Journey planner - Knowledge

133: 434:(GTFS), a format for collecting transit data for use in trip planners that has been highly influential in developing an ecosystem of PT data feeds covering many different countries. The successful uptake of GTFS as an available output format by large operators in many countries has allowed Google to extend its trip planner coverage to many more regions around the world. The Google Transit trip planning capabilities were integrated into the Google Map product in 2012. 3158: 36: 3178: 538:, etc.) is usually done by a separate algorithm or engine, though trip planners that can return fare prices for the trips they find may also offer sorting or filtering of results by price and product type. For long-distance rail and air trip planning, where price is a significant consideration in price optimizing trip planners may suggest the cheapest dates to travel for customers are flexible as to travel time. 3168: 357:

This is more challenging for modes such as bus and coach, where there tend to a large number of small operators, than for rail, which typically involves only a few large operators who have exchange formats and processes already in place in order to operate their networks. In Europe, which has a dense and sophisticated public transport network, the CEN

345:, who also launched the UK's first rail trip planner for the mobile internet in 2000, also as a WAP service, followed by an SMS service. Starting in 2000 the Traveline service provided all parts of the UK with regional multi-modal trip planning on bus, coach, and rail. A web-based trip planner for UK rail was launched by UK 911:(ICS) by different operators and stakeholders, for example in transport operator control rooms, by broadcasters or by the emergency services. Text and image information can be combined with the trip result. Recent incidents can be considered within the routing as well as visualized in an interactive map. 216:; given that public transport services only depart at specific times (unlike private transport which may leave at any time), an algorithm must therefore not only find a path to a destination, but seek to optimize it so as to minimize the waiting time incurred for each leg. In European Standards such as 966:

The sub-problem of route planning is an easier problem to solve as it generally involves less data and fewer constraints. However, with the development of "road timetables", associating different journey times for road links at different times of day, time of travel is increasingly relevant for route

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A situation is a software representation of an incident or event that is affecting or is likely to affect the transport network. A trip planner can integrate situation information and use it both to revise its trip planning computations and to annotate its responses so as to inform users through both

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to plan routes, calculate fares and establish ticket availability. OJP obtains its route information from SilverRail’s planning engine known as IPTIS (Integrated Passenger Transport Information System). The National Rail website provides information on how businesses can access this data directly via

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The location and identity of public transport access points such as bus, tram and coach stops, stations, airports, ferry landing and ports are fundamental to trip planning and a stop data set is an essential layer of the transport data infrastructure. In order to integrate stops with spatial searches

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Mentz Gmbh] of Munich after earlier attempts in the late 1990s to add a web interface to TfL's own mainframe internal trip planner failed to scale. Internet trip planners for major transport networks such as national railways and major cities must sustain very high query rates and so require software

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Typically journey planners use an efficient in-memory representation of the network and timetable to allow the rapid searching of a large number of paths. Database queries may also be used where the number of nodes needed to compute a journey is small, and to access ancillary information relating to

692:. The data is fundamental both for computing access legs to reach public transport stops, and to compute road trips in their own right. The fundamental representation is a graph of nodes and edges (i.e. points and links). The data may be further annotated to assist trip planning for different modes; 605:

Trip planners depend on a number of different types of data and the quality and extent of this data limits their capability. Some trip planners integrate many different kinds of data from numerous sources. Others may work with one mode only, such as flight itineraries between airports, or using only

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Some journey planning systems can calculate bicycle routes, integrating all paths accessible by bicycle and often including additional information like topography, traffic, on-street cycling infrastructure, etc. These systems assume, or allow the user to specify, preferences for quiet or safe roads,

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trip planner have the ability to dynamically suspend individual stations and whole lines so that modified trip plans are produced during major disruptions that omit the unavailable parts of the network. Another development has been the addition of accessibility data and the ability for algorithms to

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In the 1990s with the advent of personal computers with sufficient memory and processor power to undertake trip planning (which is relatively expensive computationally in terms of memory and processor requirements), systems were developed that could be installed and run on minicomputers and personal

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For public transport networks with a very high frequency of service, such as urban metro cities and inner city bus services, the topology of the network can also be used for route planning, with an average interval being assumed rather than specific departure times. Data on the routes of trains and

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was already sustaining 2.8 million requests per day and journey planning sites constitute some of the highest trafficked information sites in every country that has them. The ability to purchase tickets for travel for the journeys found has further increased the utility and popularity of the sites;

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The German Delfi project developed a distributed trip planning architecture used to federate the German regional planners, launched as a prototype in 2004. The Interface was further developed by the German TRIAS project and led to the development of a CEN Standard ] (CEN/TS 17118:2017) published in

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to built a digital trip planner for the train services. In 1990 the first digital trip planner for the Dutch Railways (on diskette) was sold to be installed on PC's and computers for off-line consultation. The principles of his software program was published in a Dutch university paper in 1991 This

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For the London 2012 Olympics, an enhanced London trip planner was created that allowed the proposed trip results to be biased to manage available capacity across different routes, spreading traffic to less congested routes. Another innovation was the detailed modelling of all the access paths into

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early implementations such as the UK's Trainline offered delivery of tickets by mail; this has been complemented in most European countries by self-service print and mobile fulfillment methods. Internet trip planners now constitute a primary sales channel for most rail and air transport operators.

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Critical to the development of large-scale multi-modal trip planning in the late 1990s and early 2000s was the development in parallel of standards for encoding stop and schedule data from many different operators and the setting up of workflows to aggregate and distribute data on a regular basis.

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Passengers don't travel because they want to go to a particular station or stop, but because they want to go some destination of interest, such as a sports arena, tourist attraction, shopping center, park, law court, etc., etc. Many trip planners allow users to look for such "Points of interest",

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services. The application prompts a user to input an origin and a destination, and then uses algorithms to find a good route between the two on public transit services. Time of travel may be constrained to either time of departure or arrival and other routing preferences may be specified as well.

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and were accessed internally with terminals by their own staff in customer information centers, call centers, and at ticket counters in order to answer customer queries. The data came from the timetable databases used to publish printed timetables and to manage operations and some included simple

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data. This can be associated with stops to assist with stop finding in particular, for example for disambiguation; there are 33 places named Newport in the US and 14 in the UK - a Gazetteer can be used to distinguish which is which and also in some cases to indicate the relationship of transport

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The rise of e-mobility poses new challenges to route planning, e.g. sparse charging infrastructure, limited range, and long charging have to be taken into account and offer room for optimization. Some advanced journey planners can take into account average journey times on road sections, or even

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Early public transport trip planners typically required a stop or station to be specified for the endpoints. Some also supported inputting the name of a tourist attraction or other popular destination places by keeping a table of the nearest stop to the destination. This was later extended with

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Road trip planners, sometimes referred to as route planners, use street and footpath network data to compute a route using simply the network connectivity (i.e. trips may run at any time and not constrained by a timetable). Such data can come from one or more public, commercial or crowdsourced

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have historically had well developed sets of such data for use in their Customer Call centers, along with information on the links to the nearest stops. For points of interest that cover a large area, such as parks, country houses or stadia, a precise geocoding of the entrances is important.

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A journey planner will ideally provide detailed routing for pedestrian access to stops, stations, points of interest etc. This will include options to take into account accessibility requirements for different types of users, for example; 'no steps', 'wheelchair access', 'no lifts', etc.

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in 2009 and developed with the participation of agencies and operators in the US and Europe; a full version 1.0 released in September 2016, is making it possible for smaller transit agencies and operators to provide trip planning without paying proprietary license fees.

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systems to optimize route efficiency. A route planning setup for distribution companies will often include GPS tracking capability and advanced reporting features which enable dispatchers to prevent unplanned stops, reduce mileage, and plan more fuel-efficient routes.

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protocol to link eight separate regional engines covering data from 140 local transport authorities in England, Scotland and Wales as a unified engine. The portal integrated both road and public transport planners allowing a comparison between modes of travel times,

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Data on public transport schedules is used by trip planners to determine the available journeys at specific times. Historically rail data has been widely available in national formats, and many countries also have bus and other mode data in national formats such as

771:. In order to integrate them with the timetables and routes they are given a unique identifier within the transport network. In order to be recognizable to passengers they are given official names and may also have a public short code (for example the three letter 650:

interchanges with towns and urban centers that passengers are trying to reach - for example only one of London's five or so Airports is actually in London. Data for this purpose typically comes from additional layers in a map data set such as that provided by

281:, in use before the development of the on-line planner and covering all public transport services in London, was another example of a mainframe OLTP journey planner and included a large database of tourist attractions and popular destinations in London. 220:, trip planning is used specifically to describe the planning of a route for a passenger, to avoid confusion with the completely separate process of planning the operational journeys to be made by public transport vehicles on which such trips are made. 1026:

automatically, based on the information you provide. One way is to submit the desired destination, dates of your trip and interests and the plan will be created in a while. Another way is to provide the necessary information by forwarding confirmation

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With a custom trip planner the user creates one's own travel itinerary individually by picking the appropriate activities from a database. Some of these websites like Triphobo.com offer pre-built databases of points of interest, while others rely on

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codes for airports) to use in interfaces. Historically, different operators quite often used a different identifier for the same stop and stop numbers were not unique within a country or even a region. Systems for managing stop data, such as the

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Schon auf den Fahrplanwechsel in diesem Frühjahr war die PC-Version des schweizerischen Zugfahrplans von der Firma Finajour veröffentlicht worden. Inzwischen wurden gut tausend Exemplare zu einem Stückpreis von hundert Franken

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Link traffic flow data, which gives a quantitative measurement of the current flow on each link of the network that is monitored; this can be used to take actual current conditions into account when computing predicted journey

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architectures optimized to sustain such traffic. The world's first mobile trip planner for a large metropolitan area, a WAP based interface to the London using the Mentz engine, was launched in 2001 by London startup company

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Situation data, which described the incidents, events and planned roadworks in a structured form that can be related to the network; this is used to decorate trip plans and road maps to show current bottlenecks and incident

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In the 2000s, Several major projects developed distributed trip planning architectures to allow the federation of separate trip planners each covering a specific area to create a composite engine covering a very large area.

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In the late 1980s and early 1990s, some national railway operators and major metropolitan transit authorities developed their own specialized trip planners to support their customer enquiry services. These typically ran on

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format allows both the physical layer (e.g. road and railway track infrastructure links) and the logical layer (e.g. links between scheduled stopping points on a given line) of the transport infrastructure to be exchanged

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In the European Union all public passenger travel operators have the obligation to provide the information under the EU railway timetable data exchange format. In other parts of the world there similar exchange standards.

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Road data may be characterized by road type (highway, major road, minor road, track, etc.), turn restrictions, speed restrictions etc., as well as average travel times at different times of day on different day types

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For transit route planners to work, transit schedule data must always be kept up to date. To facilitate data exchange and interoperability between different trip planners, several standard data formats have emerged.

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and out of every Olympic venue, (from PT stop to individual arena entrance) with predicted and actual queueing times to allow for security checks and other delays being factored into the recommended travel times.

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In 2017, Google released a mobile app called Google Trips. Custom trip planning startups are seeing renewed interest from investors with the advent of data science, AI and voice technologies in 2018.

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etc.). Data sets of systematically named, geocoded and categorized popular destinations can be obtained commercially, for example, The UK PointX data set, or derived from opensource data sets such as

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launched the world's first large-scale multimodal trip planner for a world city covering all of London's transport modes as well as rail routes to London; this used a trip planning engine supplied by

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The development of the internet allowed HTML based user interfaces to be added to allow direct querying of trip planning systems by the general public. A test web interface for HaFAs, was launched as

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When time-dependent features such as public transit are included, there are several proposed ways of representing the transport network as a graph and different algorithms may be used such as RAPTOR

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was the first electronic timetable for Switzerland. The first published version was sold for the timetable period 1989/1990. Other European countries soon followed with their own journey planners.

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added real time to its rail trip planner in 2007. Also significant has been the integration of other types of data into the trip planning results such as disruption notices, crowding levels, CO

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Branovic, Irina; Veskovic, Slavko; Mladenovic, Snezana; Milinkovic, Sanjin; Jankovic, Sladjana (October 2011). "SOA architecture for complying with EU railway timetable data exchange format".

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route planning capabilities. The HAFAs timetable information system developed in 1989 by the German company Hacon, (now part of Siemens AG) is an example of such a system and was adopted by

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Delling, Daniel; Sanders, Peter; Schultes, Dominik; Wagner, Dorothea (2009-01-01). "Engineering Route Planning Algorithms". In Lerner, Jürgen; Wagner, Dorothea; Zweig, Katharina A. (eds.).

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Further evolution of trip planning engines has seen the integration of real time data so that trip plans for the immediate future take into account real time delays and disruptions. The UK

1297:; Delling, Daniel; Goldberg, Andrew; Müller-Hannemann, Matthias; Pajor, Thomas; Sanders, Peter; Wagner, Dorothea; Werneck, Renato F. (2016-01-01). Kliemann, Lasse; Sanders, Peter (eds.). 784:

system for stop numbers provide a means of ensuring numbers are unique and the stops are fully described, greatly facilitate the integration of data. Timetable exchange formats, such as

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Advanced road trip planners take into account the real-time state of the network. They use two main types of feed to do this, obtained from road data services using interfaces such as

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The planning of road legs is sometimes done by a separate subsystem within a journey planner, but may consider both single mode trip calculations as well as intermodal scenarios (e.g.

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typically include a transport layer in their data sets and the European INSPIRE framework includes public transport infrastructure links in its set of strategic digital data. The CEN

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The development of journey planning engines has gone hand in hand with the development of data standards for representing the stops, routes and timetables of the network, such as

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version of Hafas was launched in 1998 compressing the application and the entire railway timetable of Deutsche Bahn into six megabytes and running as a stand-alone application.

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computers. The first digital public transport trip planner systems for a microcomputer was developed by Eduard Tulp, an informatica student at the Amsterdam University on an

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Trip planners may be able to incorporate real-time information into their database and consider them in the selection of optimal routes for travel in the immediate future.

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Footpath data may be annotated with accessibility characteristics such as steps, lifts, wheelchair access, ramps, etc., etc., and also safety indicators (e.g., lighting,

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Cycle road and path data may be annotated with characteristics such as cycle route number, traffic levels, surface, lighting, etc. that affect its usability by cyclists.

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Zografos, Konstantinos; Spitadakis, Vassilis; Androutsopoulos, Konstantinos (2008-12-01). "Integrated Passenger Information System for Multimodal Trip Planning".

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For public transport routing the trip planner is constrained by times of arrival or departure. It may also support different optimization criteria – for example,

963:. Real-world implementations involve a tradeoff of computational resources between accuracy, completeness of the answer, and the time required for calculation. 180:. They may be constrained, for example, to leave or arrive at a certain time, to avoid certain waypoints, etc. A single journey may use a sequence of several 826:

online data feed xml files. However, OJP was switched off in 2023 in favour of a new journey planner which is currently integrated into nationalrail.co.uk.

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Reference Model for Public Transport was developed to support the process of creating and harmonizing standard formats both nationally and internationally.

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buses is also useful for providing visualization of results, for example, to plot the route of a train on a map. National mapping bodies, such as the UK's

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Li, Jing-Quan; Zhou, Kun; Zhang, Liping; Zhang, Wei-Bin (2012-04-01). "A Multimodal Trip Planning System With Real-Time Traffic and Transit Information".

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and can pass on real-time and forecast information to the journey planning system. A trip planner may use a real time interface such as the CEN

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additionally allow a more detailed representation which can recognize the constituent links and distinguish several different semantic layers.

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2017 to provide a standard interface to trip planners, incorporating features from JourneyWeb and EU-Spirit and making use of the

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started to add trip planning capabilities to its product set with a version of Google Transit in 2005, covering trips in the

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representing the transport network. In the simplest case where routing is independent of time, the graph uses (directed)

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A further development of this trend was to deploy trip planners onto even smaller platforms such as mobile devices, a

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2011 10th International Conference on Telecommunication in Modern Satellite Cable and Broadcasting Services (TELSIKS)

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The European EU Spirit project developed a long-distance trip planner between a number of different European regions

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that ensure that these fit together. Journey planning algorithms are a classic example of problems in the field of

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Yoon, Ji Won; Pinelli, Fabio; Calabrese, Francesco (2012). "Cityride: A Predictive Bike Sharing Journey Advisor".

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used to find an optimal means of travelling between two or more given locations, sometimes using more than one

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the journey. A single engine may contain the entire transport network, and its schedules, or may allow the

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optimize plans to take into account the requirements of specific disabilities such as wheelchair access.

333:'s official rail trip planner in 1995 and evolved over time into the main Deutsche Bahn website. In 2001 3133: 2948: 2903: 2291: 1939:

Delling, Daniel; Pajor, Thomas; Werneck, Renato F. (2014-10-30). "Round-Based Public Transit Routing".

1143: 872: 480: 244: 213: 2333: 2086: 1809: 1493: 876: 515:, etc. Many route planners support door-to-door planning while others only work between stops on the 278: 1915: 1882: 3232: 3171: 3030: 2878: 2855: 2850: 1953: 1267: 932:. A journey planning engine may be accessed by different front ends, using a software protocol or 3116: 3086: 1552: 1062:

When bookings and payments are added to a mobile trip planner app, then the result is considered

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for private transportation. Trip planning or journey planning is sometimes distinguished from

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text and map representations. A trip planner will typically use a standard interface such as

93: 3217: 3111: 2999: 2965: 2617: 2464: 2447: 2119: 1806:"Transnational exchange of timetable and GIS data as a basis for cross-border ITS services" 1098: 629: 446: 334: 8: 2994: 2913: 2692: 2412: 2400: 2239: 2193: 2109: 1431: 1000: 992: 984: 1301:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing. pp. 19–80. 3040: 2845: 2737: 2682: 2281: 2094: 1787: 1675: 1330: 1302: 1249: 1203: 500: 181: 3014: 2870: 2832: 2797: 2722: 2554: 2482: 2472: 2348: 2343: 2328: 2259: 2210: 2176: 1966: 1895: 1777: 1665: 1628: 1607: 1320: 1253: 1241: 1195: 1133: 516: 189: 161: 1791: 1679: 1334: 1207: 3161: 2782: 2727: 2707: 2437: 2432: 2323: 2269: 2264: 2222: 2205: 2171: 2156: 2144: 2139: 2099: 2055: 1958: 1887: 1876:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 117–139. 1769: 1657: 1312: 1233: 1187: 1153: 1075: 1023: 754:, developed in 2006, is now used by hundreds of transit agencies around the world. 488: 423: 411:

Public transport trip planners proved to be immensely popular (for example by 2005

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A trip planner may be used in conjunction with ticketing and reservation systems.

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ability to add addresses or coordinates to offer true point to point planning.

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have managed to raise significant funding for developing trip planning apps.

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Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board

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costs, etc. The trip planners of some major metropolitan cities such as the

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Distribution companies may incorporate route planning software into their

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Trip planning user interfaces can be made more usable by integration of

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generally has led to the rapid development of many self-service app or

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was soon expanded to include all public transport in the Netherlands.

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of journeys using a distributed journey planning protocol such as

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agency manager Bibiana McHugh. This led to the development of the

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Another pioneer was Hans-Jakob Tobler in Switzerland. His product

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2012 IEEE 13th International Conference on Mobile Data Management

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In the UK the Online Journey Planner (OJP) is the engine used by

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include stop data in their formats and spatial data sets such as

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etc.), so that accurate travel time predictions can be offered

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launched in 2004 by the UK Department of Transport, used the

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real-time predicted average journey times on road sections.

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An initiative to develop an open source trip planner, the

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addresses and the street network for driving directions.

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http://kinkrsoftware.nl/contrib/Artikel16b.2a/tulp.pdf

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since the 1970s, by booking agents. The growth of the

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MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)

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Real-time prediction information for public transport

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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2944:World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers 2889:American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute 1985:"New generation of Web sites for travel planning" 3194: 1716:"Pioneering Open Data Standards: The GTFS Story" 1587:"Pioneering Open Data Standards: The GTFS Story" 1177: 461:was seeded by Portland, Oregon's transit agency 782:NaPTAN (National Public Transport Access Point) 469: 364: 324: 1916:"Routing Functions — pgRouting Manual (2.0.0)" 1584: 936:specialized for journey queries, to provide a 829: 532:fastest route, fewest changes, most accessible 2063: 1831:"Transit Schedule Data Exchange Architecture" 1457:Argus Medienbeobachtung (through archive.org) 1180:Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 1104:Online diary planners for trips and holidays 483:journey planner, typically accessed via the 284: 2024:"Lola Gets $ 15 Million to Fund App Update" 1119:Service Interface for Real Time Information 881:Service Interface for Real Time Information 715: 474: 258: 223:Trip planners have been widely used in the 3036:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism 2070: 2056: 1874:Algorithmics of Large and Complex Networks 1462: 1370: 1368: 1055:, an AI based travel planning startup and 487:that provides information about available 3139:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists 2939:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 1952: 1881: 1451:Tages-Anzeiger, 14 February 2009, p. 14, 1306: 1017: 614: 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 886: 741: 131: 27:Specialized search engine for travelling 1692: 1365: 800:allow stop identifiers to be geocoded. 662:, or specific data sets such as the UK 495:An intermodal journey planner supports 479:A public transport route planner is an 14: 3195: 2884:American Hotel and Lodging Association 1852:"National Rail Online Journey Planner" 1610:. Docs.opentripplanner.org. 2016-09-09 1553:278 WI 00278420 E-RS-170118-final3.pdf 1069: 1038: 1022:Automated trip planners generate your 987:to represent street/path segments and 804:Public transport network topology data 780:station location code set or the UK's 2929:South-East Asian Tourism Organisation 2051: 778:International Union of Railways (UIC) 578: 3203:Public transport information systems 3167: 1289: 1287: 1219: 1217: 1173: 1171: 1169: 674: 600: 184:, meaning the system may know about 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3177: 1035:, hotels and car rental companies. 664:National Public Transport Gazetteer 554:, etc.). Typical optimizations for 24: 2623:Destination marketing organization 1445: 907:Incidents are captured through an 767:and road routing engines they are 752:General Transit Feed Specification 609: 587: 570:and with constraints for specific 432:General Transit Feed Specification 407:Second-generation internet systems 277:in 1989. The ""Routes"" system of 25: 3244: 3107:Convention and exhibition centers 1284: 1268:"Bike Triangle | OpenTripPlanner" 1214: 1166: 1094:Intelligent transportation system 904:to obtain situation information. 699:Weekday, Weekend, Public Holiday, 640: 212:mode which operates according to 3176: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3102:Cities by international visitors 2961:World Travel and Tourism Council 1854:. nationalrail.co.uk. 2024-07-05 34: 3144:World Heritage Sites by country 2924:Pacific Asia Travel Association 2030: 2016: 2002: 1977: 1932: 1908: 1865: 1844: 1823: 1798: 1753: 1732: 1708: 1686: 1645: 1621: 1600: 1578: 1557: 1546: 1525: 1504: 1486: 1414:(in Dutch). 9292.nl. 1992-09-02 961:Computational complexity theory 620:either by name or by category ( 45:needs additional citations for 3223:Intermodal passenger transport 2899:Caribbean Tourism Organization 2523:Hospitality management studies 2428:Visiting friends and relatives 1494:Schweiz: Fahrpläne im Videotex 1425: 1404: 1393: 1341: 1260: 1114:Public transport route planner 940:on different types of device. 541: 13: 1: 2985:Akwaaba African Travel Market 2909:Historical Archive on Tourism 1585:Bibiana McHugh (2005-12-07). 1533:"Was ist DELFI? | DELFI" 1436:Searching time-table networks 1159: 970: 934:application program interface 914: 3056:Tourism improvement district 1440:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1192:10.1080/15472450.2012.671708 1089:Automotive navigation system 855:based standards such as CEN 761: 669: 536:cheapest, most flexible fare 470:Mode-specific considerations 426:region, as described by the 365:Distributed journey planners 325:Early internet-based systems 7: 3228:Scheduling (transportation) 2077: 1892:10.1007/978-3-642-02094-0_7 1808:. Gip.gv.at. Archived from 1774:10.1109/TELSKS.2011.6143191 1453:Hans-Jakob Tobler gestorben 1317:10.1007/978-3-319-49487-6_2 1082: 830:Public transport timetables 10: 3249: 2949:World Tourism Organization 2904:European Travel Commission 1742:. Netex-cen.eu. 2014-03-18 1378:. Hacon.de. Archived from 1144:Public transport timetable 873:Automatic vehicle location 628:. Major operators such as 593:minimal elevation change, 397:Transmodel reference model 253: 3152: 3069: 3023: 2974: 2869: 2831: 2605: 2463: 2085: 909:incident capturing system 534:. Optimization by price ( 499:i.e. using more than one 285:Second-generation systems 279:London Transport, now TfL 235:, and the development of 3031:Heritage commodification 2879:American Bus Association 1589:. Beyondtransparency.org 716:Real-time data for roads 622:museum, stadium, prison, 475:Public transport routing 294:PC. He was hired by the 259:First-generation systems 237:information technologies 3213:Route planning software 1459:(PDF file; 70 kB). 975:Journey planners use a 922:distributed computation 439:National Rail Enquiries 393:SIRI Protocol Framework 376:Transport Direct Portal 347:National Rail Enquiries 231:, the proliferation of 18:Route planning software 2954:World Tourism rankings 2894:BEST Education Network 1963:10.1287/trsc.2014.0534 1941:Transportation Science 1720:beyondtransparency.org 1496:, 22 September 1989 (« 1046:user generated content 1018:Automated trip planner 615:Point of interest data 271:Swiss Federal Railways 141: 3208:Sustainable transport 2990:Arabian Travel Market 1535:(in German). Delfi.de 1299:Algorithm Engineering 1149:Sustainable transport 1064:mobility as a service 887:Situation information 883:to obtain this data. 742:Public transport data 135: 3000:Festival del Viaggio 2966:World Travel Monitor 2618:Convention (meeting) 2465:Hospitality industry 2012:. 19 September 2016. 1768:. pp. 630–631. 1656:. pp. 306–311. 1099:Multimodal transport 630:Transport for London 519:, such as stations, 447:Transport for London 335:Transport for London 188:services as well as 54:improve this article 3077:Adjectival tourisms 2995:Cruise of the Kings 2914:Life Beyond Tourism 2693:Roadside attraction 1662:10.1109/MDM.2012.16 1070:Commercial software 1039:Custom trip planner 1009:Johnson's algorithm 503:, such as cycling, 497:intermodal journeys 214:published schedules 3134:Passenger airlines 3041:Impacts of tourism 2871:Trade associations 2846:Outdoor literature 2738:Tourist attraction 2683:Perpetual traveler 1920:docs.pgrouting.org 1479:2014-12-31 at the 967:planners as well. 579:Pedestrian routing 501:modes of transport 190:transport networks 182:modes of transport 142: 3190: 3189: 3015:World Tourism Day 2833:Travel literature 2798:Travel technology 2723:Tourism geography 2483:Convention center 2473:Bed and breakfast 2334:Recreational drug 1783:978-1-4577-2019-2 1671:978-1-4673-1796-2 1608:"OpenTripPlanner" 1400:Trouw, 05/06/1998 1134:Travel technology 977:routing algorithm 680:datasets such as 675:Road network data 601:Data requirements 517:transport network 156:is a specialized 130: 129: 122: 104: 69:"Journey planner" 16:(Redirected from 3240: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3159: 2856:Travel magazines 2851:Tourism journals 2783:Travel insurance 2728:Tourism minister 2708:Tour bus service 2072: 2065: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1956: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1885: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1561: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1514:. Traveline.info 1508: 1502: 1490: 1484: 1466: 1460: 1449: 1443: 1434:, Tulp, Eduard, 1429: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1353:Traveltecnik.com 1345: 1339: 1338: 1310: 1291: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1221: 1212: 1211: 1175: 1154:Transit district 1076:fleet management 489:public transport 306:, which ran for 210:public transport 186:public transport 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3233:Travel websites 3193: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3148: 3065: 3019: 2970: 2865: 2827: 2788:Travel medicine 2778:Travel document 2773:Travel behavior 2743:Tourist gateway 2668:Journey planner 2601: 2493:Destination spa 2459: 2130:Bicycle touring 2081: 2076: 2046: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1922: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1883:10.1.1.164.8916 1870: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1784: 1764:. Vol. 2. 1758: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1672: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1492:Computerwoche: 1491: 1487: 1481:Wayback Machine 1467: 1463: 1450: 1446: 1438:, proefschrift 1430: 1426: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1357: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1327: 1292: 1285: 1276: 1274: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1238:10.3141/2072-03 1222: 1215: 1176: 1167: 1162: 1085: 1072: 1041: 1020: 973: 917: 889: 869: 832: 811:Ordnance Survey 806: 764: 744: 718: 677: 672: 656:Ordnance Survey 643: 617: 612: 610:Contextual data 603: 590: 588:Bicycle routing 581: 544: 477: 472: 459:OpenTripPlanner 444: 409: 387:footprint etc.. 386: 367: 327: 287: 261: 256: 247:trip planners. 233:geospatial data 225:travel industry 146:journey planner 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3246: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3174: 3164: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3046:Leakage effect 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2823:Visitor center 2820: 2815: 2813:Travel website 2810: 2808:Travel warning 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2733:Tourism region 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2562: 2560:Referral chain 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2478:Boutique hotel 2475: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2169: 2164: 2162:Archaeological 2154: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2029: 2015: 2001: 1976: 1954:10.1.1.652.775 1947:(3): 591–604. 1931: 1907: 1900: 1864: 1843: 1822: 1797: 1782: 1752: 1731: 1707: 1685: 1670: 1644: 1620: 1599: 1577: 1567:. Eu-spirit.eu 1556: 1545: 1524: 1503: 1485: 1461: 1444: 1424: 1403: 1392: 1364: 1340: 1325: 1283: 1259: 1213: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1139:Travel website 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1071: 1068: 1040: 1037: 1019: 1016: 1005:Floyd–Warshall 972: 969: 938:user interface 930:Delfi Protocol 916: 913: 888: 885: 868: 865: 831: 828: 805: 802: 763: 760: 743: 740: 739: 738: 734: 717: 714: 713: 712: 705: 702: 676: 673: 671: 668: 642: 641:Gazetteer data 639: 616: 613: 611: 608: 602: 599: 589: 586: 580: 577: 568:cheapest route 560:shortest route 543: 540: 476: 473: 471: 468: 442: 408: 405: 404: 403: 400: 388: 384: 366: 363: 326: 323: 296:Dutch Railways 286: 283: 260: 257: 255: 252: 194:route planning 174:fewest changes 162:transport mode 136:Screenshot of 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3245: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3183: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3163: 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2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2718:Tour operator 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2663:Hypermobility 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2628:Escorted tour 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 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993:intersections 991:to represent 990: 986: 982: 978: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 912: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 884: 882: 878: 874: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 827: 824: 823:National Rail 819: 816: 812: 801: 799: 798:OpenStreetMap 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 770: 759: 755: 753: 748: 735: 731: 730: 729: 727: 723: 710: 706: 703: 700: 695: 694: 693: 691: 690:OpenStreetMap 687: 683: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 638: 635: 634:National Rail 631: 627: 626:OpenStreetMap 623: 607: 598: 596: 595:bicycle lanes 585: 576: 573: 569: 565: 564:fastest route 561: 557: 553: 552:kiss and ride 549: 548:Park and Ride 539: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 505:rapid transit 502: 498: 493: 490: 486: 482: 467: 464: 460: 455: 451: 448: 440: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414: 413:Deutsche Bahn 401: 398: 394: 389: 381: 377: 373: 372: 371: 362: 360: 354: 350: 348: 344: 339: 336: 332: 331:Deutsche Bahn 322: 320: 315: 313: 309: 305: 300: 297: 293: 282: 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