521:
732:
33:
878:
789:
171:
442:
613:
299:
532:
in
February 1945. On 8 September 1944, the government in exile returned to Brussels and was greeted with general indifference. Although the King was no longer in the country, his Political Testament was presented to the returned Government as he had wished, and was soon circulated publicly. At the same time, a copy was presented to the British King,
962:
in the
Belgian linguistic conflict. It also put an end to the federalisation of Belgian institutions which might exacerbate the regional tensions exposed by the royal question. In addition, the perceived failure of the PSC–CVP to realise Flemish demands for the return of Leopold helped to strengthen support for the
353:. The King rejected their arguments and hardened his own position. He refused to leave Belgian territory and his army in Flanders at any cost. The ministers suspected that Leopold's aides were already negotiating with the Germans. The meeting broke up with no agreement and the Belgian Government left for France.
254:, and political agitation by both far-left and far-right parties. Amid this period of crisis, Leopold attempted to expand the powers of the monarch. He was widely suspected of holding authoritarian and right-wing political views. From 1936, Leopold was a strong supporter of Belgium's "independence policy" of
961:
Modern historians describe the royal question as an important moment in
Belgian recovery after World War II. The opposition between Leopoldists and anti-Leopoldists led to the re-establishment of Socialist and Catholic political parties from before the war. The Question was also an important moment
888:
King
Leopold's abdication message of 1 August 1950 was premised on a reconciliation in the person of his eldest son over the course of a year. Baudouin was seen by most parties as an acceptable alternative candidate. Under a law of 11 August, executive powers were transferred to Baudouin in advance
531:
After the Allied landings in
Normandy, Allied troops advanced eastwards and crossed the Belgian frontier on 1 September 1944. German forces offered little resistance and, by 4 September, the Allies were in control of Brussels although the last occupied parts of Belgian territory were only liberated
207:
was written in 1831 which codified the responsibilities and restrictions imposed on the monarch. Although the King, as head of state, was prevented from acting without the approval of a government minister, he was allowed full control of military matters in his capacity as
Commander-in-Chief. Which
559:
and took the oath the following day. Further action on the royal question was pushed aside by more pressing economic and political issues that occupied most of the
Government's time. With Belgium under partial Allied military administration until the restoration of the government services, British
864:
detained during the German occupation, offered to act as intermediaries between the different parties because of their respected status. The CNPPA–NCPGR succeeded in persuading both the King and the
Government to reopen negotiations which resumed on 31 July. In the afternoon on 1 August, Leopold
957:
that he did not have confidence in his government and asked for his resignation. Eyskens refused and challenged the King to invoke
Article 65 of the Constitution and unilaterally revoke his ministerial mandate. Fearing that such an action would reopen the royal question, King Baudouin yielded.
422:, it was widely believed that Germany was about to win the war. King Leopold was hailed as a "martyr" or a symbol of national resilience, in contrast to a Government that appeared to place its ideology above the interests of the Belgian people. On 31 May 1940, the senior representative of the
754:
and Spaak attempted to broker a new agreement by which
Leopold would abdicate in favour of his son. On 15 April 1950, Leopold announced that he was willing to temporarily delegate his authority. Many within the PSC–CVP realised that, despite the referendum's result, their party's lack of a
641:
to negotiate with Leopold. At a series of meetings between 9 and 11 May 1945, Van Acker insisted that the King publicly announce his support for the Allied cause and his commitment to parliamentary democracy. No agreement was reached. In the meantime, Leopold took up residence in
749:
The result confirmed the worries of some, including Spaak, that the vote would not be sufficiently decisive in either direction and could divide the country along regional and linguistic lines. On 13 March, Eyskens traveled to Pregny to attempt to encourage Leopold to abdicate.
1031:
Subsequent constitutional revisions have shifted the "inability to reign" clause, formerly Article 82, to its current position as Article 93 of the Constitution. The clause itself remains unchanged and was again enforced for a 24-hour period in 1990 to allow a law legalising
632:
governments attempted to avoid confronting the issue of Leopold's return despite calls from Communists, some Socialists and trade unionists for the King's abdication in April and May 1945. Soon after the King's liberation, Van Acker and a government delegation headed to
157:. The unrest culminated in the killing of four workers by police on 30 July. With the situation fast deteriorating, on 1 August 1950 Leopold announced his intention to abdicate. After a transition period, he formally abdicated in favour of Baudouin in July 1951.
986:
in 1991. Leopoldists were suspected, but no individual was prosecuted in the aftermath. An enquiry by historians Rudy Van Doorslaer and Etienne Verhoeyen named an alleged culprit. A final report, commissioned by the Belgian government, was submitted in 2015.
715:), which was scheduled for 12 March 1950. It was the first ever referendum in Belgian history and was intended to be advisory. Campaigning was vigorous on both sides, with little disruption at the polls, despite the contentious nature of the subject.
314:, Leopold argued that Belgium was still a neutral country and had no obligations beyond defending its borders. Leopold opposed allowing British and French forces into Belgian territory to fight alongside Belgian troops, as a breach of its neutrality.
671:, the PSC–CVP campaigned on a pro-Leopold royalist platform. The results reshaped the political landscape; the Communists were routed and the PSB–BSP lost seats to both the Liberals and Catholics. The Catholics gained a new majority in the
917:, near Liège. The murder shocked the Belgian public and an estimated 200,000 people attended Lahaut's funeral. Although no-one was ever prosecuted for the murder, it was widely attributed to clandestine Leopoldist militia like the
779:
One of the first acts of the Duvieusart government was to introduce a bill bringing the "impossibility to reign" to an end. On 22 July 1950, Leopold returned to Belgium for the first time since June 1944 and resumed his functions.
414:
to govern the country. Belgian civil servants were ordered to remain at their posts in order to ensure the continued functioning of the state and to attempt to protect the population from the demands of the German authorities.
844:
and the violence intensified. Staunch Leopoldists in the Government called for a stronger stance but found themselves in a minority, even in the PSC–CVP. Frustrated at the lack of progress, the Government threatened to resign
820:
shortly after the King's return in July 1950. Modern historians have noted that "the smell of revolution was on the air" as Walloon nationalists called for the immediate secession of Wallonia and the creation of a republic.
572:
and the process of political reconstruction began. The traditional party system had been torn apart by the war and occupation. The two major ideological blocks proceeded to create their own parties: socialists created the
141:. In 1950, a national referendum was organised by a new centre-right government to decide on whether Leopold could return. Although the result was a victory for the Leopoldists, it produced a strong regional split between
683:
took over as prime minister at the head of a Liberal-Catholic coalition. Both parties in the government (and Leopold himself) supported a referendum on the King's return, which became the focus of political attention.
767:
pending fresh elections. His intention was probably to prevent the formation of a PSC–CVP government under Van Zeeland, a staunch Leopoldist, which would lead to the return of the King without further discussion. The
755:
parliamentary majority would undermine their ability to build a national reconciliation around the King as long as their Liberal coalition partners and Socialist opponents were unwilling to accept the King's return.
495:), which would justify his behaviour under the occupation and detail his interventions on behalf of Belgian prisoners of war and deported workers. Leopold, however, continued to condemn the action of the
122:. Leopold's refusal to obey the Government marked a constitutional crisis and, after having negotiated the surrender to the Germans on 28 May 1940, King Leopold was widely condemned. Shortly before the
284:, to take control of the army. He refused to address the Belgian parliament beforehand, as Albert I had famously done at the outbreak of World War I. The speed of the German advance, using the new
465:
and tried to organise a meeting with him. Hitler remained uninterested and distrustful of the King, but on 19 November 1940, King Leopold succeeded in gaining an unproductive audience with him at
484:, the home of the majority of the Belgian prisoners still detained. Popular opinion also turned on the king for his perceived unwillingness to speak out against German occupation policies.
913:, the noted Communist leader who had been one of the leading opponents of Leopold's return. A week later (18 August), Lahaut was shot dead by an unidentified assassin outside his house in
310:
Soon after the outbreak of war, the King and Government began to disagree. While the Government argued that the German invasion had violated Belgian neutrality and made Belgium one of the
1993:
137:. The country was divided along political lines over whether Leopold could ever return to his functions, and with a dominantly left wing government in Belgium, Leopold went into exile in
728:
of Brussels, the Leopoldists won only a minority of 48 percent. In Wallonia a mere 42 percent voted for the restitution of the King. The final results, in percentages by province, were:
215:, accepted the terms of the Constitution but attempted to use its ambiguities to subtly increase his own powers. This was continued by his successors, although with little real success.
1070:
saw its share of the vote fall from 12.68 per cent to just 7.48 in the 1949 elections. By 1954, it was gaining just 3.57 per cent of the vote and never recovered its earlier influence.
325:. The meeting is frequently cited as the start of the royal question and the moment of the decisive break between King and Government. Four ministers of the Government were present:
661:
In Belgium, political debate about the royal question continued and grew after the war, and remained a polemical topic in the popular press, notably in the Francophone newspaper
547:
in his absence. On 20 September 1944, a meeting of both Chambers of Parliament was called. Article 82 of the Constitution was invoked, declaring the King "unable to reign" (
461:" would be established in Europe and that, as the senior Belgian figure in occupied Europe, he could negotiate with the German authorities. King Leopold corresponded with
1706:
971:
party after 1954. In Wallonia, the legacy of trade union and socialist political mobilisation during the general strike paved the way for a left-wing revival of the
982:
The Lahaut assassination was not solved, and it remained contentious as the only political murder in Belgian history until the death of the socialist politician
741:
407:
345:, the Belgian government was preparing to continue the fight against Germany from exile in France. They urged the King to join them, following the examples of
356:
King Leopold negotiated a cease-fire with the Germans on 27 May 1940, and the Belgian armed forces officially surrendered the following day. Leopold became a
129:
With Belgium liberated but the King still in captivity, Leopold was declared officially "unable to rule" in accordance with the constitution and his brother,
2077:
731:
905:
was taking the oath of allegiance (as regent) to the Constitution in front of the Parliament, an unidentified individual in the Communist benches shouted "
364:, near Brussels. Furious that the King had both ignored the Government and negotiated a surrender without consulting them, Pierlot gave an angry speech on
812:) aimed at supporting strike action taken in event of the King's return. The union took the lead in the opposition which emerged in the summer of 1950.
208:
responsibility would take precedence if they became incompatible was left ambiguous and this uncertainty would lie at the heart of the royal question.
593:
also re-emerged after the war, promoting the culture and economic interests of the French-speaking areas in the south. The period saw major reform of
389:
1012:, had been killed in a car accident in 1935 and remained hugely popular with the public. By contrast, Baels, who had no noble title and came from
247:
2003:
745:*The majority in the arrondissement of Verviers voted in favour of the King's return. **The arrondissement of Namur voted against the return.
1079:
The PSC–CVP bicameral majority produced by the election of 1950 was the last to be gained by any single party in Belgian political history.
609:, FGTB–ABVV), in April 1945 with 248,000 members nationwide. By 1947, however, the political structure of the Belgian state had stabilised.
2303:
933:
In the aftermath of the royal question, national priorities shifted to other political questions. On 17 September 1950, the government of
2353:
368:, condemning the King and announcing the Government's intention to continue fighting alongside the Allies. French politicians, notably
290:
approach, soon pushed the Belgian army westwards despite British and French support. On 16 May, the Belgian government left Brussels.
578:
438:, believed that democracy had failed and that the end of the war would see the King as the ruler of an authoritarian Belgian state.
434:
calling for all Belgians to unite around the King. Other figures in the King's entourage, particularly the authoritarian socialist
491:
after 1942, the King prepared for the end of the war. He ordered the preparation of a document, known as the Political Testament (
276:
On 10 May 1940, German forces invaded neutral Belgium without a formal declaration of war. King Leopold III headed immediately to
976:
396:"Military honour, the dignity of the Crown and the good of the country forbade me from following the government out of Belgium."
1935:
718:
Result of the referendum was that Leopold's return won a 58 percent majority in the national vote, with majorities in seven of
350:
2251:
2215:
2156:
2133:
2066:
1982:
1924:
869:, to avoid further bloodshed. Baudouin, at the age of 19, became regent, with the title of "prince royal" on 11 August 1950.
153:
which generally opposed it. Leopold's return to Belgium in July 1950 was greeted with widespread protests in Wallonia and a
722:. However, the vote was heavily divided by region. In Flanders, 72 percent voted in favour of Leopold's return, but in the
676:
598:
832:
was one of the key sites affected and the country was virtually paralysed. On 30 July, four workers were shot dead by the
480:), sharing the suffering of the Belgian prisoners of war, was undermined and his popularity fell sharply, especially in
71:
that lasted from 1945 to 1951, coming to a head between March and August 1950. The question at stake surrounded whether
2348:
2047:
2028:
1963:
552:
524:
185:
130:
457:
Imprisoned, the King continued to follow his own political programme. He believed that after the German victory, a "
889:
of the official abdication. Leopold formally abdicated on 16 July 1951. His son succeeded him the following day as
698:
828:
and quickly spread. Workers were soon on strike across Wallonia, Brussels, and, to a lesser extent, Flanders. The
540:. The text reignited the divisions within the Government which had been largely hidden since earlier in the war.
2358:
1050:
938:
769:
668:
17:
476:
was made public. The marriage was deeply unpopular with the Belgian public. The image of the "prisoner-king" (
472:
Popular support for Leopold in Belgium declined sharply in December 1941 when news of Leopold's remarriage to
909:" ("Long Live the Republic!"). The interruption caused outrage. It was widely suspected that the culprit was
520:
346:
1732:
2318:
2298:
488:
772:
produced an absolute PSC–CVP majority in both Chamber and Senate, and a new single-party government under
2343:
967:
496:
115:
75:
could return to the country and resume his constitutional role amid allegations that his actions during
2313:
1067:
946:
724:
582:
411:
2333:
2323:
953:, surrounding the secularisation of education. In August 1960, King Baudouin informed Prime Minister
764:
39:, the subject of the political disagreement, pictured in 1934, the year he came to the Belgian throne
852:
As the situation escalated, the National Confederation of Political Prisoners and their Dependents (
2338:
2328:
2308:
569:
342:
638:
586:
581:(PSC–CVP). The biggest change in early post-liberation politics was the surge of support for the
574:
204:
200:
193:
1707:"Zaait nu zelfs de koning verdeeldheid tussen zijn onderdanen? Gesprekken van over de taalgrens"
446:
361:
318:
311:
303:
223:
123:
94:
The crisis emerged from the division between Leopold and his Government, led by Prime Minister
32:
2121:
306:, where the final meeting between Leopold and the Belgian government took place on 25 May 1940
2277:
949:
followed and, by the mid-1950s, Belgium was immersed in a new political crisis, known as the
833:
427:
317:
On 25 May 1940, Leopold met senior representatives of his Government for a final time at the
174:
The Belgian crown symbolically resting on the constitution in a nineteenth-century statue of
119:
816:, a Walloon trade union leader, called for "insurrection" and "revolution" in the newspaper
83:. The crisis brought Belgium to the brink of a civil war. It was eventually resolved by the
2281:
719:
338:
255:
212:
175:
80:
585:, which became the third party in Belgian politics until 1949, temporarily displacing the
406:
With the Belgian surrender on 28 May 1940, Belgium was placed under German occupation and
8:
1037:
902:
881:
866:
543:
Since the King was still in German custody, there was no opposition to the creation of a
507:, he was deported to Germany. He was finally liberated by American forces on 7 May 1945.
466:
227:
88:
2363:
2145:
1054:
861:
825:
458:
107:
2038:
Van den Wijngaert, Mark; Dujardin, Vincent (2006). "La Belgique sans Roi, 1940–1950".
877:
788:
643:
617:
2247:
2230:
2211:
2191:
2171:
2152:
2129:
2101:
2062:
2043:
2024:
1978:
1959:
1920:
950:
629:
271:
170:
99:
837:
793:
1009:
972:
963:
751:
672:
590:
373:
330:
251:
189:
102:. Leopold, who was suspected of authoritarian sympathies, had taken command of the
72:
64:
36:
2271:
829:
773:
441:
431:
423:
357:
48:
1238:
813:
954:
934:
680:
326:
277:
154:
95:
56:
2267:
983:
658:
made further negotiations or thoughts of return to political life impossible.
2292:
2234:
2203:
2195:
2183:
1018:
910:
890:
805:
612:
322:
111:
1226:
800:, commemorating the four workers shot dead by Belgian police on 30 July 1950
2227:
L'Assassinat de Julien Lahaut: une histoire de l'anticommunisme en Belgique
2175:
1670:
1668:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1454:
1452:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1374:
1372:
655:
594:
537:
473:
462:
450:
435:
419:
369:
259:
239:
197:
103:
76:
2105:
1917:
The Sorrows of Belgium: Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944–1947
1763:
1634:
1384:
1315:
1313:
1250:
1216:
1214:
865:
publicly announced his intention to abdicate in favour of his eldest son,
2078:"Julien Lahaut assassiné par un réseau soutenu par l'establishment belge"
1357:
1298:
1274:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
651:
621:
365:
334:
243:
230:, died in a mountaineering accident. Albert, known as the "Knight King" (
138:
1751:
1665:
1646:
1617:
1602:
1587:
1575:
1539:
1464:
1449:
1396:
1369:
1199:
126:
liberated the country in 1944, he was deported to Germany by the Nazis.
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1310:
1286:
1262:
1211:
1057:
following the extension of the vote to all Belgian women in March 1948.
942:
704:
563:
286:
84:
1165:
1153:
854:
Confédération nationale des prisonniers politiques et des ayants droit
1954:
Dumoulin, Michel; Van den Wijngaert, Mark; Dujardin, Vincent (2001).
533:
515:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1680:
1520:
1491:
1413:
1105:
1879:
1141:
1117:
1033:
1013:
481:
281:
250:. Leopold's reign was marked by economic crisis in the wake of the
150:
146:
142:
106:
at the outbreak of war. Considering his constitutional position as
2188:
LĂ©opold III et le Gouvernement: les deux politiques belges de 1940
841:
797:
1953:
1816:
1804:
1787:
1244:
914:
858:
Nationale Confederatie van Politieke Gevangenen en Rechthebbenden
663:
624:
where King Leopold III spent the years from 1945 to 1950 in exile
544:
341:. By the time of the meeting, against the backdrop of the bloody
181:
68:
1998:
824:
The general strike of 1950 began in the coal mining centres of
647:
634:
556:
500:
134:
1975:
La Belgique entre dans la guerre froide et l'Europe: 1947–1953
739:
298:
2208:
L'Action du Roi en Belgique depuis 1831: Pouvoir et Influence
804:
In 1949, the FGTB–ABVV voted a special budget of ten million
597:
following the creation of the first large unified union, the
504:
418:
With France's defeat and the installation of the pro-German
383:
2081:
1437:
238:), had been hugely popular in Belgium after commanding the
925:
who operated with the knowledge of the security services.
560:
hostility to Leopold's return also complicated the issue.
265:
2037:
1769:
1757:
1674:
1659:
1640:
1628:
1611:
1596:
1581:
1545:
1470:
1458:
1407:
1390:
1378:
1363:
1319:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1232:
1220:
1205:
1178:
1159:
628:
Under the early regency, both the Pierlot and subsequent
577:(PSB–BSP), while Catholics and conservatives created the
1869:
1867:
1347:
1345:
1343:
510:
145:, which was broadly in favour of the King's return, and
1828:
1563:
1481:
1479:
1425:
1330:
1328:
1189:
1187:
2224:
2120:
2098:
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
1022:
and her political influence over the king distrusted.
2056:
1864:
1852:
1775:
1693:
1551:
1533:
1508:
1502:
1419:
1340:
1147:
1123:
1111:
884:, photographed in 1960, who succeeded Leopold in 1951
1840:
1476:
1325:
1184:
1093:
564:
Political recovery and revival of the royal question
293:
2057:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2009).
872:
758:
2241:
2144:
1972:
1936:"Allies' dilemma over 'cowardice' of Belgian king"
1885:
1822:
1810:
1798:
687:
262:'s increasingly aggressive territorial expansion.
1129:
896:
860:, or CNPPA–NCPGR), the organisation representing
372:, blamed Leopold for the growing disaster of the
2290:
2225:Van Doorslaer, Rudi; Verhoeyen, Etienne (1987).
1891:
783:
735:Koningskwestie kaart met percentage voor-stemmen
487:Amid German defeats against the Russians on the
390:German occupation of Belgium during World War II
376:and angrily condemned him as a "criminal king" (
165:
1933:
1443:
1245:Dumoulin, Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2001
1053:was the first vote held in Belgium under truly
503:after October 1940). On 7 June 1944, following
2059:Political History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards
246:(1914–18) while much of the country was under
2021:La Belgique depuis la Seconde guerre mondiale
928:
226:came to the throne in 1934 after his father,
2165:
1973:GĂ©rard-Libois, Jules; Lewin, Rosine (1992).
703:The Eyskens government agreed to a national
280:, the headquarters of the Belgian army near
114:, he refused to leave his army and join the
2244:Leopold III: De Koning, Het Land, De Oorlog
808:to establish a Committee of Common Action (
692:
79:had been contrary to the provisions of the
2278:Feeding the Crocodile: Was Leopold Guilty?
2242:Velaers, Jan; Van Goethem, Herman (2001).
2168:Leopold III and the Belgian Royal Question
1994:"Léopold III, l'impossible réhabilitation"
1733:"Police kill 3, wound mayor in Liege riot"
603:Fédération générale du Travail de Belgique
110:to take precedence over his civil role as
2100:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
570:began a period of rapid economic recovery
384:King Leopold during the German occupation
360:and was placed under house arrest at the
2202:
2182:
876:
787:
763:On 29 April 1950, Prince-Regent Charles
611:
536:, and was seen by the Foreign Secretary
519:
516:Leopold declared "unable to reign", 1944
440:
401:Political Testament of Leopold III, 1944
297:
169:
31:
2142:
2018:
1834:
1781:
1557:
1351:
1193:
1099:
990:
937:announced its intention of dispatching
707:, known as the "popular consultation" (
266:German invasion and occupation, 1940–44
14:
2291:
2126:LĂ©opold III: de l'an 40 Ă l'effacement
1991:
1914:
1873:
1858:
1569:
1514:
1485:
1431:
1334:
1135:
351:Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
2147:LĂ©opold III: la tentation autoritaire
2095:
2076:Vlassenbroeck, Julien (12 May 2015).
1846:
1770:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1758:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1675:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1660:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1641:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1629:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1612:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1597:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1582:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1546:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1471:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1459:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1408:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1391:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1379:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1364:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1320:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1305:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1293:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1281:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1269:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1257:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1233:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1221:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1206:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1179:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
1160:Van den Wijngaert & Dujardin 2006
527:, who was installed as regent in 1944
511:Regency and the early crisis, 1944–49
2075:
1897:
679:, their best results since the war.
599:General Labour Federation of Belgium
2304:Riots and civil disorder in Belgium
2268:Belgium says 'no' to Leopold (1950)
1919:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1694:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009
1534:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009
1503:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009
1420:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009
1148:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009
1124:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009
1112:Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009
977:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
568:Soon after the liberation, Belgium
347:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
218:
24:
2354:Political controversies in Belgium
2170:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
2114:
1934:Crossland, John (4 January 1996).
730:
25:
2375:
2261:
1747:– via Newspaperarchive.com.
1036:to pass without the signature of
553:Prince Charles, Count of Flanders
525:Prince Charles, Count of Flanders
294:Break between King and Government
188:in 1830 and was established as a
184:gained its independence from the
131:Prince Charles, Count of Flanders
1992:Havaux, Pierre (29 March 2013).
1739:. Associated Press. 31 July 1950
873:Accession of King Baudouin, 1951
759:King Leopold's return to Belgium
699:1950 Belgian monarchy referendum
551:). Leopold's reclusive brother,
87:of Leopold in favour of his son
2246:(3rd ed.). Tielt: Lannoo.
2061:(New ed.). Brussels: ASP.
1907:
1725:
1699:
1073:
1060:
1043:
1025:
1002:
688:Culmination of the crisis, 1950
1886:GĂ©rard-Libois & Lewin 1992
1823:GĂ©rard-Libois & Lewin 1992
1811:GĂ©rard-Libois & Lewin 1992
1799:GĂ©rard-Libois & Lewin 1992
975:, eventually witnessed in the
897:Assassination of Julien Lahaut
549:dans l'impossibilité de régner
410:was established under General
13:
1:
2040:Nouvelle histoire de Belgique
1086:
784:General strike and abdication
166:Monarchy and the constitution
160:
27:1950 Belgian political crisis
995:
607:Algemeen Belgisch Vakverbond
7:
497:Belgian government in exile
116:Belgian government in exile
10:
2380:
2124:; Gotovitch, José (1991).
2042:. Brussels: Éd. Complexe.
1068:Communist Party of Belgium
947:European Defence Community
929:Aftermath and significance
696:
677:Chamber of Representatives
583:Communist Party of Belgium
412:Alexander von Falkenhausen
387:
269:
2349:Royal scandals in Belgium
2166:RamĂłn Arango, E. (1963).
1737:Bluefield Daily Telegraph
945:. Negotiations about the
923:Bloc anticommuniste belge
616:The Villa le Reposoir in
408:a military administration
2096:Young, Crawford (1965).
2019:Mabille, Xavier (2003).
693:Referendum of March 1950
669:general election of 1949
2143:Moureux, Serge (2002).
1915:Conway, Martin (2012).
810:Comité d'action commune
675:and a plurality in the
654:under the pretext that
575:Belgian Socialist Party
201:parliamentary democracy
194:constitutional monarchy
100:German invasion of 1940
2151:. Brussels: Luc Pire.
1958:. Brussels: Complexe.
1008:Leopold's first wife,
901:On 11 August 1950, as
885:
801:
736:
709:consultation populaire
625:
579:Christian Social Party
528:
454:
447:Royal Palace of Laeken
398:
362:Royal Palace of Laeken
319:Kasteel van Wijnendale
307:
304:Kasteel van Wijnendale
178:
60:
52:
40:
2359:Constitutional crises
1977:. Brussels: Pol-His.
1051:1949 general election
903:Crown Prince Baudouin
880:
791:
734:
615:
523:
453:during the occupation
444:
428:Jozef-Ernest van Roey
426:in Belgium, Cardinal
394:
302:A modern view of the
301:
173:
35:
2282:The Churchill Centre
2122:GĂ©rard-Libois, Jules
1444:The Independent 1996
991:Notes and references
765:dissolved parliament
449:, where Leopold was
339:Arthur Vanderpoorten
256:political neutrality
81:Belgian Constitution
2319:Monarchy of Belgium
2299:History of Wallonia
2210:. Brussels: Lanoo.
2128:. Brussels: Crisp.
2023:. Brussels: Crisp.
964:Flemish nationalist
907:Vive la république!
862:political prisoners
792:Memorial plaque at
493:Testament Politique
445:Modern view of the
2344:National questions
2270:, newsreel on the
2190:. Paris: Duculot.
2006:on 3 February 2014
1235:, p. 19, 103.
1055:universal suffrage
939:Belgian volunteers
886:
802:
770:following election
737:
720:the nine provinces
656:heart palpitations
626:
529:
455:
308:
186:United Netherlands
179:
108:commander-in-chief
41:
2314:Government crises
2253:978-90-209-4643-7
2217:978-2-87386-567-2
2158:978-2-87415-142-2
2135:978-2-87311-005-5
2068:978-90-5487-517-8
1984:978-2-87311-008-6
1926:978-0-19-969434-1
1888:, pp. 147–8.
1772:, pp. 145–6.
1713:. 30 October 1999
1643:, pp. 142–3.
1434:, pp. 141–3.
1393:, pp. 106–7.
1259:, pp. 19–20.
1016:, was considered
951:Second School War
746:
630:Achille Van Acker
343:Battle of the Lys
272:Battle of Belgium
248:German occupation
16:(Redirected from
2371:
2334:1940s in Belgium
2324:Walloon movement
2257:
2238:
2229:. Antwerp: EPO.
2221:
2199:
2179:
2162:
2150:
2139:
2109:
2092:
2090:
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2072:
2053:
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2015:
2013:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1988:
1969:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1930:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1856:
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1837:, pp. 44–5.
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1367:
1366:, pp. 28–9.
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1307:, pp. 27–8.
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1114:, pp. 45–7.
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1080:
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1047:
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1006:
973:Walloon Movement
941:to fight in the
752:Paul Van Zeeland
744:
713:volksraadpleging
591:Walloon Movement
402:
374:Battle of France
331:Paul-Henri Spaak
252:Great Depression
224:King Leopold III
219:King Leopold III
211:The first King,
73:King Leopold III
65:political crisis
37:King Leopold III
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2309:General strikes
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2115:Further reading
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432:pastoral letter
430:, circulated a
424:Catholic Church
404:
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358:prisoner of war
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258:in the face of
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53:question royale
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2262:External links
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2004:the original
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906:
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857:
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846:
823:
817:
814:André Renard
809:
803:
778:
776:was formed.
762:
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712:
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662:
660:
627:
606:
602:
595:trade unions
567:
548:
542:
538:Anthony Eden
530:
492:
486:
477:
474:Lilian Baels
471:
463:Adolf Hitler
456:
436:Henri de Man
420:Vichy regime
417:
405:
399:
395:
377:
370:Paul Reynaud
355:
316:
309:
285:
275:
260:Nazi Germany
240:Belgian army
235:
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210:
205:Constitution
203:. A liberal
180:
128:
104:Belgian Army
93:
77:World War II
44:
42:
29:
2087:29 December
2010:8 September
1956:LĂ©opold III
1874:Conway 2012
1859:Conway 2012
1570:Conway 2012
1515:Conway 2012
1486:Conway 2012
1432:Conway 2012
1335:Conway 2012
1136:Le Vif 2013
984:André Cools
834:Gendarmerie
818:La Wallonie
652:Switzerland
622:Switzerland
366:Radio Paris
335:Henri Denis
244:World War I
139:Switzerland
2293:Categories
1945:23 October
1847:Young 1965
1087:References
943:Korean War
705:referendum
499:(based in
388:See also:
287:Blitzkrieg
161:Background
85:abdication
2364:War scare
2235:466179092
2196:644400689
1898:RTBF 2015
1711:De Morgen
996:Footnotes
968:Volksunie
667:. In the
534:George VI
459:New Order
378:roi-félon
213:Leopold I
198:bicameral
176:Leopold I
91:in 1951.
2206:(2013).
2186:(1980).
1034:abortion
1014:Flanders
867:Baudouin
847:en masse
482:Wallonia
451:detained
282:Mechelen
228:Albert I
196:under a
151:Wallonia
147:Brussels
143:Flanders
2176:5357114
1743:28 July
1717:28 July
921:or the
915:Seraing
840:, near
826:Hainaut
796:, near
664:Le Soir
639:Austria
545:regency
242:during
190:popular
182:Belgium
69:Belgium
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673:Senate
648:Geneva
646:(near
644:Pregny
635:Strobl
618:Pregny
589:. The
557:regent
501:London
312:Allies
135:regent
124:Allies
120:France
49:French
842:Liège
798:Liège
650:) in
505:D-Day
57:Dutch
2248:ISBN
2231:OCLC
2212:ISBN
2192:OCLC
2172:OCLC
2153:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2102:OCLC
2089:2015
2082:RTBF
2063:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2025:ISBN
2012:2013
1979:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1947:2018
1921:ISBN
1745:2019
1719:2019
1066:The
1049:The
349:and
337:and
192:and
149:and
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1968:.
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