 to recommend that Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam. 2544: 1687:

and other Chinese ports. In exchange, China agrees to assist the French in returning to Vietnam north of the 17th parallel.

1583:. The war's lasting impact has been portrayed in the thousands of movies, books, and video games centered on the conflict. 4194:

American resolve, Nixon ordered a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam utilizing B-52s and tactical aircraft in

2397:

January 13, 1972 - Nixon announces plans for 70,000 U.S. troops to be pulled out of Vietnam, half of the remaining forces.

2358:

April 20, 1970 - Nixon announces a second withdrawal of 150,000 U.S. troops from South Vietnam over the span of 12 months.

2318:

April 20, 1969 - Nixon orders the withdrawal of 150,000 U.S. troops from South Vietnam over the span of 12 months, citing

8930: 8925: 8920: 8303: 8270: 8219: 7948: 6311: 5964: 5630: 5096: 4836: 4794: 2516: 2036: 1451: 938: 693: 73: 5349: 5325: 4433:," where he condemned the war and labeled the United States as hypocrites. In the speech, he declared his philosophy of 3198: 3137:. Therefore, there would be no invasion of North Vietnam, the "neutrality" of Laos and Cambodia would be respected, and 2120:

declares that the U.S. should fight to win or withdraw from Vietnam. Later on, during his presidential campaign against

8828: 8793: 8557: 8484: 8463: 8315: 8159: 7934: 7886: 7076: 5301: 4806: 4536:

percent were black and the remainder from other races." Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of

3797: 3170: 2822: 2264: 1965: 1874: 1446: 1003: 771: 632: 504: 6245:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume VI, Vietnam, January–August 1968 - Office of the Historian" 3895:, throwing his substantial personal support behind the Khmer Rouge, the North Vietnamese, and the Laotian Pathet Lao. 3062:, American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 8813: 7881: 7204: 6386: 6086: 5834: 5380: 4871: 4665: 4496: 4259: 4158: 4045: 3956: 3737: 3587: 2989: 2504: 2211: 1994: 1914: 670: 660: 61: 4241: 4140: 4027: 3938: 3719: 3569: 2971: 8833: 8435: 8235: 7876: 7841: 4757: 3497:

in 1970, but after numerous appeals, he was finally set free; he had served just over three years of house arrest.

3282:, matched the U.S. at every point of the escalation, funneling manpower and supplies to the southern battlefields. 3015:

allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and material to the conflict. They were joined by the

2829: 1771:

1954 — In January, Navarre's Deputy asked for additional transport aircraft. Negotiations ended on March 3 with 24

964: 739: 7004:"Proclamation 4483: Granting Pardon for Violations of the Selective Service Act, August 4, 1964 To March 38, 1973" 5498: 4967:

The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, development, and U.S. Foreign Policy from the Cold War to the Present

1758:, asked U.S. General McArthur to loan twelve Fairchild C-119 aircraft, to be flown by French crews, to facilitate 7744: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7545: 4732: 4522: 4518: 3230: 1878: 1157: 899: 850: 4177:

During the run-up to the 1972 presidential election, the war was once again a major issue. An antiwar Democrat,

3864:, U.S. and ARVN forces discovered and removed or destroyed a huge logistical and intelligence haul in Cambodia. 2924:

logistical system that flowed from North Vietnam through southeastern Laos, and into South Vietnam known as the

2880:

was the code name given to a sustained strategic bombing campaign targeted against the North by aircraft of the

8630: 8592: 7785: 7780: 5859: 4826: 4647: 4237: 4136: 4023: 3934: 3715: 3650:

One of Nixon's main foreign policy goals had been the achievement of a breakthrough in U.S. relations with the

3565: 2967: 2743: 2725: 1636: 640: 509: 7655: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 6106:"Vietnam: A Television History; Vietnamizing the War (1968 - 1973); Interview with Bui Diem [1], 1981" 5473: 4576: 3369:" was near were countered when, on January 30, 1968, PAVN and NLF forces broke the truce that accompanied the 3307:

war, President Johnson did not change his stance on the use of tactical nuclear weapons against the Vietcong.

2786:

asking for more political power to utilize American military forces in South Vietnam, using the attack on the

2345:

November 15, 1969 - A second, larger protest takes place in Washington D.C., with an estimated 500,000 people.

1701:

December 1946 — Negotiations between the Viet Minh and the French break down. The Viet Minh are driven out of

8874: 8369: 8108: 4752: 4722: 4537: 4512: 4383:

miscalculation, and demonstrated the limitations of U.S. military abilities in achieving political goals. As

3651: 3477: 3327: 1780: 1342: 959: 944: 874: 864: 835: 825: 6759: 6130: 4447:

United States expenditures in South Vietnam (SVN) (1953–1974) Direct costs only. Some estimates are higher.

8702: 8522: 8358: 8192: 8125: 7871: 7428: 7185: 4762: 4073:

The U.S. countered with a buildup of American airpower to support ARVN defensive operations and to conduct

3508:, in which at least 137 civilians had died. Cover-ups may have occurred in other cases, as detailed in the 3125:

considerations limited U.S. military actions, mainly because of the memory of Chinese reactions during the

2166: 2132: 1896: 1624: 949: 923: 909: 879: 869: 820: 746: 279: 39: 3385:, where it continued for a month. During the occupation of the historic city, 2,800 South Vietnamese were 2730: 8859: 8758: 8579: 8115: 7760: 7726: 7501: 6902: 5113: 4910: 3255: 3072: 1983: 1772: 1727: 1520: 1373: 1267: 840: 830: 8048: 5019: 3051: 2407:

April 20, 1972 - Nixon announces plans to reduce U.S. troops in South Vietnam to 49,000 by July 1, 1972.

2315:

significantly reducing recruitment standards for the U.S. military in the face of rising manpower needs.

8803: 8546: 8384: 8293: 8098: 7962: 7708: 6105: 4801: 4769: 4371: 3214: 3202: 2571: 2204: 1765: 1684: 969: 954: 814: 5411:"Paper Prepared by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (McNaughton)" 3080: 8843: 8537: 8458: 8298: 8265: 8164: 8137: 7967: 7943: 7683: 6829: 5114:"Presentation of the Insignia of Knights of the Legion of Honor to seven CAT pilots at Dien Bien Phu" 4488: 4399: 2848: 2807: 2404:, and becomes the first president in US history to meet with a Chinese Communist leader face to face. 2271: 2260: 1900: 1886: 1378: 1307: 1272: 845: 334: 7162:

Soldiering on in a Dying War: The True Story of the Firebase Pace Incidents and the Vietnam Drawdown

6788: 5702: 5410: 5194: 3835:

U.S. and created a Government of National Salvation with the assistance of the pro-American General

3350:

in reverse". MACV then launched the largest concentrated aerial bombardment effort of the conflict (

2746:(North Vietnam) that was destined to escalate the conflict to new levels and lead to the full scale 2532: 2196: 2102: 2098: 8320: 8197: 7906: 7813: 7770: 7540: 6688:

Malcolm X: The Ballot or the Bullet, www.edchange.org/multicultural/speeches/malcolm_x_ballot.html.

6244: 5782: 4727: 4430: 4222: 4121: 4008: 3919: 3881: 3700: 3550: 3194: 2952: 1347: 1252: 1212: 807: 7102: 2555:

that the war may be unwinnable, and that it was ultimately a Vietnamese war, not an American war.

2106: 8778: 8425: 8171: 8030: 7939: 7860: 6278:(partial copy of document declassified from Top Secret -- paragraph 16 is of particular interest) 5450: 5414: 4636: 4284:. Within South Vietnam, a cease-fire was declared (to be overseen by a multi-national, 1,160-man 4226: 4195: 4172: 4125: 4012: 3923: 3704: 3554: 3517: 3347: 3273: 3075:

became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam. On August 18,

3003: 2956: 2917: 2897:

more than 300,000 sorties were flown and three-quarters of a million tons of bombs were dropped,

2881: 2719: 2384:

April 23, 1971 - A protest tantamount to the November 1969 protest takes place in Washington D.C.

2248: 1817: 1312: 1302: 1297: 1277: 7423:

Essential Matters: History of the Cryptographic Branch of the People's Army of Vietnam 1945-1975

6666: 2219: 1658:. Hồ Chí Minh fights with a variety of other political factions for control of the major cities. 8676: 8202: 8154: 7866: 5418: 5286: 5057: 4737: 4415: 4290: 3673: 3173: 3092: 2866: 2783: 2364:

June 3, 1970 - Nixon withdraws half of the 31,000 troops in Cambodia to fight in South Vietnam.

2057: 1824: 1708:

1947–1949 — The Viet Minh fight a limited insurgency in remote rural areas of northern Vietnam.

1647: 1598: 1414: 1393: 1227: 1142: 1086: 158: 6076: 5372: 5365: 4544:, a day after his assuming office, granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam-era 2223: 2001:

to train South Vietnamese soldiers following a visit to the country by Vice President Johnson.

8713: 8707: 8686: 8532: 8377: 8057: 8016: 5727: 5524: 5226: 5171: 3970: 3877: 3421: 3358: 3267: 3063: 3047: 3043: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2174: 1798: 1613: 1262: 1257: 1132: 858: 422: 367: 345: 4596:

heavily criticised Westmoreland's attrition strategy, calling it "wasteful of American lives

3660:

until such time as he could not be blamed for what he saw as its inevitable collapse (or a "

2782:

again reported that both vessels were under attack. Regardless, President Johnson addressed

51: 8945: 8666: 8338: 7676: 6545: 6269: 5140: 4816: 4717: 4697: 4585: 4557: 4387: 4313: 4091: 4074: 3869: 3148:

President Johnson conferring with South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in July 1968.

2815: 2466: 2450:

In 1961, the new administration of President John F. Kennedy took a new approach to aiding

2185:'s Special Forces if they are not sent into battle, rather than used to repress dissidents. 2178: 2022: 1473: 1352: 1317: 1222: 1197: 894: 884: 191: 180: 125: 6699: 5606:

Inside the Green Berets: The First Thirty Years, a History of the U.S. Army Special Forces

5591:

The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War; Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships

5257: 2304:

1966 — Lyndon B. Johnson expanded the number of troops being sent into Vietnam to 385,000.

2170: 2158: 1654:, the Japanese administration allows Hồ Chí Minh to take control over the country, in the 8: 8838: 8808: 8480: 8430: 8260: 8209: 8129: 8039: 7852: 7808: 7489: 6881: 4712: 4274: 3892: 3873: 3829: 3764: 3758: 3636: 3464: 3430: 3386: 3261: 2757: 2739: 2669: 2567: 2563: 2378: 2282: 2252: 2162: 2110: 1802: 1776: 1666: 1662: 1555: 1337: 1287: 1242: 1232: 1217: 1207: 1192: 1172: 1147: 1137: 1127: 889: 714: 704: 114: 7467:

CIA's Estimates of Arms Traffic through Sihanoukville, Cambodia, During the Vietnam War.

7403:

The Office of the Secretary of Defense & Joint Staff, FOIA Requester Service Center

7026: 6728: 8753: 8440: 8078: 8003: 7989: 7380: 7367: 7354: 7341: 7315: 7274:Đỗ, Hoàng Minh; Đỗ, Quyên Thị Ngọc (2014), "Higher and Tertiary Education in Vietnam", 7235: 7003: 5764: 4702: 4352: 3861: 3817: 3773: 3752: 3472: 3468: 3377:

The PAVN/NLF attacks were speedily and bloodily repulsed in virtually all areas except

3316: 3222: 3076: 3031:

which witnessed a significant reduction in recruiting standards for the U.S. military.

2885: 2308: 2029: 2018: 2010: 1956: 1738: 1643: 1357: 1332: 1237: 1177: 1152: 1122: 1112: 724: 719: 709: 699: 235: 213: 7328: 8864: 8783: 8083: 7993: 7976: 7803: 7490:

CIA collection of Vietnam War documents released under the Freedom of Information Act

7287: 7239: 7227: 7165: 7140: 7110: 7055: 6708: 6646: 6592: 6561: 6550: 6464: 6436: 6391: 6333: 6082: 5930: 5905: 5880: 5855: 5830: 5805: 5731: 5610: 5376: 5329: 5230: 5175: 5144: 5076: 4942: 4867: 4549: 4434: 4403: 4302: 3801: 3456: 3425: 3351: 3154: 3016: 2925: 2660: 2512: 2434: 2233: 2121: 1979: 1968:

is foiled after Diệm falsely promises reform, allowing loyalists to crush the rebels.

1921: 1791: 1790:, the French Chief of Staff, proposed an American operation to rescue French forces. 1655: 1616:

declines repeated requests from the French to assist France's attempts to recolonize

1539: 1469: 1292: 1247: 1187: 1162: 1117: 1060: 79: 6588:"25 Years After End of Vietnam War, Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam" 6206:"What was the Vietnam War (1955-1975)? - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute" 3772:). This top-secret historical study of the American commitment in Vietnam, from the 2181:. The U.S. calls for Nhu to be dropped by Diệm, and threatens to cut aid to Colonel 1952: 8869: 8763: 8472: 8093: 8025: 7846: 7836: 7818: 7386: 7373: 7360: 7347: 7334: 7321: 7279: 7219: 6862: 6597: 5274: 5097:"The OSS in Vietnam, 1945: A War of Missed Opportunities by Dixee Bartholomew-Feis" 4789: 4593: 4356: 4345: 4087: 4059: 3777: 3489: 3295: 2594:

else. And in fact, what Diem signed, what we persuaded him to, had not been adopted

2548: 2368: 2075: 2046:

by two dissident Republic of Vietnam Air Force pilots who bombed his palace, fails.

1863: 1855: 1760: 1606: 1322: 1202: 1167: 1065: 988: 983: 465: 290: 6179: 4592:

The Vietnam War called into question the U.S. Army doctrine. Marine Corps general

3393:

After the Tet Offensive, influential news magazines and newspapers, including the

3245:

among American troops by the effective tactics of the NLF, who conducted a war of

2182: 8773: 8725: 8597: 8510: 8489: 8476: 8309: 8214: 8133: 7920: 7508: 7496: 7477: 7447: 6541: 5721: 5604: 5319: 5305: 5220: 5165: 5134: 5120: 4861: 4742: 4707: 4581: 4281: 4280:

The agreement called for the withdrawal of all U.S. personnel and an exchange of

4178: 3781: 3665: 3661: 3442: 3417: 3406: 3166: 3141:

would not resemble the bombing of Germany and Japan during the Second World War.

3134: 3028: 2825: 2665: 2604: 2600: 2559: 2552: 2540: 2388: 2339:

July 30, 1969 - President Nixon visits South Vietnam for the first and only time.

2312: 2189: 2117: 1383: 1327: 1282: 1182: 257: 5927:

Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: local, national and transnational perspectives

5902:

Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: local, national and transnational perspectives

5877:

Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: local, national and transnational perspectives

5802:

Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: local, national and transnational perspectives

3079:

began as the first major U.S. ground operation, destroying an NLF stronghold in

2089:

after the display of religious flags were prohibited, during the celebration of

8818: 8671: 8088: 8062: 8012: 5020:"The Political Effects of the Vietnam War on 1960's Pop Culture - PHDessay.com" 4811: 4317: 3823: 3813: 3613: 3609: 3509: 3410: 3381:, where the fighting lasted for three days, and in the old imperial capital of 3279: 2836: 2772: 2764: 2644: 2451: 2333: 2319: 2286: 2256: 2125: 2094: 1867: 1673: 1070: 147: 8399: 6951: 6288: 5783:"Telephone Conversation Between President Johnson and Senator Richard Russell" 5640: 5440: 4527: 2738:

On July 27, 1964, 5,000 additional U.S. military advisers were ordered to the

2718:

Further information on the decision to escalate the American involvement:

2455:

Communism, the rest of South East Asia would follow suit. In 1961 he asserted:

2163:

stage raids across the country, attacking Buddhist temples and firing on monks

8889: 8788: 8748: 8681: 8625: 7985: 7856: 7740: 7722: 7114: 6855:"US still making payments to relatives of Civil War veterans, analysis finds" 6557: 4341: 3600: 3494: 3485: 3320: 3218: 3205:

that there was nothing to do in Vietnam and therefore many of the men smoked

2870: 2682: 2636: 2086: 1998: 1831: 1755: 1723: 1683:

February 1946 — The French sign an agreement with China. France gives up its

1580: 1571: 1543: 1512: 7283: 5397:"U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup, 1965 | eHISTORY" 5298: 3780:

by Secretary of Defense McNamara. The documents were leaked to the press by

2188:

September 2, 1963 — Kennedy criticises the Diệm regime in an interview with

2097:'s birthday; but, Catholic flags celebrating the consecration of Archbishop 8823: 8635: 8554: 8103: 7231: 7137:

Not A Gentleman's War: An Inside View of Junior Officers in the Vietnam War

4545: 4541: 3522: 3505: 3190: 3112: 2478: 2371: 1925: 1691: 5474:"Project 100,000: The Vietnam War's cruel experiment on American soldiers" 4414:

In the earlier stages of his career as a prominent civil rights activist,

4409: 3451:

U.S. Army photo of Vietnamese civilians killed during the My Lai massacre.

2374:

says that the combat mission of U.S. troops were planned to end by summer.

8494: 7699: 5002:"2020 Name Additions and Status Changes on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial" 4939:

America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed.)

4747: 4309: 4187: 3856: 3513: 3233:(ARVN), whose troops and commanders were notoriously unfit for the task. 3183:

On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society

3024: 2577: 2508: 2474: 2438: 1602: 1531: 1516: 5768: 5752: 2771:

was under attack. Two nights later, after being joined by the destroyer

2659:

A great deal of the blame for U.S. failures in Vietnam has been cast on

2192:, citing the Buddhist repression and claiming that Diệm is out of touch. 8468: 4650: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4531:

A marine gets his wounds treated during operations in Huế City, in 1968

4294: 3852: 3130: 3126: 3012: 3008: 2648: 2640: 2486: 2401: 2143: 2068: 2064: 1936: 1843: 1745: 1563: 1547: 400: 246: 7223: 6978:"Vietnam War Resisters in Canada Open Arms to U.S. Military Deserters" 6290:"Daisy" Ad (1964): Preserved from 35mm in the Tony Schwartz Collection 3656: 2255:

is allegedly attacked by North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats in the

2195:

Late October 1963 — Nhu, unaware that Saigon region commander General

1783:, flying undercover using French insignia, but maintained by the USAF. 1733:

September 1950 — Truman sends the Military Assistance Advisory Group (

7734: 6643:

Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam

5572: 4426: 3807: 3455:

On March 16, 1968, three companies of Task Force Barker, part of the

3237: 3206: 3162: 2853: 2832: 2793:

Confusion was abound around the circumstance of the attacks. The USS

2754: 2724:

Further information on U.S. covert activities in Southeast Asia:

2381:

explodes outside the U.S. Capitol in protest of the invasion of Laos.

2177:

rebukes Diệm by visiting Xá Lợi and giving refuge to Buddhist leader

1932: 1813: 1651: 1632: 1551: 1535: 7192:. Hendersonville, NC. Associated Press. January 27, 1973. p. 1. 6878:"Iraq, Afghanistan Wars Will Cost U.S. 4–6 Trillion Dollars: Report" 6433:

A Warring Nation: Honor, Race, and Humiliation in America and Abroad

6374:

Guerrilla Diplomacy: the NLF's foreign relations and the Vietnam War

5951:

The Vietnam War: the history of America's conflict in Southeast Asia

5723:

Shadow on the White House: Presidents and the Vietnam War, 1945-1975

4625: 4211: 4110: 3997: 3908: 3689: 3539: 2941: 2481:; and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of 1741:

to support the French in their effort to fight the Viet Minh forces.

8719: 8661: 6701:

Foreign aid, war, and economic development: South Vietnam 1955–1975

5477: 4822:

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group

4784: 3750:

The credibility of the U.S. government again suffered in 1971 when

3644: 3339: 3225:

concept, predicated on the attrition of enemy forces, won the day.

3117: 3020: 2581: 2028:

October 1961 — Following successful NLF attacks, Defense Secretary

1851: 1787: 1695: 1567: 5167:

Groupthink or deadlock: when do leaders learn from their advisors?

3842: 3784:, a former State Department official who had worked on the study. 3664:", as it was known). To this end he and National Security Advisor 3459:, took part in a search and destroy operation near the village of 3447: 2535:

regime had been initially able to cope with the insurgency of the

1892:

April 1956 — The last French troops finally withdraw from Vietnam.

7317:

President John Kennedy's Press Conference on South Vietnam (1963)

6552:

Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy

6148: 6134: 5635: 5446: 4375: 4366: 3888: 3836: 3382: 3370: 3241: 3067: 2920:) were directed to counter the flow of men and material down the 2082: 1628: 1617: 1527: 3846:

President Nixon explains the expansion of the war into Cambodia.

3098: 3046:, the National Leadership Committee, installed Air Vice-Marshal 2686:

enough bombs on a backward Asian country, victory must follow".

2336:

is announced in an informal press conference by President Nixon.

8620: 7052:

Fragging: Why U.S. Soldiers Assaulted their Officers in Vietnam

6540: 6065:. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1991, p. 89. 4097: 3460: 3378: 3331: 3330:

at Con Tien and then spreading west to the Laotian border near

3246: 2862: 2237: 2136: 1559: 7668: 6330:"U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968" 4293:

to Henry Kissinger and to leading North Vietnamese negotiator

3087:

imported adversaries first faced one another during Operation

2348:

December 1, 1969 - The first draft lottery since 1942 is held.

2063:

October 1962 — Operation Ranch Hand begins. U.S. planes spray

1801:

and Wallace Buford, U.S. civilian contract pilots employed by

1794:

was hastily planned but not approved due to lack of consensus.

7205:"Lee Robins' studies of heroin use among US Vietnam veterans" 5900:

Bradley and Young, Mark Phillip and Marilyn B. Young (2008).

5442:

McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War

4181:, ran against President Nixon. The president ended Operation 3289: 2889: 2460:

southeast Asia was China and the Communists. So I believe it.

2241: 2090: 1959:

helicopters airlift members of a U.S. infantry regiment, 1966

1806: 1702: 8906:

Military history of the United States during the Vietnam War

6161: 5726:. Modern war studies. University Press of Kansas. pp. 5560:

American foreign relations: a history. Since 1895, Volume 2

5195:"A Chronological Summary of Some CAT Historical Milestones" 5123:(Embassy of France in the United States, February 25, 2005) 2921: 2624: 2482: 2470: 2429:

The last American combat troops are withdrawn from Vietnam.

2154: 1987: 1940: 1847: 1842:. Its purpose is to direct, organize, train and supply the 1734: 8615:

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

8401:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

5875:

Bradley and Young, Phillip Bradley and Marilyn B. (2008).

5139:(3, illustrated ed.), Naval Institute Press, p. 4588:

talk with General Tee on conditions of the war in Vietnam.

4402:, concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as 2032:

recommends sending six divisions (200,000 men) to Vietnam.

8799:

National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

7259: 3034: 2210:

November 2, 1963 — Diệm and Nhu are discovered in nearby

2131:

June 11, 1963 — Photographs of protesting Buddhist monk,

1928:

become the first two American Advisers to die in Vietnam.

1883:

This marks the official beginning of American involvement

1751:

1951 — Truman authorizes $ 150 million in French support.

1627:(OSS), commanded by Major Allison Thomas, parachute into 7450:, Covert Support to Military Government in South Vietnam 6803: 6133:. Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network. Archived from 5352:. Swarthmore College Peace Collection. November 3, 2016. 3249:, booby traps, mines, and terror against the Americans. 2580:

minority—of which Diệm was a part—at the expense of the

2124:, his Democratic opponents accuse him of wanting to use 6270:"Authority for access to COFRAM - information required" 6034:

Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology

6006:

Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology

5925:

Bradley and Young, Mark Phillip and Marilyn B. (2008).

5686:

Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Vietnam war Anthology

5671:

Light at the end of the Tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology

5547:

Light at the End of the Tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology

4410:

U.S Civil Rights Leaders' Opposition to U.S Involvement

3822:

Further information on the PAVN logistical system:

3310: 3071:

unilateral decision by the US government. On May 5 the

3050:

as prime minister. In 1966, the junta selected General

1986:" throughout the world. The idea of creating a neutral 1899:. Approximately 52,000 move in the opposite direction. 1562:'s colonial rule, and the indecisive conclusion of the 7502:

CIA's collection of declassified Air America documents

6785:"Echoes of Combat: The Vietnam War in American Memory" 5753:"'That Bitch of a War': Lyndon B. Johnson and Vietnam" 5317: 4374:

private waits on the beach during the Marine landing,

3776:

administration until 1967, had been contracted to the

2214:. Although they had been promised exile by the junta, 1661:

August 1945 — A few days after the August Revolution,

8916:

History of the foreign relations of the United States

6980:. Pacific News Service. June 28, 2005. Archived from 6612: 6078:

Year Of The Hawk America's Descent Into Vietnam, 1965

4077:, the first offensive bombing of North Vietnam since 3828:

Further information on the conflict in Cambodia:

3631:

Soon after Tet, General Westmoreland was promoted to

2842: 2377:

March 1, 1971 - At 1:32 a.m., a bomb planted by

6463:. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 13–4. 5829:(1st ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell. p. 368. 5804:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–108. 4880: 3390:

performance that pleased even its American patrons.

2499:

covert character designed to achieve this objective.

1873:

November 1, 1955 — President Eisenhower deploys the

5787:

Foreign Service Institute – Office of the Historian

4286:

International Commission of Control and Supervision

2445: 2205:

Military officers launch a coup d'état against Diệm

1910:

1956 — National unification elections do not occur.

1754:1953 — By November, French commander in Indochina, 1672:September 26, 1945: OSS officer Lieutenant Colonel 7385:is available for free viewing and download at the 7372:is available for free viewing and download at the 7359:is available for free viewing and download at the 7346:is available for free viewing and download at the 7333:is available for free viewing and download at the 7320:is available for free viewing and download at the 7255:"What Vietnam taught us about breaking bad habits" 6549: 6022:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1982, p. 161. 5364: 4832:List of Congressional opponents of the Vietnam War 3808:Operation Menu and the Cambodian campaign, 1969–70 3643:worsening drug use among soldiers, and increased " 2537:National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam 2433:August 9, 1974 - Richard Nixon resigns due to the 2263:, authorizing U.S. military action to support any 2053:is signed at Geneva, promising Laotian neutrality. 6893: 6891: 6515: 5924: 5899: 5874: 5573:"McAdams's Kennedy Assassination Home Page Index" 5525:"Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian" 4548:(but not deserters who were on active duty) with 3365:General Westmoreland's public reassurances that " 2589:US frustrations with the Diem government, stating 2051:International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos 2014:(immediately after meeting Khrushchev in Vienna). 1591: 1534:in the Pacific, domestic pressure to act against 8887: 6952:"War Resisters Remain in Canada with No Regrets" 6232:Choppers: The Heroic Birth Of Helicopter Warfare 6063:Setup: What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why 6049:The Vietnam War: a concise International History 5991:The Vietnam War: a concise international history 3002:President Johnson had already appointed General 1530:began due to a combination of factors: the U.S. 7393: 7310:Why Did Vietnamization of The Vietnam War Fail? 5929:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 48. 5904:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 62. 5879:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 48. 4969:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 39. 4891:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFOldmeadow2004 ( 2281:in Da Nang composed of 3,500 US Marines of the 1830:1954 — Two months after the Geneva conference, 1726:from Chinese Nationalist forces by the Chinese 8528:April 15, 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations 7480:, Black Entry Operations into Northern Vietnam 6888: 6309: 5602: 5540: 5538: 4506: 8385: 7684: 7212:Addiction: Society for the Study of Addiction 7077:"McNamara on Record, Reluctantly, on Vietnam" 6814:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWestheider2007 ( 6181:John Paul Vann: Information from Answers.com. 5854:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 5596: 5321:The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s 5311: 5170:(illustrated ed.), SUNY Press, pp. 5040:(Random House Publishing Group, 2007), p. 59. 5038:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 3855:allowing their allies, the Chinese-supported 3420:won 42 percent of the vote in the Democratic 3099:Search and destroy, the strategy of attrition 2821:National Security Council members, including 1493: 8574:1968 Democratic National Convention protests 6623:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKissinger1975 ( 6416:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarnow1997 ( 6234:. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press. 1–288. 4981:"The Vietnam War - The Cold War (1945–1989)" 3107:President Lyndon B. Johnson in Vietnam, 1967 18:Role of the United States in the Vietnam War 8769:Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee 8220:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 6707:. Cambridge University Press. p. 242. 6581: 6579: 6577: 6454: 6452: 6430: 5703:"The History Place - Vietnam War 1961-1964" 5697: 5695: 5535: 5101:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 4419:with the Vietnam War in his speech titled " 4316:, against the South that culminated in the 4240:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4139:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4026:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3937:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3718:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3635:and he was replaced by his deputy, General 3568:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3512:-winning series of articles concerning the 2970:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2654: 8392: 8378: 7691: 7677: 7164:. University of Kansas Press. p. 95. 6809: 6431:Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (2014). "Chapter 8". 6100: 6098: 6018:Terrence Maitland, Setphen Weiss, et al., 5963:Paterson, Lieutenant Pat (February 2008). 4608:... The grunts were determined to survive 3647:" of U.S. officers by disgruntled troops. 3529: 3290:Tactical nuclear weapons and cluster bombs 3038:U.S. aircraft bombs NLF positions in 1965. 2647:, the U.S. was fearful of a repeat of the 2420:January 22, 1973 - Lyndon B. Johnson dies. 2135:, burning himself to death in protest, in 1973:National Liberation Front of South Vietnam 1500: 1486: 7456:, Covert Action in South Vietnam, 1954–63 7382:Big Picture: U.S. Army Advisor in Vietnam 7278:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 29–53, 7045: 7043: 6636: 6634: 6618: 6408: 6406: 6312:"The 'Wobble' on the War on Capitol Hill" 5218: 4886: 4666:Learn how and when to remove this message 4260:Learn how and when to remove this message 4159:Learn how and when to remove this message 4046:Learn how and when to remove this message 3957:Learn how and when to remove this message 3738:Learn how and when to remove this message 3588:Learn how and when to remove this message 2990:Learn how and when to remove this message 2324:U.S. troop presence peaks at over 540,000 8936:United States–Vietnam military relations 7369:Big Picture: Big Picture: The Unique War 6875: 6585: 6574: 6544:; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K.; 6534: 6526:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDemma1989 ( 6458: 6449: 6172: 6046: 5988: 5962: 5799: 5719: 5692: 5465: 4575: 4526: 4365: 3887:Following the coup, Sihanouk arrived in 3841: 3762:and other newspapers serially published 3622: 3612:. As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled 3446: 3143: 3102: 3033: 2852: 2729: 2629: 2625:Reasons for U.S. intervention in Vietnam 2267:government against communist aggression. 1951: 8517:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 8241:Opposition to United States involvement 7252: 7159: 6822: 6483: 6399:from the original on December 18, 2011. 6186: 6095: 5750: 5499:"30 April 1970: The Cambodian Campaign" 5438: 5432: 5362: 4936: 4855: 4853: 4780:Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Project 4421:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 3133:confrontation and the possibility of a 3011:program to legitimize intervention and 2603:, during which several monks committed 2081:May 8, 1963 — Buddhists demonstrate in 2039:(MACV) is created by President Kennedy. 33:This article is part of a series on the 14: 8888: 7139:. University of North Carolina Press. 7128: 7100: 7040: 6640: 6631: 6412: 6403: 6051:. Oxford University Press. p. 97. 6031: 6003: 5993:. Oxford University Press. p. 97. 5849: 5683: 5668: 5544: 5453:from the original on December 13, 2021 5163: 5132: 5081:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4964: 4930: 4905: 4903: 4859: 3502:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files 2753:On the evening of August 2, 1964, the 8941:South Vietnam–United States relations 8911:Cold War history of the United States 8657:Greenwich Village townhouse explosion 8373: 7672: 7615:Vietnam September 1968 – January 1969 7398: 7134: 7049: 7025:Heinl, Robert D. Jr. (June 7, 1971). 7024: 7018: 6787:. Stanford University. Archived from 6754: 6752: 6750: 6521: 6193:"Vietnamization: 1970 Year in Review" 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5603:Simpson, C.M.; Rheault, R.B. (1983). 5471: 5324:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 4775:Military history of the United States 2861:In February 1965, a U.S. air base at 2074:January 3, 1963 — NLF victory in the 1931:September 1959 — North Vietnam forms 1903:writes his memoir about the refugees 1605:seeking Vietnamese independence from 8641:Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam 8588:Columbia University protests of 1968 8354: 7529: 7273: 7202: 7074: 6729:"How Much Did The Vietnam War Cost?" 6697: 6484:Lippman, Thomas W. (April 9, 1995). 6310:Don Oberdorfer (December 17, 1967). 6210:bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com 5824: 5439:Gregory, Hamilton (April 29, 2016). 4960: 4958: 4850: 4648:adding citations to reliable sources 4619: 4318:surrender of the Republic of Vietnam 4238:adding citations to reliable sources 4205: 4137:adding citations to reliable sources 4104: 4024:adding citations to reliable sources 3991: 3935:adding citations to reliable sources 3902: 3891:, where he established and headed a 3880:. Two other students were killed at 3716:adding citations to reliable sources 3683: 3566:adding citations to reliable sources 3533: 3311:Border battles and the Tet Offensive 2968:adding citations to reliable sources 2935: 2545:Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 2307:October 1966 - Secretary Of Defense 1694:. Shortly after, the French land at 8896:Anti-communism in the United States 7958:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 7644:Vietnam October 1972 – January 1973 7514: 7486:, CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos 7267: 6669:. Gallup News Service. May 8, 2001. 6486:"McNamara Writes Vietnam Mea Culpa" 5371:. New York: Random House. pp. 4900: 4860:Tucker, Spencer C. (May 20, 2011). 4837:United States assistance to Vietnam 4795:United States Air Force In Thailand 4323: 3987: 3475:, a photographer for the newspaper 2857:U.S. F-105 aircraft dropping bombs. 2689: 2507:for counterinsurgency conflicts in 2295:"avoiding a humiliating US defeat." 2105:were not prohibited. The police of 2056:August 1, 1962 — Kennedy signs the 2037:Military Assistance Command Vietnam 2017:August 10, 1961 — Test run of U.S. 1870:puts the figure as high as 200,000. 1722:May 1, 1950 — After the capture of 1538:after the communist victory in the 24: 8794:Movement for a Democratic Military 8464:1965 March against the Vietnam War 7887:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 7330:Laos: The Not So Secret War (1970) 7027:"The Collapse of the Armed Forces" 6747: 6461:The Vietnam War in American Memory 6131:"Statistics about the Vietnam War" 5655: 5609:. Presidio Press. pp. 31–32. 4807:Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War 4320:to PAVN forces on April 30, 1975. 4201: 3679: 3484:In 1969, investigative journalist 3436: 3367:the light at the end of the tunnel 2843:Operation Rolling Thunder, 1965–68 2823:United States Secretary of Defense 2708: 2265:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 1917:and occupies parts of the country. 1875:Military Assistance Advisory Group 443: Modern Era 25: 8957: 8814:Students for a Democratic Society 7882:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 7356:Big Picture: Operation Montagnard 7303: 7253:Spiegel, Alex (January 2, 2012). 6901:. Digital History. Archived from 6008:. Wilmington: DE. pp. 76–77. 5953:. Salamander Books, 1998, p. 155. 5472:Davis, Matt (November 14, 2018). 5318:David Farber; Eric Foner (1994). 4955: 4497:Conscription in the United States 4441: 3770:U.S.-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967 3300:Controlled Fragmentation Munition 2713: 2635:state. After the intervention of 2505:United States Army Special Forces 1995:United States Army Special Forces 1550:'s pledge in 1950 to support the 8901:United States in the Vietnam War 8834:Vietnam Veterans Against the War 8436:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 8353: 8344: 8343: 8334: 8333: 8236:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 7656:Vietnam January 1973 – July 1975 7634:Vietnam July 1970 – January 1972 7629:Vietnam January 1969 – July 1970 7412:(very large document collection) 7246: 7196: 7178: 7153: 7094: 7068: 6667:"Victory in Europe 56 Years Ago" 6645:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 6586:Buzzanco, Bob (April 17, 2000). 6435:. University of Virginia Press. 4758:Vietnam Veterans Against the War 4624: 4210: 4109: 3996: 3907: 3688: 3538: 2940: 2901:was ended on November 11, 1968. 2790:as cause to get what he wanted. 2446:Under the Kennedy administration 2400:February 21, 1972 - Nixon meets 2226:. Minh leads the military junta. 1885:in the war as recognized by the 1468: 1459: 1458: 1420: 1419: 50: 8829:United States Servicemen's Fund 7872:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 7698: 7186:"Military draft ended by Laird" 7101:Scheer, Robert (July 8, 2009). 7054:. Texas Tech University Press. 6996: 6970: 6944: 6926: 6917: 6869: 6847: 6777: 6721: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6659: 6477: 6424: 6379: 6366: 6340: 6322: 6303: 6281: 6262: 6237: 6224: 6198: 6154: 6123: 6081:. Scribner. pp. 170, 285. 6068: 6055: 6040: 6025: 6012: 5997: 5982: 5956: 5943: 5918: 5893: 5868: 5843: 5818: 5793: 5775: 5744: 5713: 5677: 5623: 5583: 5565: 5553: 5517: 5491: 5403: 5389: 5356: 5342: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5250: 5212: 5187: 5157: 5126: 5107: 5089: 5043: 5030: 4733:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 4635:needs additional citations for 4523:Vietnam War resisters in Sweden 4519:Vietnam War resisters in Canada 4098:Election of 1972 and Operation 3231:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 2279:First U.S. ground troops arrive 2173:in Saigon. New U.S. ambassador 2044:Attempted assassination of Diệm 1935:, which assumes command of the 1879:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1779:) to operate 12 U.S. Air Force 8631:Weather High School Jailbreaks 8593:Court-martial of Susan Schnall 8121:United States prisoners of war 7075:Mohr, Charles (May 16, 1984). 6047:Lawrence, Mark Atwood (2007). 5989:Lawrence, Mark Atwood (2007). 5827:A Companion to the Vietnam War 5219:Blackburn, L.M.L.G.B. (2013). 5012: 5006:Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund 4994: 4973: 4921: 4827:News Media and the Vietnam War 4308:Thus, Nixon (or his successor 3898: 2744:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 2726:Studies and Observations Group 2071:over South Vietnam until 1971. 1978:January 1961 — Soviet Premier 1913:December 1958 — North Vietnam 1744:Following the outbreak of the 1635:forces for operations against 1601:ignores a petition written by 1592:Early 20th-century (1913–1949) 13: 1: 8875:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth 8304:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 7465:Good Questions, Wrong Answers 6641:Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. (2012). 6548:; Schandler, Herbert (1999). 6074: 6036:. Wilmington: DE. p. 77. 4843: 4753:Opposition to the Vietnam War 4723:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 4615: 4538:posttraumatic stress disorder 4513:Casualties of the Vietnam War 2867:order retaliatory air strikes 2612:central government mechanism 1993:May 1961 — Kennedy sends 400 8703:Winter Soldier Investigation 8523:Court-martial of Howard Levy 7639:Vietnam January–October 1972 7573:Vietnam August–December 1963 7409:Vietnam & Southeast Asia 7394:Declassified primary sources 7160:Shkurti, William J. (2011). 4763:Winter Soldier Investigation 3872:and a score were wounded by 2139:, appear in U.S. newspapers. 2021:program in South Vietnam. (" 1966:Coup attempt by paratroopers 1897:Operation Passage to Freedom 1625:Office of Strategic Services 918:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 8860:Counterculture of the 1960s 8759:Concerned Officers Movement 8580:The whole world is watching 7912:Independence Palace bombing 7610:Vietnam January–August 1968 7568:Vietnam January–August 1963 7276:Higher Education in Vietnam 6876:Jim Lobe (March 30, 2013). 6760:"CQ Almanac Online Edition" 4937:Herring, George C. (2001). 4690: 4507:Impact on the U.S. military 4495:considered combat troops." 3256:Operation Masher/White Wing 3240:-size (the majority at the 3073:U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade 2931: 2161:, younger brother of Diệm, 1984:wars of national liberation 1623:July 1945 - Members of the 1586: 1521:end of World War II in Asia 10: 8962: 8931:1970s in the United States 8926:1960s in the United States 8921:1950s in the United States 8804:Pacific Counseling Service 8547:The Ultimate Confrontation 8485:political self-immolations 8294:Canada and the Vietnam War 7963:1965 South Vietnamese coup 7771:People's Republic of China 7751:International participants 7595:Vietnam June–December 1965 7590:Vietnam, January–June 1965 7507:December 23, 2015, at the 7460:CIA and Rural Pacification 7103:"McNamara's Evil Lives On" 6459:Hagopain, Patrick (2009). 6348:"Text and audio of speech" 5850:Isaacs, Arnold R. (2000). 5449:. Event occurs at 00:15. 5304:November 12, 2020, at the 5024:Free Essays - PhDessay.com 4802:Weapons of the Vietnam War 4770:Canada and the Vietnam War 4516: 4510: 4170: 3968: 3876:during a demonstration at 3827: 3821: 3811: 3652:People's Republic of China 3605:1968 presidential election 3440: 3314: 3203:United Press International 3169:); the figure is cited by 2846: 2723: 2717: 2679:1964 presidential election 2572:1963 South Vietnamese coup 2557: 2473:; the construction of the 2165:. The cremated remains of 2109:, Diệm's younger brother, 8852: 8739: 8695: 8649: 8606: 8566: 8503: 8459:Edmonton aircraft bombing 8451: 8418: 8407: 8329: 8299:CIA activities in Vietnam 8281: 8228: 8185: 8147: 8071: 7895: 7829: 7796: 7715: 7706: 7343:Big Picture: Why Vietnam? 5589:Gibbons, William Conrad: 5577:www.jfk-assassination.net 4927:Fried (1990), pp. 145–50. 4876:– via Google Books. 4458:U.S. economic aid to SVN 4455:U.S. military aid to SVN 4400:Vietnam War POW/MIA issue 3870:four students were killed 3796:legal (Nixon lost to the 2849:Operation Rolling Thunder 2808:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 2413:November 7, 1972 - Nixon 2272:Operation Rolling Thunder 2261:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1887:Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1816:defeat the French at the 1637:occupying Japanese forces 8321:Women in the Vietnam War 8253:United States news media 8198:Indochina refugee crisis 8193:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7968:Bombing of North Vietnam 7907:Strategic Hamlet Program 7454:CIA and the House of Ngo 6506:As recounted by McNamara 6075:Warren, James A (2021). 5965:"The Truth About Tonkin" 5751:Scanlon, Sandra (2008). 5363:Herring, George (1986). 5136:The U.S. Navy: a history 4965:Latham, Michael (2010). 4431:The Ballot or the Bullet 3882:Jackson State University 3178:Killology Research Group 2904:Other aerial campaigns ( 2812:House of Representatives 2655:Lyndon B. Johnson's role 2352: 2157:special forces loyal to 1990:is suggested to Kennedy. 1971:December 20, 1960 — The 1947: 1728:People's Liberation Army 1716: 1554:guerrilla forces in the 1526:The U.S. involvement in 1519:began shortly after the 421: 399: 377: 366: 344: 333: 311: 300: 289: 278: 256: 245: 234: 212: 190: 179: 157: 146: 124: 113: 8426:1960s Berkeley protests 7940:Gulf of Tonkin incident 7861:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 7446:March 13, 2013, at the 7284:10.1057/9781137436481_2 6032:Rotter, Andrew (1999). 6004:Rotter, Andrew (1999). 5720:Anderson, D.L. (1993). 5684:Rotter, Andrew (1999). 5669:Rotter, Andrew (1999). 5545:Rotter, Andrew (1999). 5415:Office of The Historian 5133:Miller, Nathan (1997), 4196:Operation Linebacker II 4173:Operation Linebacker II 3984:another 45,000 troops. 3874:Ohio National Guardsmen 3674:surface-to-air missiles 3530:Vietnamization, 1969–73 3518:101st Airborne Division 3274:Operation Junction City 3004:William C. Westmoreland 2918:Operation Commando Hunt 2814:and was opposed in the 2720:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 2249:Gulf of Tonkin incident 2234:Kennedy is assassinated 2222:, bodyguard of General 2111:open fire, killing nine 2035:February 8, 1962 — The 1818:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1685:concessions in Shanghai 939:Middle Eastern American 761:Technology and industry 8677:Student strike of 1970 8349:Battles and operations 8289:Awards and decorations 8203:Vietnamese boat people 8172:Impact of Agent Orange 8160:Body count controversy 7867:1954 Geneva Conference 7495:July 23, 2016, at the 7476:March 4, 2016, at the 7434: 7429:Gulf of Tonkin records 7416: 7050:Lepre, George (2011). 6830:"Induction Statistics" 6698:Dacy, Douglas (1986). 6395:. September 16, 2014. 5503:vietnamtheartofwar.com 5419:US Department of State 5225:. iUniverse. pp. 4738:Vietnam War casualties 4589: 4571: 4532: 4481:$ 1.020 trillion 4478:$ 134.53 billion 4472:$ 16.138 billion 4416:Martin Luther King Jr. 4379: 4338: 4291:1973 Nobel Peace Prize 3847: 3628: 3603:had campaigned in the 3452: 3149: 3111:On November 27, 1965, 3108: 3093:Battle of the Ia Drang 3091:, better known as the 3039: 2858: 2735: 2702: 2614: 2596: 2585:frustrated with Diệm. 2529: 2501: 2462: 2391:begin to be published. 2116:May 1963 — Republican 2058:Foreign Assistance Act 1960: 1866:") estimate only 800. 1648:Allies of World War II 1051:Admission to the Union 8714:Clay v. United States 8708:1971 May Day protests 8687:Sterling Hall bombing 8533:March on the Pentagon 8058:1975 spring offensive 8017:ARVN campaign in Laos 8013:Vietnamization policy 6546:Biersteker, Thomas J. 6387:"Vietnam: War Crimes" 6336:on December 28, 2018. 6230:. D. Coleman (1988). 5367:America's Longest War 5164:Kowert, Paul (2002), 4728:Vietnam People's Army 4580:Secretary of Defense 4579: 4562: 4530: 4511:Further information: 4475:$ 7.315 billion 4464:Total (2015 dollars) 4369: 4330: 3971:Operation Lam Son 719 3878:Kent State University 3845: 3626: 3450: 3422:New Hampshire primary 3359:Operation Igloo White 3268:Operation Cedar Falls 3197:were referred to as " 3147: 3106: 3064:United States Marines 3037: 2914:Operation Tiger Hound 2910:Operation Steel Tiger 2906:Operation Barrel Roll 2856: 2818:by only two members. 2733: 2697: 2630:The Fear of Communism 2609: 2591: 2524: 2496: 2457: 2169:are confiscated from 1982:pledges support for " 1955: 1838:with headquarters at 1799:James B. McGovern Jr. 1705:into the countryside. 1614:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1042:Territorial evolution 335:Post-World War II Era 8779:GI's Against Fascism 8667:Kent State shootings 8177:Environmental impact 8049:Battle of Phước Long 7814:Cold War (1962–1979) 7471:The Way We Do Things 7441:CIA and the Generals 7203:Hall, Wayne (2017). 7034:Armed Forces Journal 6496:on December 28, 2019 6354:on September 1, 2006 6151:on 27 January 2008). 5969:U.S. Naval Institute 5707:www.historyplace.com 5036:Margaret Macmillan, 4817:Prisoner-of-war camp 4718:Democratic Kampuchea 4644:improve this article 4586:General Westmoreland 4558:Armed Forces Journal 4452:U.S. military costs 4388:Harold Keith Johnson 4314:Ho Chi Minh Campaign 4234:improve this section 4133:improve this section 4075:Operation Linebacker 4064:Nguyễn Huệ Offensive 4020:improve this section 3931:improve this section 3712:improve this section 3562:improve this section 2964:improve this section 2467:Bay of Pigs invasion 2437:and is succeeded by 2387:June 13, 1971 - The 2369:Secretary of Defense 2332:July 25, 1969 - The 2232:November 22, 1963 — 2023:Operation Trail Dust 1905:Deliver Us from Evil 965:Palestinian American 181:Era of Good Feelings 126:Confederation period 63:Timeline and periods 8839:Weather Underground 8809:Stop Our Ship (SOS) 8481:Roger Allen LaPorte 8431:Central Park be-ins 8257:In popular culture 8210:Sino-Vietnamese War 8040:Paris Peace Accords 7853:First Indochina War 7842:Japanese occupation 7809:Cambodian Civil War 7135:Milam, Ron (2009). 6958:. November 19, 2005 6882:Inter Press Service 6764:library.cqpress.com 6542:McNamara, Robert S. 6490:The Washington Post 6137:on January 27, 2008 5643:on February 6, 2017 5063:on January 31, 2015 4915:www.ourmilitary.com 4889:, pp. 260, 264 4713:History of Cambodia 4469:$ 111 billion 4448: 4385:Army Chief of Staff 4275:Paris Peace Accords 3893:government in exile 3830:Cambodian Civil War 3765:The Pentagon Papers 3759:The Washington Post 3637:Creighton W. Abrams 3633:Army Chief of Staff 3465:Quang Ngai Province 3395:Wall Street Journal 3387:murdered by the NLF 3262:Operation Attleboro 3217:commander, General 3081:Quảng Ngãi Province 3058:With the advent of 2740:Republic of Vietnam 2670:Richard Russell Jr. 2568:Xa Loi Pagoda raids 2564:Hue Vesak shootings 2379:Weather Underground 2283:3rd Marine Division 2203:November 1, 1963 — 1854:and Vietnam formed 1850:, which along with 1846:to gain control of 1803:Civil Air Transport 1667:16th parallel north 1663:Nationalist Chinese 1556:First Indochina War 1515:involvement in the 900:Lithuanian American 851:Vietnamese American 115:American Revolution 8754:Chicano Moratorium 8662:Free The Army tour 8441:Draft-card burning 8031:Christmas bombings 8004:Cambodian campaign 7546:Vietnam, 1958–1960 7541:Vietnam, 1955–1957 7399:Defense Department 7081:The New York Times 7006:. January 21, 1977 6984:on August 12, 2014 6735:. January 22, 2014 6316:The New York Times 6110:openvault.wgbh.org 6020:Raising the Stakes 5949:Nalty, Bernard C. 5771:– via JSTOR. 5199:catassociation.org 5119:2007-04-25 at the 5026:. August 13, 2017. 4703:History of Vietnam 4590: 4533: 4446: 4380: 4353:United States Army 3862:Cambodian Campaign 3848: 3818:Cambodian Campaign 3774:Franklin Roosevelt 3753:The New York Times 3629: 3469:Hugh Thompson, Jr. 3453: 3403:The New York Times 3317:Battle of Khe Sanh 3253:these operations ( 3223:search and destroy 3150: 3109: 3077:Operation Starlite 3040: 2859: 2830:Secretary of State 2736: 2519:to South Vietnam. 2367:January 6, 1971 - 2309:Robert S. McNamara 2153:August 21, 1963 — 2030:Robert S. McNamara 2019:herbicidal warfare 2011:The New York Times 1961: 1739:military equipment 1712:conventional army. 1642:August 15, 1945 — 1020:Transgender people 583:Capital punishment 236:Reconstruction Era 8883: 8882: 8865:Anti-war movement 8784:G.I. coffeehouses 8735: 8734: 8367: 8366: 8084:Ho Chi Minh trail 7977:Buddhist Uprising 7935:Coup against Minh 7926:Coup against Diem 7849:(1949–1955) 7804:Laotian Civil War 7797:Related conflicts 7776:Republic of China 7666: 7665: 7522:Foreign Relations 7484:Undercover Armies 7293:978-1-349-49346-3 7224:10.1111/add.13584 7171:978-0-7006-1781-4 7146:978-0-8078-3712-2 7061:978-0-89672-715-1 6899:"The War's Costs" 6865:. March 20, 2013. 6714:978-0-521-30327-9 6652:978-1-4696-2835-6 6593:The Baltimore Sun 6567:978-1-891620-87-4 6470:978-1-55849-693-4 6442:978-0-8139-3475-4 6392:Los Angeles Times 6249:history.state.gov 6166:ww12.lindasog.com 6061:Earl L. Tilford, 5936:978-0-19-992416-5 5911:978-0-19-992416-5 5886:978-0-19-992416-5 5811:978-0-19-992416-5 5789:. April 12, 2023. 5737:978-0-7006-0583-5 5688:. Wilmington: DE. 5673:. Wilmington: DE. 5616:978-0-89141-163-5 5549:. Wilmington: DE. 5529:history.state.gov 5335:978-0-8090-1567-2 5275:Hawaii University 5236:978-1-4759-9057-7 5222:Unlikely Warriors 5181:978-0-7914-5249-3 5150:978-1-55750-595-8 4948:978-0-07-253618-8 4911:"OurMilitary.com" 4676: 4675: 4668: 4550:Proclamation 4483 4485: 4484: 4435:black nationalism 4404:missing in action 4344:coined the term " 4303:Watergate scandal 4270: 4269: 4262: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4056: 4055: 4048: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3478:Stars and Stripes 3457:Americal Division 3431:Paris peace talks 3426:Robert F. Kennedy 3352:Operation Niagara 3180:in his 1995 book 3017:Republic of Korea 3000: 2999: 2992: 2926:Ho Chi Minh Trail 2700:eyes than the Lao 2661:Lyndon B. Johnson 2513:guerrilla tactics 2435:Watergate scandal 2427:March 29, 1973 - 2216:they are executed 2175:Henry Cabot Lodge 2122:Lyndon B. Johnson 1980:Nikita Khrushchev 1975:(NLF) is founded. 1922:Chester M. Ovnand 1901:Dr. Thomas Dooley 1825:Geneva Conference 1792:Operation Vulture 1656:August Revolution 1540:Chinese Civil War 1510: 1509: 1432: 1431: 1061:American frontier 960:Lebanese American 945:Egyptian American 875:Estonian American 865:Albanian American 859:European American 836:Japanese American 826:Filipino American 450: 449: 423:Post-Cold War Era 80:Pre-Columbian Era 42: 16:(Redirected from 8953: 8870:Protests of 1968 8764:Donald W. Duncan 8473:Donald W. Duncan 8416: 8415: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8371: 8370: 8357: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8337: 8336: 8094:Operation Popeye 8026:Easter Offensive 7847:State of Vietnam 7837:French Indochina 7819:Cold War in Asia 7727:Việt Minh / PAVN 7693: 7686: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7535:Under Eisenhower 7530: 7515:State Department 7387:Internet Archive 7374:Internet Archive 7361:Internet Archive 7348:Internet Archive 7335:Internet Archive 7322:Internet Archive 7297: 7296: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7209: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7031: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6940:. April 8, 2016. 6930: 6924: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6895: 6886: 6885: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6863:Associated Press 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6756: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6638: 6629: 6628: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6596:. Archived from 6583: 6572: 6571: 6555: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6503: 6501: 6492:. Archived from 6481: 6475: 6474: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6350:. Archived from 6344: 6338: 6337: 6332:. Archived from 6326: 6320: 6319: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6241: 6235: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6212:. March 29, 2021 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178:John Paul Vann. 6176: 6170: 6169: 6158: 6152: 6147:.(archived from 6146: 6144: 6142: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5699: 5690: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5639:. Archived from 5627: 5621: 5620: 5600: 5594: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5370: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5315: 5309: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5264:. July 14, 2023. 5258:"Geneva Accords" 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5130: 5124: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5103:. July 15, 2020. 5093: 5087: 5086: 5080: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5056:. Archived from 5055: 5047: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4907: 4898: 4896: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4857: 4790:Military history 4698:Battle of An Lộc 4671: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4628: 4620: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4594:Victor H. Krulak 4568: 4449: 4445: 4362: 4346:Vietnam Syndrome 4335: 4324:Views on the war 4282:prisoners of war 4265: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4214: 4206: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4113: 4105: 4092:Battle of An Lộc 4088:Creighton Abrams 4060:Easter Offensive 4051: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4000: 3992: 3988:Easter Offensive 3962: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3911: 3903: 3778:RAND Corporation 3743: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3692: 3684: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3542: 3534: 3490:William R. Peers 3135:nuclear exchange 3052:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 2995: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2944: 2936: 2690:Laos or Vietnam? 2549:Battle of Ap Bac 2415:wins re-election 2277:March 8, 1965 — 2270:March 2, 1965 — 2220:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 2128:in the conflict. 2076:Battle of Ap Bac 2049:July 23, 1962 — 2042:February 1962 — 1964:November 1960 — 1864:Fire in the Lake 1856:French Indochina 1761:Operation Castor 1644:Japan surrenders 1502: 1495: 1488: 1472: 1462: 1461: 1423: 1422: 1066:Manifest destiny 1056:Historic regions 1038: 1037: 978:Native Americans 950:Iranian American 924:Mexican American 910:Serbian American 895:Italian American 880:Finnish American 870:English American 821:Chinese American 808:African American 608:Direct democracy 598:The Constitution 557:Higher education 466:American Century 368:Civil Rights Era 346:Civil Rights Era 302:Great Depression 291:Roaring Twenties 159:Jeffersonian Era 69: 68: 64: 54: 40: 29: 28: 21: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8848: 8774:Fort Hood Three 8741: 8731: 8726:Pentagon Papers 8691: 8645: 8602: 8598:Presidio mutiny 8562: 8558:self-immolation 8511:Angry Arts week 8499: 8490:Fort Hood Three 8477:Norman Morrison 8447: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8368: 8363: 8325: 8310:Pentagon Papers 8277: 8224: 8181: 8143: 8067: 7921:Buddhist crisis 7891: 7877:1955 referendum 7825: 7792: 7711: 7702: 7697: 7667: 7517: 7509:Wayback Machine 7497:Wayback Machine 7478:Wayback Machine 7448:Wayback Machine 7437: 7419: 7401: 7396: 7379:The short film 7366:The short film 7353:The short film 7340:The short film 7327:The short film 7314:The short film 7306: 7301: 7300: 7294: 7272: 7268: 7251: 7247: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7073: 7069: 7062: 7048: 7041: 7029: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6987: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6897: 6896: 6889: 6874: 6870: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6810:Westheider 2007 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6757: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6733:The Vietnam War 6727: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6639: 6632: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6600:on June 5, 2008 6584: 6575: 6568: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6499: 6497: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6372:R. 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McGraw-Hill. 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4743:Phoenix Program 4708:History of Laos 4693: 4672: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4641: 4629: 4618: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4582:Robert McNamara 4566: 4525: 4515: 4509: 4444: 4412: 4378:, 3 August 1965 4360: 4333: 4326: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4231: 4215: 4204: 4202:Return to Paris 4179:George McGovern 4175: 4165: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4130: 4114: 4103: 4079:Rolling Thunder 4052: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4017: 4001: 3990: 3973: 3963: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3928: 3912: 3901: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3812:Main articles: 3810: 3789:Pentagon Papers 3782:Daniel Ellsberg 3744: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3709: 3693: 3682: 3680:Pentagon Papers 3666:Henry Kissinger 3662:decent interval 3594: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3559: 3543: 3532: 3445: 3443:My Lai Massacre 3439: 3437:My Lai Massacre 3418:Eugene McCarthy 3407:credibility gap 3323: 3315:Main articles: 3313: 3292: 3280:Sihanouk Trails 3167:Paul Hardcastle 3139:Rolling Thunder 3101: 3066:came ashore at 3060:Rolling Thunder 3029:Project 100,000 2996: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2961: 2945: 2934: 2899:Rolling Thunder 2894:Rolling Thunder 2878:Rolling Thunder 2851: 2845: 2826:Robert McNamara 2803:Pentagon Papers 2748:Americanization 2728: 2722: 2716: 2711: 2709:Americanization 2692: 2666:John F. Kennedy 2657: 2632: 2627: 2605:self-immolation 2601:Buddhist crisis 2574: 2560:Buddhist crisis 2558:Main articles: 2553:Walter Cronkite 2541:Paul D. Harkins 2448: 2389:Pentagon Papers 2355: 2313:Project 100,000 2190:Walter Cronkite 2179:Thích Trí Quang 2167:Thích Quảng Đức 2133:Thích Quảng Đức 2126:nuclear weapons 2118:Barry Goldwater 1950: 1920:July 8, 1959 — 1786:1954 — General 1756:General Navarre 1719: 1599:Council of Four 1594: 1589: 1506: 1434: 1433: 1035: 1027: 1026: 932:Jewish American 905:Polish American 885:German American 841:Korean American 831:Indian American 802: 794: 793: 648:Merchant Marine 618:Law enforcement 486:Racial violence 460: 452: 451: 258:Progressive Era 66: 62: 43: 41:History of the 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8959: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8819:Terry Whitmore 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8722: 8717: 8710: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8684: 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6821: 6802: 6791:on May 8, 2012 6776: 6746: 6720: 6713: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6658: 6651: 6630: 6619:Kissinger 1975 6611: 6573: 6566: 6533: 6514: 6476: 6469: 6448: 6441: 6423: 6402: 6378: 6365: 6339: 6321: 6302: 6280: 6261: 6236: 6223: 6197: 6185: 6171: 6162:"lindasog.com" 6153: 6122: 6094: 6087: 6067: 6054: 6039: 6024: 6011: 5996: 5981: 5955: 5942: 5935: 5917: 5910: 5892: 5885: 5867: 5860: 5842: 5835: 5817: 5810: 5792: 5774: 5743: 5736: 5712: 5691: 5676: 5654: 5622: 5615: 5595: 5582: 5564: 5552: 5534: 5516: 5490: 5464: 5431: 5402: 5388: 5381: 5355: 5341: 5334: 5310: 5299:Touch the Wall 5291: 5279: 5267: 5262:britannica.com 5249: 5235: 5211: 5186: 5180: 5156: 5149: 5125: 5106: 5088: 5042: 5029: 5011: 4993: 4972: 4954: 4947: 4929: 4920: 4899: 4887:Oldmeadow 2004 4879: 4872: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4812:Cu Chi tunnels 4809: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 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2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2599:the so-called 2452:anti-communist 2447: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2375: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334:Nixon Doctrine 2330: 2327: 2320:Vietnamization 2316: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2275: 2268: 2257:Gulf of Tonkin 2247:August 1964 - 2245: 2230: 2227: 2224:Dương Văn Minh 2208: 2201: 2193: 2186: 2151: 2142:Summer 1963 — 2140: 2129: 2114: 2095:Gautama Buddha 2079: 2072: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1991: 1976: 1969: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1929: 1918: 1911: 1908: 1893: 1890: 1871: 1868:Rudolph Rummel 1859: 1828: 1821: 1810: 1797:May 6, 1954 — 1795: 1784: 1769: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1731: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1699: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1674:A. Peter Dewey 1670: 1659: 1640: 1631:to help train 1621: 1610: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1532:war with Japan 1508: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1466: 1455: 1454: 1452:Historiography 1449: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1417: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1097:The West Coast 1094: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1071:Indian removal 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1000: 993: 992: 991: 986: 974: 973: 972: 970:Saudi American 967: 962: 957: 955:Iraqi American 952: 947: 935: 928: 927: 926: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 890:Irish American 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 855: 854: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 815:Asian American 811: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 757: 756: 755: 753:Sexual slavery 743: 736: 729: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 690: 689: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 651: 644: 637: 636: 635: 630: 625: 623:Postal service 620: 615: 613:Foreign policy 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 568: 561: 560: 559: 547: 546: 545: 533: 532: 531: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 490: 489: 488: 476: 469: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 447: 444: 440: 439: 437: 429: 428: 425: 418: 417: 415: 407: 406: 403: 396: 395: 393: 385: 384: 381: 374: 373: 370: 363: 362: 360: 352: 351: 348: 341: 340: 337: 330: 329: 327: 319: 318: 315: 308: 307: 304: 297: 296: 293: 286: 285: 282: 275: 274: 272: 264: 263: 260: 253: 252: 249: 242: 241: 238: 231: 230: 228: 220: 219: 216: 209: 208: 206: 198: 197: 194: 192:Jacksonian Era 187: 186: 183: 176: 175: 173: 165: 164: 161: 154: 153: 150: 148:Federalist Era 143: 142: 140: 132: 131: 128: 121: 120: 117: 110: 109: 107: 99: 98: 95: 87: 86: 83: 67: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 36: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8958: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8789:Intrepid Four 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8749:Chicago Seven 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742:organizations 8738: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8682:Hard Hat Riot 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8626:Chicago Seven 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8390: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8360: 8352: 8350: 8342: 8340: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8165:POW/MIA issue 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7986:Tet Offensive 7983: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7949:December coup 7947: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7756:United States 7754: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7741:South Vietnam 7739: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7723:North Vietnam 7721: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7662: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7579:Under Johnson 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7552:Under Kennedy 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7044: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7005: 6999: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6920: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6892: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6817: 6812:, p. 78. 6811: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6702: 6694: 6685: 6676: 6668: 6662: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6620: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6558:PublicAffairs 6554: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6375: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6292: 6291: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6233: 6227: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6150: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6088:9781982122942 6084: 6080: 6079: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5985: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5838: 5836:1-4051-6570-7 5832: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5548: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5483:September 25, 5479: 5475: 5468: 5457:September 25, 5452: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5382:0-394-34500-2 5378: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5359: 5351: 5350:"Vietnam War" 5345: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5084: 5078: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4894: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4873:9781851099610 4869: 4865: 4864: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4667: 4659: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4633:This section 4631: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4613: 4601: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546:draft dodgers 4543: 4539: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342:Ronald Reagan 4337: 4329: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4264: 4261: 4253: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4219:This section 4217: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4163: 4160: 4152: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4118:This section 4116: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4100:Linebacker II 4095: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4050: 4047: 4039: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4005:This section 4003: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3961: 3958: 3950: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3916:This section 3914: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3798:Supreme Court 3793: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3742: 3739: 3731: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3697:This section 3695: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3601:Richard Nixon 3592: 3589: 3581: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3547:This section 3545: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3495:court-martial 3491: 3487: 3486:Seymour Hersh 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3348:Dien Bien Phu 3343: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3321:Tet Offensive 3318: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296:cluster bombs 3287: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219:Lewis W. Walt 3216: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189:The one-year 3187: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3174:Dave Grossman 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 3045: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2994: 2991: 2983: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2949:This section 2947: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2871:North Vietnam 2868: 2864: 2855: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2684: 2683:Great Society 2680: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664:predecessor, 2662: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2645:Indochina War 2642: 2638: 2637:Joseph Stalin 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2197:Tôn Thất Đính 2194: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183:Lê Quang Tung 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Xá Lợi Pagoda 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:Ngô Đình Diệm 2101:, brother of 2100: 2099:Ngô Đình Thục 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:South Vietnam 2084: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1999:South Vietnam 1997:personnel to 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877:to train the 1876: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832:North Vietnam 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1805:and flying a 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1766:Dien Bien Phu 1763: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1724:Hainan Island 1721: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1584: 1582: 1581:war on terror 1576: 1573: 1572:Domino theory 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544:Joseph Stalin 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 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