Geographical distribution of Russian speakers

2471: 37: 3235: 2747: 2898: 597: 2311: 649: 727: 1065: 2248: 805: 415: 883: 6654: 1677: 1599: 1573: 1521: 545: 493: 363: 311: 285: 168: 1625: 1438: 1407: 1376: 467: 857: 1774: 1751: 1013: 753: 1819: 1703: 1495: 675: 571: 441: 259: 233: 1547: 1159: 1128: 961: 623: 519: 389: 1797: 1345: 1314: 1283: 1252: 1221: 1190: 987: 831: 701: 337: 909: 779: 2082:, Russian has no official status but is a lingua franca and a de-facto language throughout the country. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 1,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 5 million active speakers. Russian is spoken by 14.2% of the population, according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. Throughout the country, there are still signs with Uzbek and Russian. 2326:, Russian is officially considered a foreign language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 470,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 500,000 active speakers, 35% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 25% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook. 2387:. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 1% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. 1039: 1842: 935: 1651: 207: 4044: 2003:

work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian and understand the spoken language.

2338:

International continues to criticize Estonian policies: "Non-Estonian speakers, mainly from the Russian-speaking minority, were denied employment due to official language requirements for various professions in the private sector and almost all professions in the public sector. Most did not have access to affordable language training that would enable them to qualify for employment."

1887:. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 15,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1 million active speakers. 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 1.4% of the population according to a 2009 estimate from the World Factbook. 4040: 2548:, Russian has no official or any other legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population (63% as of 2011), especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. Only 3% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work, though. English has replaced Russian as 2046:. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 90,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 1 million active speakers. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. 2665:, the number was 142.6 million people (99.2% population). Among urban residents, 101 million people (99.8%) had Russian language skills, and in rural areas, the number was 37 million people (98.7%). The number of native Russian-speakers in 2010 was 118.6 million (85.7%), a bit higher than the number of ethnic Russians (111 million, or 80.9%). 4775: 1908:, Russian has no official status but is a lingua franca of the country. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 250,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 2 million active speakers. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. 2814:, 50% of respondents consider Ukrainian their native language, 29% - Russian, 20% consider both Ukrainian and Russian their mother tongue, another 1% considers a different language their native language.). However, the transition lacked most of the controversies that surrounded the derussification in several of the other 2583:

According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 450,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 1.9 million active speakers. 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. According to the 2014 census,

2022:

The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, including 419,000 ethnic Russians, and 63,200 from other ethnic groups, for a total of 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language,

2880:

on 16-20 August 2023, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82 per cent of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16 per

1915:

in independent Azerbaijan. Rather, Russian continued to have value given the proximity of Russia and strong economic and political ties. However, it was seen as self-evident that to be successful, citizens needed to be proficient in Azerbaijani. The Russian language was co-official in the breakaway

2330:

replaced by the command of English. For example, 53% of ethnic Estonians between 15 and 19 claimed to speak some Russian in 2000, but among the 10- to 14-year-old group, command of Russian had fallen to 19%, about one third the percentage of those who claim to command English in the same age group.

2002:

in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at

2053:

was declared the sole state language, and until 2009, Russian was designated the "language for interethnic communication". The 2009 law stated that all official papers and education in the country should be conducted only in the Tajik language. However, the law also stated that all minority ethnic

4749: 2329:

Ethnic Russians are 25.5% of the country's current population and 58.6% of the native Estonian population is also able to speak Russian. In all, 67.8% of Estonia's population could speak Russian. The command of Russian, however, is rapidly decreasing among younger Estonians and is primarily being

2554:

in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as the first foreign language. Russian is still available to take in some schools in Lithuania, but is not mandatory like during the Soviet period. They have options to take German, French, etc. In contrast to the other two Baltic states,

2806:

as the only official state language of the newly-independent Ukraine. The educational system was transformed over the first decade of independence from a system that was overwhelmingly Russian to one in which over 75% of tuition was in Ukrainian. The government has also mandated a progressively

2366:

Until 2022 the popularity of Russian language was growing because of an increase in trade with and tourism from the Russia and other Russian-speaking countries and regions. However after the year of 2022, various statistics show a notable decline in the popularity of Russian language in Finnish

4783: 2868:

found that 83% of Ukrainians believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On the other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state

2337:

harshly criticized what it termed Estonia's "harassment" of Russian-speakers. In 2010, the language inspectorate stepped up inspections at workplaces to ensure that state employees spoke Estonian at an acceptable level. That included inspections of teachers at Russian-medium schools. Amnesty

3529: 2485:

Despite large Russian-speaking minorities in Latvia (26.9% ethnic Russians, 2011), the Russian language has no official status. According to Russian sources, 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work.

2795:. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 29 million active speakers; 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. 2953:. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it because Russian is no longer mandatory in schools. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high, however, at (20–40%) in some countries, particularly those whose people speak a 2019:. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 600,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.5 million active speakers. 38% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 22% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. 2263:. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 3,243,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 8 million active speakers; 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family or friends or at work. 2726:

would be used at national events, but Russian is still the only official language (Karelian is one of several "national" languages), and virtually all business and education is conducted in Russian. In 2010, less than 8% of the republic's population was ethnic

2405:

borderline region, which has a majority ethnic Azerbaijani population, signs and advertising are often in Russian only, in Georgian and Azerbaijani, or Georgian and Russian. Derussification has not been pursued in the areas outside Georgian government control:

3371: 4745: 2066:

in 1996. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 150,000 native speakers of Russian in the country and 100,000 active speakers. Russian is spoken by 12% of the population, according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook.

5114: 2782: 5501: 3782: 3150:

Russian was the most popular language in Cuba in the second half of the 20th century. Besides being taught at universities and schools, there were also educational programs on the radio and TV. It is now making a come-back in the country.

3307:

Data note: "Including all of persons who stated each language spoken, whether as their only language or as one of several languages. Where a person reported more than one language spoken, they have been counted in each applicable

2116:

in Uzbekistan. The displacement of the Russian-speaking population from the industrial sphere, science and education has weakened those spheres. As a result of emigration, participation in Russian cultural centers like the

5629: 3525: 3669: 6480: 3607: 5228: 2367:

society. There was steadily-increasing demand for the knowledge of Russian in the workplace, which was also reflected in its growing presence in the Finnish education system, including higher education. In

2869:

language, while today only 7% support it. In peacetime, Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east. But even in these regions, only a third of them were in favour, and after

5320: 6629: 6355: 3766: 2703:, derussification is understood not so much directly as the disappearance of Russian language and culture but rather by the exodus of Russian-speaking people themselves, which intensified after the 2394:, with English being the favored foreign language. Exceptions are older signs remaining from Soviet times, which are generally bilingual Georgian and Russian. Private signs and advertising in the 6422: 2497:

to make Russian the second state language of Latvia, but 821,722 (75%) of the voters voted against and 273,347 (25%) for. There has been criticism that about 290,000 of the 557,119 (2011) ethnic

2371:, most prominently in its border towns, Russian has already begun to rival Swedish as the second most important foreign language due to high tourism rate from Russia throughout the past decades. 6639: 6595: 6583: 6515: 6456: 6412: 6367: 4539: 4073: 6468: 6400: 2026:

Russian remains the dominant language of business and upper levels of government. Parliament sessions are only rarely conducted in Kyrgyz and mostly take place in Russian. In 2011, President

6634: 6612: 3560: 3007:, there were 21,639 people using Russian at home. However, only 13% were Russian nationals. 20% held Irish citizenship, while 27% and 14% were Latvian and Lithuanian citizens respectively. 5737: 3204:

Data note: "Data refer to mother tongue, defined as the language usually spoken in the individual's home in his or her early childhood." (From the Footnotes section in the cited source)

5172: 5281: 4631: 5664: 4978: 2798:

In 1990, Russian became legally the official all-Union language of the Soviet Union, with constituent republics having rights to declare their own official languages. In 1989, the

6300: 2889:

are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70 per cent of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language.

1971: 3892: 2384: 1884: 2442:

has the highest Russian-speaking population outside the former Soviet Union, with approximately 3 million people. They are split into three groups, from largest to smallest:

5626: 3665: 5376: 4686: 3051:

bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and have preserved the Russian language in the region although only a few elderly speakers of their unique dialect are left. In

2580:, Russian has a status similar to the other recognized minority languages; it was also considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. 129:

mostly reversed the implementation of Korenizatsiya by the 1930s, not so much by changing the letter of the law, but by reducing its practical effects and by introducing

5605: 5149: 4470: 4257: 3614: 6680: 4928: 3958:"TSG11-071. Ethnicities of resident population in statistical regions, cities under state jurisdiction and counties by language mostly spoken at home; on 1 March 2011" 4609: 5706: 5220: 3424:"Case Study: Russians: Becoming Strangers in Their Homeland: Millions of Russians are now unwanted minorities in newly independent states, an explosive situation" 4579: 2715:; by 2010, it had reached a critical point. The displacement of the Russian-speaking population from industry, science and education has weakened those spheres. 5535: 4425: 6685: 6571: 2341:

The percentage of Russian speakers in Estonia is still declining, but not as fast as in the most of ex-Soviet countries. After overcoming the consequences of

2266:

Initially, when Belarus became independent in 1991 and the Belarusian language became the only state language, some derussification started. However, after

6293: 2275: 4399: 3807: 3143:

changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the

1982:

regularly publish material in Russian, and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country.

5558: 4066: 3329: 4546: 4098: 6500: 6446: 6345: 3127:(especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the 3552: 6658: 6522: 6286: 5132: 3461: 3431: 4885: 4830: 5509: 4443: 2281:

In most spheres, the Russian language is by far the dominant one. In fact, almost all government information and websites are in Russian only.

5731: 5176: 6407: 5790: 5478: 4170: 3895:. American FactFinder, factfinder.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. 2017. Archived from 133:

Russification. The Soviet system heavily promoted Russian as the "language of interethnic communication" and "language of world communism".

6505: 6463: 6390: 5285: 2296:

survey, 19% of the population understands Russian well enough to follow the news, television, or radio. Native Russian speakers are 0.24%.

3896: 6475: 5253: 4974: 4856: 4018: 2886: 6224: 5922: 5882: 5678: 4909: 3217: 2821:

In some cases, the abrupt changing of the language of instruction in institutions of secondary and higher education led to charges of

2363:, according to a 2014 estimate from the World Factbook. Making Russian language one of the most-spoken immigrant language in Finland. 5498: 5198: 4808: 5733:Στατιστική Υπηρεσία - Πληθυσμός και Κοινωνικές Συνθήκες - Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Ανακοινώσεις - Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού, 2011 2964:

and have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. The

2292:

has the largest proportion of Russian-speakers among European countries that were not part of the Soviet Union. According to a 2012

5850: 5419: 5397: 4517: 3838:"The ethno-cultural belongingness of Aromanians, Vlachs, Catholics, and Lipovans/Old Believers in Romania and Bulgaria (1990–2012)" 1911:

Research in 2005–2006 concluded that government officials did not consider Russian to be a threat to the strengthening role of the

5346: 5299: 5454: 4363: 5367: 4220: 5282:"Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News | Ministry of Foreign Affairs" 2672:

but shares the official status at regional level with other languages in the numerous ethnic autonomies within Russia, such as

2490: 5601: 4639: 4264: 6231: 6016: 5844: 4315: 3030: 2850: 2825:, which were raised mostly by Russian-speakers. In various elections, the adoption of Russian as an official language was an 4924: 4674: 3743: 3396: 2070:

Russian television channels have mostly been shut down in Turkmenistan, and many Russian-language schools were closed down.

6166: 5585: 3104: 2842: 2834: 4601: 3355: 6058: 5650: 3803: 2854: 5710: 4713:[Russian language has become compulsory in Mongolia] (in Russian). New Region. 21 September 2006. Archived from 3147:, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. 2857:, Russian was declared a "regional language" in several southern and eastern parts of Ukraine. On 28 February 2018, the 6145: 5835: 5486: 3064: 2877: 2865: 2811: 4571: 5532: 4429: 3989: 3365: 2342: 5025: 5369:Об исполнении Российской Федерацией Рамочной конвенции о защите национальных меньшинств. Альтернативный доклад НПО. 2618: 2558:

Unlike Latvia or Estonia, Lithuania has never implemented the practice of regarding some former Soviet citizens as

17: 5084: 3808:"Selected Data from the 2011 Social Survey on Mastery of the Hebrew Language and Usage of Languages (Hebrew Only)" 2584:

Russian is the native language of 9.68% of Moldovans, and the language of first use for 14.49% of the population.

6267: 5899: 4015:"Distribution of population by native language and freely command of languages (based on 2009 population census)" 3128: 2858: 148: 52: 4154:(in Bulgarian) (Том 1: Население ed.). Bulgaria: National Statistical Institute. 2012. pp. 33–34, 190. 4041:"PC0444: Population By Mother Tongue, Command Of Foreign Languages, Sex, Age Group And County, 31 December 2011" 2398:

region, which has a majority Armenian population, are generally in Russian only or Georgian and Russian. In the

6199: 5958: 5875: 5762: 5665:"Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності: УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ (16-20 серпня 2023)" 5521: 4403: 1899: 121:, which was aimed partly at the reversal of the Tsarist Russification of the non-Russian areas of the country. 4776:"Population census of Estonia 2000. Population by mother tongue, command of foreign languages and citizenship" 3811: 2054:

groups in the country have the right to choose the language in which they want their children to be educated.

5224: 2228:, who either were repatriated after the Soviet Union collapsed or are just looking for temporary employment. 1890:

In 2010, in a significant pullback to derussification, Armenia voted to re-introduce Russian-medium schools.

1337: 1306: 1275: 1244: 1213: 1182: 4658:

Dollerup, Cay. "Language and Culture in Transition in Uzbekistan". In Atabaki, Touraj; O'Kane, John (eds.).

3837: 5555: 5321:"Președintele CCM: Constituția nu conferă limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare" 5054: 4708: 3337: 151:

in 1991, about 25 million Russians (about a sixth of the former Soviet Russians) found themselves outside

6219: 6204: 5008: 4105: 3866: 2882: 2870: 2770: 2242: 2278:, included a question about the status of Russian. It was made a state language, along with Belarusian. 2101:, which is particularly effective because nearly half the Uzbek population is of school age or younger. 6252: 6214: 6209: 6028: 5513: 3423: 2778: 2461: 2345:, the tendency of emigration of Russian speakers has almost stopped, unlike in Latvia or in Lithuania. 2271: 2043: 2016: 1995: 1961: 5129: 3453: 2913:

In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old

6105: 6076: 5868: 5840: 4878: 3236:"The number of persons having their usual residence in a country on 1 January of the respective year" 2534: 2465: 1929: 4451: 6194: 6088: 5912: 5783: 3132: 2803: 2774: 2608: 2571: 2470: 2354: 2305: 1874: 5475: 3639: 2030:

controversially reopened the debate about Kyrgyz getting a more dominant position in the country.

6438: 5965: 4834: 4177: 2815: 2792: 2750: 2502: 2260: 2098: 4805:""ESTONIA: LANGUAGE POLICE GETS MORE POWERS TO HARASS", 27 February 2007, Amnesty International" 4477: 36: 6451: 6328: 6257: 5975: 5953: 4495: 4014: 3922:"RL0433: Population by mother tongue, sex, age group and administrative unit, 31 December 2011" 3175: 2661:, Russian skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% population), and according to the 2494: 2479: 2136:, and urban street names in the Russian style were Uzbekified. In 1995, Uzbekistan ordered the 2093:

underwent the three trends of derussification, the creation of an Uzbek national identity, and

5264: 4848: 2957:

and so have an edge in learning Russian (Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria).

2746: 159:

other than Russia. Millions of them later became refugees from various interethnic conflicts.

6619: 2822: 2662: 2658: 2559: 2334: 41: 5689: 4998: 5343:"Демоскоп Weekly. Об итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Сообщение Росстата" 4104:. Агентство по статистике при Президенте Республики Таджикистан. p. 58. Archived from 3704: 3700: 3214: 3144: 3080: 2418: 2267: 1912: 72: 5190: 5107:

Sprechen Sie Qwelja? Formen und Folgen russisch-deutscher Zweisprachigkeit in Deutschland.

4804: 3055:, Russian is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in 2783:

Law of Ukraine "to ensure the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the State language"

8: 6278: 6155: 5948: 5907: 3921: 3893:"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over" 3092: 2918: 2897: 2719: 2538: 2434: 2201: 1917: 5423: 5405: 5191:"Latvian president promulgates bill banning teaching in Russian at private universities" 4509: 2630: 6318: 6040: 6006: 5980: 5003: 4779: 3185: 3052: 3047:

and claimed it for Russia in the 1700s. Although most Russian colonists left after the

2708: 2522: 2506: 2498: 2395: 2217: 2197: 2129: 172: 156: 144:, with constituent republics having the right to declare their own regional languages. 83: 60: 30: 5579:"Яценюк считает, что если Партия регионов победит, может возникнуть «второй Майдан»", 5446: 4099:"Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство населения Республики Таджикистан" 1368: 6374: 6053: 6023: 5854: 5517: 5194: 4903: 4202: 3582: 3361: 3170: 3040: 2838: 2723: 2704: 2688:, and 94% of school students in Russia receive their education primarily in Russian. 2588: 2391: 2380: 1941: 1940:, who both were classmates and fluent in Russian. Now, Russian is only spoken by the 524: 5627:

Constitutional Court declares unconstitutional language law of Kivalov-Kolesnichenko

2802:

government adopted Ukrainian as its official language, which was affirmed after the

2383:, Russian has no official status but is recognized as a minority language under the 1883:, Russian has no official status but is recognized as a minority language under the 6532: 6492: 6068: 5943: 5891: 5566: 5342: 3774: 3165: 2846: 2826: 2310: 2141: 1937: 137: 64: 56: 6545: 4359: 4311: 2390:

Georgianization has been pursued with most official and private signs only in the

6135: 6001: 5985: 5970: 5917: 5651:"Шосте загальнонаціональне опитування: мовне питання в Україні (19 березня 2022)" 5633: 5589: 5562: 5539: 5505: 5482: 5136: 3643: 3400: 3221: 2954: 2728: 2518: 2514: 2368: 2145: 2113: 1999: 1151: 40:

Russian language in the Russian Empire and its satellite states according to the

5578: 6093: 6081: 4682: 3725: 3180: 3124: 3108: 3014:

according to the 2011 census of 2011 and accounted for 2.5% of the population.

2965: 2930: 2685: 2634: 2443: 2149: 2137: 2105: 2094: 2050: 2027: 1430: 1103: 732: 122: 76: 4540:"Results Of The 2009 National Population Census Of The Republic Of Kazakhstan" 4067:"Results of the 2009 National population census of the Republic of Kazakhstan" 3259: 2555:

Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008).

6674: 6550: 6048: 5927: 4426:""Armenia introduces Russian-language education", Russkiy Mir, Dec, 10, 2010" 3160: 3084: 3056: 3048: 3036: 2830: 2799: 2677: 2626: 2550: 2447: 2422: 2411: 2293: 2205: 2118: 2090: 1933: 1070: 810: 126: 118: 68: 5221:"Government okays transition to Latvian as sole language at schools in 2019" 4510:"Population Grows to 15.4 Million, More Births, Less Emigration Are Reasons" 2909:; translation: "Teremok market. Russian products. Phone number: 96 74 19 63" 6590: 6395: 6362: 6150: 5556:

FROM STABILITY TO PROSPERITY Draft Campaign Program of the Party of Regions

5543: 5256:

Ethnic and Language Policy of the Republic of Lithuania: Basis and Practice

3983:"Population (urban, rural) by Ethnicity, Sex and Fluency in Other Language" 3140: 3068: 2946: 2712: 2596: 2510: 2399: 2247: 2167:

Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in

2164:, and is compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. 2063: 1945: 1399: 1120: 420: 141: 114: 3982: 2192:

have Russian-speaking populations, most of which live in the southeast of

79:

reintroduced Russification policies in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively.

6624: 6607: 6011: 5021: 4545:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. Archived from 3765:

Berlin, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (2011-11-09).

3666:"Structure of population by mother tongue, in territorial aspect in 2014" 3123:. In a number of locations, they issue their own newspapers, and live in 3076: 2914: 2613:

According to the 2011 Romanian census, there are 23,487 Russian-speaking

2168: 2109: 888: 171:

Competence of Russian in the countries of the former USSR outside of the

103: 5814: 3957: 1932:

sent influential figures to study abroad in the Soviet Union, including

6602: 6566: 6337: 6247: 6161: 5076: 2700: 2474:

Percent of Russian speakers in different regions of Latvia, 2011 census

2225: 2152:, and in 1997, Uzbek became the sole language of state administration. 2086: 2079: 2039: 2012: 1991: 1975: 1905: 1682: 1604: 1578: 1526: 550: 498: 368: 316: 290: 167: 4975:"Муниципалитеты ходатайствуют об альтернативном русском языке в школе" 2108:

became official and privileged in hiring and firing, there has been a

6578: 6540: 6350: 6176: 6098: 5637: 5499:

Migration, Refugee Policy, and State Building in Postcommunist Europe

4130: 3852: 3120: 2681: 2673: 2646: 2545: 2221: 2193: 2185: 1994:, Russian is not a state language, but according to Article 7 of the 1630: 1443: 1412: 1381: 862: 602: 472: 99: 5758: 3778: 3454:"Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку" 2642: 6262: 6110: 5860: 5420:"22.07.2009 - Karelian language to be used for all national events" 3726:"Language spoken at home | Australia | Community profile" 2973: 2934: 2926: 2902: 2696: 2692: 2614: 2592: 2482:, restored in 1990, enacted Latvian as the sole official language. 2407: 2289: 2161: 2125: 1979: 1949: 1779: 1756: 1018: 5398:"How many Russians are left in Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia?" 5300:"Employees fluent in three languages – it's the norm in Lithuania" 2417:

The Russian language is co-official in the breakaway republics of

2204:. Two-thirds of them are actually Russian-speaking descendants of 6171: 6115: 4465:王先金 (2010). "Chapter 3: 蒋经国主政台湾, under subheading "邓小平与蒋经国是同学"". 4131:"Украинцы лучше владеют русским языком, чем украинским: соцопрос" 3583:"Опубликованы данные об этническом составе населения Узбекистана" 3112: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3018: 3004: 2997: 2985: 2960:

Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in other parts of

2942: 2938: 2788: 2735: 2622: 2577: 2439: 2360: 2323: 2315: 2256: 2042:, Russian is the language of interethnic communication under the 1880: 1824: 1708: 1552: 1500: 1164: 1133: 966: 784: 758: 680: 628: 576: 446: 394: 264: 238: 91: 4514:

Kazakhstan News Bulletin - Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

2638: 2501:

are non-citizens and do not have the right to vote. Since 2019,

2160:

In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in

29:"Russophone" redirects here. For the novel by Denis Gutsko, see 5046: 4950:"Venäjän kielen opetuksen määrä romahtaa alakouluissa syksyllä" 4949: 4714: 3802: 3116: 3072: 3060: 3044: 3011: 2993: 2989: 2977: 2961: 2922: 2906: 2669: 2209: 2189: 1967: 1847: 1802: 1656: 1350: 1319: 1288: 1257: 1226: 1195: 1044: 992: 940: 914: 836: 706: 654: 342: 212: 152: 107: 95: 87: 4360:"Русскоязычие распространено не только там, где живут русские" 4312:"Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве" 3608:"Population And Housing Census Of The Kyrgyz Republic Of 2009" 3289:

Data refers to the resident population aged 15 years and over.

2633:. Outside Dobruja, the Lipovans of Romania live mostly in the 2385:

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

2251:

Languages of Belarus according to 2009 census (blue - Russian)

1885:

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

6140: 5476:

The language question, the results of recent research in 2012

4925:"Министр культуры предлагает изучать русский алфавит в школе" 4017:. State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 3640:"Russian language in decline as post-Soviet states reject it" 3280:

People aged 15 and above who can read and write Russian well.

2981: 2969: 2505:

in Russian is gradually discontinued in private colleges and

2133: 5113:

Tübingen 2007, S. 163–185, here: 166 f., based on

3553:"Why Russian is still spoken in the former Soviet republics" 2097:. The state has primarily promoted those trends through the 5120: 3136: 2950: 2213: 86:

in 1917, derussification occurred in the newly-independent

6308: 3298:

Includes 190,733 native and 1,703,425 non-native speakers.

5157: 3139:. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former 2062:

Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca of

3744:"Language according to age and sex by region, 1990-2021" 3330:""EMPIRE, NATIONALITIES, AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE USSR", 3271:

Includes 383,118 native and 545,537 non-native speakers.

2807:

increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce.

2791:, Russian is seen as a minority language under the 1996 4632:"In Post-Soviet Central Asia, Russian Takes A Backseat" 3526:"Population by language, sex and urban/rural residence" 2015:, Russian is an official language per Article 5 of the 3397:"СССР. ЗАКОН СССР ОТ 24.04.1990 О ЯЗЫКАХ НАРОДОВ СССР" 3021:

according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook.

2521:

of the Russian minority, such as Russian language and

2259:, Russian is co-official alongside Belarusian per the 140:

became legally the official all-Union language of the

5784:"Language Use in the United States: 2007, census.gov" 5447:"Russification Efforts in Mari El Disturb Hungarians" 2359:

Russian is spoken by about 1.4% of the population of

5117:

des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge. (PDF)

4475:

The relevant paragraph is included as an excerpt in

3233:

Population data by Eurostat, using the source year.

2493:, held in February 2012, proposed amendments to the 2276:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2132:

were taken down and replaced with local heroes like

4675:"For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future" 3059:, especially in large urban centers of the US and 1928:In the 1920s, the Chinese Communist Party and the 6681:Geographical distribution of the Russian language 3332:VESTNIK, THE JOURNAL OF RUSSIAN AND ASIAN STUDIES 1462: 6672: 4922: 4354: 4352: 4306: 4304: 4152:Население, Демографски и социални характеристики 4602:"Tajikistan Drops Russian As Official Language" 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4258:"Русский язык в новых независимых государствах" 3000:have significant Russian-speaking communities. 2861:ruled that legislation to be unconstitutional. 1998:, its usage enjoys equal status to that of the 4837:on September 17, 2017 – via NYTimes.com. 4223:. Publications Office of the EU. 20 June 2013. 3131:, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in 2734:Russification is reported to be continuing in 1972:Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union 6686:Geographical distribution of Slavic languages 6294: 5876: 5111:Mehrsprachigkeit bei Kindern und Erwachsenen. 4831:"Estonia Raises Its Pencils to Erase Russian" 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 2921:that used to be Soviet satellites, including 49:geographical distribution of Russian-speakers 5569:Official Information Portal (27 August 2012) 5469: 5173:"Latvians Reject Russian as Second Language" 4770: 4768: 4766: 4662:. Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 144–147. 4329: 4281: 3885: 1974:, according to the 1999 census. The Israeli 155:and were about 10% of the population of the 5620: 5171:Herszenhorn, David M. (February 19, 2012). 5170: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4252: 4250: 3916: 3914: 3771:Adult Education Survey (AES 2010 - Germany) 3575: 3349: 3347: 3227: 3017:Russian is spoken by 1.6% of the people of 2587:Russian has a co-official status alongside 2119:State Academy Bolshoi Theatre in Uzbekistan 2023:49.6% of the population in that age group. 59:often became a matter of controversy. Some 6301: 6287: 5883: 5869: 5248: 5246: 5142: 4572:"Language A Sensitive Issue In Kyrgyzstan" 4377: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 3939: 3835: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3391: 3389: 3213:Based on a 2016 population of 17,855,000 ( 1089: 5602:"Yanukovych signs language bill into law" 5179:on March 6, 2017 – via NYTimes.com. 5130:Declaration of independence of 4 May 1990 4763: 4710:Русский язык в Монголии стал обязательным 4532: 4165: 4163: 4161: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3550: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3258:Based on a 2011 population of 7,706,400 ( 2541:was declared as the sole state language. 2274:, which was considered fraudulent by the 5851:Ukrainian language - the third official? 5709:. WorldIrish. 2012-03-29. Archived from 4646: 3911: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3353: 3344: 2896: 2745: 2509:, as well general instruction in public 2469: 2309: 2246: 166: 35: 5243: 4227: 3684: 3632: 3544: 3386: 3135:in New York City were Russian-speaking 2876:According to the survey carried out by 2873:, their number dropped by almost half. 14: 6673: 6309:Geographical distribution of languages 5707:"Ten Facts from Ireland's Census 2011" 4908:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4672: 4213: 4158: 3764: 3593: 3260:Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel 3010:There were 20,984 Russian-speakers in 2881:cent, Russian is their mother tongue. 2853:). After the introduction of the 2012 1467: 6282: 5864: 5845:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 5457:from the original on January 10, 2017 5444: 5077:"Конституция Республики Южная Осетия" 4923:Levan Tvaltvadze (22 November 2013). 4176:. European Commission. Archived from 4146: 4144: 4079:from the original on 27 November 2017 4047:from the original on 26 December 2014 4021:from the original on 13 November 2016 3867:"Här är 20 största språken i Sverige" 3831: 3829: 3475: 3421: 3035:The language was first introduced in 3031:Russian language in the United States 2764: 80–100% native Russian speakers 5890: 5375:(in Russian). MINELRES. p. 80. 5014: 4828: 4657: 4402:. The World Factbook. Archived from 3995:from the original on 19 October 2016 3962:Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia 3701:"Population and Housing Census 2021" 3434:from the original on 6 December 2013 2758: 50–80% native Russian speakers 2722:, it was announced in 2007 that the 2668:Russian is the official language of 67:aimed at reversing former trends of 5608:from the original on 6 January 2016 4673:Brooke, James (February 15, 2005). 4464: 3804:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 3357:Language Policy in the Soviet Union 2855:legislation on languages in Ukraine 2609:Languages of Romania § Russian 2572:Languages of Moldova § Russian 2355:Languages of Finland § Russian 2306:Languages of Estonia § Russian 1875:Languages of Armenia § Russian 106:, the last of which became part of 24: 5841:Language Controversy in Kyrgyzstan 5815:"Russian language returns to Cuba" 4859:from the original on 14 April 2016 4829:Levy, Clifford J. (June 7, 2010). 4689:from the original on June 14, 2011 4582:from the original on 23 April 2016 4141: 3826: 3374:from the original on 24 April 2016 2864:A poll conducted in March 2022 by 1726: 179: 117:initially implemented a policy of 25: 6697: 5829: 5445:Goble, Paul (December 17, 2008). 5081:Парламент Республики Южная Осетия 4612:from the original on 4 March 2016 4520:from the original on 3 March 2016 3563:from the original on 15 June 2017 3551:Zubacheva, Ksenia (16 May 2017). 2892: 75:and the Russian Federation under 6653: 6652: 6167:Solombala English–Russian Pidgin 5807: 3672:from the original on 3 July 2017 3532:from the original on 19 May 2016 3003:According to the 2011 census of 2619:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church 2128:, statues of the leaders of the 1840: 1817: 1795: 1772: 1749: 1701: 1675: 1649: 1623: 1597: 1571: 1545: 1519: 1493: 1436: 1405: 1374: 1343: 1312: 1281: 1250: 1219: 1188: 1157: 1126: 1063: 1037: 1011: 985: 959: 933: 907: 881: 855: 829: 803: 777: 751: 725: 699: 673: 647: 621: 595: 569: 543: 517: 491: 465: 439: 413: 387: 361: 335: 309: 283: 257: 231: 205: 5796:from the original on 2013-06-14 5776: 5765:from the original on 2014-01-07 5761:. languagehat.com. 2009-01-01. 5751: 5740:from the original on 2013-05-07 5724: 5699: 5679:"Europeans and their Languages" 5671: 5657: 5643: 5594: 5572: 5549: 5526: 5492: 5438: 5412: 5390: 5379:from the original on 2009-03-25 5360: 5349:from the original on 2014-10-18 5335: 5313: 5292: 5274: 5231:from the original on 2018-08-16 5213: 5201:from the original on 2018-08-11 5183: 5164: 5139:(Retrieved on 24 December 2006) 5099: 5087:from the original on 2018-09-10 5069: 5057:from the original on 2018-11-15 5039: 5028:from the original on 2015-01-09 4992: 4981:from the original on 2016-06-02 4967: 4942: 4931:from the original on 2016-03-04 4916: 4891:from the original on 2015-09-30 4871: 4841: 4822: 4811:from the original on 2018-11-22 4797: 4752:from the original on 2012-12-22 4738: 4729: 4701: 4666: 4624: 4594: 4564: 4502: 4488: 4458: 4436: 4418: 4366:from the original on 2016-10-23 4318:from the original on 2016-10-25 4221:"Europeans and their languages" 4203:"Központi Statisztikai Hivatal" 4195: 4123: 4091: 4059: 4033: 4007: 3975: 3859: 3796: 3785:from the original on 2018-11-09 3758: 3736: 3718: 3658: 3464:from the original on 2018-03-20 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3252: 3129:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2859:Constitutional Court of Ukraine 2829:by one of the main candidates ( 2513:except for subjects related to 2444:Russian-speaking ethnic Germans 2155: 2057: 149:dissolution of the Soviet Union 53:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6146:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 5966:Romanization (transliteration) 5047:"The Constitution of Abkhazia" 4977:. Yle Uutiset. 31 March 2011. 3767:"KAT38 Occupation, Profession" 3446: 3415: 3354:Grenoble, L. A. (2003-07-31). 3322: 3207: 3198: 2452:), ethnic Russians, and Jews. 2196:, particularly the suburbs of 1948:province and the northwestern 1900:Russian language in Azerbaijan 1463:Native and non-native speakers 84:collapse of the Russian Empire 13: 1: 5225:Public Broadcasting of Latvia 3315: 2073: 2033: 2006: 1985: 1970:by at least 1,000,000 ethnic 1893: 162: 5345:. Demoscope.ru. 2011-11-08. 4636:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 4606:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 4576:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 3845:Revista Română de Sociologie 3422:Efron, Sonni (8 June 1993). 2871:Russia's full-scale invasion 2528: 2179: 7: 6059:Science fiction and fantasy 5009:Central Intelligence Agency 3873:(in Swedish). 28 March 2016 3557:Russia Beyond The Headlines 3154: 3024: 2771:Russian language in Ukraine 2621:. They are concentrated in 2480:1922 Constitution of Latvia 2284: 2243:Russian language in Belarus 1784:23% can have a conversation 55:in 1991, the status of the 10: 6702: 6253:Russian Language Institute 5736:(in Greek). Demoscope.ru. 5561:December 24, 2012, at the 5533:Ukraine's war of the words 5514:Cambridge University Press 3836:Constantin, Marin (2014). 3613:. UN Stats. Archived from 3028: 2779:Derussification in Ukraine 2768: 2741: 2606: 2602: 2569: 2565: 2462:Russian language in Latvia 2459: 2432: 2428: 2374: 2352: 2348: 2303: 2299: 2240: 2236: 2174: 2085:After the independence of 2044:Constitution of Tajikistan 2017:Constitution of Kyrgyzstan 1996:Constitution of Kazakhstan 1966:Russian is also spoken in 1962:Russian language in Israel 1959: 1897: 1872: 1868: 28: 6648: 6559: 6531: 6491: 6437: 6383: 6336: 6327: 6314: 6240: 6185: 6126: 6067: 6039: 5994: 5936: 5898: 5109:In: Tanja Anstatt (ed.): 4853:Amnesty International USA 2652: 2535:Constitution of Lithuania 2491:constitutional referendum 2466:Language policy in Latvia 2455: 2314:Russophone population in 2231: 1955: 1942:small Russian communities 1930:Chinese Nationalist Party 47:This article details the 6127:Pidgins, creoles, cants 5732: 5368: 5135:5 September 2007 at the 4956:(in Finnish). 2023-02-28 4709: 4660:Post-Soviet Central Asia 4482:新浪历史——reprinted from 人民网 3191: 3133:Brighton Beach, Brooklyn 2804:fall of the Soviet Union 2775:Russification of Ukraine 2659:census of 2010 in Russia 2121:has seriously declined. 1923: 6439:Germanic-speaking world 5836:Uralic family home page 2816:former Soviet Republics 2793:Constitution of Ukraine 2751:Ukrainian Census (2001) 2272:referendum held in 1995 2261:Constitution of Belarus 1863: 1090:Subnational territories 6329:Romance-speaking world 6258:Russkiy Mir Foundation 5976:Computer Russification 5688:. 2006. Archived from 5408:on September 17, 2017. 5115:Migrationsbericht 2005 5105:See Bernhard Brehmer: 4478:"蒋经国曾把邓小平当大哥称"吃苏联的饭"" 3773:. GESIS Data Archive. 3215:UN Statistics Division 3176:List of link languages 2910: 2901:Russian minimarket in 2887:refugees living abroad 2766: 2495:constitution of Latvia 2475: 2319: 2252: 176: 71:, while Belarus under 44: 6620:Uralic-speaking world 6533:Celtic-speaking world 6493:Slavic-speaking world 5451:Estonian World Review 4735:Awde and Sarwan, 2003 2900: 2749: 2637:and in the cities of 2591:in the autonomies of 2473: 2335:Amnesty International 2313: 2250: 170: 136:Eventually, in 1990, 39: 5227:. January 23, 2018. 4807:. 27 February 2007. 4642:on December 3, 2012. 4496:"Russians in Israel" 3746:. Statistics Finland 3705:Statistics Lithuania 3340:on November 3, 2012. 3145:United States Census 2343:2007 economic crisis 2270:became president, a 2268:Alexander Lukashenko 2049:After independence, 1944:in the northeastern 1913:Azerbaijani language 73:Alexander Lukashenko 63:adopted policies of 6156:Padonkaffsky jargon 6129:and mixed languages 5908:Old Church Slavonic 5288:on January 6, 2021. 5150:"Statistics Portal" 4467:孤岛落日: 蒋介石与民国大佬的黄昏岁月 4448:biweekly.ada.edu.az 4171:"Eurobarometer 386" 3899:on 14 February 2020 2919:communist countries 2720:Republic of Karelia 2709:Second Chechen Wars 2435:Russians in Germany 1918:Republic of Artsakh 1916:Armenian-populated 1468:Former Soviet Union 6319:Language geography 5857:, 28 November 2005 5847:, 23 November 2005 5640:(28 February 2018) 5632:2018-06-27 at the 5588:2012-11-03 at the 5538:2016-08-17 at the 5504:2017-09-17 at the 5481:2015-07-09 at the 5402:vestnikkavkaza.net 5302:. Invest Lithuania 5004:The World Factbook 4780:Statistics Estonia 4679:The New York Times 4111:on 13 January 2017 3926:Statistics Estonia 3814:on 13 October 2013 3589:. August 20, 2021. 3220:2014-01-25 at the 3186:Language geography 2911: 2767: 2499:Russians in Latvia 2476: 2396:Samtskhe-Javakheti 2320: 2253: 2184:Australian cities 2130:Russian Revolution 2099:educational system 1657:Russian Federation 177: 173:Russian Federation 157:post-Soviet states 61:Post-Soviet states 45: 31:Russophone (novel) 6668: 6667: 6433: 6432: 6276: 6275: 5855:Ukrayinska Pravda 5604:. 8 August 2012. 5197:. April 7, 2018. 5195:The Baltic Course 5160:on June 10, 2012. 4786:on August 8, 2007 4516:. 20 April 2007. 4454:on March 3, 2016. 4183:on 6 January 2016 3730:profile.id.com.au 3668:. Statistica.md. 3428:Los Angeles Times 3171:Dialect continuum 3041:Russian explorers 2839:Viktor Yanukovych 2724:Karelian language 2657:According to the 2617:practicizing the 2392:Georgian language 1861: 1860: 1724: 1723: 1460: 1459: 1087: 1086: 16:(Redirected from 6693: 6656: 6655: 6334: 6333: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6280: 6279: 5892:Russian language 5885: 5878: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5823: 5822: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5641: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5592: 5576: 5570: 5567:Party of Regions 5553: 5547: 5530: 5524: 5496: 5490: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5422:. Archived from 5416: 5410: 5409: 5404:. Archived from 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5284:. 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Archived from 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4578:. 27 June 2011. 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4552:on June 15, 2021 4551: 4544: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4450:. Archived from 4440: 4434: 4433: 4432:on May 25, 2013. 4428:. Archived from 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4362:. Demoscope.ru. 4356: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4314:. Demoscope.ru. 4308: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4269: 4263:. Archived from 4262: 4254: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3954: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3810:. Archived from 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3790: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3697: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3399:. Archived from 3393: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3336:. Archived from 3326: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3166:Russian diaspora 2847:Party of Regions 2827:election promise 2810:In 2012 poll by 2763: 2757: 2631:Constanța County 2629:but also in the 2625:, mainly in the 2124:In the capital, 1938:Chiang Ching-kuo 1846: 1844: 1843: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1731: 1730: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1472: 1471: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1094: 1093: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1017: 1015: 1014: 991: 989: 988: 965: 963: 962: 939: 937: 936: 913: 911: 910: 887: 885: 884: 861: 859: 858: 835: 833: 832: 809: 807: 806: 783: 781: 780: 757: 755: 754: 731: 729: 728: 705: 703: 702: 679: 677: 676: 653: 651: 650: 627: 625: 624: 601: 599: 598: 575: 573: 572: 549: 547: 546: 523: 521: 520: 497: 495: 494: 471: 469: 468: 445: 443: 442: 419: 417: 416: 393: 391: 390: 367: 365: 364: 341: 339: 338: 315: 313: 312: 289: 287: 286: 263: 261: 260: 237: 235: 234: 211: 209: 208: 184: 183: 57:Russian language 21: 18:Russian speakers 6701: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6644: 6630:Hindustani list 6560:Other languages 6555: 6546:Scottish Gaelic 6527: 6487: 6429: 6379: 6323: 6310: 6307: 6277: 6272: 6236: 6181: 6136:Alaskan Russian 6128: 6122: 6063: 6035: 6029:Vowel reduction 5990: 5932: 5918:Old East Slavic 5913:Church Slavonic 5894: 5889: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5768: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5716: 5714: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634:Wayback Machine 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5590:Wayback Machine 5577: 5573: 5563:Wayback Machine 5554: 5550: 5540:Wayback Machine 5531: 5527: 5506:Wayback Machine 5497: 5493: 5483:Wayback Machine 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5426:on 11 June 2016 5418: 5417: 5413: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5382: 5380: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5169: 5165: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5137:Wayback Machine 5126: 5125: 5121: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4932: 4927:. Yle Uutiset. 4921: 4917: 4901: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4879:"Archived copy" 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4774: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4753: 4748:. Pub.stat.ee. 4744: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4671: 4667: 4656: 4647: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4476: 4463: 4459: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4378: 4369: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4330: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4282: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4255: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3801: 3797: 3788: 3786: 3779:10.4232/1.10825 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3646:. 13 April 2017 3644:Financial Times 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3620:on 10 July 2012 3617: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3594: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3368: 3352: 3345: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3222:Wayback Machine 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3157: 3125:ethnic enclaves 3033: 3027: 2955:Slavic language 2895: 2785: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2744: 2655: 2611: 2605: 2574: 2568: 2531: 2468: 2458: 2437: 2431: 2377: 2369:Eastern Finland 2357: 2351: 2308: 2302: 2287: 2245: 2239: 2234: 2182: 2177: 2158: 2146:Cyrillic script 2140:changed from a 2114:ethnic Russians 2076: 2060: 2036: 2009: 2000:Kazakh language 1988: 1964: 1958: 1926: 1902: 1896: 1877: 1871: 1866: 1841: 1839: 1818: 1816: 1796: 1794: 1773: 1771: 1750: 1748: 1729: 1727:Other countries 1702: 1700: 1676: 1674: 1650: 1648: 1624: 1622: 1598: 1596: 1572: 1570: 1546: 1544: 1520: 1518: 1494: 1492: 1470: 1465: 1437: 1435: 1406: 1404: 1375: 1373: 1369:Klaipėda County 1344: 1342: 1313: 1311: 1282: 1280: 1251: 1249: 1220: 1218: 1189: 1187: 1158: 1156: 1152:Ida-Viru County 1127: 1125: 1092: 1064: 1062: 1038: 1036: 1012: 1010: 986: 984: 960: 958: 934: 932: 908: 906: 882: 880: 856: 854: 830: 828: 804: 802: 778: 776: 752: 750: 726: 724: 700: 698: 674: 672: 648: 646: 622: 620: 596: 594: 570: 568: 544: 542: 518: 516: 492: 490: 466: 464: 440: 438: 414: 412: 388: 386: 362: 360: 336: 334: 310: 308: 284: 282: 258: 256: 232: 230: 206: 204: 182: 180:Native speakers 165: 65:derussification 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6699: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6342: 6340: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6268:List of topics 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5954:Spelling rules 5946: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5888: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5838: 5831: 5830:External links 5828: 5825: 5824: 5806: 5775: 5750: 5723: 5698: 5695:on 2009-05-21. 5670: 5656: 5642: 5619: 5593: 5571: 5548: 5525: 5491: 5468: 5437: 5411: 5389: 5359: 5334: 5312: 5291: 5273: 5258:, Jan Andrlík" 5242: 5212: 5182: 5163: 5141: 5119: 5098: 5083:(in Russian). 5068: 5038: 5013: 4991: 4966: 4941: 4915: 4870: 4840: 4821: 4796: 4762: 4737: 4728: 4700: 4683:New York Times 4665: 4645: 4623: 4593: 4563: 4531: 4501: 4487: 4457: 4435: 4417: 4406:on 13 May 2009 4376: 4328: 4280: 4226: 4212: 4194: 4157: 4140: 4122: 4090: 4058: 4032: 4006: 3974: 3938: 3910: 3884: 3871:Språktidningen 3858: 3825: 3795: 3757: 3735: 3717: 3683: 3657: 3631: 3592: 3574: 3543: 3474: 3445: 3414: 3385: 3366: 3343: 3334:, May 8, 2007" 3320: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3251: 3226: 3206: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3181:Geolinguistics 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3026: 3023: 2966:United Kingdom 2931:Czech Republic 2894: 2893:Rest of Europe 2891: 2760: 2754: 2743: 2740: 2654: 2651: 2635:Suceava County 2604: 2601: 2567: 2564: 2530: 2527: 2457: 2454: 2430: 2427: 2376: 2373: 2350: 2347: 2301: 2298: 2286: 2283: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2157: 2154: 2150:Latin alphabet 2148:to a modified 2138:Uzbek alphabet 2106:Uzbek language 2095:westernization 2075: 2072: 2059: 2056: 2035: 2032: 2028:Roza Otunbaeva 2008: 2005: 1987: 1984: 1960:Main article: 1957: 1954: 1925: 1922: 1898:Main article: 1895: 1892: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1433: 1431:Vilnius County 1427: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1340: 1338:Latgale Region 1334: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1309: 1307:Zemgale Region 1303: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1278: 1276:Kurzeme Region 1272: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1247: 1245:Vidzeme Region 1241: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1216: 1214:Pieriga Region 1210: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 981: 980: 978: 975: 972: 969: 955: 954: 952: 949: 946: 943: 929: 928: 926: 923: 920: 917: 903: 902: 900: 897: 894: 891: 877: 876: 874: 871: 868: 865: 851: 850: 848: 845: 842: 839: 825: 824: 822: 819: 816: 813: 799: 798: 796: 793: 790: 787: 773: 772: 770: 767: 764: 761: 747: 746: 744: 741: 738: 735: 733:Czech Republic 721: 720: 718: 715: 712: 709: 695: 694: 692: 689: 686: 683: 669: 668: 666: 663: 660: 657: 643: 642: 640: 637: 634: 631: 617: 616: 614: 611: 608: 605: 591: 590: 588: 585: 582: 579: 565: 564: 562: 559: 556: 553: 539: 538: 536: 533: 530: 527: 513: 512: 510: 507: 504: 501: 487: 486: 484: 481: 478: 475: 461: 460: 458: 455: 452: 449: 435: 434: 432: 429: 426: 423: 409: 408: 406: 403: 400: 397: 383: 382: 380: 377: 374: 371: 357: 356: 354: 351: 348: 345: 331: 330: 328: 325: 322: 319: 305: 304: 302: 299: 296: 293: 279: 278: 276: 273: 270: 267: 253: 252: 250: 247: 244: 241: 227: 226: 224: 221: 218: 215: 201: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 181: 178: 164: 161: 123:Vladimir Lenin 77:Vladimir Putin 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6698: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6661: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6304: 6299: 6297: 6292: 6290: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6232:United States 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Pushkin House 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6017:Reduplication 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5928:Russification 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5874: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5820: 5819:russkiymir.ru 5816: 5810: 5792: 5785: 5779: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5713:on 2012-03-31 5712: 5708: 5702: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5623: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5546:(5 July 2012) 5545: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5495: 5489:(25 May 2012) 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5323:. Deschide.md 5322: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5266: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5247: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5123: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4732: 4717:on 2008-10-09 4716: 4712: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4497: 4491: 4484:. 2013-10-14. 4483: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4270:on 2016-03-04 4266: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4010: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3745: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3403:on 2016-05-08 3402: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3373: 3369: 3367:9781402012983 3363: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3348: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3161:Russian world 3159: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:San Francisco 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065:New York City 3062: 3058: 3057:North America 3054: 3050: 3049:United States 3046: 3043:voyaged into 3042: 3038: 3037:North America 3032: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2945:, the former 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2917:and in other 2916: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Leonid Kuchma 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2800:Ukrainian SSR 2796: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2752: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:Bashkortostan 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:Tulcea County 2624: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551:lingua franca 2547: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2423:South Ossetia 2420: 2415: 2413: 2412:South Ossetia 2409: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2318:, 2000 census 2317: 2312: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2294:Eurobarometer 2291: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2244: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091:Uzbek culture 2088: 2083: 2081: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Deng Xiaoping 1931: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1761:0.24% native 1760: 1758: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1071:United States 1061: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 994: 983: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 968: 957: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 942: 931: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 916: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 890: 879: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 864: 853: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 838: 827: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 812: 811:Guinea-Bissau 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 786: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 760: 749: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 734: 723: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 708: 697: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 682: 671: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 656: 645: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 630: 619: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 604: 593: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 578: 567: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 552: 541: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 526: 515: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 500: 489: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 474: 463: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 448: 437: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 422: 411: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 396: 385: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 370: 359: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 344: 333: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 318: 307: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 292: 281: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 266: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 240: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 214: 203: 202: 198: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 174: 169: 160: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 127:Joseph Stalin 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Retrieved 5778: 5767:. Retrieved 5753: 5742:. Retrieved 5726: 5715:. Retrieved 5711:the original 5701: 5690:the original 5685: 5673: 5659: 5645: 5622: 5610:. Retrieved 5596: 5581:Novosti Mira 5580: 5574: 5551: 5544:The Guardian 5528: 5510:Oxana Shevel 5494: 5471: 5459:. Retrieved 5450: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5424:the original 5414: 5406:the original 5401: 5392: 5381:. Retrieved 5362: 5351:. Retrieved 5337: 5325:. Retrieved 5315: 5304:. Retrieved 5294: 5286:the original 5276: 5265:the original 5255: 5233:. Retrieved 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5185: 5177:the original 5166: 5158:the original 5153: 5144: 5127:(in Latvian) 5122: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5089:. Retrieved 5080: 5071: 5059:. Retrieved 5050: 5041: 5030:. Retrieved 5016: 5002: 4994: 4983:. Retrieved 4969: 4958:. Retrieved 4953: 4944: 4933:. Retrieved 4918: 4893:. Retrieved 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4852: 4843: 4835:the original 4824: 4813:. Retrieved 4799: 4788:. Retrieved 4784:the original 4754:. Retrieved 4740: 4731: 4719:. 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Retrieved 3240:ec.europa.eu 3239: 3229: 3209: 3200: 3149: 3141:Soviet Union 3069:Philadelphia 3034: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2959: 2947:East Germany 2912: 2875: 2863: 2823:assimilation 2820: 2809: 2797: 2786: 2733: 2717: 2713:Islamization 2690: 2667: 2656: 2612: 2597:Transnistria 2586: 2582: 2575: 2560:non-citizens 2557: 2549: 2543: 2533:In the 1992 2532: 2511:high schools 2507:universities 2488: 2484: 2477: 2448: 2438: 2416: 2401:Kvemo Kartli 2400: 2389: 2378: 2365: 2358: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2288: 2280: 2265: 2254: 2218:Azerbaijanis 2183: 2166: 2159: 2156:Rest of Asia 2123: 2103: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2064:Turkmenistan 2061: 2058:Turkmenistan 2048: 2037: 2025: 2021: 2010: 1989: 1965: 1946:Heilongjiang 1927: 1910: 1903: 1889: 1878: 1400:Utena County 1121:Harju County 421:Turkmenistan 217:118,581,514 146: 142:Soviet Union 135: 130: 115:Soviet Union 112: 81: 51:. After the 48: 46: 26: 6625:Esperantujo 6608:Malay world 6591:Persosphere 5949:Orthography 5759:"Ninilchik" 5154:stat.gov.lv 5091:15 November 5061:15 November 4954:Yle Uutiset 4400:"Languages" 4115:27 November 4083:27 November 4051:27 November 4043:. Stat.ee. 4025:27 November 3999:27 November 3988:. ArmStat. 3967:24 November 3931:20 November 3438:26 November 3077:Los Angeles 2915:Warsaw Pact 2663:2002 census 2503:instruction 2169:Afghanistan 2110:brain drain 1661:137,494,893 1183:Riga Region 889:New Zealand 104:Kars Oblast 42:1897 census 6675:Categories 6635:Tamil list 6603:Indosphere 6567:Arab world 6501:Macedonian 6452:Anglophone 6346:Portuguese 6338:Iberophone 6248:Russophone 6200:Azerbaijan 6162:Russenorsk 6158:(Olbanian) 6041:Literature 6007:Declension 5981:Morse code 5923:In Ukraine 5800:2013-06-18 5769:2013-06-18 5744:2013-06-18 5717:2013-06-18 5522:0521764793 5461:January 9, 5383:2009-05-16 5353:2014-04-23 5327:22 January 5306:2022-04-05 5235:August 11, 5205:August 11, 5032:2015-01-05 4985:2016-08-19 4960:2024-02-29 4935:2016-08-19 4895:2015-03-24 4815:2018-11-21 4790:2007-10-23 4756:2013-06-18 4556:31 October 4444:"Biweekly" 4370:2016-08-19 4322:2016-08-19 4274:2015-10-16 4207:www.ksh.hu 3903:4 November 3877:10 January 3855:: 255–285. 3818:12 October 3789:2018-11-09 3750:10 January 3650:4 November 3624:1 November 3536:13 October 3528:. UNdata. 3468:2018-10-28 3316:References 3245:2018-11-08 3063:, such as 3053:Nikolaevsk 3029:See also: 2845:, and the 2769:See also: 2701:Ingushetia 2607:See also: 2570:See also: 2539:Lithuanian 2523:literature 2460:See also: 2449:Aussiedler 2433:See also: 2353:See also: 2304:See also: 2226:Ukrainians 2104:Since the 2087:Uzbekistan 2080:Uzbekistan 2074:Uzbekistan 2040:Tajikistan 2034:Tajikistan 2013:Kyrgyzstan 2007:Kyrgyzstan 1992:Kazakhstan 1986:Kazakhstan 1952:province. 1906:Azerbaijan 1894:Azerbaijan 1873:See also: 1743:Reference 1737:Percentage 1683:Tajikistan 1605:Kyrgyzstan 1583:10,309,500 1579:Kazakhstan 1527:Azerbaijan 1487:Reference 1481:Percentage 1115:Reference 1109:Percentage 841:1,155,960 551:Tajikistan 499:Azerbaijan 369:Kyrgyzstan 317:Uzbekistan 291:Kazakhstan 243:14,273,670 199:Reference 193:Percentage 163:Statistics 147:After the 82:After the 6579:Sinophone 6523:Ukrainian 6419:Romanian 6351:Lusophone 6177:Trasianka 6099:Trasianka 6054:Formalism 6024:Phonology 5686:europa.eu 5638:Ukrinform 5583:(Ukraine) 5022:"Russian" 4849:"Estonia" 4746:"Diagram" 4187:15 August 4135:ИА REGNUM 3853:Bucharest 3587:Газета.uz 3121:Cleveland 3105:Baltimore 3081:Nashville 2682:Tatarstan 2674:Chuvashia 2647:Bucharest 2546:Lithuania 2529:Lithuania 2525:classes. 2333:In 2007, 2222:Armenians 2202:Caulfield 2194:Melbourne 2186:Melbourne 2180:Australia 2089:in 1991, 1687:1,963,857 1635:1,894,158 1631:Lithuania 1609:1,854,700 1505:1,591,246 1444:Lithuania 1413:Lithuania 1382:Lithuania 1097:Territory 863:Mauritius 789:2,257,000 603:Australia 473:Lithuania 295:3,793,800 269:6,672,964 125:and then 100:Lithuania 6659:Category 6263:Runglish 6111:Balachka 6106:Southern 6077:Northern 6069:Dialects 5995:Features 5944:Alphabet 5791:Archived 5763:Archived 5738:Archived 5630:Archived 5612:23 April 5606:Archived 5586:Archived 5559:Archived 5536:Archived 5502:Archived 5479:Archived 5455:Archived 5430:23 April 5377:Archived 5347:Archived 5229:Archived 5199:Archived 5133:Archived 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6205:Belarus 6195:Armenia 6172:Surzhyk 6116:Surzhyk 6089:Central 6012:Animacy 6002:Grammar 5986:Braille 5971:Cursive 5959:Reforms 5937:Writing 5900:History 5516:, 2011, 4999:Georgia 4693:May 16, 3851:(3–4). 3676:10 June 3567:10 June 3308:group." 3113:Chicago 3101:Calgary 3097:Toronto 3093:Spokane 3089:Seattle 3019:Hungary 3005:Ireland 2998:Austria 2986:Belgium 2943:Albania 2939:Hungary 2789:Ukraine 2742:Ukraine 2736:Mari El 2718:In the 2686:Yakutia 2623:Dobruja 2603:Romania 2578:Moldova 2566:Moldova 2519:history 2515:culture 2440:Germany 2429:Germany 2381:Georgia 2375:Georgia 2361:Finland 2349:Finland 2324:Estonia 2316:Estonia 2300:Estonia 2257:Belarus 2237:Belarus 2206:Germans 2175:Oceania 2144:-based 2142:Russian 1881:Armenia 1869:Armenia 1825:Hungary 1734:Country 1709:Ukraine 1557:928,655 1553:Estonia 1531:678,102 1501:Armenia 1475:Country 1448:109,045 1355:165,854 1200:326,478 1169:121,680 1165:Estonia 1138:208,517 1134:Estonia 1100:Country 1075:900,205 967:Romania 785:Germany 759:Finland 681:Croatia 659:112,150 629:Austria 577:Armenia 525:Georgia 503:122,449 477:190,733 451:264,162 447:Moldova 425:305,802 399:383,118 395:Estonia 373:482,200 347:698,757 321:720,300 265:Belarus 239:Ukraine 187:Country 138:Russian 92:Estonia 6506:Polish 6464:German 6391:French 6215:Latvia 6210:Israel 6187:Region 6094:Moscow 5520: 5487:RATING 4721:16 May 3458:gks.ru 3364: 3117:Denver 3073:Boston 3061:Canada 3045:Alaska 3012:Cyprus 2996:, and 2994:Norway 2990:Greece 2978:France 2962:Europe 2929:, the 2923:Poland 2907:Cyprus 2878:RATING 2866:RATING 2812:RATING 2781:, and 2762: 2756: 2699:, and 2684:, and 2670:Russia 2653:Russia 2643:Brăila 2456:Latvia 2421:, and 2232:Europe 2210:Greeks 2190:Sydney 1968:Israel 1956:Israel 1848:Poland 1845: 1822: 1803:Cyprus 1800: 1777: 1754: 1706: 1680: 1654: 1628: 1602: 1576: 1550: 1524: 1498: 1451:13.45% 1441: 1420:14.54% 1417:18,551 1410: 1389:10.57% 1386:34,074 1379: 1351:Latvia 1348: 1324:54,761 1320:Latvia 1317: 1293:47,213 1289:Latvia 1286: 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