Temple of Caesar - Knowledge

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to it with blazing torches, and at once the throng of bystanders heaped upon it dry branches, the judgment seats with the benches, and whatever else could serve as an offering. Then the musicians and actors tore off their robes, which they had taken from the equipment of his triumphs and put on for the occasion, rent them to bits and threw them into the flames, and the veterans of the legions the arms with which they had adorned themselves for the funeral; many of the women too, offered up the jewels which they wore and the amulets and robes of their children.

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weeks of Caesar's death and another which was rebuilt in the summer of 44 BC. By the fall of that year the spot had become the physical epicenter of the Caesarian movement: Octavian held a public rally of Caesar's veterans in November and publicly swore his fidelity to Caesar's memory with his hand extended towards the column, topped with a statue, which now marked the spot of the pyre.

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his life for Caesar's. Then, swept very easily on to passionate emotion, he stripped the clothes from Caesar's body, raised them on a pole and waved them about, rent as they were by the stabs and befouled with the dictator's blood. At this the people, like a chorus, joined him in the most sorrowful lamentation and after this expression of emotion were again filled with anger.

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Octavian's triumviral partners did not share his enthusiasm for the Caesarian cult, which provided him with a powerful political base. Construction may not have begun in earnest until 32 or 31 BC. In any event, the temple was not formally dedicated until 29, after Octavian had defeated his erstwhile partner Antony and assumed sole rulership of the Roman world.

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walls, i.e., at the corners of the cella; other scholars consider the temple to have been entirely Corinthian and the coin evidence as bad representations of Corinthian columns. The distinction between Corinthian and composite columns is a Renaissance one and not an Ancient Roman one. In Ancient Rome

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The final building had six, rather than four columns on its facade but it did include Caesar's Comet on its architrave. The figure inside the temple is dressed as a Roman augur: it may represent Augustus himself rather than Julius Caesar. The altar at left represents the original altar built on the

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During the very time of these games of mine, a hairy star was seen during seven days, in the part of the heavens which is under the Great Bear. It rose about the eleventh hour of the day, was very bright, and was conspicuous in all parts of the earth. The common people supposed the star to indicate,

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in 125 AD, as can be seen on the coin series struck for the occasion. The temple was also hosted a legislative voting assembly. The political and religious messages mixed seamlessly: the rostra stood above the circular altar which was the focus of the Caesar cult and which marked the site of Caesar's

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Then, seizing his body, some wished to convey it to the room in which he had been slaughtered, and others to the Capitol, and burn it there; but being prevented by the soldiers, who feared that the theatre and temples would be burned to the ground at the same time, they placed it upon a pyre there in

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Variously reported in Cassius Dio, 44.36ff; Suetonius, 84; and Appian, 2.144. Appian's example: In this inspired frenzy said much else, altering his voice from clarion-clear to dirge-like, grieving for Caesar as for a friend who had suffered injustice, weeping, and vowing that he desired to give

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Also in this case there are many different hypothetical reconstructions of the general arrangement of the buildings of this part of the Roman Forum. According to one, the Rostra podium was attached to the Temple of Divus Iulius and is actually the podium of the Temple of Divus Iulius with the rostra

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Octavian added a star to the statue of Caesar which he was in the process of erecting on the site of the future temple, and from then on a star became a common graphic motif in allusions to Caesar's divinity. The star was typically shown as an eight-pointed radiate star, sometimes with an additional

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The bier on the rostra was carried down into the Forum by magistrates and ex-magistrates; and while some were urging that it be burned in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol, and others in the Hall of Pompey, on a sudden two beings with swords by their sides and brandishing a pair of darts set fire

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Appian, Bellum Civile, 2.147: "When the crowd were in this state, and near to violence, someone raised above the bier a wax effigy of Caesar - the body itself, lying on its back on the bier, not being visible. The effigy was turned in every direction, by a mechanical device, and twenty-three wounds

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podium are also a problem of interpretation based on scarce data. They were visible in 29 BC when the temple was dedicated and when Augustus' coin series with the temple of Divus Iulius was struck from 37 BC to 34 BC. For the period after the coinage of that series there is no clear evidence. It is

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on the Capitoline Hill. The fire tongues perhaps recalled the flames of the comet (star) on Augustan period coins. With a star as the main decoration of the tympanum, as can be seen on the Augustan coins, the whole temple had the function to represent the comet (star) that announced the deification

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on its tympanum. The final version of the temple included a statue of Caesar accompanied by a star: this may have been the statue first erected in 44 or a new one reflecting a similar iconographic program. The position of the temple on its high pedestal, looking down onto the forum and symbolically

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From an analysis of ancient coins it is possible to determine two different series of decorations for the upper part of the frontal pediment of the temple. Fire tongues (their identification is uncertain) decorated the pediment, as in Etruscan decorated antefixes, similar to the decoration of the

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in 52 BC. The popular enthusiasm led to the creation of an unofficial monument on the east side of the Forum, opposite the Regia, which was the site of oaths and sacrifices. There seem to have been at least two monuments at different times: an initial one which was removed the consuls within six

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Some months after Caesars' death, a comet appeared in the skies over Rome. The comet was bright enough to be visible in daylight, appearing an hour before sunset for seven consecutive days. The comet's appearance coincided with funeral games sponsored by Octavian on behalf of the assassinated

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Caesar in 42, and a decree of the tribal assembly undertook the creation of the a temple in recognition of his divinity: a powerful assertion of populist supremacy. The pursuit of the Caesar's assassins was a more pressing matter, however, and work proceeded slowly if at all: It is likely that

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known that at some time the altar was removed and the niche filled in and closed with stones to create a continuous wall at the podium of the temple. According to various hypotheses this was done either in 14 BC, or probably before the 4th century AD, or after

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that Pliny described the building as "a temple dedicated to a comet" A coin issued in 36 BC (seven years before the dedication of the temple, presumably representing an early design) showed a tetrastyle temple with a start in its pediment and the inscription

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The temple measured 26.97 metres (88.5 ft) in width and 30 metres (98 ft) in length, corresponding to 91 by 102 Roman feet. The podium or platform area was at least 5.5 m high (18 Roman feet) but only 3.5 m at the front. The columns, if

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dictator; popular opinion (helped along, it is usually believed, by Octavian and the Caesarian party) saw this apparition as proof that Caesar had ascended into the heavens alongside the gods. Inevitably, the comet became known as the

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remains uncertain. It may have been at the front and sides of the podium, or at the rear and sides of the podium . The position at the rear is a reconstruction model based on a hypothesized similarity between this temple and the

1108:. During the reign of Nero Apelles' painting deteriorated and could not be restored, so the emperor substituted for it another one by Dorotheus. There is also another painting by Apelles, depicting the Dioscuri with Victoria. 827:(the prow of a warship) attached in a frontal position. According to other reconstructions, the Rostra podium was a separate platform built west of the temple of Divus Iulius and directly in front of it, so the podium of the 239:

The remains of Caesar's altar are a pilgrimage site for visitors from across Italy and the world. Flowers and other items are left there daily and special commemorations take place on March 15 to commemorate Caesar's death.

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The temple remained largely intact until the late 15th century, when its marble and stones were reused to construct new churches and palaces. Only parts of the cement core of the platform have been preserved.

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augural staff in his right hand. When the doors of the temple were left open, it was possible to see the statue from the Roman Forum's main square. In the cella of the temple there was a famous painting by

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used for sacred oaths before trials. After the funeral of Caesar and the building of the temple, this tribunal was then moved in front of the Temple of Caesar, probably to the location of the so-called

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The temple functioned as a cult center for the cult of the deified Julius Caesar. Augustus used to dedicate the spoils of war in this temple. The altar and the shrine conveyed the rare right of

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is not the platform used by the orators for their speeches and not the platform used to attach the prows of ships taken at Actium. This separate and independent podium or platform, known as

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A statue at the vertex of the frontal pediment and two statues at the end corners of the pediment, the classical decoration for the pediments of the Roman temples, date to Hadrian's reign.

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Stanford University Forma Urbis Romae: slabs of the Forum Area with Temple of Divus Iulius (the Temple of Divus Iulius is a missing part visible only as a simple plan out of the slabs)

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was a podium used by orators for official and civil speeches and especially for Imperial funeral orations. The podium is clearly visible on coins from the Hadrian period and in the

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and beam type modillions (one of the first examples ever in Roman temple architecture) and undersides decorated with narrow rectangular panels carrying flowers, roses, disks,

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that the soul of Cæsar was admitted among the immortal Gods; under which designation it was that the star was placed on the bust which was lately consecrated in the forum

802:-period coin from 125 AD – 128 AD, with representation of the Temple of Divus Iulius. Visible are the Rostra ad Divi Iuli, the arrangement of the podium, and the temple. 611:

proclaiming the presence of the deified Julius, was a pointed reminder to the crowds in the forum of the connection between the new imperial order and Caesar's legacy.

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Other Augustan era buildings with that particular type of Etruscan-style decoration appear on coins, as well as on representation of the frontal section of the Curia.

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Wardle, David. 2002. “« Deus » or « divus » : The Genesis of Roman Terminology for Deified Emperors and a Philosopher's Contribution.” In

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cremation. The temple thus embodied the Augustan "restoration of the Republic" in a setting that could only remind voters of the Caesarian party and its leader.

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The column order originally used for this temple is uncertain. Ancient coins with representations of the Temple of Divus Iulius suggest the columns were either

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A cremation within the city's ceremonial heart was both unusual and politically charged: Caesar's impromptu pyre recalled the cremation of populist firebrand

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could be seen, savagely inflicted on every part of the body and on the face. This sight seemed so pitiful to the people that they could bear it no longer. "

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The Regia was also, traditionally, the residence of Rome's kings: the choice of location may also reflect popular support for Caesar's "royal" status as a

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11.2.2, June of 44 BC, where Brutus and Cassius are upset by rumors that Caesar's veterans are already planning on replacing the destroyed shrine

954:-era coin from 37 BC – 34 BC with a representation of the Temple of Divus Iulius. Visible are the altar, a statue of Caesar veiled and with a 437:

The temple's roots in Caesarian popular politics were visible in its design. Its high podium provided an excellent speaker's platform, or

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front porch, with six closely spaced columns on the front. However, the arrangement of the columns is uncertain, as it could be either

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UCLA Digital Roman Forum page for the "Rostra Diocletiani" i.e. "Rostra ad Divi Iuli" Archaeological discussion and 3D reconstruction

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at the opposite end of the Forum). Like the older rostra it was decorated with the beaks of ships, in this case those taken at the

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Augustus used the temple to dedicate offerings of the spoils of war. It contained a colossal statue of Julius Caesar, veiled as

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https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1897319&AucID=4447&Lot=1152&Val=8ded2d4cd4b1c7181a24f0baf107b244

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Phillips, Darryl Alexander. 2011. “The Temple of Divus Iulius and the Restoration of Legislative Assemblies under Augustus.”

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Corinthian and composite were part of the same order. It seems that the composite style was common on civil buildings and

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Richardson and other scholars hypothesize that the filled in niche may have not been the altar of Julius Caesar, but the

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Koortbojian, Michael. 2008. “The Double Identity of Roman Portrait Statues: Costumes and their Symbolism at Rome.” In

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Oxford Classical Texts: C. Suetoni Tranquilli: De Vita Caesarum Libros VIII et De Grammaticis et Rhetoribus Librum

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suggest the possibility that the order of the temple was changed during the restoration by Septimius Severus. The

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pilastre capitals have been found on the site by archaeologists. Some scholars hypothesize that the temple had an

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This coin has not been published apart from its appearance in auction catalogs. Its most recent outing is here:

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The temple was finally consecrated as part of Octavian's "triple triumph" in 29, celebrating his victories in

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UCLA Digital Roman Forum page for the "Iulius Divus, Aedes" Archaeological discussion and 3D reconstruction

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celebrating his victory over Antony and Cleopatra. It stands on the east side of the main square of the

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Ancient accounts of Caesar's cremation after his death in 44 BC are somewhat confused. According to

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http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D23

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But Suetonius suggests a "divine" intervention with hints of a more mundane popular demonstration:

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The comet quickly became a key part of the iconography of the deified Caesar. Pliny, in his

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to descent from the goddess -- the plan of the temple overall recalled the plan of Caesar's

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exteriors and less common on temple exteriors. Many temples and religious buildings of the

993:(podium revetement, columns, entablature and pediment of the temple; probably marble from 8: 2562: 2547: 2489: 2479: 2474: 2296: 2150: 1603: 1428:"The Temple of Divus Iulius and the Restoration of Legislative Assemblies Under Augustus" 1125: 1027: 1662: 823:, but the connection between the rostra podium and the temple structure is not evident. 764: 2799: 2542: 2514: 2494: 2464: 2459: 2197: 2091: 1872: 1548: 1540: 1455: 1447: 1354: 474: 411: 281: 1843:, Edited by Clark, Gillian and Rajak, Tessa, 181-191. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1335:"Topography and Ideology: Caesar's Monument and the Aedes Divi Ivlii in Augustan Rome" 1196:"Sempre più fiori e monetine sull'Ara di Cesare: la tradizione si rinnova il 15 marzo" 3083: 2944: 2794: 2653: 2599: 2589: 2401: 2192: 2019: 1989: 1552: 1459: 1358: 1287: 1283: 977: 819: 795: 733: 573: 550: 366: 211: 1913:

Topography and Ideology: Caesar's Monument and the Aedes Divi Iulii in Augustan Rome

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Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in honour of Miriam Griffin

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for public oaths. According to C. Hülsen the circular structure visible under the

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Arrian added a mechanized wax effigy of Caesar displaying all of Caesar's wounds.

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representation and floral ornaments, are visible on site or in the Forum Museum (

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spot of Caesar's creation, whose foundation is still visible in the Roman forum.

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Temple of Caesar at digitales Forum Romanum by Humboldt University of Berlin

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of Julius Caesar and the reign of Augustus, as reported by Pliny the Elder.

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posthumously. However it was completed by Octavian alone: he dedicated the

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Situated simulation of the Temple of Caesar for mobile phones and tablets

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and then restored. Comparisons with coins from the times of Augustus and

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By the end of 43 BC, Octavian, Antony and Lepidus had united to form the

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depicting Venus emerging from the sea, a nod to the claim of the Julian

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in honour of Augustus. The decorations included a famous painting by

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2nd ed., revised and expanded. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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says the crowd wanted to burn Caesar's body on the Capitolium:

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Flowers placed on the remains of the altar of Julius Caesar.

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It was sufficiently important to the visual identity of the

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as it appears on a coin of Augustus from Hispania, ca. 18 BC

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built by C. Aurelius Cotta around 80 BC near the so-called

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The sources disagree about the precise sequence of events.

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The Roman Forum: A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide.

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as Venus, a work kept in the Temple of Divus Iulius after

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Reconstruction of the Temple of Divus Iulius according to

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A coin of Octavian, 36 BC, showing an early design of the

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Temple of Caesar (General Description and Photo Gallery)

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from the battle of Actium to the podium. The so-called

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Transactions of the American Philological Association

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The temple was destroyed by fire during the reign of

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1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic

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with, probably, a podium rostra in the frontal part

1506:Typology and structure of Roman Historical reliefs 306:temple (it is still unknown whether its order was 3049:1st-century BC religious buildings and structures 3035: 1770:, 2005; B. Frischer, D. Favro and D. Abernathy, 1737:, 2005; B. Frischer, D. Favro and D. Abernathy, 1637:, 2005; B. Frischer, D. Favro and D. Abernathy, 841:, due to the final arrangement of the building. 1565:Pliny, Natural History, 2.23 (translated from: 1482: 1480: 56: 31:Perspective view of the Temple of Divus Iulius 2367: 1950: 1716: 1714: 496:It seems that in that very place there was a 1827:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 1818:Gorski, Gilbert, and James E. Packer. 2015. 1477: 1270:Suetonius (2016), Kaster, Robert A. (ed.), 618:Commemorative plaque beside Caesar's altar. 2374: 2360: 2338: 1957: 1943: 1711: 1403:14.15.1 records the removal on 1 May 44 BC 1091:, with a star on his head and bearing the 872: 702:combined with Corinthian pilasters on the 662:wrote that the temple was an example of a 247:Remains of the temple, seen from the back. 25: 2015:Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC) 1269: 1165: 1146: 3059:Monuments and memorials to Julius Caesar 1691:B. Frischer, D. Favro and D. Abernathy, 1653:; based on Hadrian coins from 125–128 AD 1606:#17, #18a, #18bc, #18d, #18e, #18fg, #19 1425: 1009: 946: 863: 845:Upper decoration of the frontal pediment 794: 758: 613: 587: 568: 258: 250: 242: 2618:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire 1193: 493:, reinforcing the "family" connection. 194:), also known as Temple of the Deified 3036: 1903:The Death and Funeral of Julius Caesar 1516: 1006:Decoration and position of the remains 898:, due to religious concerns about the 79:Click on the map for a fullscreen view 2355: 1938: 1822:New York: Cambridge University Press. 1813:Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. 1227:MQ Ancient History: City of Rome Blog 1038:dedicated it to the shrine of Caesar. 338:, on the site of Caesar's cremation. 2935:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar 2343:List of monuments of the Roman Forum 1772:University of California Los Angeles 1739:University of California Los Angeles 1693:University of California Los Angeles 1639:University of California Los Angeles 1332: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 987:(walls of the podium and the cella) 752:and roses structure typical of the 13: 3064:Roman temples of the Imperial cult 1805: 1166:Nicoletti, Gianluca (2014-07-22). 14: 3105: 2737:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus 2381: 1847: 1315: 267:. The Temple of Divus Iulius and 214:, is an ancient structure in the 3015: 3014: 2337: 1980:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 1495:Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 35.91 1473:Monumentum Ancyranum: Res Gestae 1118: 55: 47: 41: 1964: 1790: 1777: 1760: 1747: 1727: 1706:L'Area Centrale del Foro Romano 1698: 1685: 1672: 1656: 1644: 1623: 1609: 1597: 1584: 1572: 1559: 1510: 1498: 1489: 1466: 1419: 1406: 1393: 1383: 1374: 1194:Quaglia, Lucilla (2019-03-15). 934: 622: 461:and Tiberius read his from the 382:the Forum, without further ado. 1365: 1305: 1284:10.1093/oseo/instance.00233689 1263: 1239: 1215: 1187: 1159: 539: 280:The temple was decreed by the 16:Building in Roman Forum, Italy 1: 2045:Temple of Vespasian and Titus 1380:Suetonius, Life of Caesar, 84 1139: 1134:List of Ancient Roman temples 981:(inner parts of the building) 973:(inner parts of the building) 960:, and a star in the tympanum. 770:The original position of the 715:were Corinthian, such as the 2892:Gaius Julius Caesar (father) 2693:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1878:Resources in other libraries 1704:C.F. Giuliani, P. Verduchi, 964: 809:reports the attachment of a 164:Inauguration 18 August 29 BC 7: 2686:Commentarii de Bello Civili 1995:Temple of Castor and Pollux 1797:Oxford Archaeological Guide 1755:Bretschneider und Regenberg 1743:Oxford Archaeological Guide 1722:Bretschneider und Regenberg 1667:Bretschneider und Regenberg 1651:Oxford Archaeological Guide 1631:Bretschneider und Regenberg 1278:, Oxford University Press, 1111: 1080: 637:Temple of Castor and Pollux 445:to distinguish it from the 332:Temple of Castor and Pollux 10: 3110: 3069:Temples of the Roman Forum 1785:Cambridge University Press 1768:Cambridge University Press 1735:Cambridge University Press 1635:Cambridge University Press 917:used during trials at the 349:after a rousing speech by 295:in 42 BC after the senate 275: 3009: 2968: 2919: 2884: 2858: 2827: 2818: 2787: 2751: 2714: 2663: 2626: 2533: 2450: 2432: 2389: 2335: 2221: 2185: 2159: 2146:Arch of Septimius Severus 2123: 2068: 1972: 1873:Resources in your library 1351:10.1017/S0009838810000510 790: 748:found on the site have a 583:Year of the Four Emperors 160: 150: 145: 134: 97: 84: 77: 36: 24: 2774:Temple of Venus Genetrix 2040:Temple of Venus and Roma 2035:Shrine of Venus Cloacina 1985:Temple of Divus Augustus 1811:Claridge, Amanda. 2010. 1517:Pandey, Nandini (2013). 1426:Phillips, D. A. (2011). 1050:and winged figures. The 781:Temple of Venus Genetrix 491:Temple of Venus Genetrix 2103:Colossus of Constantine 1633:, 1904; J. W. Stamper, 1339:The Classical Quarterly 1333:Sumi, Geoffrey (2011). 873:The niche and the altar 400:Publius Clodius Pulcher 255:Temple of Julius Caesar 119:41.891943°N 12.486246°E 2955:Julio-Claudian dynasty 2779:Caesar's Rhine bridges 2706:Poems by Julius Caesar 2672:Laudatio Iuliae amitae 2648:Constitutional reforms 2635:Lex Julia de maiestate 1039: 961: 869: 829:Temple of Divus Iulius 803: 767: 619: 598: 577: 567: 393: 384: 272: 256: 248: 192:Tempio del Divo Giulio 191: 183: 176:Temple of Divus Iulius 63:Temple of Divus Iulius 20:Temple of Divus Iulius 2397:Early life and career 2317:Umbilicus urbis Romae 2177:Five-Columns Monument 2098:Basilica of Maxentius 2060:Portico Dii Consentes 1537:10.1353/apa.2013.0010 1444:10.1353/phx.2011.0035 1251:penelope.uchicago.edu 1022:, probably a copy of 1013: 950: 867: 798: 762: 617: 591: 572: 562: 388: 379: 262: 254: 246: 3074:Rome R. X Campitelli 3044:29 BC establishments 2996:Marcus Junius Brutus 2907:Julia Minor (sister) 2902:Julia Major (sister) 2500:Invasions of Britain 2417:Crossing the Rubicon 2054:House of the Vestals 1680:Cambridge University 717:Temple of Mars Ultor 124:41.891943; 12.486246 2835:Cossutia (disputed) 2297:Puteal Scribonianum 2151:Arch of Constantine 1604:Stanford University 1126:Ancient Rome portal 1075:Antiquarium Forense 1028:Alexander the Great 833:Rostra ad Divi Iuli 815:Rostra ad Divi Iuli 691:, but fragments of 479:Rostra ad Divi Iuli 467:Rostra ad Divi Iuli 463:Rostra ad Divi Iuli 443:Rostra ad divi Iuli 226:, located near the 115: / 21: 3094:Second Triumvirate 2876:Augustus (adopted) 2800:Chiaramonti Caesar 2578:Battle of the Nile 2434:Military campaigns 2412:Caesar's civil war 2198:Clivus Capitolinus 2092:Basilica Sempronia 1923:2021-11-17 at the 1555:– via JSTOR. 1462:– via JSTOR. 1371:Cassius Dio, 44.50 1247:"Temple of Caesar" 1168:"Il mondo in fila" 1154:Naturalis Historia 1040: 962: 870: 838:Rostra Diocletiani 804: 768: 620: 599: 578: 560:quotes Augustus as 529:Rostra Diocletiani 501:praetoris sub divo 412:Second Triumvirate 273: 269:Rostra Diocletiani 257: 249: 19: 3031: 3030: 2915: 2914: 2795:Tusculum portrait 2654:Dictator perpetuo 2613: 2612: 2505:Ambiorix's revolt 2402:First Triumvirate 2390:Major life events 2349: 2348: 2193:Milliarium Aureum 2020:Temple of Romulus 1990:Temple of Concord 1854:Library resources 1293:978-0-19-871379-1 1152:Pliny the Elder, 978:Opus caementicium 919:Tribunal Aurelium 852:Temple of Jupiter 835:, is also called 820:Anaglypha Traiani 734:Septimius Severus 594:Aedes Divi Iulii. 549:or, in English, " 509:tribunal Aurelium 367:Dictator perpetuo 210:or Temple of the 168: 167: 69:Shown within Rome 3101: 3018: 3017: 2940:Temple of Caesar 2897:Aurelia (mother) 2825: 2824: 2730:Veni, vidi, vici 2448: 2447: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2341: 2340: 2292:Plutei of Trajan 2287:Mamertine Prison 2172:Column of Phocas 2136:Arch of Tiberius 2131:Arch of Augustus 2078:Basilica Aemilia 2025:Temple of Saturn 2005:Temple of Caesar 1959: 1952: 1945: 1936: 1935: 1859:Temple of Caesar 1836:65.3-4: 371-388. 1799: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1775: 1764: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1731: 1725: 1718: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1627: 1621: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1438:(3/4): 371–388. 1423: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1397: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1330: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1163: 1157: 1150: 1128: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1105:Venus Anadyomene 1088:Pontifex Maximus 1057:The cornice had 1020:Venus Anadyomene 923:Arch of Augustus 885:in front of the 765:Christian Hülsen 754:Corinthian order 655:Basilica Aemilia 603:Aedes Divi Iulii 558:Natural History, 451:battle of Actium 432:Battle of Actium 360:Pontifex Maximus 336:Basilica Aemilia 271:are both in red. 172:Temple of Caesar 155:Emperor Augustus 130: 129: 127: 126: 125: 120: 116: 113: 112: 111: 108: 59: 58: 51: 45: 29: 22: 18: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3005: 3001:Curia of Pompey 2964: 2911: 2880: 2854: 2814: 2783: 2759:Forum of Caesar 2747: 2710: 2659: 2622: 2609: 2568:Alexandrian war 2529: 2446: 2428: 2385: 2380: 2350: 2345: 2331: 2267:Gemonian stairs 2239:Ficus Ruminalis 2217: 2181: 2155: 2119: 2115:Basilica Porcia 2110:Basilica Opimia 2082:Basilica Fulvia 2064: 2050:Temple of Vesta 2029:Altar of Saturn 2010:Temple of Janus 1968: 1963: 1925:Wayback Machine 1884: 1883: 1882: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1808: 1806:Further reading 1803: 1802: 1795: 1791: 1783:J. W. Stamper, 1782: 1778: 1766:J. W. Stamper, 1765: 1761: 1752: 1748: 1733:J. W. Stamper, 1732: 1728: 1719: 1712: 1708:. Florence 1987 1703: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1678:J. W. Stamper, 1677: 1673: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1628: 1624: 1617:De Architectura 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1592:Natural History 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1515: 1511: 1504:Mario Torelli, 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1467: 1424: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1331: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1268: 1264: 1255: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1205: 1192: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1164: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1083: 1026:' depiction of 1008: 967: 937: 875: 847: 793: 785:Forum of Caesar 625: 542: 278: 234:Temple of Vesta 184:Aedes Divi Iuli 123: 121: 117: 114: 109: 106: 104: 102: 101: 80: 73: 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 65: 64: 60: 52: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2960:Caesar (title) 2957: 2952: 2947: 2945:Caesar's Comet 2942: 2937: 2932: 2928:Life of Caesar 2923: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2769:Basilica Julia 2766: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2723:Alea iacta est 2718: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2255:Curia Hostilia 2252: 2250:Curia Cornelia 2242: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2208:Vicus Jugarius 2205: 2200: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2167:Columna Maenia 2163: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2095: 2088:Basilica Julia 2085: 2074: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1999:Lacus Juturnae 1992: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1848:External links 1846: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1776: 1759: 1746: 1726: 1710: 1697: 1684: 1671: 1655: 1643: 1622: 1608: 1596: 1583: 1571: 1558: 1531:(2): 405–449. 1509: 1497: 1488: 1476: 1465: 1418: 1405: 1392: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1345:(1): 205–229. 1314: 1304: 1292: 1272:"Divus Julius" 1262: 1238: 1214: 1186: 1158: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1113: 1110: 1082: 1079: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 988: 982: 974: 966: 963: 936: 933: 928:Puteal Libonis 911:Puteal Libonis 874: 871: 846: 843: 792: 789: 729:, and others. 709:Triumphal arch 649:Basilica Iulia 643:Lacus Iuturnae 624: 621: 574:Caesar's Comet 551:Caesar's Comet 541: 538: 517:Puteal Libonis 459:Rostra Augusti 447:rostra augusti 441:(known as the 326:, between the 277: 274: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 143: 142: 136: 132: 131: 99: 95: 94: 86: 82: 81: 78: 75: 74: 68: 62: 61: 54: 53: 46: 40: 39: 38: 37: 34: 33: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3106: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2961: 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2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2424:Assassination 2422: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383:Julius Caesar 2377: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2344: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2277:Lacus Curtius 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2229:Cloaca Maxima 2227: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2141:Arch of Titus 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2073: 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1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1308: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1266: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1203: 1202: 1201:Il Messaggero 1197: 1190: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1149: 1145: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:laurel crowns 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 969: 968: 959: 958: 953: 949: 945: 943: 932: 930: 929: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892:Constantine I 888: 884: 880: 866: 862: 859: 856: 853: 842: 840: 839: 834: 830: 824: 822: 821: 816: 812: 808: 801: 797: 788: 786: 782: 777: 773: 766: 761: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 723: 722:Maison Carrée 718: 714: 710: 705: 701: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 678: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 657: 656: 651: 650: 645: 644: 638: 634: 630: 616: 612: 609: 604: 595: 590: 586: 584: 575: 571: 566: 561: 559: 554: 552: 548: 537: 533: 531: 530: 524: 523: 518: 514: 510: 507:known as the 506: 502: 500: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 420: 417: 413: 408: 405: 404:Cura Hostilia 401: 396: 392: 387: 383: 378: 376: 371: 370: 368: 363: 361: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 300:Julius Caesar 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 270: 266: 261: 253: 245: 241: 237: 235: 231: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 208: 203: 202: 197: 196:Julius Caesar 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 144: 140: 137: 133: 128: 100: 96: 93: 92: 91:Forum Romanum 89:Regione VIII 87: 83: 76: 50: 44: 35: 28: 23: 3020: 3013: 2939: 2927: 2805:Green Caesar 2735: 2728: 2721: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2652: 2640: 2633: 2272:Graecostasis 2237: 2213:Vicus Tuscus 2101: 2004: 1868:Online books 1858: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1705: 1700: 1687: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1615: 1611: 1599: 1591: 1586: 1574: 1561: 1528: 1522: 1512: 1505: 1500: 1491: 1472: 1468: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1342: 1338: 1307: 1297:, retrieved 1275: 1265: 1254:. Retrieved 1250: 1241: 1230:. Retrieved 1226: 1217: 1206:. Retrieved 1204:(in Italian) 1199: 1189: 1178:. Retrieved 1176:(in Italian) 1171: 1161: 1153: 1148: 1103: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1074: 1056: 1041: 1030:'s mistress 976: 955: 938: 935:Measurements 926: 918: 914: 910: 908: 902:cult of the 896:Theodosius I 876: 860: 857: 848: 836: 832: 828: 825: 818: 814: 805: 769: 731: 720: 713:Augustan Age 682: 675: 669: 663: 653: 647: 640: 632: 626: 623:Architecture 607: 602: 600: 593: 579: 563: 557: 555: 547:sidus Iulium 546: 543: 534: 527: 520: 516: 508: 504: 497: 495: 486: 478: 472: 466: 462: 458: 446: 442: 436: 421: 409: 397: 394: 389: 385: 380: 372: 365: 358: 340: 279: 263:Plan of the 238: 227: 205: 199: 175: 171: 169: 90: 3089:Mark Antony 2981:Mark Antony 2930:by Plutarch 2764:Curia Julia 2700:De analogia 2627:Legislation 2558:Dyrrhachium 2525:Uxellodunum 2452:Gallic Wars 2407:Gallic wars 2322:Velian Hill 2282:Lapis Niger 2260:Curia Julia 1966:Roman Forum 1753:C. Hülsen, 1720:C. Hülsen, 1682:Press, 2005 1629:C. Hülsen, 1486:Dio Cassius 925:is not the 807:Dio Cassius 742:entablature 629:Forma Urbis 540:Iconography 402:inside the 375:Cassius Dio 351:Mark Antony 324:Roman Forum 265:Roman Forum 216:Roman Forum 122: / 98:Coordinates 3038:Categories 2976:Julia gens 2810:Arles bust 2743:Last words 2642:Lex Roscia 2548:Brundisium 2312:Tabularium 1401:Ad Atticum 1299:2021-11-17 1256:2021-11-17 1232:2021-11-17 1208:2024-05-24 1180:2024-05-24 1140:References 1067:pine-cones 1018:fresco of 985:Travertine 942:Corinthian 913:, the old 750:modillions 693:Corinthian 677:peripteral 665:pycnostyle 334:, and the 312:Corinthian 212:Comet Star 110:12°29′10″E 107:41°53′31″N 2986:Cleopatra 2950:Caesarism 2871:Caesarion 2850:Calpurnia 2788:Portraits 2752:Buildings 2563:Pharsalus 2543:Corfinium 2535:Civil War 2490:Octodurus 2203:Via Sacra 2070:Basilicas 1663:C. 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