904:
571:
1292:
1751:
1632:, who began clearing the debris from the Arch of Septimius Severus in 1803 marked the beginning of clearing the Forum. Excavations were officially begun in 1898 by the Italian government under the Minister of Public Instruction, Dr. Baccelli. The 1898, restoration had three main objectives: restore fragmented pieces of columns, bases, and cornices to their original locations in the Forum, reach the lowest possible level of the Forum without damaging existing structures, and to identify already half-excavated structures, along with the Senate house and Basilica Aemilia. These state-funded excavations were led by Dr.
1002:
1025:
1671:
163:
1355:
721:
58:
1238:
982:). There seems to have been something of a surge in development of the Forum in the last quarter of the 7th century BC, as many of the changes date from 625 to 600 BC. Archaeologically, there is substantial evidence for development of the Forum in the 6th century BC: parts of the paving have been found and a large number of fragments of terracotta decorations from this area suggests that structures around the Forum were becoming more elaborate and highly decorated.
149:
6301:
991:
797:
155:
3348:
1959:
923:, as more people began to settle between the two hills. Archaeological evidence shows that by the end of the 7th century BC, the ground level of the Forum was raised significantly in some places to overcome the problems of poor drainage and provide a foundation for a pebble-paved area. In the middle of the 7th century BC thatch-and-timber huts were demolished on the route of the
772:. The urn containing the ashes of the deceased was placed inside a large earthenware jar, along with grave goods, and then buried in a cavity cut into the ground and covered with a capstone. There were also a small number of inhumation burials. On current evidence, it is likely that burials in the Forum ceased in the late 9th century BC and that the
856:
and marketplace role. As political speeches, civil trials, and other public affairs began to take up more and more space in the Forum, additional fora throughout the city began to emerge to expand on specific needs of the growing population. Fora for cattle, pork, vegetables and wine specialised in their niche products and the associated deities.
1718:. At each temple, animal sacrifices and rituals were done in front of the religious sites. These acts were meant to provide good fortune to those entering and using the temple. Since the Temple of Saturn also functioned as a bank, and since Saturn was the god of the Golden Age, sacrifices were made there in the hope of financial success.
962:. It has been suggested that the earliest ancient materials collected in the area of the Vulcanal are from the second half of the 8th century BC. It appears that the Romans were aware of the sites’ archaic origins: the foundation of the Comitium and Vulcanal were attributed to Romulus himself while the first
1474:
in North Africa. To prepare the Forum for the procession intended to imitate the pageantry of the ancient Roman triumph, the papal authorities undertook sweeping demolitions of the many medieval structures on the site, to reveal and better display the ancient monuments. This required the clearance of
1435:
After the eighth century, the structures of the Forum were dismantled, rearranged, and used to build towers and castles within the local area. In the 13th century, these rearranged structures were torn down and the site became a dumping ground. This, along with the debris from the dismantled medieval
1381:
over Italia, much of the city of Rome fell into ruin, from famine, warfare, and lack of authority. The population of Rome was reduced from hundreds of thousands to tens of thousands, as the populated areas contracted to the river, largely abandoning the forum. Strenuous efforts were made to keep the
855:
The Forum was outside the walls of the original Sabine fortress, which was entered through the Porta
Saturni. These walls were mostly destroyed when the two hills were joined. The original Forum functioned as an open-air market abutting on the Comitium, but eventually outgrew its day-to-day shopping
1730:
From the 17th through the 19th century, the Roman Forum was a site for many artists and architects studying in Rome to sketch. The focus of many of these works produced by visiting
Northern artists was on the current state of the Roman Forum, known locally as the Campo Vaccino, or "cow field", from
1314:
and his two sons against
Pescennius Niger and is one of the most visible landmarks there today. The arch closed the Forum's central area. Besides the Arch of Augustus, which was also constructed following a Roman victory against the Parthians, it is the only triumphal arch in the Forum. The Emperor
1541:
Within the context of these disputes over jurisdiction, ruins in the forum were increasingly exploited and stripped. In 1426, a papal license authorized the destruction of the foundations of a structure called the "Templum
Canapare" for burning into lime, provided that half the stone quarried be
1405:, who visited the city in 663 AD, stripped the lead roofs of the monumental buildings, exposing the structures to the weather and hastening their deterioration. By the 8th century, the whole space was surrounded by Christian churches taking the place of abandoned and ruined temples.
1685:
was one of the more significant buildings located in the Roman Forum. Little is known about when the temple was built, as the original temple is believed to have been burnt down by the Gauls early in the fourth century. However, it is understood that it was also rebuilt by
1155:, major work was done on the Forum including the raising of the plaza level by almost a meter and the laying of permanent marble paving stones. Remarkably, this level of the paving was maintained more or less intact for over a millennium: at least until the sack of Rome by
843:
women. Because the valley lay between the two settlements, it was the designated place for the two peoples to meet. Since the early Forum area included pools of stagnant water, the most easily accessible area was the northern part of the valley which was designated as the
1514:
saw themselves as guardians of Rome's ancient legacy and zealously protected the ruins in the Forum from further destruction, but in the 15th century the Papacy gradually encroached upon these prerogatives. The Bull of 1425 strengthened the powers of the
1494:
inaugurating a campaign of civic improvement and rebuilding in the city, which was depopulated and dominated by ruins. The demand for building materials consequently increased significantly, making the Forum a convenient quarry for stone and marble.
946:. Around 650–630 BC the area of the Comitium was excavated into a deep triangular depression. The area was paved with a beaten earth pavement and later replaced with a more substantial gravel one. Nearby was located an archaic sanctuary dedicated to
1319:(r. 284–305) was the last of the great builders of Rome's city infrastructure and he did not omit the Forum from his program. By his day it had become highly cluttered with honorific memorials. He refurbished and reorganized it, building anew the
1036:
During the
Republican period, the Comitium continued to be the central location for all judicial and political life in the city. However, to create a larger gathering place, the Senate began expanding the open area between the Comitium and the
779:
The first archaeological finds on the sites of the key public buildings point to a transformation of the Forum from a cemetery to a public site in the 8th century BC. Part of the Forum was paved over. The earliest finds in the sites of the
1690:
in 42 BC. The eight remaining columns are all that is left of the illustrious temple. Though its exact date of completion is not known, it stands as one of the oldest buildings in the Forum. The temple originally was to be built to the
650:
and the erosion of the surrounding hills have been raising the level of the Forum floor for centuries. Excavated sequences of remains of paving show that sediment eroded from the surrounding hills was already raising the level in early
1584:(1499), all by papal license. The worst destruction in the forum occurred under Paul III, who in 1540 revoked previous excavation licenses and brought the forum exclusively under the control of the Deputies of the Fabric of the new
1534:, which absorbed that power into the Vatican. From then on only two authorities in Rome had the power to issue such licenses: the Vatican and the Conservators. This dual, overlapping authority was recognized in 1462 by a Bull of
977:
have revealed an important group of 7th-century-BC buildings. The archaeologists have identified them as the early phases of the Regia (House of the kings), House of the
Vestals, and Domus Publica (official residence of the
523:, refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself. This new Forum, in what proved to be its final form, then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial, political,
1651:. Around the wall, pottery remains and food scraps allowed archaeologists to date the likely construction of the wall to the 8th or 9th century BC, over a century before the traditional date of Rome's founding.
768:, was used as a cemetery (10th century BC), possibly by the communities based on the Palatine and Capitoline hills. Most of the burials were cremations of the same type which is also found in the other sites in
1721:
Inside the Temple, there were multiple vaults for the public and private ones for individuals. There were also sections of the Temple for public speaking events and feasts which often followed the sacrifices.
1260:
there (both in 29 BC). The Temple of Caesar was placed between Caesar's funeral pyre and the Regia. The Temple's location and reconstruction of adjacent structures resulted in greater organization akin to the
1041:
by purchasing existing private homes and removing them for public use. Building projects of several consuls repaved and built onto both the
Comitium and the adjacent central plaza that was becoming the Forum.
1382:
Forum (and the
Palatine structures) intact, not without some success. In the 6th century, some of the old edifices within the Forum began to be transformed into Christian churches. On 1 August 608, the
1643:
in Rome. Excavations in the Forum continue, with discoveries by archaeologists working in the Forum since 2009 leading to questions about Rome's exact age. One of these recent discoveries includes a
1526:
In the 15th century, the
Vatican escalated the issuance of excavation licenses, which gave broad permission to individuals to mine specific sites or structures for stone. In 1452, the ability of the
1135:
Many of the traditions from the
Comitium, such as the popular assemblies, funerals of nobles, and games, were transferred to the Forum as it developed. Especially notable was the move of the
702:
on the summit of the Capitol. Lavish public banquets ensued back down on the Forum. (In addition to the Via Sacra, the Forum was accessed by several storied roads and streets, including the
2071:
1280:
During these early Imperial times, much economic and judicial business transferred away from the Forum to larger and more extravagant structures to the north. After the building of
5618:
1306:
was added at the northwest end of the Forum close to the foot of the Capitoline Hill and adjacent to the old, vanishing Comitium. It was dedicated in 203 AD to commemorate the
1447:
in 1367 led to an increased interest in ancient monuments, partly for their moral lesson and partly as a quarry for new buildings being undertaken in Rome after a long lapse.
1588:, who exploited the site for stone and marble. Monuments which fell victim to dismantling and the subsequent burning of their materials for lime included the remains of the
588:—the Roman Forum developed gradually, organically, and piecemeal over many centuries. This is the case despite attempts, with some success, to impose some order there, by
600:
and others. By the Imperial period, the large public buildings that crowded around the central square had reduced the open area to a rectangle of about 130 by 50 meters.
1109:
were placed on the Forum Romanum, as well. First, they stood next to the senate house; during the late Roman Republic, they were placed in front of the Basilica Porcia.
673:
An important function of the Forum, during both Republican and Imperial times, was to serve as the culminating venue for the celebratory military processions known as
720:
448:, the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million or more sightseers yearly.
907:
Fragment of a terracotta frieze plaque from the Regia at the east end of the Forum showing a minotaur and felines, c. 600–550 BC, Antiquarium Museo del Foro Romano
5608:
4706:
3386:
623:
on the south—defined its long sides and its final form. The Forum proper included this square, the buildings facing it and, sometimes, an additional area (the
3298:
1124:
was dedicated on the north side of the Forum square in 179 BC. (It was rebuilt and renamed several times, as Basilica Fulvia et Aemilia, Basilica Paulli,
903:
1197:'s rearrangements before his assassination in 44 BC. That year, two events were witnessed by the Forum, perhaps the most famous ever to transpire there:
678:
1065:—originally facing north towards the Senate House to the assembled politicians and elites—put the orator's back to the people assembled in the Forum. A
1252:, Augustus finished his great-uncle's work, giving the Forum its final form. This included the southeastern end of the plaza where he constructed the
1331:. The latter represents the best-preserved tetrarchic building in Rome. He also reconstructed the rostra at each end of the Forum and added columns.
1073:(consul in 361 BC) is said to have been the first to turn away from the elite towards the Forum, an act symbolically repeated two centuries later by
2600:
1845:
removed most of the medieval and Baroque strata and built the Via dei Fori Imperiali road between the Imperial Fora and the Forum. There are also:
1269:
had set out from the palace to meet rebels but was so feeble that he had to be carried in a litter. He was immediately met by a troop of his rival
1612:. The Conservators protested vehemently against the ruination of their heritage, as they perceived it, and on one occasion applied fruitlessly to
1084:, in which even young nobles were expected to speak to the people from the Rostra. Gracchus was thus credited with (or accused of) disturbing the
1455:
The Forum Romanum suffered some of its worst depredations during the Italian Renaissance, particularly in the decade between 1540 and 1550, when
1225:). Almost two years later, Marc Antony added to the notoriety of the Rostra by publicly displaying the severed head and right hand of his enemy
5568:
1811:
existed in other areas of the city; remains of most of them, sometimes substantial, still exist. The most important of these are several large
1202:
3258:
Watkin, David, and Watkin, David. Wonders of the World Ser.: The Roman Forum. Cumberland, US: Harvard University Press, 2009. ProQuest ebrary.
1342:(312 AD), the last significant expansion of the Forum complex. This restored much of the political focus to the Forum until the fall of the
5173:
3476:
1658:
and a circular altar dating to the 6th century BC. Experts disagree whether it is a memorial tomb dedicated to Rome's legendary founder,
5453:
4696:
3285:
Ashley and Peter Larkin Series in Greek and Roman Culture: Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity: Transforming Public Space
3270:
Ashley and Peter Larkin Series in Greek and Roman Culture: Restoration of the Roman Forum in Late Antiquity: Transforming Public Space
1776:("Views of Rome"), in which the Forum figured significantly. (Many of the features documented in Piranesi's views have now vanished.)
1186:, whose spacious hall was sometimes used as a meeting place by the Senators). After the verdict, they were led to their deaths at the
5976:
5473:
5244:
4576:
2016:
6353:
4536:
4821:
1498:
Since the 12th century, when Rome's civic government was formed, responsibility for protecting the ruins of the forum fell to the
1639:
In 2008, heavy rains caused structural damage to the modern concrete covering holding the "Black Stone" marble together over the
440:, it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history. Located in the small valley between the
217:
5553:
5133:
4701:
1167:
455:'s earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge. These included the ancient former royal residence, the
6328:
5918:
2329:
2111:
727:
500:
itself—began. The Senate House, government offices, tribunals, temples, memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area.
6358:
6304:
5488:
3974:
1171:
1028:
Map of the Roman Forum. Structures of Republican Rome are shown in red and those of Imperial Rome in black. From Platner's
5483:
5254:
5228:
1996:
5573:
4526:
3959:
3327:
756:
Pottery deposits discovered in the Forum, Palatine and Capitoline demonstrated that humans occupied these areas in the
1699:; historians are unsure why. The building was not used solely for religious practice; the temple also functioned as a
5791:
5523:
5393:
4611:
3964:
3729:
3485:
3414:
3317:
2584:
2514:
699:
666:. Excavations in the 19th century revealed one layer on top of another. The deepest level excavated was 3.60 meters
5941:
5588:
5533:
5508:
5163:
4751:
3934:
2548:
Richmond, Ian Archibald, et al. (1996), Entry, "Forum Romanum", In: Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth (eds.),
1597:
1366:
765:
658:
As the ground around buildings rose, residents simply paved over the debris that was too much to remove. Its final
436:; and the nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's leaders. The heart of
5593:
5493:
5148:
4922:
4907:
4676:
3469:
2550:
1947:
Other markets were known but remain unidentifiable due to a lack of precise information on each site's function.
1412:
reports that the Forum was already falling apart at that time. During the Middle Ages, though the memory of the
5613:
4691:
4408:
6363:
6348:
6338:
6006:
5971:
5328:
5123:
4561:
1467:
1102:, so that the spectators might better view the games put on within the temporary wooden arenas set up there.
79:
2350:
1217:
and the public burning of Caesar's body occurred on a site directly across from the Rostra around which the
451:
Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum. The
5578:
5083:
4987:
4846:
4826:
4551:
1633:
570:
35:
3090:
1291:
5956:
5670:
5548:
5518:
5224:
5088:
4671:
4666:
4641:
4631:
4616:
4596:
4566:
4433:
4403:
1768:
The Roman Forum has been a source of inspiration for visual artists for centuries. Especially notable is
1762:
1739:
shows the extent to which the buildings in the Forum were buried under sediment. Renowned British artist
1715:
1605:
1554:, but the name could have applied to any structure in the western section of the Forum, often called the
1420:
persisted, its monuments were for the most part buried under debris, and its location was designated the
1050:
884:
401:) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the centre of the city of
365:
111:
17:
1750:
1166:(Records Hall) was built at the Capitoline Hill end of the Forum by order of the consuls for that year,
823:
According to Roman historical tradition, the Forum's beginnings are connected with the alliance between
6333:
5811:
4897:
4646:
4601:
4571:
3939:
3462:
3021:
Carter, Jesse Benedict (March 1910). "A Decade of Forum Excavation and the Results for Roman History".
1769:
361:
1475:
some 200 houses and several churches, the excavation of a new "Via Sacra" to pass under the arches of
788:
were votive offerings. They indicate that the area was dedicated to a celebration of religious cults.
148:
6107:
5911:
5603:
5208:
5183:
5168:
5158:
5153:
5128:
5032:
4962:
4932:
4736:
4731:
4546:
4330:
4110:
3954:
3944:
3771:
3564:
1585:
1480:
1460:
1303:
1296:
1018:
83:
3366:
6001:
5996:
5946:
5801:
5558:
5528:
5279:
5193:
5178:
4841:
4816:
4721:
4626:
4581:
4325:
4295:
4002:
3969:
3696:
2103:
2093:
2054:
1577:
1560:
1471:
1370:
1249:
528:
3362:
3007:
2807:
6343:
6064:
5689:
5676:
5653:
5648:
5623:
5583:
5478:
5443:
5368:
5283:
5203:
5098:
4982:
4957:
4912:
4831:
4746:
4711:
4541:
4018:
3719:
3430:
2696:
eventually faded from the writings of the ancients. The former is last mentioned in the reign of
2650:
2568:
2555:
2535:
1973:
887:
would meet at the site of the Sabine conflict. He is said to have converted that temple into the
578:
Unlike the later imperial fora in Rome—which were self-consciously modelled on the ancient Greek
5683:
5664:
1001:
973:
At the western end of the Forum, excavations near the House of the Vestals and the sanctuary of
930:
The earliest structures in the Forum were discovered in two separate locations: the site of the
670:. Archaeological finds show human activity at that level with the discovery of carbonized wood.
6092:
5859:
5699:
5563:
5433:
5413:
5373:
4947:
4796:
4761:
4726:
4716:
4661:
4621:
4556:
4438:
4423:
4393:
4301:
2134:
A more generous estimate, including the surrounding buildings, would be about 200 by 75 meters.
2046:
1784:
1589:
1519:
in protecting the ruins, but in conferring papal authority the Vatican essentially brought the
1387:
1257:
1058:
1024:
507:
was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum, and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new
2625:
2576:
2031:
1159:
and his Normans in 1084, when neglect finally allowed debris to begin to accumulate unabated.
1045:
The 5th century BC witnessed the earliest Forum temples with known dates of construction: the
852:
that, according to the story, the two parties laid down their weapons and formed an alliance.
6278:
6138:
6059:
6021:
5503:
5428:
5343:
5047:
5012:
4902:
4781:
4766:
4686:
4681:
4606:
4413:
4347:
4306:
4147:
4115:
4059:
3352:
2506:
2465:, 19.27.6 (mentions that Romulus was supposedly killed by the senators next to the Vulcanal).
2394:
1978:
1792:
1339:
1142:
739:
555:
551:
497:
135:
5658:
2786:
2321:
1616:(1572–1585) to revoke all licenses for foraging materials, including the one granted to the
6323:
6015:
5904:
5704:
5418:
5323:
5313:
5138:
5037:
4972:
4811:
4756:
4586:
4531:
4501:
4222:
3994:
3714:
3569:
2969:
2833:
2410:
Filippi, Dunia, 2017 (edition in Italian in 2012), 'Region VIII. Forum Romanum Magnum', in
1581:
1503:
1409:
1343:
1210:
1010:
939:
915:, the Forum was drained in the 7th century BC with the building of the first structures of
868:
773:
667:
559:
464:
2767:
8:
6258:
6112:
5721:
5259:
4636:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4418:
4217:
4207:
4183:
4120:
4097:
3901:
3874:
3746:
3678:
3601:
3554:
2457:, 2.50.2 (attributes the foundation of the Vulcanal to Romulus and Titus Tatius); Varro,
1964:
1692:
1378:
1307:
1098:
provided buildings in the Forum neighborhood with balconies, which were called after him
603:
Its long dimension was oriented northwest to southeast and extended from the foot of the
3001:
1670:
405:. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the
6159:
6053:
5869:
5831:
5821:
5458:
5303:
5298:
5143:
4851:
4741:
4428:
4370:
4342:
4277:
4212:
3979:
3896:
3633:
3591:
3241:
3233:
3198:
3190:
3155:
3147:
3071:
3030:
2920:
The Ruins and excavations of ancient Rome: a companion book for students and travellers
2594:
2416:
The Atlas of Ancient Rome. Biography and Portraits of the City. Vol. 1. Text and Images
2212:
2204:
1696:
1464:
1129:
947:
892:
694:
639:
3392:
681:) and circumnavigated the Palatine Hill (counterclockwise) before proceeding from the
6154:
5981:
5951:
5864:
5468:
5318:
5239:
5078:
5027:
4917:
4836:
4656:
4458:
4398:
4272:
4261:
4227:
4154:
4064:
4044:
3949:
3761:
3751:
3663:
3648:
3410:
3323:
3245:
3202:
3159:
2697:
2580:
2510:
2461:, 5.74 (attributes the institution of the Vulcanal to Titus Tatius alone); Plutarch,
2325:
2315:
2216:
2107:
1838:
1823:
1707:
1613:
1354:
1311:
1281:
1183:
1145:
1054:
1006:
974:
864:
757:
543:
127:
345:
57:
6253:
6248:
6133:
6097:
6039:
5986:
5966:
5642:
5538:
5403:
5358:
5348:
5113:
5042:
5002:
4927:
4875:
4866:
4856:
4791:
4516:
4364:
4336:
4079:
3984:
3891:
3807:
3709:
3658:
3608:
3574:
3544:
3358:
3225:
3182:
3139:
3061:
2411:
2196:
1872:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1593:
1547:
1543:
1395:
1383:
1374:
1359:
1320:
1253:
1218:
1125:
1046:
967:
880:
616:
508:
429:
386:
103:
95:
75:
2072:"La Stampa – La top ten dei monumenti più visti Primo il Colosseo, seconda Pompei"
1564:. Between 1431 and 1462 the huge travertine wall between the Senate House and the
1483:, and the excavation of the more prominent monuments to reveal their foundations.
1190:, the nearby dungeon which was the only known state prison of the ancient Romans.
839:. An alliance formed after combat had been halted by the prayers and cries of the
6228:
6200:
6076:
6071:
6043:
6011:
5990:
5851:
5836:
5777:
5739:
5598:
5249:
5188:
5052:
5017:
4997:
4952:
4942:
4651:
4464:
4247:
4049:
3989:
3911:
3821:
3814:
3704:
3683:
3653:
3613:
3579:
3559:
3529:
3504:
3404:
3216:
Richardson, L. (1 January 1980). "The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome".
3173:
Richardson, L. (1 January 1980). "The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome".
3130:
Richardson, L. (1 January 1980). "The Approach to the Temple of Saturn in Rome".
3104:
2260:
The Urbanisation of Rome and Latium Vetus. From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era
2097:
1983:
1893:
1817:
1740:
1711:
1601:
1565:
1531:
1425:
1324:
1262:
1156:
1137:
1121:
1038:
995:
872:
836:
761:
663:
604:
476:
460:
445:
115:
67:
30:
This article is about the ancient centre of Rome. For the type of structure, see
3375:
1436:
buildings and ancient structures, helped contribute to the rising ground level.
1401:. This proved to be the last monumental addition made to the Forum. The emperor
558:(312 AD). This returned the political centre to the Forum until the fall of the
424:
For centuries, the Forum was the centre of day-to-day life in Rome: the site of
6216:
6211:
6169:
6128:
6049:
5960:
5744:
5498:
5463:
5353:
5333:
5308:
5198:
4992:
4967:
4801:
4786:
4776:
4489:
4289:
4283:
4267:
4188:
4178:
4126:
4104:
4054:
4013:
3756:
3668:
3539:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3499:
2638:
1927:
1919:
1829:
1732:
1569:
1551:
1444:
1285:
1265:. The Forum was also witness to the assassination of a Roman Emperor in 69 AD:
1117:
1074:
1070:
888:
883:(r. 673–642 BC) enclosed the Comitium around the old Etruscan temple where the
860:
703:
652:
620:
547:
516:
485:
309:
123:
99:
1237:
638:
lake where waters from the surrounding hills drained. This was drained by the
6317:
6238:
6190:
6102:
5841:
5754:
5749:
5729:
5694:
5543:
5363:
5338:
5269:
5022:
4977:
4771:
4591:
4387:
4072:
4039:
3906:
3867:
3776:
3766:
3643:
3618:
3596:
3549:
3446:
2617:
2058:
1940:
1910:
1885:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1788:
1700:
1487:
1476:
1456:
1335:
1213:) was delivered from the partially completed speaker's platform known as the
1194:
1106:
1095:
943:
916:
828:
674:
643:
628:
593:
534:
Eventually, much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the
512:
452:
441:
425:
394:
260:
232:
219:
71:
31:
1706:
The Temple stood in the forum along with four other temples, the temples of
958:): a small rectangular pit and elliptical basin carved out of an outcrop of
6233:
6174:
5885:
5826:
5806:
5772:
5759:
5734:
5423:
5234:
5062:
5057:
5007:
4937:
4806:
4495:
4482:
4199:
3828:
3673:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3586:
3514:
3397:
1902:
1535:
1440:
1242:
1091:
891:
close to where the Senate originally met in an old Etruscan hut. In 600 BC
832:
707:
493:
468:
437:
313:
270:
3389:(at LacusCurtius; Hülsen was one of the principal excavators of the Forum)
3380:
1057:
was added in the following century, possibly by the soldier and statesman
554:
saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex—the
6283:
6243:
6221:
5264:
5103:
4892:
4254:
4140:
3849:
3842:
3782:
3003:
The Destruction of Ancient Rome: A Sketch of the History of the Monuments
2642:
1655:
1640:
1402:
1328:
1206:
1198:
1178:
delivered his famous speech denouncing the companions of the conspirator
1086:
1014:
812:
808:
682:
608:
585:
520:
131:
87:
2788:
The Roman Forum and the Palatine According to the Latest Discoveries ...
1918:, near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the
1901:, between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber, in the area of the current
6273:
5383:
5293:
4161:
3835:
3800:
3075:
3034:
2567:
1491:
1316:
1163:
659:
63:
3237:
3194:
3151:
3105:"Romulus mystery: Experts divided on 'tomb of Rome's founding father'"
2208:
1523:
under its control and away from the independence of the Conservators.
677:. Victorious generals entered the city by the western Triumphal Gate (
6164:
6031:
5633:
5408:
5378:
4193:
3928:
3534:
1936:
1881:
1780:
1758:
1731:
the livestock who grazed on the largely ignored section of the city.
1629:
1429:
1241:
Rendering of the Roman Forum as it may have appeared during the Late
1187:
924:
711:
686:
524:
433:
3454:
2317:
The Roman Forum and the Palatine According to the Latest Discoveries
6288:
6195:
5816:
5108:
4133:
4008:
3229:
3186:
3143:
3066:
3049:
2489:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2476:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2429:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2383:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2363:
Ammerman, Albert J., 1990, “On the Origins of the Forum Romanum”,
2302:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2289:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2276:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2247:
Rise of Rome: From the Iron Age to the Punic Wars, 1000 BC – 264 BC
2200:
1222:
1179:
1113:
951:
931:
849:
845:
785:
781:
646:. Because of its location, sediments from both the flooding of the
612:
597:
504:
489:
481:
1530:
to issue their own excavation licenses was revoked by the Bull of
1193:
Over time, the Comitium was lost to the ever-growing Curia and to
990:
5093:
1659:
1648:
1066:
912:
824:
796:
580:
2418:, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, pp. 151–152.
2187:
Ammerman, Albert (1990). "On the Origins of the Forum Romanum".
1120:, who thus began the process of "monumentalizing" the site. The
1116:(large, aisled halls) were introduced to the Forum in 184 BC by
1061:. A long-held tradition of speaking from the elevated speakers'
6268:
5118:
3347:
1990:
1856:
1398:
1391:
1226:
1214:
1175:
1141:, then the focus of popular politics, in 145 BC. In 133 BC the
1062:
840:
769:
154:
119:
91:
5896:
6263:
6206:
5513:
2819:
2817:
1864:
1609:
1266:
1152:
963:
935:
920:
876:
647:
635:
589:
456:
398:
378:
205:
107:
3406:
The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City
3370:
1647:
wall near the Lapis Niger used to channel water from nearby
1636:
until he died in 1925, stopping briefly during World War I.
807:
showing the swampy situation of the early Forum between the
1932:
1915:
1898:
1877:
1644:
1270:
959:
402:
195:
2814:
2503:
Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory
1248:
After Julius Caesar's death and the end of the subsequent
1090:("custom of the fathers/ancestors") in ancient Rome. When
1568:
adjoining the Forum Romanum was demolished by a grant of
1546:(the Papal treasury). This structure was identified by
1459:
exploited it intensively for material to build the new
927:
and rectangular stone buildings began to replace them.
2737:
2735:
2647:
The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens & Rome
1755:
Rome: Ruins of the Forum, Looking Towards the Capitol
1221:
was subsequently built by his great-nephew Octavius (
919:, a large covered sewer system that emptied into the
2729:"Roman Art and Archaeology," Mark Fullerton, p. 118.
2688:
The close relationship between the Comitium and the
2505:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
2029:
1954:
1005:
A view of the Roman Forum seen from a window of the
474:
Other archaic shrines to the northwest, such as the
2262:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 72–74.
1977:, colossal statue formerly in the west apse of the
863:(r. 715–673 BC), is said to have begun the cult of
3376:Roman Forum's 360x180 degree panorama virtual tour
3315:
2741:"Roman Art and Archaeology," Mark Fullerton p. 358
2732:
764:an area of the future Forum, close to the site of
3383:, 3D reconstructions of the Roman Forum in c. 400
2575:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
2440:Carafa, Paolo, 2005, ‘Il Volcanal e il Comizio’,
692:From here, they would mount the Capitoline Rise (
6315:
3287:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 17.
3272:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 16.
2999:
301:Largely neglected from the 8th century AD onward
2612:
2610:
1747:in 1839, following his final trip to the city.
1506:, Rome's senior magistrates. Historically, the
662:paving, still visible, dates from the reign of
542:to the larger and more extravagant structures (
3319:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
3091:"Forum Excavations Reveal Rome's Advanced Age"
2762:
2760:
2616:
2156:
1815:forming a complex with the Forum Romanum: the
1623:
1394:and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the
1338:saw the completion of the construction of the
1284:(110 AD), these activities transferred to the
467:, all of which were rebuilt after the rise of
428:and elections; the venue for public speeches,
5912:
3470:
3398:Map of the Forum in AD 100, blank or labelled
2347:The Architectural History of the City of Rome
1654:In 2020, Italian archaeologists discovered a
966:(senate house), which was located nearby, to
818:
634:Originally, the site of the Forum had been a
463:(7th century BC), as well as the surrounding
3299:"Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino (Getty Museum)"
2869:
2607:
2599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2367:, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 627–645.
5569:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
2757:
2690:
2401:, Exeter: University of Exeter Press, p. 2.
1779:Other notable artists of the Forum include
1414:
732:
536:
415:
407:
6300:
5919:
5905:
5720:
5454:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
3477:
3463:
3215:
3172:
3129:
2889:. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50.
2487:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2474:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2427:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2381:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2300:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2287:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2274:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2245:Lomas, Kathryn, 2018 (hardcover in 2017),
2228:
2226:
1470:held a triumph in Rome on his return from
1151:In the 80s BC, during the dictatorship of
1148:was lynched there by a group of senators.
898:
5977:Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)
3402:
3065:
2972:. world-archaeology.com. 4 September 2010
1986:(1550), immediately overlooking the Forum
1772:, who created a set of 135 etchings, the
1013:(beside it at the right, the roof of the
827:, the first king of Rome controlling the
5619:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
4537:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
2917:
2801:
2784:
2313:
2186:
1749:
1669:
1463:. Just a few years before, in 1536, the
1353:
1290:
1236:
1030:Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome
1023:
1000:
989:
902:
879:as the city's first royal palace. Later
795:
738:: view facing north east from above the
569:
3359:Reconstruction in 3D of the Roman Forum
3050:"Recent Excavations in the Roman Forum"
2874:. Oxford University Press. p. 107.
2859:. Harvard University Press. p. 53.
2791:Desclée, Lefebvre e Company. p. 9.
2571:; North, John A.; Price, Simon (1998).
2223:
1424:or "cattle field," located between the
895:had the area paved for the first time.
484:(Shrine of Vulcan), developed into the
14:
6316:
5554:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
4542:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
3020:
2884:
2500:
2349:. Oxford: Parker and Company. p.
2344:
2150:
1884:, between the Capitoline Hill and the
185:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
5900:
4822:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
3484:
3458:
3282:
3267:
2854:
2529:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2270:
2268:
2159:Stories in Stone from the Roman Forum
1935:, in the area now of the "quartiere"
1802:
6305:List of monuments of the Roman Forum
5229:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
4577:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
3047:
1572:, followed by the demolition of the
627:) extending southeast as far as the
492:(assembly area). This was where the
34:. For examples in other cities, see
5245:Column of the Immaculate Conception
5174:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
2478:, London: Profile Books, pp. 91–93.
2385:, London: Profile Books, pp. 90–95.
2291:, London: Profile Books, pp. 40-42.
1997:List of tourist attractions in Rome
1665:
1277:in the Forum, where he was killed.
751:
162:
27:Ancient Roman centre of Rome, Italy
24:
5574:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
4527:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
3403:Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012).
3088:
2624:. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker. p.
2532:Handbook for Rome and the Campagna
2370:
2265:
1604:, the steps and foundation of the
531:pursuits in ever greater numbers.
25:
6375:
5524:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
5489:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
3965:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
3387:Christian Hülsen: The Roman Forum
3340:
2036:. A. & C. Black. p. 252.
1132:was dedicated on the south side.
985:
700:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
6299:
5942:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
5589:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
5534:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
5484:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
5474:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
3935:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
3346:
3303:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles
2491:, London: Profile Books, p. 145.
2442:Workshop di Archeologia Classica
2171:
1957:
1598:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
1375:Byzantine / Eastern Roman Empire
1367:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
934:and the group of sanctuaries of
791:
766:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
719:
511:(179 BC). Some 130 years later,
161:
153:
147:
56:
6354:Archaeological museums in Lazio
5926:
5594:National Museum of Oriental Art
5494:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
4923:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
4908:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
3309:
3291:
3276:
3261:
3252:
3218:American Journal of Archaeology
3209:
3175:American Journal of Archaeology
3166:
3132:American Journal of Archaeology
3123:
3097:
3082:
3041:
3014:
2993:
2984:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2878:
2863:
2848:
2826:
2806:. New York: Macmillan. p.
2795:
2778:
2744:
2723:
2710:
2682:
2669:
2656:
2632:
2561:
2551:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2542:
2534:. London: John Murray. p.
2523:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2447:
2434:
2431:, London: Profile Books, p. 91.
2421:
2404:
2388:
2365:American Journal of Archaeology
2357:
2338:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2278:, London: Profile Books, p. 39.
2252:
2249:, London: Profile Books, p. 38.
2239:
2189:American Journal of Archaeology
2180:
1931:, dedicated to the commerce of
1914:, dedicated to the commerce of
1897:, dedicated to the commerce of
1876:, dedicated to the commerce of
1855:, dedicated to the commerce of
1620:of Saint Peter's in the forum.
1232:
911:Originally a low-lying, grassy
615:during the Imperial period—the
5614:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
4409:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
2622:Italy: Handbook for Travellers
2165:
2137:
2128:
2086:
2064:
2040:
2023:
2009:
1450:
1009:: at the centre the church of
565:
13:
1:
6007:Temple of Vespasian and Titus
3393:Forum Romanum (photo archive)
3048:Gray, Mason D. (March 1901).
2836:. world-archaeology.com. 2010
2701:
2258:Fulminante, Francesca, 2014,
2092:
2030:John Henry Middleton (1885).
2002:
1761:, showing the remains of the
801:
550:) to the north. The reign of
465:complex of the Vestal Virgins
80:Temple of Vespasian and Titus
6329:Archaeological sites in Rome
5579:Museum of Roman Civilization
5509:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
4988:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
4532:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
2887:The Ruin of the Eternal City
2872:The Ruin of the Eternal City
2573:Religions of Rome: A History
2530:Young, Norwood, ed. (1908).
2453:Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
2320:. Paris: Lefebvre. pp.
2304:, London: Profile Books, 41.
2106:, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
2074:. Lastampa.it. 11 March 2013
2017:"Worldwide Elevation Finder"
1408:An anonymous eighth-century
1346:almost two centuries later.
1219:Temple to the Deified Caesar
1080:This began the tradition of
760:(1200–975 BC). In the early
562:almost two centuries later.
36:Roman Forum (disambiguation)
7:
6359:Tourist attractions in Rome
5957:Temple of Castor and Pollux
5671:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
5549:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
5519:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
5255:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
4827:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
4434:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
4404:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
3316:Richardson, L. Jr. (1992).
2823:Lanciani, 1897; pp. 247–248
2345:Parker, John Henry (1881).
1950:
1763:Temple of Castor and Pollux
1745:Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino
1624:Excavation and preservation
1606:Temple of Castor and Pollux
1502:under the authority of the
1349:
1051:Temple of Castor and Pollux
366:Paleochristian architecture
112:Temple of Castor and Pollux
10:
6380:
5812:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
4898:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
4672:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
4667:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
3940:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
2918:Lanciani, Rodolfo (1897).
1770:Giovanni Battista Piranesi
1203:funeral oration for Caesar
1017:), in the lower right the
819:Roman historical tradition
800:A speculative map of Rome
746:
584:(πλατεῖα) public plaza or
459:(8th century BC), and the
362:Ancient Roman architecture
175:Shown within Augustan Rome
29:
6297:
6183:
6147:
6121:
6108:Arch of Septimius Severus
6085:
6030:
5934:
5878:
5850:
5790:
5768:
5713:
5632:
5604:Palazzo delle Esposizioni
5442:
5392:
5278:
5217:
5071:
5033:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
4933:Palazzo della Cancelleria
4885:
4865:
4515:
4474:
4379:
4356:
4331:Column of Marcus Aurelius
4318:
4236:
4171:
4111:Basilica of Junius Bassus
4089:
4027:
3955:Temple of Hercules Victor
3945:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
3920:
3884:
3859:
3792:
3772:Arch of Septimius Severus
3739:
3728:
3694:
3492:
3000:Rodolfo Lanciani (1899).
2785:Marucchi, Orazio (1906).
2314:Marucchi, Horace (1906).
2055:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1725:
1390:, was erected before the
1304:Arch of Septimius Severus
1297:Arch of Septimius Severus
1128:). Nine years later, the
1019:Arch of Septimius Severus
357:
352:
340:
332:
324:
319:
305:
297:
289:
284:
276:
266:
256:
248:
211:
201:
190:
183:
142:
84:Arch of Septimius Severus
55:
48:
6002:Temple of Venus and Roma
5997:Shrine of Venus Cloacina
5947:Temple of Divus Augustus
5802:Appian Way Regional Park
5609:Pigorini National Museum
5529:Museo Civico di Zoologia
5164:della Piazza dei Quiriti
4876:List of churches in Rome
4817:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
4642:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
4617:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
4602:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
4582:S. Apollinare alle Terme
4562:S. Anastasia al Palatino
4547:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
4326:Column of Antoninus Pius
4003:Largo di Torre Argentina
3975:Temple of Minerva Medica
3970:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
2802:Goodyear, W. H. (1899).
2104:Harvard University Press
1578:Temple of Venus and Roma
49:
6065:Colossus of Constantine
5690:Portonaccio sarcophagus
5677:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
5654:Colossus of Constantine
5649:Augustus of Prima Porta
5624:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
5584:Museum of the Ara Pacis
5559:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
5479:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
5369:Via della Conciliazione
5329:Piazza della Repubblica
4958:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
4913:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
4752:S. Maria della Vittoria
4647:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
4597:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
4552:S. Agnese fuori le mura
4019:Porta Maggiore Basilica
3720:Obelisk of Montecitorio
3431:Porta Maggiore Basilica
2950:Karmon, 2011; pp. 58–60
2932:Karmon, 2011; pp. 65–69
2651:Oxford University Press
2556:Oxford University Press
2157:Lovell, Isabel (1904).
1974:Colossus of Constantine
1388:Roman monumental column
899:Archaeological evidence
503:Over time, the archaic
328:Most buildings in ruins
293:8th century BC – AD 608
5860:Festa della Repubblica
5700:Sistine Chapel ceiling
5564:Museo Nazionale Romano
5434:Parco degli Acquedotti
5414:Villa Borghese gardens
5374:Via dei Fori Imperiali
4948:Palazzo della Consulta
4832:S. Silvestro in Capite
4737:S. Maria in Trastevere
4732:S. Maria sopra Minerva
4707:S. Maria in Montesanto
4567:S. Andrea delle Fratte
4439:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
4424:Mausoleum of Maxentius
4394:Catacombs of Domitilla
4302:Villa of the Quintilii
3283:Kalas, Gregor (2015).
3268:Kalas, Gregor (2015).
3006:. Macmillan. pp.
2990:Lanciani, 1897; p. 248
2959:Lanciani, 1897; p. 247
2908:Karmon,2011; pp. 49–50
2899:Karmon,2011; pp. 54–55
2885:Karmon, David (2011).
2804:Roman and Medieval Art
2691:
2395:Wiseman, Timothy Peter
1841:. The planners of the
1785:Maerten van Heemskerck
1765:
1695:but was replaced with
1678:
1586:Saint Peter's Basilica
1461:Saint Peter's Basilica
1415:
1362:
1299:
1245:
1162:In 78 BC, the immense
1059:Marcus Furius Camillus
1033:
1021:
998:
938:(House of the kings),
908:
815:
733:
575:
537:
416:
408:
390:
252:13 m (43 ft)
62:Surviving structures:
6279:Umbilicus urbis Romae
6139:Five-Columns Monument
6060:Basilica of Maxentius
6022:Portico Dii Consentes
5852:Events and traditions
5659:La Bocca della Verità
5504:Jewish Museum of Rome
4998:Palazzo del Quirinale
4842:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
4702:S. Maria degli Angeli
4692:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
4572:S. Andrea della Valle
4414:Mausoleum of Augustus
4348:Five-Columns Monument
4296:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
4148:Portico Dii Consentes
4116:Basilica of Maxentius
3023:The Classical Journal
2870:David Karmon (2011).
2459:On the Latin Language
1979:Basilica of Maxentius
1793:Giovanni Paolo Panini
1753:
1673:
1396:Eastern Roman Emperor
1357:
1340:Basilica of Maxentius
1336:Constantine the Great
1294:
1240:
1182:at the Forum (in the
1027:
1004:
993:
906:
848:. It was here at the
799:
740:Portico Dii Consentes
619:on the north and the
573:
556:Basilica of Maxentius
552:Constantine the Great
519:, along with the new
498:Republican government
426:triumphal processions
280:2 ha (4.9 acres)
233:41.89222°N 12.48528°E
136:Basilica of Maxentius
98:, Forum Main Square,
6364:Rome R. X Campitelli
6349:Archaeological parks
6339:Roman sites in Lazio
6016:House of the Vestals
5705:Velletri Sarcophagus
5665:Laocoön and His Sons
5419:Villa Doria Pamphili
5324:Piazza della Minerva
5149:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
5038:Palazzo del Viminale
4983:Palazzo di Giustizia
4812:Sacro Cuore di Maria
4797:Ss. Quattro Coronati
4782:S. Pietro in Vincoli
4767:S. Nicola in Carcere
4762:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
4747:S. Maria in Via Lata
4722:S. Maria in Aracoeli
4712:S. Maria in Cosmedin
4687:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
4682:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
4677:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
4622:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
4607:S. Camillo de Lellis
4223:Theatre of Marcellus
3995:House of the Vestals
3355:at Wikimedia Commons
2855:Beard, Mary (2007).
2501:Vasaly, Ann (1996).
2033:Ancient Rome in 1885
1582:House of the Vestals
1574:Templum Sacrae Urbis
1410:Einsiedeln Itinerary
1369:, and the resulting
1344:Western Roman Empire
1273:'s cavalry near the
1011:Santi Luca e Martina
940:House of the Vestals
859:Rome's second king,
774:Esquiline Necropolis
689:and into the Forum.
560:Western Roman Empire
434:gladiatorial matches
393:), is a rectangular
377:, also known by its
358:Architectural styles
6259:Puteal Scribonianum
6113:Arch of Constantine
5225:Altare della Patria
4886:Castles and palaces
4757:S. Martino ai Monti
4727:S. Maria del Popolo
4717:S. Maria in Domnica
4662:S. Francesca Romana
4632:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
4454:Tombs of Via Latina
4449:Tomb of the Scipios
4444:Tomb of the Haterii
4419:Mausoleum of Helena
4218:Stadium of Domitian
4208:Gardens of Maecenas
4184:Circus of Maxentius
4121:Basilica of Neptune
4098:Basilica Argentaria
3902:Baths of Diocletian
3875:Cloaca Circi Maximi
3747:Arch of Constantine
3715:Obelisk of Minerveo
3381:Digital Roman Forum
2941:Karmon, 2011; p. 69
1965:Ancient Rome portal
1703:for Roman society.
1172:Q. Lutatius Catulus
1168:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1118:Marcus Porcius Cato
835:, who occupied the
229: /
45:
6160:Clivus Capitolinus
6054:Basilica Sempronia
5870:Rome Film Festival
5832:Villa Aldobrandini
5459:Capitoline Museums
5304:Clivus Capitolinus
4963:Palazzo Giustinani
4903:Castel Sant'Angelo
4847:S. Stefano Rotondo
4429:Pyramid of Cestius
4278:Palace of Domitian
4213:Gardens of Sallust
4060:Forum of Vespasian
3980:Temple of Portunus
3897:Baths of Caracalla
3111:. 21 February 2020
3054:The Biblical World
1830:Forum Transitorium
1803:Other fora in Rome
1766:
1679:
1628:The excavation by
1465:Holy Roman Emperor
1363:
1308:Parthian victories
1300:
1246:
1130:Basilica Sempronia
1034:
1032:, 1904 (adjusted).
1022:
999:
909:
893:Tarquinius Priscus
816:
695:Clivus Capitolinus
576:
333:Public access
238:41.89222; 12.48528
43:
6334:Roman archaeology
6311:
6310:
6155:Milliarium Aureum
5982:Temple of Romulus
5952:Temple of Concord
5894:
5893:
5865:Rome Quadriennale
5792:Metropolitan City
5786:
5785:
5469:Galleria Borghese
5344:Piazza San Pietro
5319:Piazza del Popolo
5314:Piazza d'Aracoeli
5287:and public spaces
5169:di Piazza Nicosia
5159:di Piazza Farnese
5154:di Piazza Colonna
5028:Palazzo Valentini
4918:Palazzo Barberini
4612:S. Carlo al Corso
4511:
4510:
4502:Ponte Sant'Angelo
4459:Tomb of Priscilla
4399:Catacombs of Rome
4273:House of Augustus
4262:Domus Transitoria
4228:Theatre of Pompey
4155:Porticus Octaviae
4045:Forum of Augustus
3950:Temple of Hadrian
3762:Arch of Gallienus
3752:Arch of Dolabella
3710:Flaminian Obelisk
3486:Landmarks of Rome
3453:
3452:
3443:Succeeded by
3437:Landmarks of Rome
3351:Media related to
2970:"The Roman Forum"
2857:The Roman Triumph
2834:"The Roman Forum"
2698:Septimius Severus
2455:Roman Antiquities
2331:978-81-237-4314-1
2176:. p. 1.38.6.
2113:978-0-674-03341-2
1716:Castor and Pollox
1614:Pope Gregory XIII
1576:(1461–1462), the
1500:maestri di strade
1481:Septimius Severus
1312:Septimius Severus
1302:The white marble
1205:(immortalized in
1184:Temple of Concord
1146:Tiberius Gracchus
1055:Temple of Concord
1049:(497 BC) and the
1007:Palazzo Senatorio
831:, and his rival,
714:, and Via Nova.)
679:Porta Triumphalis
574:Plan of the Forum
371:
370:
128:Milliarium Aureum
16:(Redirected from
6371:
6303:
6302:
6254:Plutei of Trajan
6249:Mamertine Prison
6134:Column of Phocas
6098:Arch of Tiberius
6093:Arch of Augustus
6040:Basilica Aemilia
5987:Temple of Saturn
5967:Temple of Caesar
5921:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5897:
5718:
5717:
5643:Apollo Belvedere
5539:Museo delle Mura
5359:Via dei Coronari
5349:Piazza di Spagna
5043:Palazzo Wedekind
5003:Palazzo Pamphilj
4928:Palazzo Borghese
4837:S. Sisto Vecchio
4365:Porticus Aemilia
4337:Column of Phocas
4319:Column monuments
4080:Forum Holitorium
3985:Temple of Saturn
3892:Baths of Agrippa
3808:Aqua Alexandrina
3740:Triumphal arches
3737:
3736:
3609:Castra Praetoria
3479:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3427:Preceded by
3424:
3423:
3420:
3350:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2590:
2565:
2559:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2414:, Paola Carafa,
2412:Andrea Carandini
2408:
2402:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2013:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1873:Forum Holitorium
1688:Munatius Plancus
1683:Temple of Saturn
1676:Temple of Saturn
1666:Temple of Saturn
1594:Temple of Caesar
1590:Arch of Augustus
1580:(1450), and the
1548:Rodolfo Lanciani
1544:Apostolic Camera
1542:shared with the
1472:conquering Tunis
1418:
1384:Column of Phocas
1360:Column of Phocas
1321:Temple of Saturn
1258:Arch of Augustus
1254:Temple of Caesar
1126:Basilica Aemilia
1047:Temple of Saturn
980:pontifex maximus
968:Tullus Hostilius
881:Tullus Hostilius
806:
803:
776:replaced them.
758:Final Bronze Age
752:Pre-Roman Period
736:
723:
617:Basilica Aemilia
540:
509:Basilica Aemilia
446:Capitoline Hills
419:
413:, or simply the
411:
348:
346:parcocolosseo.it
244:
243:
241:
240:
239:
234:
230:
227:
226:
225:
222:
165:
164:
157:
151:
104:Temple of Caesar
96:Basilica Aemilia
76:Temple of Saturn
60:
46:
42:
21:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6293:
6229:Gemonian stairs
6201:Ficus Ruminalis
6179:
6143:
6117:
6081:
6077:Basilica Porcia
6072:Basilica Opimia
6044:Basilica Fulvia
6026:
6012:Temple of Vesta
5991:Altar of Saturn
5972:Temple of Janus
5930:
5925:
5895:
5890:
5874:
5846:
5822:Hadrian's Villa
5794:of Rome Capital
5793:
5782:
5778:Monte Testaccio
5764:
5709:
5628:
5599:Palazzo Colonna
5445:
5438:
5396:
5388:
5299:Campo de' Fiori
5286:
5274:
5218:Other landmarks
5213:
5189:Quattro Fontane
5067:
5053:Villa Farnesina
5048:Palazzo Zuccari
5018:Palazzo Ruspoli
4953:Palazzo Farnese
4943:Palazzo Colonna
4881:
4861:
4742:S. Maria in Via
4518:
4507:
4470:
4465:Vigna Randanini
4375:
4371:Trajan's Market
4352:
4343:Trajan's Column
4314:
4248:Domus Augustana
4232:
4167:
4085:
4050:Forum of Caesar
4023:
3990:Temple of Vesta
3960:Temple of Janus
3916:
3912:Baths of Trajan
3880:
3855:
3822:Aqua Anio Novus
3815:Aqua Anio Vetus
3788:
3731:
3724:
3705:Lateran Obelisk
3690:
3493:Walls and gates
3488:
3483:
3444:
3439:
3428:
3417:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3281:
3277:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3214:
3210:
3171:
3167:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3089:Pruitt, Sarah.
3087:
3083:
3046:
3042:
3019:
3015:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2868:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2783:
2779:
2774:. 25 July 2023.
2766:
2765:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2639:Connolly, Peter
2637:
2633:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2566:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2463:Life of Romulus
2452:
2448:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2161:. pp. 8–9.
2155:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2099:The Roman Forum
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2051:The Roman Forum
2045:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1984:Farnese Gardens
1963:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1894:Forum Piscarium
1805:
1741:J. M. W. Turner
1728:
1668:
1626:
1602:Temple of Vesta
1596:, parts of the
1566:Forum of Caesar
1532:Pope Nicholas V
1453:
1426:Capitoline Hill
1422:"Campo Vaccino"
1352:
1325:Temple of Vesta
1263:Forum of Caesar
1235:
1157:Robert Guiscard
1138:comitia tributa
1122:Basilica Fulvia
1107:Tribune benches
1082:locus popularis
1039:Temple of Vesta
996:Temple of Vesta
988:
901:
875:as well as the
867:, building its
837:Capitoline Hill
821:
804:
794:
754:
749:
744:
743:
742:
729:
724:
668:above sea level
607:to that of the
605:Capitoline Hill
568:
477:Umbilicus Urbis
461:Temple of Vesta
430:criminal trials
344:
237:
235:
231:
228:
223:
220:
218:
216:
215:
186:
179:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
166:
158:
138:
116:Temple of Vesta
68:Gemonian stairs
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Ruins in Italy
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6309:
6308:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6217:Curia Hostilia
6214:
6212:Curia Cornelia
6204:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6170:Vicus Jugarius
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6129:Columna Maenia
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6057:
6050:Basilica Julia
6047:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5961:Lacus Juturnae
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:Galleria Spada
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5464:Casa di Goethe
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5429:Villa Torlonia
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:Parks, gardens
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5354:Piazza Venezia
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5334:Piazza Farnese
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:Piazza Colonna
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5199:Trevi Fountain
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5179:di Ponte Sisto
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Palazzo Riario
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Palazzo Mattei
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Palazzo Madama
4970:
4968:Lateran Palace
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4869:
4867:Other churches
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4517:Roman Catholic
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4490:Pons Fabricius
4486:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4290:Villa of Livia
4287:
4284:Villa Gordiani
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Flavian Palace
4265:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4191:
4189:Circus of Nero
4186:
4181:
4179:Circus Maximus
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4127:Basilica Ulpia
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4105:Basilica Julia
4101:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4065:Trajan's Forum
4062:
4057:
4055:Forum of Nerva
4052:
4047:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Arch of Drusus
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:Janiculum Wall
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:San Sebastiano
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3500:Aurelian Walls
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3441:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3415:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3373:
3371:italyrome.info
3363:Circus Maximus
3356:
3342:
3341:External links
3339:
3336:
3335:
3329:978-0801843006
3328:
3308:
3290:
3275:
3260:
3251:
3230:10.2307/504394
3208:
3187:10.2307/504394
3165:
3144:10.2307/504394
3122:
3096:
3081:
3067:10.1086/472777
3060:(3): 199–202.
3040:
3029:(5): 202–211.
3013:
3010:–231, 234–235.
2992:
2983:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2922:. p. 246.
2910:
2901:
2892:
2877:
2862:
2847:
2825:
2813:
2794:
2777:
2756:
2754:, pp. 250–251.
2743:
2731:
2722:
2720:, pp. 111–112.
2709:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2631:
2618:Baedeker, Karl
2606:
2585:
2577:109 (note 139)
2560:
2541:
2522:
2515:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2403:
2399:Unwritten Rome
2387:
2369:
2356:
2337:
2330:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2222:
2201:10.2307/505123
2179:
2164:
2149:
2136:
2127:
2112:
2085:
2063:
2047:Grant, Michael
2039:
2022:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:and the Tiber.
1928:Forum Vinarium
1923:
1920:Campus Martius
1906:
1889:
1868:
1863:and the river
1859:, between the
1839:Trajan's Forum
1824:Forum Augustum
1804:
1801:
1774:Vedute di Roma
1733:Claude Lorrain
1727:
1724:
1667:
1664:
1625:
1622:
1570:Pope Eugene IV
1552:Basilica Julia
1452:
1449:
1439:The return of
1351:
1348:
1286:Basilica Ulpia
1282:Trajan's Forum
1234:
1231:
1075:Gaius Gracchus
1071:Caius Licinius
1053:(484 BC). The
987:
986:Roman Republic
984:
900:
897:
889:Curia Hostilia
861:Numa Pompilius
820:
817:
793:
790:
753:
750:
748:
745:
726:
725:
718:
717:
716:
704:Vicus Jugarius
625:Forum Adjectum
621:Basilica Julia
611:. The Forum's
567:
564:
548:Basilica Ulpia
544:Trajan's Forum
517:Basilica Julia
369:
368:
359:
355:
354:
350:
349:
342:
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
317:
316:
310:Roman Republic
307:
303:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
287:
286:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
192:
188:
187:
184:
181:
180:
174:
168:
167:
160:
159:
152:
146:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
124:Umbilicus Urbi
120:Rostra Augusti
100:Basilica Iulia
61:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6376:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6306:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:Lacus Curtius
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:Cloaca Maxima
6189:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6103:Arch of Titus
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5842:Villa Farnese
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5789:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Raphael Rooms
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Museo di Roma
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5446:art galleries
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:Via del Corso
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Piazza Navona
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5270:Spanish Steps
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Milizie Tower
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Capocci Tower
5238:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Quattro Fiumi
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Palazzo Spada
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Palazzo Malta
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Palazzo Chigi
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:S. Pudenziana
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:Casal Rotondo
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4307:Villa of the
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:Entertainment
4170:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:Forum Boarium
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:Imperial fora
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Baths of Nero
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3868:Cloaca Maxima
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:Arch of Titus
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Arch of Janus
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:Ancient Roman
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Querquetulana
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3602:Santo Spirito
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:San Pancrazio
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3447:Imperial fora
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3416:9781623710088
3412:
3409:. Interlink.
3408:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:Forum Romanum
3349:
3345:
3344:
3331:
3325:
3322:. JHU Press.
3321:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2987:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2835:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2768:"Roman Forum"
2763:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2705: 200 AD
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:Forum Romanum
2685:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2586:0-521-30401-6
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2516:0-520-07755-5
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:Watkin, David
2089:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2059:Werner Forman
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:Aventine Hill
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1911:Forum Suarium
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1886:Servian walls
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:Palatine Hill
1858:
1854:
1853:
1852:Forum Boarium
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:Mussolini era
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:imperial fora
1810:
1800:
1798:
1797:Hubert Robert
1794:
1790:
1789:Pirro Ligorio
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Campo Vaccino
1734:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:Pope Martin V
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:Pope Paul III
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:Forum Romanum
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:The reign of
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:Lacus Curtius
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Julius Caesar
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:The earliest
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:Gaius Maenius
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
997:
992:
983:
981:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:Domus Publica
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:Cloaca Maxima
914:
905:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
853:
851:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Palatine Hill
826:
814:
810:
805: 753 BC
798:
792:Roman Kingdom
789:
787:
783:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
741:
737:
735:
734:Forum Romanum
728:
722:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
649:
645:
644:Cloaca Maxima
641:
637:
632:
630:
629:Arch of Titus
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
594:Julius Caesar
591:
587:
583:
582:
572:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
539:
538:Forum Romanum
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Julius Caesar
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:
472:
470:
469:imperial Rome
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Roman Kingdom
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
418:
412:
410:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Forum Romanum
380:
376:
367:
363:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
265:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
182:
156:
150:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:Tarpeian Rock
69:
65:
59:
54:
50:Forum Romanum
47:
41:
37:
33:
32:Forum (Roman)
19:
6234:Graecostasis
6199:
6175:Vicus Tuscus
6063:
5927:
5886:Vatican City
5837:Villa d'Este
5827:Ostia Antica
5807:Capo di Bove
5773:Tiber Island
5682:
5675:
5663:
5641:
5424:Villa Medici
5265:Sisto Bridge
5235:Campo Verano
5139:del Pantheon
5084:Acqua Felice
5063:Villa Madama
5058:Villa Giulia
5008:Palazzo Poli
4874:
4772:S. Pancrazio
4657:S. Eustachio
4637:S. Crisogono
4587:Ss. Apostoli
4500:
4496:Ponte Milvio
4488:
4483:Pons Cestius
4481:
4463:
4386:
4363:
4308:
4294:
4282:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4237:Palaces and
4200:Ludus Magnus
4198:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4103:
4096:
4078:
4071:
4034:
4001:
3927:
3885:Public baths
3873:
3866:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3829:Aqua Claudia
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3781:
3634:Caelimontana
3629:Servian Wall
3619:Terreus Wall
3592:Cavalleggeri
3587:Leonine Wall
3565:San Giovanni
3445:
3440:Roman Forum
3436:
3429:
3405:
3367:Tiber Island
3318:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3254:
3224:(1): 51–62.
3221:
3217:
3211:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3108:
3099:
3084:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2974:. Retrieved
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2828:
2803:
2797:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2751:
2746:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2621:
2572:
2563:
2549:
2544:
2531:
2525:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2364:
2359:
2346:
2340:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2117:. Retrieved
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:; Photos by
2050:
2042:
2032:
2025:
2011:
1989:
1972:
1946:
1926:
1909:
1903:Roman Ghetto
1892:
1871:
1850:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1818:Forum Iulium
1816:
1806:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1754:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1705:
1680:
1653:
1638:
1634:Giacomo Boni
1627:
1617:
1573:
1559:
1555:
1540:
1536:Pope Pius II
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:Conservatori
1511:
1507:
1504:Conservatori
1499:
1497:
1485:
1454:
1441:Pope Urban V
1438:
1434:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1373:between the
1364:
1333:
1301:
1279:
1274:
1247:
1233:Roman Empire
1192:
1174:. In 63 BC,
1161:
1150:
1136:
1134:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1044:
1035:
1029:
979:
972:
955:
929:
910:
858:
854:
833:Titus Tatius
822:
778:
755:
731:
708:Vicus Tuscus
698:) up to the
693:
691:
672:
657:
633:
624:
602:
579:
577:
535:
533:
502:
496:—as well as
475:
473:
450:
438:ancient Rome
423:
414:
409:Forum Magnum
406:
382:
374:
372:
353:Architecture
314:Roman Empire
271:Ancient Rome
267:Part of
40:
6324:Roman Forum
6284:Velian Hill
6244:Lapis Niger
6222:Curia Julia
5928:Roman Forum
5722:Seven Hills
5444:Museums and
5250:Conti Tower
5104:Il Facchino
5089:Acqua Paola
4787:S. Prassede
4627:S. Clemente
4557:S. Agostino
4309:sette bassi
4255:Domus Aurea
4141:Curia Julia
4035:Roman Forum
3850:Aqua Tepula
3843:Aqua Marcia
3783:Arcus Novus
3624:Romuli Wall
2840:23 February
2643:Hazel Dodge
2569:Beard, Mary
2554:(3rd ed.),
1835:Forum Nerva
1693:god Jupiter
1656:sarcophagus
1641:Lapis Niger
1451:Renaissance
1403:Constans II
1371:Gothic Wars
1329:Curia Julia
1310:of Emperor
1211:famous play
1207:Shakespeare
1199:Marc Antony
1094:in 318 BC,
1087:mos maiorum
1015:Curia Julia
683:Velian Hill
609:Velian Hill
586:town square
566:Description
521:Curia Julia
391:Foro Romano
375:Roman Forum
236: /
212:Coordinates
169:Roman Forum
132:Lapis Niger
88:Curia Julia
44:Roman Forum
18:Roman forum
6318:Categories
6274:Tabularium
5740:Capitoline
5384:Via Veneto
5294:Appian Way
5194:Tartarughe
4652:S. Eugenio
4592:S. Balbina
4162:Tabularium
3836:Aqua Julia
3801:Aqua Appia
3659:Fontinalis
3575:Settimiana
3365:, and the
2750:Connolly,
2653:, pp. 109.
2444:2, p. 135.
2195:(4): 633.
2053:, London:
2003:References
1939:, between
1882:vegetables
1757:(1742) by
1608:, and the
1492:papal bull
1379:Ostrogoths
1365:After the
1317:Diocletian
1215:New Rostra
1164:Tabularium
660:travertine
653:Republican
515:built the
488:'s formal
320:Site notes
221:41°53′32″N
64:Tabularium
6165:Via Sacra
6032:Basilicas
5745:Esquiline
5714:Landscape
5409:Villa Ada
5379:Via Sacra
5124:Navicella
5099:Barcaccia
5072:Fountains
4857:S. Vitale
4852:S. Teresa
4807:S. Sabina
4519:basilicas
4194:Colosseum
3929:Ara Pacis
3921:Religious
3793:Aqueducts
3732:landmarks
3684:Trigemina
3664:Gallienus
3654:Esquilina
3649:Dolabella
3580:Tiburtina
3560:San Paolo
3530:Nomentana
3505:Ardeatina
3246:193115520
3203:193115520
3181:(1): 52.
3160:193115520
3138:(1): 55.
2976:4 January
2666:, p. 106.
2595:cite book
2558:, p. 607.
2217:193074571
2078:25 August
1937:Testaccio
1781:Canaletto
1759:Canaletto
1630:Carlo Fea
1561:Cannapara
1490:issued a
1486:In 1425,
1468:Charles V
1430:Colosseum
1250:civil war
1188:Tullianum
1114:basilicas
1069:known as
950:known as
925:Via Sacra
712:Argiletum
687:Via Sacra
685:down the
642:with the
613:basilicas
529:religious
325:Condition
298:Abandoned
224:12°29′7″E
6289:Vulcanal
6196:Comitium
5817:Frascati
5755:Quirinal
5750:Palatine
5730:Aventine
5404:Bioparco
5397:and zoos
5109:Marforio
4777:Pantheon
4697:S. Marco
4357:Commerce
4134:Comitium
4014:Pantheon
4009:Lupercal
3697:obelisks
3695:Ancient
3669:Viminale
3540:Pinciana
3525:Metronia
3520:Maggiore
3510:Asinaria
3109:BBC News
2752:Op. cit.
2718:Op. cit.
2679:, p. 79.
2677:Op. cit.
2675:Watkin,
2664:Op. cit.
2662:Watkin,
2645:(1998),
2620:(1903).
2397:, 2008,
2236:, p. 16.
2234:Op. cit.
2147:, p. 43.
2145:Op. cit.
2125:, p. 22.
2096:(2009).
2061:, p. 11.
2049:(1970),
1951:See also
1743:painted
1735:'s 1636
1649:aquifers
1618:fabbrica
1556:Canapare
1510:and the
1428:and the
1377:and the
1350:Medieval
1327:and the
1256:and the
1223:Augustus
1180:Catiline
1100:maeniana
956:Volcanal
952:Vulcanal
932:Comitium
850:Vulcanal
846:Comitium
786:Vulcanal
782:Comitium
762:Iron Age
675:Triumphs
664:Augustus
640:Tarquins
598:Augustus
546:and the
525:judicial
505:Comitium
490:Comitium
486:Republic
482:Vulcanal
480:and the
442:Palatine
306:Cultures
249:Altitude
194:Central
191:Location
6148:Streets
6122:Columns
5935:Temples
5879:Enclave
5760:Viminal
5735:Caelian
5284:streets
5280:Squares
5209:Tritone
5204:Tritons
5134:Nettuno
5129:Neptune
5094:Babuino
4802:S. Saba
4475:Bridges
3644:Collina
3597:Pertusa
3550:Portese
3115:28 June
3076:3136821
3035:3286845
2772:HISTORY
2716:Grant,
2232:Grant,
2174:History
2143:Grant,
2119:6 March
1837:), and
1833:(also:
1708:Concord
1660:Romulus
1550:as the
1528:maestri
1521:maestri
1517:maestri
1508:maestri
1445:Avignon
1229:there.
1143:Tribune
1067:tribune
913:wetland
825:Romulus
747:History
655:times.
581:plateia
387:Italian
341:Website
290:Founded
285:History
6269:Rostra
6086:Arches
5144:Pianto
5119:Nasone
4239:villae
3860:Sewers
3674:Naevia
3639:Capena
3545:Popolo
3515:Latina
3413:
3326:
3244:
3238:504394
3236:
3201:
3195:504394
3193:
3158:
3152:504394
3150:
3074:
3033:
2583:
2513:
2328:
2215:
2209:505123
2207:
2172:Livy.
2110:
1991:Veduta
1857:cattle
1827:, the
1807:Other
1795:, and
1726:In art
1697:Saturn
1600:, the
1592:, the
1399:Phocas
1392:Rostra
1323:, the
1243:Empire
1227:Cicero
1176:Cicero
1092:Censor
1063:Rostra
954:(also
948:Vulcan
885:Senate
873:temple
841:Sabine
770:Latium
636:marshy
494:Senate
202:Region
92:Rostra
6264:Regia
6207:Curia
6184:Other
5684:Pietà
5514:MAXXI
4380:Tombs
4090:Civic
3242:S2CID
3234:JSTOR
3199:S2CID
3191:JSTOR
3156:S2CID
3148:JSTOR
3072:JSTOR
3031:JSTOR
2213:S2CID
2205:JSTOR
1878:herbs
1865:Tiber
1712:Vesta
1610:Regia
1477:Titus
1443:from
1267:Galba
1153:Sulla
975:Vesta
964:Curia
936:Regia
921:Tiber
877:Regia
869:house
865:Vesta
813:Velia
648:Tiber
590:Sulla
457:Regia
417:Forum
399:plaza
395:forum
381:name
379:Latin
261:forum
206:Lazio
108:Regia
5114:Moro
4028:Fora
3411:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3117:2020
2978:2020
2842:2020
2641:and
2601:link
2581:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2324:–2.
2121:2010
2108:ISBN
2080:2014
1933:wine
1925:The
1916:pork
1908:The
1899:fish
1891:The
1880:and
1870:The
1849:The
1809:fora
1701:bank
1681:The
1674:The
1645:tuff
1479:and
1386:, a
1358:The
1295:The
1271:Otho
1170:and
1105:The
994:The
960:tuff
942:and
871:and
811:and
784:and
730:The
527:and
444:and
432:and
403:Rome
373:The
277:Area
257:Type
196:Rome
5634:Art
5079:Api
4893:Arx
3535:Pia
3226:doi
3183:doi
3140:doi
3062:doi
3008:228
2808:109
2626:251
2351:122
2197:doi
1558:or
1209:'s
1201:'s
809:Arx
336:Yes
6320::
5282:,
3369:–
3361:,
3301:.
3240:.
3232:.
3222:84
3220:.
3197:.
3189:.
3179:84
3177:.
3154:.
3146:.
3136:84
3134:.
3107:.
3070:.
3058:17
3056:.
3052:.
3025:.
2816:^
2770:.
2759:^
2734:^
2707:).
2702:c.
2649:,
2609:^
2597:}}
2593:{{
2579:.
2536:95
2509:.
2507:61
2372:^
2267:^
2225:^
2211:.
2203:.
2193:94
2191:.
2102:.
1821:,
1799:.
1791:,
1787:,
1783:,
1714:,
1710:,
1662:.
1538:.
1432:.
1288:.
1077:.
970:.
802:c.
710:,
706:,
631:.
596:,
592:,
471:.
421:.
389::
364:,
312:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
66:,
6198:(
6068:)
6062:(
6056:)
6052:(
6046:)
6042:(
6018:)
6014:(
5993:)
5989:(
5963:)
5959:(
5920:e
5913:t
5906:v
5231:)
5227:(
4339:"
4335:"
3478:e
3471:t
3464:v
3419:.
3332:.
3305:.
3248:.
3228::
3205:.
3185::
3162:.
3142::
3119:.
3093:.
3078:.
3064::
3037:.
3027:5
2980:.
2844:.
2810:.
2700:(
2628:.
2603:)
2589:.
2538:.
2519:.
2353:.
2334:.
2322:1
2219:.
2199::
2123:.
2082:.
2019:.
1922:,
1905:,
1888:,
1867:,
397:(
385:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.