350:, published a paper in a journal, and submitted a patent application. The reported observations were received with skepticism by experts due to the lack of clear signatures of superconductivity. The story was widely discussed on social media, leading to a large number of attempted replications, none of which had more than qualified success. By mid-August, a series of papers from major labs provided significant evidence that LK-99 was not a superconductor, finding resistivity much higher than copper, and explaining observed effects such as magnetic response and resistance drops in terms of impurities and ferromagnetism in the material.
271:
307:, Bangalore claimed the observation of superconductivity at ambient pressure and room temperature in films and pellets of a nanostructured material that is composed of silver particles embedded in a gold matrix. Due to similar noise patterns of supposedly independent plots and the publication's lack of
203:
In 1993 and 1997, Michel Laguës and his team published evidence of room temperature superconductivity observed on MBE deposited ultrathin nanostructures of BiSrCaCuO. These compounds exhibit extremely low resistivities orders of magnitude below that of copper, strongly non-linear I(V) characteristics
574:
explanation is correct, a normally semiconducting material can transition under some conditions into a superconductor if a critical level of alternating spin coupling in a single plane within the lattice is exceeded; this may have been documented in very early experiments from 1986. The best analogy
68:
currently hold the temperature record, manifesting superconductivity at temperatures as high as 138 K (â135 °C). Over time, researchers have consistently encountered superconductivity at temperatures previously considered unexpected or impossible, challenging the notion that achieving
394:
has claimed to make metallic hydrogen and reports a pressure of 495 GPa. Though the exact critical temperature has not yet been determined, weak signs of a possible
Meissner effect and changes in magnetic susceptibility at 250 K may have appeared in early magnetometer tests on an original
250:) and an explanation in 2004. In 2007, the same group published results suggesting a superconducting transition temperature of 260 K, with transition temperature increasing as the density of hydrogen inside the palladium lattice increases. This has not been corroborated by other groups.
1458:
Scheike, Thomas; Böhlmann, Winfried; Esquinazi, Pablo; Barzola-Quiquia, José; Ballestar, Ana; Setzer, Annette (2012). "Can Doping
Graphite Trigger Room Temperature Superconductivity? Evidence for Granular High-Temperature Superconductivity in Water-Treated Graphite Powder".
326:
at 267 GPa, triggered into crystallisation via green laser. This was retracted in 2022 after flaws in their statistical methods were identified and led to questioning of other data. In 2023 he reported superconductivity at 294 K and 1 GPa in nitrogen-doped
2901:
Kim, Hyunsoo; Wang, Kefeng; Nakajima, Yasuyuki; Hu, Rongwei; Ziemak, Steven; Syers, Paul; Wang, Limin; Hodovanets, Halyna; Denlinger, Jonathan D.; Brydon, Philip M. R.; Agterberg, Daniel F.; Tanatar, Makariy A.; Prozorov, Ruslan; Paglione, Johnpierre (2018).
1697:
Snider, Elliot; Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; McBride, Raymond; Debessai, Mathew; Vindana, Hiranya; Vencatasamy, Kevin; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (October 2020). "Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride".
681:
Drozdov, Alexander P.; Kong, Panpan; Minkov, Vasily S.; Besedin, Stanislav P.; Kuzovnikov, Mikhail A.; Mozaffari, Shirin; Balicas, Luis; Balakirev, Fedor F.; Graf, David E.; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Greenberg, Eran; Knyazev, Dmitry A.; Tkacz, Marek;
415:
In 2004, Ashcroft returned to his idea and suggested that hydrogen-rich compounds can become metallic and superconducting at lower pressures than hydrogen. More specifically, he proposed a novel way to pre-compress hydrogen chemically by examining
1860:
Dasenbrock-Gammon, Nathan; Snider, Elliot; McBride, Raymond; Pasan, Hiranya; Durkee, Dylan; Khalvashi-Sutter, Nugzari; Munasinghe, Sasanka; Dissanayake, Sachith E.; Lawler, Keith V.; Salamat, Ashkan; Dias, Ranga P. (9 March 2023).
257:
On 31st of
December 2023 "Global Room-Temperature Superconductivity in Graphite" was published in the journal "Advanced Quantum Technologies" claiming to demonstrate superconductivity at room temperature and ambient pressure in
2433:
253:
In March 2021, an announcement reported superconductivity in a layered yttrium-palladium-hydron material at 262 K and a pressure of 187 GPa. Palladium may act as a hydrogen migration catalyst in the material.
1583:
1552:
331:, in a paper widely met with skepticism about its methods and data. Later in 2023 he was found to have plagiarized parts of his dissertation from someone else's thesis, and to have fabricated data in a paper on
909:
Mankowsky, Roman; Subedi, Alaska; Först, Michael; Mariager, Simon O.; Chollet, Matthieu; Lemke, Henrik T.; Robinson, Joseph
Stephen; Glownia, James M.; Minitti, Michael P.; Frano, Alex; Fechner, Michael;
2223:
Lee, Sukbae; Kim, Jihoon; Kim, Hyun-Tak; Im, Sungyeon; An, SooMin; Keun Ho Auh (2023). "Superconductor Pb10âxCux(PO4)6O showing levitation at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and mechanism".
1986:
2757:
1838:
550:
2167:
887:
462:
as a plausible explanation for the anomalous transient resistance drops seen during some experiments, and hydrogen absorption by cuprates was suggested in light of the 2015 results in
2060:
2423:
580:
2136:
1575:
311:, the results have been called into question. Although the researchers repeated their findings in a later paper in 2019, this claim is yet to be verified and confirmed.
1542:
296:
powder after treatment with pure water at temperatures as high as 300 K and above. So far, the authors have not been able to demonstrate the occurrence of a clear
747:
Dai, Pengcheng; Chakoumakos, Bryan C.; Sun, G.F.; Wong, Kai Wai; Xin, Ying; Lu, D.F. (1995). "Synthesis and neutron powder diffraction study of the superconductor HgBa
69:
superconductivity at room temperature was infeasible. The concept of "near-room temperature" transient effects has been a subject of discussion since the early 1950s.
2590:
Jiang, Qiwen; Duan, Defang; Song, Hao; Zhang, Zihan; Huo, Zihao; Cui, Tian; Yao, Yansun (2024). "Prediction of Room-Temperature
Superconductivity in Quasi-Atomic H
1395:
504:
1956:
1249:
Prins, Johan F. (1 March 2003). "The diamond vacuum interface: II. Electron extraction from n-type diamond: evidence for superconduction at room temperature".
2879:
1675:
914:; Loew, Toshinao; Keimer, Bernhard; Georges, Antoine; Cavalleri, Andrea (2014). "Nonlinear lattice dynamics as a basis for enhanced superconductivity in YBa
2181:
Salke, Nilesh P.; Mark, Alexander C.; Ahart, Muhtar; Hemley, Russell J. (9 June 2023). "Evidence for Near
Ambient Superconductivity in the Lu-N-H System".
49:
which are commonly encountered in everyday settings. As of 2023, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized
1292:
Tripodi, Paolo; Di
Gioacchino, Daniele; Borelli, Rodolfo; Vinko, Jenny Darja (May 2003). "Possibility of high temperature superconducting phases in PdH".
2680:
1978:
2749:
1830:
2257:
2019:
579:, but in this case the outcome is a drop to zero rather than a decrease within a very narrow temperature range for the compounds tested similar to "
2283:
848:
3331:
2159:
879:
2306:
1417:
Kopelevich, Yakov; Torres, José; Da Silva, Robson; Oliveira, Felipe; Diamantini, Maria
Cristina; Trugenberger, Carlo; Vinokur, Valerii (2023).
2568:
191:) pressure. In 2019, the material with the highest accepted superconducting temperature was highly pressurized lanthanum decahydride, whose
2455:
Loubeyre, Paul; Occelli, Florent; Dumas, Paul (2019). "Observation of a first order phase transition to metal hydrogen near 425 GPa".
2046:
1354:
Tripodi, Paolo; Di
Gioacchino, Daniele; Vinko, Jenny Darja (2007). "A review of high temperature superconducting property of PdH system".
319:
3001:
3064:
2023:
590:
in YPtBi. Though YPtBi is a relatively low temperature superconductor, this does suggest another approach to creating superconductors.
1230:
Laguës et al. "Evidence suggesting superconductivity at 250 K in a sequentially deposited cuprate film" Science 262, 1850 (1993)
1323:
Tripodi, Paolo; Di
Gioacchino, Daniele; Vinko, Jenny Darja (August 2004). "Superconductivity in PdH: Phenomenological explanation".
1125:"First-principles demonstration of superconductivity at 280 K (7 °C) in hydrogen sulfide with low phosphorus substitution"
2334:
1356:
2132:
2706:
is an important advance toward room-temperature superconductors. Here, we identify an alternative clathrate structure in ternary
1906:
1520:
Thapa, Dev Kumar; Pandey, Anshu (2018). "Evidence for superconductivity at ambient temperature and pressure in nanostructures".
613:
Somayazulu, Maddury; Ahart, Muhtar; Mishra, Ajay Kumar; Geballe, Zachary M.; Baldini, Maria; Meng, Yue; Struzhkin, Viktor V.;
2969:
2360:
3423:
3161:
3039:
2736:
of ~473 K at 250 GPa, which may allow us to obtain room-temperature or even higher-temperature superconductivity.
31:
65:
1052:
215:
work, Johan Prins claimed to have observed a phenomenon that he explained as room-temperature superconductivity within a
1391:
3271:
1239:
Laguës et al. "Room temperature transport properties of new BiSrCaCuO compounds" C.R.Acad.Sci. Paris, 324, 627 (1997)
259:
115:
78:
1948:
3359:
2770:
In August, Ma and colleagues published a study that showed the promise of ternary superhydrides. They predicted that
1644:
516:
between 333 K (60 °C) and 398 K (125 °C) â under a pressure expected not to exceed 100 GPa.
849:"Almaden Institute 2012: Superconductivity 297 K â Synthetic Routes to Room Temperature Superconductivity"
3459:
3080:
2871:
1667:
2994:
2637:"Route to a Superconducting Phase above Room Temperature in Electron-Doped Hydride Compounds under High Pressure"
2202:
Lee, Sukbae; Kim, Ji-Hoon; Kwon, Young-Wan (2023). "The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor".
1776:
van der Marel, Dirk; Hirsch, Jorge E. (19 January 2022). "Comment on Nature 586, 373 (2020) by E. Snider et al".
3464:
3059:
3029:
1170:
395:
now-lost sample. A French team is working with doughnut shapes rather than planar at the diamond culette tips.
2636:
1418:
346:, was superconducting up to 370 K, though they had not observed this fully. They posted two preprints to
322:
in 2016. In October 2020, they reported room-temperature superconductivity at 288 K (at 15 °C) in a
3400:
3252:
3196:
3171:
3302:
3231:
2424:"Hydrogen turned into metal in stunning act of alchemy that could revolutionise technology and spaceflight"
2822:
2280:"Room temperature and normal pressure superconducting ceramic compound, and method for manufacturing same"
2245:
617:(2019). "Evidence for Superconductivity above 260 K in Lanthanum Superhydride at Megabar Pressures".
3247:
3166:
323:
304:
100:
2279:
856:
593:"Quantum bipolarons" could describe how a material might superconduct at up to nearly room temperature.
85:), several materials have been claimed, although not confirmed, to be room-temperature superconductors.
28:
Is it possible to make a material that is a superconductor at room temperature and atmospheric pressure?
3354:
3349:
3034:
2987:
3307:
3054:
2246:"ë€ìë
ŒëŹž Consideration for the development of room-temperature ambient-pressure superconductor (LK-99)"
303:
In 2018, Dev Kumar Thapa and Anshu Pandey from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit of the
3454:
3090:
328:
2556:
81:("high" being temperatures above 77 K (â196.2 °C; â321.1 °F), the boiling point of
3433:
3292:
3224:
3141:
2513:
2387:
2244:
Lee, Sukbae; Kim, Jihoon; Im, Sungyeon; An, Soomin; Kwon, Young-Wan; Ho, Auh Keun (April 2023).
168:
Also in 2018, researchers noted a possible superconducting phase at 260 K (â13 °C) in
3344:
3317:
3297:
3219:
2511:
Ashcroft, N. W. (2004). "Hydrogen Dominant Metallic Alloys: High Temperature superconductors".
1192:
Grant, Andrew (23 August 2018). "Pressurized superconductors approach room-temperature realm".
477:
as a plausible explanation for transient resistance drops or "USO" noticed in the 1990s by Chu
192:
54:
3214:
991:"Conventional superconductivity at 203 kelvin at high pressures in the sulfur hydride system"
403:
In 1964, William A. Little proposed the possibility of high-temperature superconductivity in
375:) should become superconducting at approximately room temperature, due to its extremely high
169:
50:
46:
2009:
335:, which was retracted. The lutetium hydride paper was also retracted. The first attempts to
3418:
3374:
2925:
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2522:
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1258:
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772:
705:
636:
233:
In 2003, a group of researchers published results on high-temperature superconductivity in
61:
8:
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798:
523:
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275:
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2652:
2526:
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1201:
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1016:
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3156:
3116:
2946:
2915:
2903:
2834:
2672:
2599:
2456:
2224:
2203:
2182:
2133:"Replication of room-temperature superconductor claims fails to show superconductivity"
2113:
1898:
1811:
1785:
1739:
1636:
1521:
1502:
1468:
1430:
1274:
1213:
1162:
1136:
1044:
1002:
971:
937:
729:
695:
660:
626:
391:
380:
288:
151:
2904:"Beyond triplet: Unconventional superconductivity in a spin-3/2 topological semimetal"
1309:
989:
Drozdov, A. P.; Eremets, M. I.; Troyan, I. A.; Ksenofontov, V.; Shylin, S. I. (2015).
423:
In 2014â2015, conventional superconductivity was observed in a sulfur hydride system (
3181:
3010:
2951:
2693:
The recent theory-orientated discovery of record high-temperature superconductivity (
2676:
2664:
2617:
2538:
2117:
2084:"Allegations of Scientific Misconduct Mount as Physicist Makes His Biggest Claim Yet"
2056:
1929:
1902:
1890:
1862:
1815:
1803:
1758:
1743:
1731:
1723:
1640:
1607:"Allegations of Scientific Misconduct Mount as Physicist Makes His Biggest Claim Yet"
1506:
1494:
1278:
1270:
1217:
1166:
1105:
1036:
1028:
963:
826:
784:
733:
721:
652:
614:
576:
455:
368:
342:
On July 23, 2023, a Korean team claimed that Cu-doped lead apatite, which they named
234:
42:
1979:"'Revolutionary' blue crystal resurrects hope of room temperature superconductivity"
664:
318:
has produced a number of retracted or challenged papers in this field. In 2016 they
3390:
3364:
3136:
3111:
3044:
2941:
2933:
2852:
2660:
2656:
2609:
2530:
2493:
2404:
2103:
1921:
1882:
1831:"'Something is Seriously Wrong':Room-Temperature superconductivity study retracted"
1795:
1750:
1715:
1626:
1576:"Finally, IISc team confirms breakthrough in superconductivity at room temperature"
1486:
1440:
1373:
1336:
1305:
1266:
1205:
1154:
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1020:
975:
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713:
648:
644:
520:
464:
424:
404:
212:
95:
2970:"High-temperature superconductivity: Exploring quadratic electron-phonon coupling"
2534:
822:
154:. The critical temperature is 203 K (â70 °C) which would be the highest
3413:
3146:
2428:
2385:
Ashcroft, N. W. (1968). "Metallic Hydrogen: A High-Temperature Superconductor?".
2051:
683:
336:
297:
279:
82:
2856:
2408:
1340:
686:(2019). "Superconductivity at 250 K in lanthanum hydride under high pressures".
3151:
3095:
3085:
3049:
2476:
Little, W. A. (1964). "Possibility of Synthesizing an Organic Superconductor".
1925:
1886:
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911:
587:
376:
216:
104:
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1100:
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2311:
2014:
1807:
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990:
372:
364:
315:
188:
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2668:
2621:
2613:
2542:
1933:
1894:
1762:
1735:
1498:
1490:
1444:
1392:"A material that is superconductive at room temperature and lower pressure"
1109:
1040:
967:
830:
725:
656:
459:
162:
2361:"Well, Seems Like LK-99 Isn't a Room Temperature Superconductor After All"
2108:
2083:
1863:"Evidence of near-ambient superconductivity in a N-doped lutetium hydride"
1631:
1606:
1543:"IISc duo's claim of ambient superconductivity may have support in theory"
3312:
3121:
2839:
417:
308:
2635:
Sun, Ying; Lv, Jian; Xie, Yu; Liu, Hanyu; Ma, Yanming (26 August 2019).
1024:
959:
3024:
1457:
2872:"Physicists Just Discovered an Entirely New Type of Superconductivity"
1727:
1696:
2783:
1547:
571:
174:
150:
at 150 GPa (around 1.5 million times atmospheric pressure) in a
2979:
2307:"Room-temperature superconductor 'breakthrough' met with scepticism"
2160:"'Red matter' superconductor may not be a wonder material after all"
1124:
880:"Viral New Superconductivity Claims Leave Many Scientists Skeptical"
3339:
2920:
2604:
2461:
2229:
2208:
2187:
1949:"The Scientific Breakthrough That Could Make Batteries Last Longer"
1859:
1790:
1526:
1435:
1141:
1007:
700:
631:
490:
293:
120:
103:), could be made to briefly superconduct at room temperature using
20:
2750:"The race is on to make the first room temperature superconductor"
1473:
942:
451:) at 190 K to 203 K at pressures of up to 200 GPa.
2772:
2708:
2558:
Transient High-Temperature Superconductivity in Palladium Hydride
2335:"A superconductor claim blew up online. Science has punctured it"
2047:"Room-Temperature Superconductor Discovery Meets With Resistance"
528:
220:
208:
118:
suggested that under certain conditions such as extreme pressure
1416:
1291:
801:(12 March 1993). "Paths to Higher Temperature Superconductors".
398:
358:
278:
above a superconductor (at â200 °C) that is exhibiting the
2806:
988:
384:
224:
146:
131:
586:
In 2018, support was found for electrons having anomalous 3/2
3395:
3369:
347:
343:
908:
612:
3428:
2250:
Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
1076:"Superconductivity record sparks wave of follow-up physics"
482:
383:
between the conduction electrons and the lattice-vibration
270:
57:
is approximately 250 K (â23 °C) at 200 GPa.
1353:
1322:
680:
507:) would exhibit superconductivity at room temperature â
2820:
1419:"Global Room-Temperature Superconductivity in Graphite"
300:
phase and the vanishing of the material's resistance.
165:
could superconduct at up to 260 K (â13 °C).
746:
2454:
2180:
1668:"Finally, the First Room-Temperature Superconductor"
16:
Material which exhibits superconductivity above 0 °C
2809:
at 250 GPa, far in excess of room temperature.
1775:
519:Some research efforts are currently moving towards
262:with dense arrays of nearly parallel line defects.
2589:
265:
2900:
2020:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
41:is a hypothetical material capable of displaying
3446:
2823:"Superconductors with two critical temperatures"
2821:Di Grezia, E.; Esposito, S.; Salesi, G. (2007).
2304:
2510:
2384:
1574:Prasad, R.; Desikan, Shubashree (25 May 2019).
161:ever recorded and their research suggests that
2567:(Griffith thesis). Griffith University. 2016.
2045:Wood, Charlie; Savitsky, Zack (8 March 2023).
1116:
320:claimed observation of solid metallic hydrogen
2995:
2475:
1573:
562:of 473 K (200 °C) at 250 GPa.
399:Organic polymers and exciton-mediated pairing
359:Metallic hydrogen and phonon-mediated pairing
99:suggested that some materials, notably YBCO (
2797:
2694:
2044:
2010:"Room-Temperature Superconductivity Claimed"
1123:Ge, Yanfeng; Zhang, Fan; Yao, Yugui (2016).
554:
508:
292:article claimed superconducting behavior of
2634:
2222:
1519:
1347:
1316:
1285:
454:In 2016, research suggested a link between
219:formed on the surface of oxygen-doped type
195:is approximately 250 K (â23 °C).
22:
3002:
2988:
2702:~250 K) in sodalitelike clathrate LaH
2305:Padavic-Callaghn, Karmela (26 July 2023).
2243:
2201:
1122:
843:
45:above 0 °C (273 K; 32 °F),
2945:
2919:
2869:
2838:
2603:
2460:
2228:
2207:
2186:
2107:
1789:
1778:International Journal of Modern Physics B
1630:
1525:
1472:
1434:
1357:International Journal of Modern Physics B
1140:
1099:
1073:
1006:
941:
699:
676:
674:
630:
207:In 2000, while extracting electrons from
198:
2504:
2421:
2378:
2007:
1946:
608:
606:
269:
2747:
2332:
2157:
2081:
1604:
1540:
877:
797:
481:during research after the discovery of
135:transitioned to a superconductive form
88:
3447:
1841:from the original on 27 September 2022
1541:Desikan, Shubashree (18 August 2018).
837:
671:
458:containing small impurities of sulfur
371:at extremely high pressure (~500
363:Theoretical work by British physicist
3009:
2983:
2760:from the original on 30 December 2019
2683:from the original on 26 November 2020
2130:
1665:
1248:
1191:
1067:
603:
2882:from the original on 7 February 2019
1828:
1678:from the original on 14 October 2020
1251:Semiconductor Science and Technology
1173:from the original on 7 November 2017
2358:
2170:from the original on 21 March 2023.
1074:Cartlidge, Edwin (18 August 2015).
551:dilithium magnesium hexadecahydride
526:, where it has been predicted that
32:(more unsolved problems in physics)
13:
2894:
2594:-Type Hydrides at High Pressure".
2571:from the original on 6 August 2020
2333:Johnson, Carolyn (9 August 2023).
2063:from the original on 14 March 2023
1666:Chang, Kenneth (14 October 2020).
1647:from the original on 21 March 2023
1398:from the original on 22 March 2021
847:; Roche, Kevin P. (25 July 2016).
260:Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
14:
3476:
2870:MacDonald, Fiona (9 April 2018).
2748:Extance, Andy (1 November 2019).
2729:with a remarkably high estimated
2422:Johnston, Ian (26 January 2017).
2286:from the original on 26 July 2023
2260:from the original on 26 July 2023
2139:from the original on 18 June 2023
2026:from the original on 9 March 2023
1989:from the original on 8 March 2023
1959:from the original on 8 March 2023
1909:from the original on 8 March 2023
1555:from the original on 24 June 2020
890:from the original on 27 July 2023
410:
204:and hysteretic I(V) behavior.
110:In 2015, an article published in
93:In 2014, an article published in
2008:Anderson, Margo (8 March 2023).
1947:Woodward, Aylin (8 March 2023).
1829:Hand, Eric (26 September 2022).
1586:from the original on 26 May 2019
570:It is also possible that if the
565:
79:high-temperature superconductors
2962:
2863:
2814:
2741:
2628:
2583:
2549:
2469:
2448:
2436:from the original on 3 May 2019
2415:
2352:
2326:
2298:
2272:
2237:
2216:
2195:
2174:
2158:Wilkins, Alex (17 March 2023).
2151:
2124:
2075:
2038:
2001:
1971:
1940:
1853:
1822:
1769:
1690:
1659:
1598:
1567:
1534:
1513:
1451:
1410:
1384:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1185:
1055:from the original on 6 May 2021
266:Retracted or unreliable studies
39:room-temperature superconductor
2756:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
2661:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.097001
982:
902:
871:
791:
740:
649:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.027001
1:
2535:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.187002
2359:Orf, Darren (9 August 2023).
2082:Garisto, Dan (9 March 2023).
1605:Garisto, Dan (9 March 2023).
1594:– via www.thehindu.com.
1423:Advanced Quantum Technologies
1310:10.1016/S0921-4534(02)02745-4
878:Garisto, Dan (27 July 2023).
823:10.1126/science.259.5101.1550
596:
785:10.1016/0921-4534(94)02461-8
581:re-entrant superconductivity
7:
2857:10.1016/j.physc.2006.10.013
2409:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1748
1917:– via www.nature.com.
1341:10.1016/j.physc.2004.02.099
488:It has been predicted that
353:
324:carbonaceous sulfur hydride
305:Indian Institute of Science
101:yttrium barium copper oxide
23:Unsolved problem in physics
10:
3481:
3332:Technological applications
2131:Yirka, Bob (17 May 2023).
1926:10.1038/s41586-023-06774-2
1887:10.1038/s41586-023-05742-0
1755:10.1038/s41586-022-05294-9
1271:10.1088/0268-1242/18/3/319
1159:10.1103/PhysRevB.93.224513
684:Eremets, Mikhail Ivanovich
575:here would be anisotropic
314:Since 2016, a team led by
72:
3383:
3330:
3285:
3261:
3240:
3204:
3195:
3104:
3074:Characteristic parameters
3073:
3017:
2498:10.1103/PhysRev.134.A1416
1800:10.1142/S0217979223750012
1720:10.1038/s41586-020-2801-z
1378:10.1142/S0217979207044524
1101:10.1038/nature.2015.18191
853:researcher.watson.ibm.com
718:10.1038/s41586-019-1201-8
3091:London penetration depth
1364:(18&19): 3343â3347.
1210:10.1063/PT.6.1.20180823b
187:) at elevated (200
163:other hydrogen compounds
3460:Hypothetical technology
3384:List of superconductors
3262:By critical temperature
2641:Physical Review Letters
2514:Physical Review Letters
2388:Physical Review Letters
799:Geballe, Theodore Henry
77:Since the discovery of
2938:10.1126/sciadv.aao4513
2754:www.chemistryworld.com
2614:10.1002/advs.202405561
1491:10.1002/adma.201202219
1445:10.1002/qute.202300230
615:Hemley, Russell Julian
505:scandium dodecahydride
339:those results failed.
283:
199:Uncorroborated studies
193:transition temperature
114:by researchers of the
55:transition temperature
47:operating temperatures
3465:High pressure science
3030:Bean's critical state
2109:10.1103/Physics.16.40
1920:(Retracted, see
1749:(Retracted, see
1632:10.1103/Physics.16.40
763:by Tl substitution".
367:predicted that solid
273:
170:lanthanum decahydride
51:lanthanum decahydride
3205:By magnetic response
1327:. 408â410: 350â352.
1296:. 388â389: 571â572.
379:and expected strong
89:Corroborated studies
62:atmospheric pressure
3157:persistent currents
3142:LittleâParks effect
2930:2018SciA....4.4513K
2849:2007PhyC..451...86D
2653:2019PhRvL.123i7001S
2564:Griffith University
2527:2004PhRvL..92r7002A
2490:1964PhRv..134.1416L
2484:(6A): A1416âA1424.
2401:1968PhRvL..21.1748A
2339:The Washington Post
2100:2023PhyOJ..16...40G
1953:Wall Street Journal
1879:2023Natur.615..244D
1712:2020Natur.586..373S
1623:2023PhyOJ..16...40G
1483:2012AdM....24.5826S
1370:2007IJMPB..21.3343T
1333:2004PhyC..408..350T
1302:2003PhyC..388..571T
1263:2003SeScT..18S.131P
1202:2018PhT..2018h0438G
1151:2016PhRvB..93v4513G
1092:2015Natur.524..277C
1025:10.1038/nature14964
1017:2015Natur.525...73D
960:10.1038/nature13875
952:2014Natur.516...71M
912:Spaldin, Nicola Ann
884:Scientific American
859:on 12 December 2013
815:1993Sci...259.1550G
809:(5101): 1550â1551.
777:1995PhyC..243..201D
710:2019Natur.569..528D
641:2019PhRvL.122b7001S
333:manganese disulfide
116:Otto Hahn Institute
3117:Andreev reflection
3112:Abrikosov vortices
1672:The New York Times
1461:Advanced Materials
392:Harvard University
289:Advanced Materials
284:
152:diamond anvil cell
3442:
3441:
3360:quantum computing
3326:
3325:
3182:superdiamagnetism
3011:Superconductivity
2521:(18): 1748â1749.
2395:(26): 1748â1749.
2365:Popular Mechanics
2057:Simons Foundation
1873:(7951): 244â250.
1706:(7829): 373â377.
1467:(43): 5826â5831.
845:Jones, Barbara A.
694:(7757): 528â531.
577:magnetoresistance
456:palladium hydride
369:metallic hydrogen
276:magnet levitating
235:palladium hydride
43:superconductivity
3472:
3391:bilayer graphene
3365:Rutherford cable
3277:room temperature
3272:high temperature
3202:
3201:
3162:proximity effect
3137:Josephson effect
3081:coherence length
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2923:
2908:Science Advances
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2842:
2840:cond-mat/0607303
2818:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2767:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2701:
2690:
2688:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2607:
2596:Advanced Science
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1793:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1747:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1634:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1476:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1257:(3): S131âS140.
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1144:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1010:
986:
980:
979:
945:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
855:. Archived from
841:
835:
834:
795:
789:
788:
771:(3â4): 201â206.
744:
738:
737:
703:
678:
669:
668:
634:
610:
561:
548:
547:
546:
538:
537:
515:
502:
501:
500:
476:
473:
472:
450:
448:
447:
436:
434:
433:
405:organic polymers
329:lutetium hydride
249:
227:
213:ion implantation
186:
185:
184:
149:
145:
144:
134:
130:
129:
24:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3455:Superconductors
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3409:
3379:
3322:
3281:
3268:low temperature
3257:
3236:
3191:
3147:Meissner effect
3100:
3096:Silsbee current
3069:
3035:GinzburgâLandau
3013:
3008:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2914:(4): eaao4513.
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2864:
2819:
2815:
2803:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2686:
2684:
2633:
2629:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2509:
2505:
2478:Physical Review
2474:
2470:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2429:The Independent
2420:
2416:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2242:
2238:
2221:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2129:
2125:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2052:Quanta Magazine
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1983:www.science.org
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1774:
1770:
1748:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1518:
1514:
1456:
1452:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1352:
1348:
1321:
1317:
1290:
1286:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1121:
1117:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1001:(7567): 73â76.
987:
983:
936:(7529): 71â73.
925:
921:
917:
907:
903:
893:
891:
876:
872:
862:
860:
842:
838:
796:
792:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
679:
672:
619:Phys. Rev. Lett
611:
604:
599:
568:
560:
553:) would have a
545:
542:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
531:
527:
514:
499:
496:
495:
494:
489:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
446:
443:
442:
441:
439:
432:
429:
428:
427:
425:
413:
401:
361:
356:
280:Meissner effect
268:
244:
242:
225:
201:
183:
180:
179:
178:
173:
160:
143:
140:
139:
138:
136:
128:
125:
124:
123:
119:
91:
83:liquid nitrogen
75:
35:
34:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:electromagnets
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3286:By composition
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3253:unconventional
3250:
3244:
3242:
3241:By explanation
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3199:
3197:Classification
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:critical field
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:MattisâBardeen
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:KohnâLuttinger
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2961:
2893:
2862:
2813:
2801:
2790:
2778:
2740:
2733:
2723:
2714:
2703:
2698:
2627:
2591:
2582:
2548:
2503:
2468:
2447:
2414:
2377:
2351:
2325:
2297:
2271:
2236:
2215:
2194:
2173:
2150:
2123:
2074:
2037:
2000:
1970:
1939:
1852:
1821:
1784:(4): 2375001.
1768:
1689:
1658:
1597:
1566:
1533:
1512:
1450:
1409:
1383:
1346:
1315:
1284:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1184:
1135:(22): 224513.
1115:
1066:
981:
923:
919:
915:
901:
870:
836:
790:
760:
756:
752:
748:
739:
670:
601:
600:
598:
595:
567:
564:
558:
543:
534:
512:
497:
469:
444:
430:
412:
411:Other hydrides
409:
400:
397:
377:speed of sound
360:
357:
355:
352:
267:
264:
238:
200:
197:
181:
158:
141:
126:
105:infrared laser
90:
87:
74:
71:
30:
27:
21:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:heavy fermion
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3232:ferromagnetic
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:supercurrents
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2796:would have a
2785:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2710:
2697:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:(9): 097001.
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2314:
2313:
2312:New Scientist
2308:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2164:New Scientist
2161:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:IEEE Spectrum
2011:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1646:
1642:
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