2231:
837:
548:
384:
231:
252:
646:
2328:
442:
1002:
993:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
916:
901:
892:
883:
874:
858:
848:
616:
294:
335:
579:
601:
322:
682:
671:
191:
1809:
460:
426:
279:
2565:
347:
399:
564:
368:
521:
925:
910:
867:
498:
2410:
472:
2047:
1675:
484:
631:
534:
413:
36:
309:
815:
804:
793:
776:
759:
748:
737:
726:
715:
704:
693:
266:
2176:
826:
218:
1361:
204:
1850:
1546:
2378:. This time there was no help from abroad; in truth, many European nations supported the Russian war, as long as it did not get too close to Constantinople. Ten and a half months later when the war had ended, the age of Ottoman domination over the Balkans was over. In the Balkans, the Russian army, having crossed the Danube, captured the
2214:
One of these changes arose as
Europeans began to see commercial opportunity in the empire and the money entering via trade dramatically increased. The government also received a great deal of extra money from a uniform tax system with little corruption. The Sultan got a tighter grip on the provincial
1481:
and overthrew
Doroshenko, who was exiled to Russia. In 1677, the Ottoman army tried to retake Chigirin, but was defeated. In 1678, the Ottoman army was finally able to take Chigirin after a bloody assault, but here the Ottoman expansion to the northeast was stopped. In 1679–80, the Russians repelled
2481:
The
Russian extension in this century developed with the main theme of supporting independence of Ottomans' former provinces and then bringing all of the Slav peoples of the Balkans under Bulgaria or using Armenians in the east sets the stage. At the end of the century from Russian perspective;
2601:. This defeat was more due to the winter weather and bad planning, given the fact that Russians were actually preparing to evacuate Kars. With the loss of the eastern army, Ottoman defenses crumbled with further small battles and the Russian army succeeded in advancing as far west as
1584:
of Peter the Great ended very unsuccessfully for Russia. The
Russian army, led by the tsar, was surrounded by a superior Turkish-Tatar army and was forced to agree to unfavorable peace conditions, according to which it returned the previously captured Azov to the Ottoman Empire.
1956:
In 1787 the
Ottomans demanded that Russia vacate the Crimea. Russia declared war, but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance, a fact that came to light only after events were already in motion. The Turks
2206:
The wars declined
Ottoman morale and turned it helpless, illustrating that modern technology and superior weaponry were the most important part of a modern army, and a part that the Ottoman Empire was sorely lacking. While fighting alongside the British, French, and even the
2462:
promised to be an "honest broker" in the treaty's revision. In the new treaty
Bulgarian territory was decreased and the war indemnities were cancelled. The conference also again hurt Anglo-Ottoman relations by giving the British the island of
2390:. After that, the Russian army crossed the Balkan Mountains, defeated the remaining Turkish troops and reached the approaches to Constantinople. In the Caucasus, the Turkish army held back the Russian offensive, but after a defeat at the
2230:
2241:
The monetary and governmental collapse combined with a new threat from Russia began the final stages of the Empire's collapse. Russia had been forced by the
Crimean War to give up its ambitions of conquering the Ottoman capital of
2453:
was given almost complete autonomy. The hope of the Sultan was that the other great powers would oppose such a one-sided resolution and a conference would be held to revise it. His hope became reality and in 1878 the
2266:, started to enter the region, it became agitated and prone to revolution. When the government in Constantinople tried to initiate measures to prevent an economic collapse throughout the empire, it touched off a
2592:
who pushed the
Ottoman Empire into World War I, needed a victory against the Russians to defend his position. He collected an army on the eastern border. The army was badly defeated under Enver's command at the
2163:
to Russia. Thus Greece became the first independent country created out of a section of the
Ottoman Empire. Russian Empire aspirations for a section of the empire and bases on Russia's southern flank provoked
5462:
3207:
In fact, this is the third armed conflict between Russians and Turks, but in the conflict of 1571-1572 there was no direct declaration of war, and Turkish units acted only as support for the Crimean army
2194:
concluded that armed intervention on the side of the Ottomans was the only way to halt a massive Russian expansion. Even though the Ottomans and Russians were on opposing sides, the roots of the ensuing
2223:, used much of this money on furnishing and creating great palaces to rival the ones in England and France, which he had visited. The empire was undergoing a revolution, and throughout Anatolia a new
2070:
Despite all these treatises and efforts at modernization, the Janissaries and their allies managed to derail Sultan Selim III's Western-style military, bureaucratic, and financial reforms through a
1247:
2498:
the Russian expansion was controlled through stopping the expansion of Bulgaria. The Russian public felt that at the end of Congress of Berlin thousands of Russian soldiers had died for nothing.
2312:. According to most sources, around 5,000 people were massacred in Batak alone. The total number of victims in the April uprising according to most estimates around 15,000, which is supported by
1864:, who was then transferred to the Ottoman theatre of operations, where in 1773 and 1774 he won several minor and major battles following the previous grand successes of the Russian Field-Marshal
3442:Флоря Б. Н. Россия, Речь Посполитая и Правобережная Украина в последние годы гетманства П. Дорошенко (1673—1677 гг.) // Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. — 2016. — Т. 65, № 3. — С. 90.
2020:
was nervous to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his military rendered this hope unavailing. Turkey signed an assistance pact with
2131:
The Ottoman Empire had maintained military parity with Russia until the second half of the eighteenth century, but by the 1820s the Ottoman armies were unable to put down the
1949:. These events and the friction caused by mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had closed the previous war, stirred up public opinion in
1596:(16th–19th centuries), had been heavily declining. Taking advantage of the situation, Russia and the Ottoman Empire conquered swaths of its territory comprising contemporary
5859:
5457:
4679:
Topal, Ali E. "The effects of German Military Commission and Balkan wars on the reorganization and modernization of the Ottoman Army" (Naval Postgraduate School 2013)
2620:
The collapse of the Russian army after the 1917 revolution left only thinly spread Armenian units to resist the inevitable Ottoman counter-attack. The newly declared
2343:
Soon the Balkan rebellions were beginning to falter. In Europe, papers were filled with reports of Ottoman soldiers killing thousands of Slavs. Even in Great Britain
1152:
4819:
151:
5511:
2320:, according to which at least 15,000 persons were killed during the April Uprising in addition to 36 villages in three districts being buried. According to
1422:. The peace treaty between the two sides cemented Russia's rule on the Volga, but allowed the Ottoman Empire to obtain a number of commercial benefits. The
5560:
5854:
3712:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
3651:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
2290:. Even though they were not up to Western European standards, the army fought effectively and brutally; during the war, the Ottomans carried out the
451:
1725:
Austria entered the war against Turkey in July 1737 but was defeated a number of times. In August, Russia, Austria and Turkey began negotiations in
5526:
4856:
3220:, is Ottoman victory. Some yet another historian contends it was a Russian victory. While some historians state the war was indecisive (stalemate).
1718:. The Lacy army (now 40,000 strong) marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting some defeats on the army of the Crimean Khan and capturing
5645:
4583:
3149:
2446:
2434:
1381:
313:
3971:
the Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.
5723:
5390:
5082:
3566:
Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
1914:, but in reality it became dependent on Russia. Russia received 4.5 million rubles and two key seaports allowing the direct access to the
1823:
1441:
The next conflict between Russia and Turkey began 100 years later as part of the struggle for the territory of Ukraine. While Russia conquered
5819:
5499:
5740:
2806:
2224:
1145:
836:
236:
5452:
5447:
4707:
2165:
1729:, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian army had to leave Ochakov and
569:
373:
4155:
2478:
who forced many of the major concessions upon Russia. These close Germano-Ottoman relations would persist until both empires' very end.
5814:
5368:
4768:
1926:
1651:. The treaties had other diplomatically favourable aspects as they established a Russo-Iranian alliance against Turkey, as Persia was
4994:
4685:
4849:
4834:
1138:
5600:
5531:
4824:
4758:
2810:
1942:
1450:
2429:
and the Russian army. Looking at the prospect of a British entry into the war the Russians decided to settle the dispute. The
5128:
4656:
4627:
4529:
4501:
4128:
4097:
4070:
4043:
3945:
3907:
3880:
3853:
3826:
3799:
3720:
3659:
3606:
3574:
3547:
3520:
3493:
3463:
3427:
3400:
3253:
3159:
2406:
fleet had not recovered from the Crimean War. Despite this, the hostilities on the Black Sea in this war were not important.
1702:. In May 1736, the Russian army launched an invasion of the Crimean peninsula and burned the capital of the Crimean Khanate,
1652:
5824:
5479:
5469:
4763:
3154:
2657:
2468:
1346:
5849:
5504:
4181:"Schuyler's Preliminary Report on the Moslem Atrocities", published with the letters by Januarius MacGahan, London, 1876.
3361:
Howard, D. A. (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of Decline of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries".
2208:
636:
583:
49:
2374:
had begun. Despite fighting better than they ever had before, the modernised Ottoman armies still were not equal to the
5718:
5550:
5437:
4916:
2796:
2653:
2267:
1519:
1369:
5660:
5279:
5225:
5220:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5118:
5113:
5103:
5093:
5071:
5066:
5043:
5038:
5013:
4989:
4984:
4969:
4829:
4609:
2884:
2731:
2555:
2105:
2101:
1790:
1679:
1628:. For a few years, they bordered each other along a large territory in the Caucasus, which caused further frictions.
1613:
1387:
1305:
1226:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1162:
126:
2199:
lay in the rivalry between the British and the Russians. The war ended unfavorably for the Russians, with the Paris
1734:
1711:
697:
5262:
5198:
5023:
4936:
3169:
2324:
around 1,000 Muslims were killed by Christian Bulgarians and consequently 3,700 Christians were killed by Muslims.
1831:
1446:
163:
2894:
1907:
159:
5834:
5655:
5415:
5400:
5341:
4700:
3037:
2976:
2952:
2928:
2824:
2766:
2751:
2711:
2695:
2371:
2148:
1687:
1625:
1535:
1342:
5555:
5123:
5087:
3097:
2629:
2071:
1511:
1411:
650:
645:
5839:
5809:
5538:
5289:
5018:
4844:
4839:
4794:
2793:
to the Ottoman Empire and demolishes the fortresses of Taganrog, Kodak, Novobogoroditskaya, and Kamenny Zaton
2569:
1946:
1861:
1835:
1776:
1474:
1324:; conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of Russia as a European power after the modernization efforts of
1321:
2124:, which made it possible to conclude a peace treaty beneficial for Russia, according to which Russia gained
5864:
5829:
5615:
5585:
5580:
5521:
5410:
5405:
5373:
5314:
5235:
5193:
5076:
3289:
Dowling T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014.
3092:
2637:
2327:
2287:
1660:
1523:
5844:
5804:
5750:
5733:
5605:
5474:
5442:
5378:
5267:
5158:
5143:
4979:
3164:
3087:
2986:
2786:
2515:
2113:
1236:
2867:: Russia gives up territorial claims to Ottoman Moldova and Bessarabia; Ottomans cede the demilitarized
2421:, intervened in the war. A large task force representing British naval supremacy entered the straits of
1410:
by sending a military expedition to Astrakhan in 1569. The Turkish expedition ended in disaster for the
107:
Military campaigns largely resulted in Russian victories with the exception of Ottoman victories in the
5650:
5188:
5178:
5148:
5138:
4753:
4693:
3622:
2962:
2633:
2438:
2211:, the Ottomans could see how far they had fallen behind. Things began to change after the Crimean War.
1793:
on Russia on September 25, 1768. The Turks formed an alliance with the Polish opposition forces of the
1668:
979:
339:
167:
4371:
2417:
In response to the Russian proximity to the straits the British, against the wishes of the new Sultan
5489:
5383:
5183:
3083:
2621:
2132:
1958:
1930:
1884:
1839:
1655:
the Ottoman Empire. In the meantime Russia was also supporting the accession to the Polish throne of
404:
350:
5630:
5336:
4911:
4715:
4219:
2450:
2336:
2227:
was appearing. It seemed as though it might be possible for the empire to turn its decline around.
2028:
was signed with Russia on 9 January 1792, by which the Crimea and Ochakov were left to Russia, the
1798:
1350:
5543:
5272:
4891:
3485:
Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century
3027:
2990:
2665:
2344:
2259:
2013:, inflicted a series of defeats on the Turkish Fleet and seized the initiative in the Black Sea.
1631:
Russia managed to secure a favourable international situation by signing treaties with Persia in
1270:
1001:
992:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
930:
915:
900:
891:
882:
873:
857:
847:
767:
284:
41:
4619:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]
4149:
2864:
2522:, which was formerly under Ottoman suzerainty, and recognized Russian domination of present-day
1762:
155:
5745:
5420:
4941:
4876:
3217:
3129:
3011:
2721:
2283:
2279:
2200:
1918:. It also marked the first time that a foreign power directly interfered in the affairs of the
1656:
1487:
1300:
between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in
780:
326:
27:
5133:
4617:
4087:
3897:
3843:
3816:
3789:
3710:
3649:
3596:
3564:
3453:
3419:
The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
3417:
3390:
1316:, the conflicts ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a long period of
5675:
5635:
5395:
5324:
4773:
4323:
4120:
3870:
3510:
3483:
2872:
2848:
2531:
2430:
2379:
2375:
2332:
1802:
1695:
1573:
877:
752:
389:
357:
3762:
2062:
Gábor Ágoston attributes the decline of Ottoman power relative to Russia to the reactionary
5208:
4881:
4778:
4748:
3299:Ágoston, G. (2011). "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800".
3134:
2594:
2364:
2191:
1934:
1880:
1742:
1593:
1581:
1309:
1191:
763:
553:
108:
57:
2426:
1977:. Ottoman generals were incompetent, and the army mutinous; expeditions for the relief of
1414:, which could not take Astrakhan and almost completely perished in the steppes, while the
8:
5783:
5713:
5570:
5098:
5033:
4804:
3019:
2747:
2649:
2352:
2304:
2169:
2083:
1758:
1538:
with the Ottoman Empire in 1700. Following the results of peace, Russia managed to annex
1531:
1005:
719:
578:
4680:
1922:, as the treaty gave Russia protector status over Turkey's Orthodox Christian subjects.
5773:
5755:
5708:
5690:
5670:
5309:
5061:
4959:
4931:
4814:
4799:
3324:
3179:
3174:
2906:
2820:
2771:
2614:
2559:
2495:
2483:
2455:
2295:
2144:
1754:
1515:
1503:
1466:
1454:
1317:
861:
830:
503:
417:
270:
121:
4589:Ágoston, Gábor "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800."
4468:
Price, M. P. (1918). War & Revolution in Asiatic Russia. United Kingdom: Macmillan
4367:
3922:
Gábor Ágoston, "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800."
2168:
fears over naval domination of the Mediterranean and control of the land route to the
5680:
5620:
5427:
5353:
5331:
5230:
5108:
4921:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4721:
4652:
4623:
4605:
4602:
Caucasian Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921
4525:
4497:
4456:
4124:
4093:
4066:
4039:
3941:
3903:
3876:
3849:
3822:
3795:
3716:
3655:
3602:
3570:
3543:
3516:
3489:
3459:
3423:
3396:
3316:
3249:
3078:
2832:
2736:
2606:
2551:
2519:
2487:
2475:
2471:
2391:
2286:
also entered the war against the Turks. These revolts were the first test of the new
2160:
2140:
2097:
2088:
1990:
1794:
1730:
1691:
1664:
1569:
1507:
1442:
1431:
1399:
1391:
1373:
1301:
1231:
681:
675:
670:
430:
299:
257:
195:
190:
61:
3328:
2360:
1808:
5665:
5610:
5516:
5257:
5028:
4998:
4964:
4809:
3736:
3451:
3308:
2840:
2598:
2383:
2152:
2055:
2041:
1994:
1969:(1789); but in Moldavia Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev was successful and captured
1900:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1820:
1722:. Lacy and his soldiers had to leave the Crimea, however, due to lack of supplies.
1592:, which neighbored both empires and had been one of the greatest rivals for Turkey
1470:
1462:
1435:
1285:
1261:
983:
970:
819:
730:
222:
2402:. On the Black Sea, the Ottoman fleet had a colossal advantage, since the Russian
5685:
5432:
5284:
5252:
4926:
4906:
4547:
Lewitter, Lucjan Ryszard. "The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1686 and Its Antecedents."
4493:
4114:
4060:
4033:
3537:
3144:
3109:
2942:
2938:
2914:
2782:
2610:
2573:
2564:
2506:
During the Greek uprising, the Russian Empire reached the Ottoman borders in the
2442:
2403:
2387:
2356:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2187:
2180:
2117:
2025:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1978:
1911:
1873:
1869:
1636:
1632:
1609:
1553:
1423:
1365:
1325:
797:
686:
621:
464:
53:
45:
3512:
The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792
2367:
on July 8, 1876, on partitioning the Balkan peninsula depending on the outcome.
5768:
5595:
5358:
5348:
4725:
4644:
4006:
3989:
2641:
2422:
2418:
2291:
2275:
2243:
2051:
1950:
1644:
1640:
1561:
1549:
1483:
1297:
1293:
961:
841:
814:
803:
792:
775:
758:
747:
741:
736:
725:
714:
703:
692:
590:
525:
447:
346:
265:
209:
84:
4594:
2032:
was made the frontier in Europe, and the Asiatic frontier remained unchanged.
1753:. However, Austria was defeated by the Ottoman Empire once again and signed a
5798:
5728:
5565:
5203:
4144:
3594:
3320:
3139:
2510:, which were located in the southwest of the region, as well as northeastern
2459:
1919:
1895:
rebelled against Ottoman rule, while the Russian fleet totally destroyed the
1892:
1813:
1605:
1491:
924:
909:
895:
866:
784:
606:
4511:
Davies, Brian (2006). "Muscovy at war and peace". In Perrie, Maureen (ed.).
3539:
The Founding of Russia's Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688-1714
2086:
in 1826, a century and a quarter after Peter the Great's liquidation of the
5484:
5008:
4974:
4729:
4570:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
3994:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
3379:
Martin, Janet (1996). Medieval Russia:980-1584. Cambridge University Press.
3061:
2918:
2856:
2661:
2625:
2491:
2490:
and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria was achieved. That alarmed the
1938:
1896:
1888:
1719:
1703:
1589:
1465:(1665–1672). The latter's pro-Ottoman policy caused disapproval among many
1415:
943:
117:
5245:
3312:
2220:
2024:
on 31 January 1790, but received no help during the war. Accordingly, the
5590:
5319:
5240:
5173:
5003:
4481:
3072:
3057:
3001:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2271:
2262:, as did the Russians. When new movements in Russia, such as that of the
2196:
2159:, Turkey recognized the independence of Greece and the transition of the
2109:
2063:
1827:
1787:
1565:
1419:
1313:
1221:
996:
886:
808:
144:
112:
4552:
4062:
East Meets West - Banking, Commerce and Investment in the Ottoman Empire
3388:
2409:
1842:, after which the movement to the Black Sea continued troops of General
5625:
5575:
5494:
5363:
4667:
St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974
4398:
Black J. European Warfare, 1660-1815. Taylor & Francis, 1994. P. 25
4159:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 782.
4148:
3961:
Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453–1839".
2966:
2645:
2527:
2263:
2235:
2156:
2125:
1707:
1648:
1647:
and Northern Iran, and avoided war with the emerging leader of Persia,
1601:
1360:
952:
919:
708:
4170:
Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective
3452:
Sergei R. Grinevetsky; Igor S. Zonn; Sergei S. Zhiltsov (2014-09-30).
2526:, which had been conquered a year earlier (1828) by the Russians from
2116:. Despite this, in the decisive campaign of 1811, the Russian army of
2046:
1819:
In January 1769, a 70-thousand Turkish-Tatar army led by Crimean Khan
1674:
5213:
4356:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
4340:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
4320:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
3679:
The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire
3015:
2852:
2441:
their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory,
2247:
2079:
2017:
1915:
1616:; the Ottomans took the territory to the west, comprising modern day
1577:
1395:
1130:
934:
904:
489:
35:
3690:О устройстве новых укреплений по границам Екатеринославской губернии
1812:
Cannons and earthworks of the St. Elizabeth fortress in the city of
459:
5778:
5640:
2941:: Russia annexes Ozi, Ottomans recognize Russian annexation of the
2828:
2602:
2545:
2511:
2507:
2104:. The long six-year war for Russia took place in parallel with the
2075:
2074:, even killing the sultan himself. It was not until the 1830s that
2029:
1986:
1982:
1768:
1699:
1624:, as well as western Iran. The gains by both were confirmed in the
1621:
1597:
1478:
1403:
851:
476:
471:
130:
96:
92:
4638:
The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present
2175:
1989:
was taken by the Austrians, The Russian army under the command of
1639:. These returned all Iranian territories gained since 1722 in the
2910:
2902:
2855:(an Ottoman subject), and set the demarcation line to the rivers
2844:
2539:
2523:
2518:, the Ottoman Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over western
2395:
2251:
2021:
1962:
1945:, accompanied by representatives of foreign courts and her ally,
1929:. In the same year, Russia established its protectorate over the
1738:
1726:
1715:
1617:
538:
533:
412:
88:
4220:
Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 5 September 1876
1970:
1953:, and the British ambassador lent his support to the war party.
1750:
1706:. On June 19, the Russian Don army under the command of General
4717:
3895:
2860:
2836:
2613:. After the 1916 campaign, the front remained stable until the
2464:
2308:
wrote of the terrible happenings after his visit to Batak with
2121:
1974:
1849:
1746:
1527:
1458:
1427:
825:
520:
217:
3389:
Suraiya Faroqhi; Bruce McGowan; Sevket Pamuk (28 April 1997).
4522:
Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700
2898:
2664:
in 1920. The Soviet-Turkish border was established under the
2255:
2136:
2002:
1966:
1407:
2609:
in 1916, after which the Russian army captured the whole of
1883:
in the Mediterranean yielded victories under the command of
4407:
Ziegler C. E. The History of Russia. ABC-CLIO, 2009. P. 46.
2868:
2790:
2755:
2624:
took over Kars in April 1918. That same year in March, the
2535:
2399:
2219:
and increased the tribute they had to pay. However, Sultan
1539:
1490:
in 1681, which established the Russo-Turkish border on the
4338:"Treaty of Constantinople (1700)", Alexander Mikaberidze,
3595:
Charles W. Ingrao; Nikola Samardžić; Jovan Pesalj (2011).
3415:
2745:
Habsburg, Polish-Lithuanian, Russian, and Venetian victory
2186:
When in 1853 Russia destroyed the entire Ottoman fleet at
1518:) in 1686. During the war, the Russian army organized the
4492:]. Эксклюзивная классика (revised ed.). Moscow:
2605:. The Ottoman army suffered the next heavy defeat in the
2216:
2009:, created just a few years earlier, under the command of
1826:
the lands of central Ukraine. Crimean Tatars , Turks and
1526:. In the light of Russia's preparations for the war with
4254:
4252:
1757:
on August 21. This, coupled with the imminent threat of
3342:
Kafadar, C. (1999). "The Question of Ottoman Decline".
2005:
completed the series of Ottoman disasters. The Russian
1560:
After the Russians had defeated the Swedes and the pro-
1545:
1534:
with Turkey in 1699, the Russian government signed the
4513:
The Cambridge History of Russia From Early Rus to 1689
4288:
4276:
3292:
2648:. Defeat on other fronts caused the Ottoman Empire to
2258:, as were the Russians. They also mainly followed the
2250:. Instead it decided to focus on gaining power in the
2139:. The great powers of Europe intervened, and assisted
1690:
with the Ottoman Empire in 1736, prompted by raids on
5512:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4651:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640.
4591:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
4264:
4249:
3301:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
2795:
Russia agrees to stop meddling in the affairs of the
1275:
4237:
3841:
3814:
3392:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
4300:
4058:
3787:
3050:independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and
2758:and the fortresses of Taganrog, Pavlovsk, and Mius
2588:was a key military objective for the Ottoman army.
2347:published his account of Ottoman atrocities in his
1694:by Crimean Tatars and the military campaign of the
1580:to declare war on Russia on November 20, 1710. The
4031:
3535:
1292:) were a series of twelve wars fought between the
5860:Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
3868:
3708:
3647:
3382:
2534:. After the war of 1877-78, Russia also received
2351:. The uprisings raised a chance for Russia, and (
1838:. Their raid was repulsed by the garrison of the
5796:
5527:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
4857:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
4640:(1986 and other editions), passim and 1461–1464.
3896:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010-05-21).
3791:Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin
3054:independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire
3009:Ottoman, British, French and Piedmontese victory
2546:End of the Ottoman and Russian Empires (1914–23)
2035:
1906:On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the
1769:Gradual defeat of the Ottoman Empire (1768–1878)
560:
364:
143:Collapse and dissolution of both empires during
5646:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
5561:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
4354:"Treaty of Nis (1739)", Alexander Mikaberidze,
3562:
1406:tried to squeeze the Russians out of the lower
3216:The result of the war, which was ended by the
2349:Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East
2151:, in which the Russian army first crossed the
1497:
1336:
5500:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
4701:
4150:"Bulgaria: History: The Revolt of 1876"
3699:Lord Kinross, 'The Ottoman Centuries', p. 397
3601:. Purdue University Press. pp. 136–138.
3360:
3239:
2993:, Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire
2254:. The population of much of the Balkans were
1910:, which formally granted independence to the
1786:Following a border incident at Balta, Sultan
1765:with Turkey on September 18, ending the war.
1671:. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726.
1146:
4381:
4379:
3508:
3481:
5453:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
5448:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
4584:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
4189:
4187:
4085:
3938:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged
3872:International Military Alliances, 1648-2008
3542:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113.
3416:Gábor Kármán; Lovro Kunčević (2013-06-20).
3395:. Cambridge University Press. p. 428.
3341:
3335:
3298:
3248:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Piter.
3150:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
2335:against Turkish troops was crucial for the
1714:army took by storm the Ottoman fortress of
1449:, the Ottoman Empire, in the course of the
1382:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
4769:Military history of the Russian Federation
4708:
4694:
4515:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
4234:, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 356.
4089:The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
3673:
3671:
3515:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
1477:in 1674. In 1676, Russian troops captured
1368:in about 1600. Note that the areas marked
1153:
1139:
627:
5855:Early modern history of Georgia (country)
5019:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
4672:Kagan, Frederick, and Robin Higham, eds.
4376:
4334:
4332:
4038:. Princeton University Press. p. 5.
3940:. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–5.
3590:
3588:
3586:
3477:
3475:
1355:
597:
4538:
4387:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
4294:
4197:, Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.69
4184:
4143:
4112:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3960:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
2563:
2474:, the Sultan had nothing but praise for
2408:
2326:
2229:
2179:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in
2174:
2045:
1853:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in
1848:
1807:
1673:
1544:
1359:
544:
380:
290:
4980:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
4850:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
4615:
4558:
4480:
4282:
4243:
4035:Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876
3668:
3354:
2096:In 1806, the Ottoman Empire incited by
1733:due to a plague outbreak. In 1739, the
1576:managed to persuade the Ottoman Sultan
494:
5797:
5601:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5532:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
5391:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
5369:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
5083:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
4759:Military history of the Russian Empire
4674:The Military History of Tsarist Russia
4643:
4636:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy.
4519:
4510:
4350:
4348:
4329:
4270:
4258:
3845:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797
3818:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797
3794:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 903.
3583:
3472:
3344:Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review
3271:
3267:
3265:
2572:of northwest Turkey and the Caucasus (
2413:Negotiations for San Stefano Agreement
1860:The Polish opposition was defeated by
1801:, which offered naval advisers to the
1781:
1430:, continued its expansion against the
1376:were claimed rather than administered.
1160:
5751:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
5129:Russian colonization of North America
4689:
4567:
4306:
3976:
3935:
3276:
3115:Return to the pre-war borders in 1918
2660:Republics ended up being part of the
1134:
5820:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
4764:Military history of the Soviet Union
4649:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
4418:The Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4208:The Bulgarian Massacres Reconsidered
4092:. Faber & Faber. pp. 159–.
3902:. Infobase Publishing. p. 298.
3155:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
2671:
1347:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
5505:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
4345:
3842:Michael Hochedlinger (2015-12-22).
3815:Michael Hochedlinger (2015-12-22).
3262:
2636:, in turn conquered by the Ottoman
1542:and get access to the Sea of Azov.
13:
5551:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
4917:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
4600:Allen, William and Paul Muratoff.
4577:
4059:Monica Pohle Fraser (2016-12-05).
3899:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3788:Mungo Melvin CB OBE (2017-05-18).
3307:(2). Slavica Publishers: 281–319.
1520:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
14:
5876:
5815:Wars involving the Russian Empire
5416:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
4032:Roderic H. Davison (2015-12-08).
3875:. SAGE Publications. p. 99.
3160:List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts
3014:: mutual demilitarization of the
2556:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
2425:and anchored in view of both the
2143:with its independence. After the
2120:defeated the Ottoman army on the
1741:, defeated the Ottoman Empire at
1710:captured Azov. In July 1737, the
1530:and other countries' signing the
5470:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
5263:Russian conquest of Central Asia
5199:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4995:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
4937:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
4539:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017).
3969:. Oxford University Press: 983.
3869:Douglas M. Gibler (2008-10-15).
3709:Spencer C. Tucker (2009-12-23).
3648:Spencer C. Tucker (2009-12-23).
3369:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 52–77.
3170:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2398:, after which the Russians took
1797:, while Russia was supported by
1000:
991:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
923:
914:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
865:
856:
846:
835:
824:
813:
802:
791:
774:
757:
746:
735:
724:
713:
702:
691:
680:
669:
644:
629:
614:
599:
577:
562:
546:
539:Albanian regulars and volunteers
532:
519:
496:
482:
470:
458:
440:
424:
411:
397:
382:
366:
345:
333:
320:
307:
292:
277:
264:
250:
229:
216:
202:
189:
34:
5756:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
5401:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
5342:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
4462:
4449:
4436:
4423:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4361:
4312:
4224:
4213:
4200:
4175:
4163:
4137:
4106:
4079:
4052:
4025:
3999:
3954:
3929:
3916:
3889:
3862:
3835:
3808:
3781:
3755:
3729:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3641:
3615:
3556:
3529:
3502:
3445:
3436:
3409:
3240:Zayonchkovski, Аndrey (2002).
3210:
3201:
2632:. The commune later became the
2501:
2161:Black Sea coast of the Caucasus
1834:, took a significant number of
1745:, and occupied the fortress of
1626:Treaty of Constantinople (1724)
1343:Territorial evolution of Russia
5438:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
5088:War of the Austrian Succession
4446:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
3598:The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718
3563:Cathal J. Nolan (2008-07-30).
3373:
3233:
3192:
2865:Treaty of Niš (3 October 1739)
2797:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2652:and withdraw forces. Both the
2630:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1453:, spread its rule over all of
1451:Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)
124:in 1922 and 1923, respectively
1:
5661:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
5539:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5290:Russian invasion of Manchuria
5280:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
5226:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
5221:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
5164:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
5154:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
5119:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
5114:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
5104:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
5094:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
5072:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
5067:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
5044:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
5039:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
5014:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
4990:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
4985:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
4970:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
4845:List of wars involving Russia
4840:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4172:, Kurt Jonassohn, 1999, p.210
3963:The English Historical Review
3227:
2754:: Russia gains possession of
2386:, after a stubborn struggle,
2036:Conflicts in the 19th century
1947:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1777:Decline of the Ottoman Empire
1614:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
1388:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
5616:Eritrean War of Independence
5586:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5581:East German uprising of 1953
5522:Eastern Front (World War II)
5411:Red Army invasion of Georgia
5406:Red Army invasion of Armenia
5374:Estonian War of Independence
5315:Russian occupation of Tabriz
5236:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
5194:War of the Seventh Coalition
5077:War of the Polish Succession
5024:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
4616:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014).
4541:The Russia Empire, 1450-1801
4195:The Ottoman Empire 1700–1922
3996:(Greenwood Publishing, 2006)
3246:The Eastern War of 1853-1856
3093:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
2638:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
1761:, forced Russia to sign the
1661:War of the Polish Succession
1447:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
40:Left to right from the top:
7:
5825:Military history of Ukraine
5656:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
5606:Sino-Soviet border conflict
5475:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
5443:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
5379:Latvian War of Independence
5268:Russian conquest of Bukhara
5159:War of the Fourth Coalition
5144:War of the Second Coalition
3536:Edward J. Phillips (1995).
3509:Jeremy Black (1996-03-28).
3482:Brian Davies (2011-06-16).
3123:
2987:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
2831:, the southern part of the
2787:Treaty of Adrianople (1713)
2580:During the early months of
2149:Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)
2114:War of the Fourth Coalition
1927:annexed the Crimean Khanate
1502:Russia joined the European
1498:Peter the Great and further
1337:Conflict begins (1568–1739)
1328:in the early 18th century.
1276:
10:
5881:
5850:Modern history of Bulgaria
5651:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5189:War of the Sixth Coalition
5179:War of the Fifth Coalition
5149:War of the Third Coalition
4754:Military history of Russia
4716:Armed conflicts involving
4581:
4561:Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700
4543:. Oxford University Press.
4474:
4444:The Russo-Turkish War 1877
4431:The Crimean War: A History
4318:"Treaty of Bakhchisarai",
4086:Alan Palmer (2011-05-19).
3848:. Routledge. p. 385.
3821:. Routledge. p. 385.
3763:"Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca"
3623:"Nemirov Congress of 1737"
3455:The Black Sea Encyclopedia
3045:Russian and allied victory
2963:Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
2871:to Russia, as well as the
2811:Austro-Russian-Turkish War
2634:Centrocaspian Dictatorship
2549:
2331:The Russian and Bulgarian
2246:and taking control of the
2039:
1993:defeated the Turks in the
1774:
1588:By the late 17th century,
1564:Ukrainian Cossacks led by
1434:, but was defeated at the
1379:
1340:
1331:
150:Ottomans permanently lose
127:Normalization of relations
5764:
5699:
5490:Soviet invasion of Poland
5300:
5184:French invasion of Russia
5052:
4950:
4869:
4795:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
4787:
4744:
4737:
4416:John Frederick Baddeley,
4232:Medieval Russia: 980-1584
4013:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3769:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3743:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3715:. ABC-CLIO. p. 862.
3654:. ABC-CLIO. p. 734.
3569:. ABC-CLIO. p. 191.
3458:. Springer. p. 661.
3242:Восточная война 1853-1856
2929:Seventh Russo-Turkish War
2839:to the Ottomans, and the
2680:
2622:First Republic of Armenia
2597:January 2, 1915, against
2514:. Under the terms of the
2133:Greek War of Independence
2084:destroyed the Janissaries
1931:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
1840:Fortress of St. Elizabeth
1265:
1245:
1172:
1011:
662:
351:Bulgarian Volunteer Corps
179:
67:
33:
25:
20:
5631:South African Border War
5556:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
5458:Chechen uprising of 1932
5139:Russo-Persian War (1796)
4568:Stone, David R. (2006).
4559:Murphey, Rhoads (1999).
4420:(Routledge, 2013. ch 12)
4326:, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 180.
4065:. Taylor & Francis.
3936:Aksan, Virginia (2007).
3363:Journal of Asian History
3241:
3185:
3026:Ottoman suzerainty over
2953:Eighth Russo-Turkish War
2895:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
2767:Fourth Russo-Turkish War
2752:Treaty of Constantinople
2712:Second Russo-Turkish War
2683:
2337:independence of Bulgaria
2316:'s report, published in
2234:Russian troops entering
1959:drove back the Austrians
1908:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1879:Naval operations of the
1536:Treaty of Constantinople
1524:Azov campaigns (1695–96)
1457:with the support of its
5273:Khivan campaign of 1873
5124:Russo-Polish War (1792)
4572:. Greenwood Publishing.
4563:. Taylor & Francis.
4455:Also extended into the
4372:Encyclopædia Britannica
4156:Encyclopædia Britannica
4113:Crampton, R.J. (2007).
4011:Encyclopædia Britannica
3767:Encyclopædia Britannica
3741:Encyclopædia Britannica
3165:Russia–Turkey relations
3038:Tenth Russo-Turkish War
3028:Danubian Principalities
2991:Danubian Principalities
2977:Ninth Russo-Turkish War
2897:: Ottoman Empire cedes
2885:Sixth Russo-Turkish War
2807:Fifth Russo-Turkish War
2732:Third Russo-Turkish War
2696:First Russo-Turkish War
2666:Treaty of Moscow (1921)
2628:was established in the
2445:was given control over
2363:), who made the secret
2345:William Ewart Gladstone
2270:in 1875. The revolt in
2260:Eastern Orthodox Church
2078:could be started under
1277:Russko-turetskiye voyny
260:(1735–1739) (1787–1792)
5835:Bessarabia Governorate
5746:Western Libya campaign
5421:East Karelian uprising
4942:Wagner Group rebellion
4877:Uprising of Bolotnikov
4520:Davies, Brian (2007).
4119:. OUP Oxford. p.
3422:. BRILL. p. 146.
3218:Treaty of Bakhchisarai
3130:Ottoman wars in Europe
3012:Treaty of Paris (1856)
2989:: Russia occupies the
2722:Treaty of Bakhchisarai
2640:, then shortly by the
2577:
2469:British Prime Minister
2414:
2382:. The Turkish army of
2340:
2333:defence of Shipka Pass
2298:, a journalist of the
2238:
2183:
2059:
2056:Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria
1943:trip across the Crimea
1857:
1816:
1683:
1557:
1488:Treaty of Bakhchisarai
1377:
1356:Before Peter the Great
1289:
663:Commanders and leaders
28:Ottoman wars in Europe
5741:Intervention in Syria
5676:Tajikistani Civil War
5384:Lithuanian–Soviet War
5325:Battle of Robat Karim
4774:Post-Soviet conflicts
4593:12.2 (2011): 281-319
4385:Isabel De Madariaga,
4324:Alexander Mikaberidze
3313:10.1353/kri.2011.0018
2849:Treaty of Passarowitz
2823:: Habsburgs cede the
2567:
2532:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2431:Treaty of San Stefano
2412:
2388:surrendered to Plevna
2376:Imperial Russian Army
2372:new Russo-Turkish war
2370:The following year a
2330:
2268:revolt in Herzegovina
2233:
2178:
2058:, July–September 1828
2049:
1852:
1811:
1803:Imperial Russian Navy
1755:separate peace treaty
1677:
1669:Stanisław Leszczyński
1608:, which was taken by
1574:Charles XII of Sweden
1548:
1475:Hetman of all Ukraine
1402:. The Ottoman Sultan
1363:
1351:Ottoman ancien régime
1308:(which is disputed),
1290:Osmanlı-Rus savaşları
1266:Русско-турецкие войны
1012:Casualties and losses
75:1568–1918 (350 years)
5840:History of Wallachia
5810:Geopolitical rivalry
5724:Annexation of Crimea
5428:Central Asian Revolt
5337:Ukrainian–Soviet War
5209:Russo-Circassian War
4892:Pugachev's Rebellion
4835:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
4779:Russian Armed Forces
4749:Early modern warfare
3135:Battle of Sarikamish
2595:Battle of Sarikamish
2568:The area of Russian
2516:Treaty of Adrianople
2365:Reichstadt Agreement
1935:Treaty of Georgievsk
1881:Russian Baltic Fleet
1686:Russia entered into
1663:(1733–35), over the
1398:by the Russian tsar
1310:Pruth River Campaign
109:Pruth River Campaign
58:Battle of Sarikamish
5865:Invasions of Europe
5830:History of Moldavia
5784:Sphere of influence
5714:Russo-Ukrainian War
5571:First Indochina War
5544:Soviet–Japanese War
5480:Xinjiang War (1937)
5349:Kazakhstan Campaign
5134:Kościuszko Uprising
5034:Second Northern War
4912:Coup attempt (1991)
4805:Soviet-Finnish wars
4665:Jelavich, Barbara.
3926:12.2 (2011) p. 319.
3681:(Bloomsbury, 2016).
3627:The Free Dictionary
3020:Southern Bessarabia
2809:(also known as the
2748:Treaty of Karlowitz
2467:. While annoyed at
2288:Modern Ottoman Army
2225:Ottoman nationalism
2170:Indian Subcontinent
2076:fundamental reforms
1937:. In 1787, Empress
1782:Catherine the Great
1620:, parts of Eastern
1532:Treaty of Karlowitz
1482:the attacks of the
1418:was wrecked in the
1390:occurred after the
1006:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
50:Siege of Sevastopol
5845:Kingdom of Romania
5805:Russo-Turkish wars
5774:Russian Revolution
5709:Russo-Georgian War
5691:Second Chechen War
5671:Georgian Civil War
5310:Russo-Japanese War
5062:Great Northern War
4960:Russo-Crimean Wars
4932:Second Chechen War
4830:Russo-Turkish wars
4825:Russo-Swedish wars
4815:Russo-Persian Wars
4800:Russo-Crimean Wars
4490:For Rus' to Russia
4368:Russo-Turkish wars
4206:Millman, Richard.
4193:Quataert, Donald.
3272:#List of conflicts
3198:44,427+ in battles
3180:Russo-Persian Wars
3175:Russo-Crimean Wars
2917:becomes a Russian
2821:Treaty of Belgrade
2772:Great Northern War
2615:Russian Revolution
2578:
2560:Russian Revolution
2496:Congress of Berlin
2456:Congress of Berlin
2415:
2341:
2296:Januarius MacGahan
2274:quickly spread to
2239:
2184:
2145:Battle of Navarino
2060:
1941:made a triumphant
1858:
1817:
1684:
1678:Europe before the
1558:
1469:, who would elect
1467:Ukrainian Cossacks
1455:Right-bank Ukraine
1378:
1282:Russo-Ottoman wars
1258:Russo-Turkish wars
1248:Turco-Mongol raids
1164:Russo-Turkish Wars
862:Kara Mustafa Pasha
831:Alexander Kerensky
271:Albanian Battalion
122:Republic of Turkey
21:Russo-Turkish wars
5792:
5791:
5681:First Chechen War
5636:Soviet–Afghan War
5621:Angolan Civil War
5396:Polish–Soviet War
5354:Finnish Civil War
5332:Russian Civil War
5231:November Uprising
5169:Anglo-Russian War
5109:Bar Confederation
4922:First Chechen War
4902:Russian Civil War
4897:Decembrist revolt
4887:Bulavin Rebellion
4882:Razin's Rebellion
4865:
4864:
4820:Russo-Polish Wars
4788:Lists by opponent
4658:978-0-300-08266-1
4629:978-1-59884-948-6
4531:978-0-203-96176-6
4503:978-5-17-153845-3
4457:Russian Civil War
4130:978-0-19-820514-2
4099:978-0-571-27908-1
4072:978-1-351-94219-5
4045:978-1-4008-7876-5
3947:978-0-582-30807-7
3909:978-1-4381-1025-7
3882:978-1-60426-684-9
3855:978-1-317-88793-5
3828:978-1-317-88793-5
3801:978-1-4728-2227-7
3737:"Battle of Çeşme"
3722:978-1-85109-672-5
3677:Brian L. Davies,
3661:978-1-85109-672-5
3608:978-1-55753-594-8
3576:978-0-313-35920-0
3549:978-0-313-29520-1
3522:978-0-521-47033-9
3495:978-1-4411-6238-0
3488:. A&C Black.
3465:978-3-642-55227-4
3429:978-90-04-25440-4
3402:978-0-521-57455-6
3255:978-5-89173-159-2
3121:
3120:
3079:Caucasus Campaign
2965:: Russia annexes
2847:), gained by the
2833:Banat of Temeswar
2825:Kingdom of Serbia
2737:Great Turkish War
2672:List of conflicts
2607:Battle of Erzurum
2576:) in summer 1916.
2552:Caucasus campaign
2476:Otto von Bismarck
2472:Benjamin Disraeli
2427:Dolmabahçe Palace
2392:Battle of Aladzha
2110:Russo-Swedish War
2106:Russo-Persian War
2098:Napoleonic France
1991:Alexander Suvorov
1933:according to the
1862:Alexander Suvorov
1795:Bar Confederation
1737:army crossed the
1680:Russo-Turkish War
1570:Battle of Poltava
1552:by the troops of
1443:Left-bank Ukraine
1432:Tsardom of Russia
1400:Ivan the Terrible
1392:conquest of Kazan
1304:. Except for the
1274:
1254:
1253:
1129:
1128:
1124:Total: 1,315,000+
676:Ivan the Terrible
285:Hellenic Republic
258:Habsburg Monarchy
196:Tsardom of Russia
175:
174:
116:Formation of the
62:Erzurum Offensive
5872:
5666:Transnistria War
5611:War of Attrition
5517:Continuation War
5466:
5258:January Uprising
5099:Seven Years' War
4999:Time of Troubles
4965:Russo-Kazan Wars
4810:Russo-Kazan Wars
4742:
4741:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4662:
4633:
4573:
4564:
4544:
4535:
4516:
4507:
4486:От Руси к России
4469:
4466:
4460:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4421:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4359:
4352:
4343:
4336:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4003:
3997:
3987:
3974:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3592:
3581:
3580:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3237:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3098:Persian Campaign
3064:ceded to Russia
2841:Banat of Craiova
2703:Russian victory
2676:
2675:
2644:and finally the
2599:Nikolai Yudenich
2384:Osman Nuri Pasha
2353:Prince Gorchakov
2153:Balkan Mountains
2042:Eastern Question
1995:Battle of Rymnik
1965:and overran the
1925:In 1783, Russia
1901:Battle of Chesma
1866:Pyotr Rumyantsev
1855:Battle of Chesma
1759:Swedish invasion
1471:Ivan Samoilovich
1463:Petro Doroshenko
1436:Battle of Molodi
1306:war of 1676–1681
1302:European history
1279:
1269:
1267:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1106:
1004:
995:
988:
980:Mehmed Ali Pasha
978:
971:Osman Nuri Pasha
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
927:
918:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
870:
869:
860:
850:
840:
839:
829:
828:
820:Nikolai Yudenich
818:
817:
807:
806:
796:
795:
779:
778:
762:
761:
751:
750:
740:
739:
731:Grigory Potemkin
729:
728:
718:
717:
707:
706:
698:Burkhard Münnich
696:
695:
685:
684:
674:
673:
649:
648:
639:
635:
633:
632:
620:
618:
617:
609:
605:
603:
602:
582:
581:
572:
568:
566:
565:
556:
552:
550:
549:
537:
536:
524:
523:
506:
502:
500:
499:
488:
486:
485:
475:
474:
463:
462:
446:
444:
443:
429:
428:
427:
416:
415:
403:
401:
400:
392:
388:
386:
385:
376:
372:
370:
369:
349:
338:
337:
336:
325:
324:
323:
312:
311:
310:
302:
298:
296:
295:
283:
281:
280:
269:
268:
256:
254:
253:
235:
233:
232:
223:Russian Republic
221:
220:
208:
206:
205:
194:
193:
69:
68:
42:Siege of Ochakov
38:
18:
17:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5760:
5701:
5695:
5686:War of Dagestan
5460:
5433:August Uprising
5302:
5296:
5285:Boxer Rebellion
5253:Amur Annexation
5054:
5048:
4952:
4946:
4927:War of Dagestan
4907:August Uprising
4861:
4783:
4733:
4714:
4659:
4645:Hughes, Lindsey
4630:
4586:
4580:
4578:Further reading
4532:
4504:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4437:
4429:Orlando Figes,
4428:
4424:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4384:
4377:
4366:
4362:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4330:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4214:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3988:
3977:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3593:
3584:
3577:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3359:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3145:Crimean Khanate
3126:
3110:Treaty of Batum
3086:actions on the
3055:
3046:
3022:and recognizes
3018:, Russia cedes
3010:
2985:
2984:Russian victory
2961:
2960:Russian victory
2943:Crimean Khanate
2939:Treaty of Jassy
2937:
2936:Russian victory
2915:Crimean Khanate
2893:
2892:Russian victory
2863:
2794:
2789:: Russia cedes
2783:Treaty of Pruth
2781:
2780:Ottoman victory
2770:(subset of the
2769:
2746:
2735:(subset of the
2734:
2720:
2674:
2611:Western Armenia
2574:Western Armenia
2562:
2550:Main articles:
2548:
2504:
2458:was held where
2443:Austria-Hungary
2404:Black Sea Fleet
2394:, retreated to
2357:Austria-Hungary
2322:Donald Quataert
2314:Eugene Schuyler
2310:Eugene Schuyler
2302:and the London
2300:New York Herald
2181:Battle of Sinop
2137:southern Greece
2044:
2038:
2026:Treaty of Jassy
2011:Admiral Ushakov
2007:Black Sea Fleet
1999:captured Izmail
1912:Crimean Khanate
1784:
1779:
1771:
1554:Peter the Great
1550:Capture of Azov
1500:
1486:and signed the
1424:Crimean Khanate
1384:
1366:Crimean Khanate
1358:
1353:
1339:
1334:
1326:Peter the Great
1255:
1250:
1241:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1122:
1121:
1104:
1083:
1076:
1065:Total: 868,285+
1063:
1062:
1047:143,000–450,015
999:
990:
984:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
913:
898:
889:
880:
871:
855:
854:
834:
833:
823:
822:
812:
811:
801:
800:
798:Dmitry Milyutin
790:
789:
773:
772:
756:
755:
745:
744:
734:
733:
723:
722:
712:
711:
701:
700:
690:
689:
687:Peter the Great
679:
678:
668:
658:
643:
630:
628:
622:Austria-Hungary
615:
613:
600:
598:
576:
563:
561:
547:
545:
531:
518:
509:
497:
495:
483:
481:
469:
457:
441:
439:
436:
425:
423:
410:
398:
396:
383:
381:
367:
365:
334:
332:
321:
319:
308:
306:
293:
291:
278:
276:
263:
251:
249:
242:
230:
228:
215:
203:
201:
188:
138:
125:
115:
99:
54:Siege of Plevna
46:Siege of Izmail
39:
12:
11:
5:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5769:Russian Winter
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Vlora incident
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5492:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5361:
5359:Sochi conflict
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4657:
4641:
4634:
4628:
4613:
4598:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4545:
4536:
4530:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4461:
4448:
4435:
4422:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4375:
4360:
4358:, Vol. I, 647.
4344:
4342:, Vol. I, 250.
4328:
4322:, Vol. I, ed.
4311:
4299:
4287:
4285:, p. 462.
4275:
4273:, p. 172.
4263:
4261:, p. 512.
4248:
4236:
4230:Janet Martin,
4223:
4212:
4199:
4183:
4174:
4162:
4147:, ed. (1911).
4145:Chisholm, Hugh
4136:
4129:
4105:
4098:
4078:
4071:
4051:
4044:
4024:
3998:
3990:David R. Stone
3975:
3953:
3946:
3928:
3915:
3908:
3888:
3881:
3861:
3854:
3834:
3827:
3807:
3800:
3780:
3754:
3728:
3721:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3667:
3660:
3640:
3614:
3607:
3582:
3575:
3555:
3548:
3528:
3521:
3501:
3494:
3471:
3464:
3444:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3401:
3381:
3372:
3353:
3334:
3291:
3275:
3261:
3254:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3209:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2817:
2814:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2778:
2775:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2743:
2740:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2642:Triple Entente
2547:
2544:
2503:
2500:
2419:Abdul Hamid II
2361:Count Andrássy
2318:The Daily News
2305:The Daily News
2292:Batak massacre
2244:Constantinople
2190:, Britain and
2094:
2093:
2052:siege of Varna
2037:
2034:
2001:. The fall of
1951:Constantinople
1783:
1780:
1775:Main article:
1770:
1767:
1645:South Caucasus
1562:Swedish Empire
1499:
1496:
1484:Crimean Tatars
1357:
1354:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1298:Ottoman Empire
1294:Russian Empire
1252:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
962:Abdul Hamid II
844:
842:Vladimir Lenin
742:Fyodor Ushakov
665:
664:
660:
659:
657:
656:
655:
654:
641:
625:
611:
595:
591:Central Powers
587:
574:
570:United Kingdom
558:
542:
529:
526:Swedish Empire
513:
508:
507:
492:
479:
467:
454:
448:Ottoman Empire
437:
435:
434:
421:
408:
394:
378:
374:United Kingdom
362:
358:Entente Powers
354:
343:
330:
317:
304:
288:
274:
261:
246:
241:
240:
226:
213:
210:Russian Empire
199:
185:
182:
181:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
162:, most of the
140:
134:
133:
105:
101:
100:
85:Eastern Europe
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
31:
30:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5877:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5734:2022 invasion
5732:
5730:
5729:War in Donbas
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:Ili Rebellion
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5204:Caucasian War
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4610:0-89839-296-9
4607:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4551:(1964): 5-29
4550:
4549:Polish Review
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:. Routledge.
4523:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4465:
4458:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4357:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4309:, p. 41.
4308:
4303:
4297:, p. 14.
4296:
4295:Kollmann 2017
4291:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4216:
4210:. pp. 218–231
4209:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4012:
4008:
4007:"Crimean War"
4002:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3629:. Farlex, Inc
3628:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3439:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3236:
3232:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Caucasian War
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Eastern Front
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:Territory of
3053:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:and northern
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2201:peace of 1856
2198:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1920:Sublime Porte
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:Aleksei Orlov
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1814:Kropyvnytskyi
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:Great Britain
1796:
1792:
1789:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1763:Treaty of Niš
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:Northern Iran
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:for centuries
1591:
1586:
1583:
1582:Prut campaign
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1492:Dnieper River
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:, an Ottoman
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:Ottoman fleet
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:
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1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
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1016:
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1007:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
987:
981:
977:
972:
968:
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959:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
926:
921:
917:
911:
906:
902:
897:
896:Abdul Hamid I
893:
888:
884:
879:
875:
868:
863:
859:
853:
849:
845:
843:
838:
832:
827:
821:
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810:
805:
799:
794:
788:
787:
782:
777:
771:
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765:
760:
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749:
743:
738:
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727:
721:
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710:
705:
699:
694:
688:
683:
677:
672:
667:
666:
661:
652:
647:
642:
638:
626:
623:
612:
608:
596:
593:
592:
588:
585:
580:
575:
571:
559:
555:
543:
540:
535:
530:
527:
522:
517:
516:
515:
514:
512:
511:Supported by:
505:
493:
491:
480:
478:
473:
468:
466:
461:
456:
455:
453:
452:vassal states
449:
438:
432:
422:
419:
414:
409:
406:
395:
391:
379:
375:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
348:
344:
341:
331:
328:
318:
315:
305:
301:
289:
286:
275:
272:
267:
262:
259:
248:
247:
245:
244:Supported by:
238:
227:
224:
219:
214:
211:
200:
197:
192:
187:
186:
184:
183:
178:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
136:
135:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
110:
106:
103:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
29:
24:
19:
16:
5485:World War II
5009:Smolensk War
4975:Livonian War
4673:
4666:
4648:
4637:
4622:. ABC-CLIO.
4618:
4601:
4590:
4569:
4560:
4548:
4540:
4521:
4512:
4489:
4485:
4482:Gumilev, Lev
4464:
4451:
4443:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4386:
4363:
4355:
4339:
4319:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4283:Gumilev 2023
4278:
4266:
4246:, p. 9.
4244:Murphey 1999
4239:
4231:
4226:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4154:
4139:
4115:
4108:
4088:
4081:
4061:
4054:
4034:
4027:
4015:. Retrieved
4010:
4001:
3993:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3937:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3898:
3891:
3871:
3864:
3844:
3837:
3817:
3810:
3790:
3783:
3771:. Retrieved
3766:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3740:
3731:
3711:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3678:
3650:
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3626:
3617:
3597:
3565:
3558:
3538:
3531:
3511:
3504:
3484:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3418:
3411:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3245:
3235:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3108:
3062:Batum Oblast
3051:
3047:
3023:
2919:client state
2909:and part of
2851:in 1718, to
2819:
2662:Soviet Union
2626:Baku Commune
2619:
2579:
2530:through the
2505:
2502:The Caucasus
2494:. After the
2492:Great Powers
2480:
2416:
2369:
2348:
2342:
2317:
2303:
2240:
2213:
2205:
2185:
2130:
2095:
2087:
2061:
2015:
1955:
1939:Catherine II
1924:
1905:
1897:Ottoman Navy
1878:
1859:
1818:
1791:declared war
1785:
1772:
1724:
1704:Bakhchysarai
1696:Crimean khan
1685:
1682:of 1768–1774
1657:Augustus III
1630:
1590:Safavid Iran
1587:
1559:
1501:
1440:
1412:Ottoman army
1385:
1281:
1257:
1256:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
985:
944:Abdulmejid I
785:
781:Alexander II
768:
720:Catherine II
589:
510:
356:
243:
237:Russian SFSR
180:Belligerents
142:
118:Soviet Union
15:
5591:Vietnam War
5461: [
5320:World War I
5241:Crimean War
5174:Finnish War
5090:(1740–1748)
5079:(1733–1738)
5004:Ingrian War
4720:(including
4442:Ian Drury,
4271:Davies 2007
4259:Davies 2006
3107:Indecisive
3073:World War I
3058:Kars Oblast
3002:Crimean War
2913:to Russia;
2658:Azerbaijani
2590:Enver Pasha
2582:World War I
2380:Shipka Pass
2272:Herzegovina
2264:Slavophiles
2209:Piedmontese
2197:Crimean War
2064:Janissaries
1887:. In 1771,
1821:Qırım Giray
1788:Mustafa III
1720:Karasubazar
1688:another war
1667:-nominated
1653:at war with
1566:Ivan Mazepa
1504:Holy League
1420:Sea of Azov
1314:Crimean War
997:Enver Pasha
887:Mustafa III
878:Yahya Pasha
809:Nicholas II
753:Alexander I
640:(1915–1918)
624:(1914–1918)
610:(1914–1918)
594:(1914–1918)
586:(1855–1856)
573:(1854–1856)
557:(1854–1856)
541:(1768–1878)
528:(1710–1711)
433:(1917–1918)
420:(1916–1918)
393:(1914–1918)
377:(1914–1918)
361:(1914–1918)
353:(1877-1878)
342:(1877–1878)
329:(1877–1878)
316:(1877–1878)
303:(1853–1854)
287:(1828–1829)
273:(1775–1859)
239:(1917–1918)
212:(1721–1917)
198:(1568–1721)
145:World War I
137:Territorial
113:Crimean War
5799:Categories
5626:Ogaden War
5576:Korean War
5495:Winter War
5364:Heimosodat
4951:Tsardom of
4582:See also:
4307:Stone 2006
3228:References
3104:1914–1918
3042:1877–1878
3006:1853–1856
2981:1828–1829
2967:Bessarabia
2957:1806–1812
2933:1787–1792
2889:1768–1774
2873:Zaporozhye
2816:1735–1739
2777:1710–1711
2742:1686–1700
2716:1676–1681
2700:1568–1570
2646:Bolsheviks
2570:occupation
2528:Qajar Iran
2439:Montenegro
2236:Adrianople
2157:Adrianople
2126:Bessarabia
2100:started a
2040:See also:
1844:Rumyantsev
1832:New Serbia
1743:Stavuchany
1708:Peter Lacy
1649:Nader Shah
1602:Azerbaijan
1445:after the
1386:The first
1380:See also:
1341:See also:
1318:stagnation
1118:: 300,000+
1099:1853–1856:
1093:1787–1792:
1087:1735–1739:
1045:1853–1856:
1039:1787–1792:
1033:1735–1739:
953:Omar Pasha
920:Mustafa IV
764:Nicholas I
709:Peter Lacy
651:Azerbaijan
340:Montenegro
168:Bessarabia
129:until the
111:, and the
5246:Åland War
5214:Murid War
5053:18th–19th
4484:(2023) .
3321:1538-5000
3016:Black Sea
2853:Wallachia
2650:surrender
2294:in 1876.
2278:and then
2248:Bosphorus
2221:Abdülaziz
2155:and took
2089:strel'tsy
2080:Mahmud II
2018:Selim III
1916:Black Sea
1578:Ahmed III
1572:in 1709,
1438:in 1572.
1396:Astrakhan
1271:romanized
1237:1916–1917
1232:1914–1918
1187:1686–1700
1116:1914–1918
1112:: 520,000
1110:1877–1878
1073:1676–1681
1059:: 100,000
1057:1914–1918
1053:: 111,166
1051:1877–1878
1021:1676–1681
935:Mahmud II
905:Selim III
490:Wallachia
5779:Cold War
5641:Gulf War
4997:and the
4870:Internal
4726:Imperial
4647:(2000).
4116:Bulgaria
3329:19755686
3124:See also
3084:XV Corps
3052:de facto
2907:Kabardia
2829:Belgrade
2719:Disputed
2654:Armenian
2603:Erzincan
2512:Anatolia
2508:Caucasus
2451:Bulgaria
2280:Bulgaria
2147:and the
2112:and the
2050:Russian
2030:Dniester
1987:Belgrade
1985:failed,
1983:Akkerman
1830:ravaged
1700:Caucasus
1622:Anatolia
1598:Dagestan
1522:and the
1479:Chigirin
1473:as sole
1404:Selim II
1312:and the
1296:and the
1075:: 20,000
852:Selim II
637:Bulgaria
584:Sardinia
477:Moldavia
164:Caucasus
131:Cold War
120:and the
97:Anatolia
93:Caucasus
80:Location
26:Part of
5719:Outline
5702:century
5303:century
5055:century
4738:Related
4722:Tsarist
4604:(2011)
4475:Sources
3924:Kritika
3048:De jure
3024:de jure
2911:Yedisan
2903:Enikale
2875:region
2845:Oltenia
2687:Result
2540:Ardahan
2524:Armenia
2520:Georgia
2484:Romania
2460:Germany
2435:Romania
2423:Marmara
2396:Erzurum
2282:. Soon
2252:Balkans
2166:British
2118:Kutuzov
2102:new war
2022:Prussia
2016:Sultan
1963:Mehadia
1899:at the
1824:invaded
1739:Dnieper
1735:Münnich
1731:Kinburn
1727:Nemirov
1716:Ochakov
1712:Münnich
1698:in the
1692:Ukraine
1659:in the
1618:Armenia
1612:in the
1610:Peter I
1568:in the
1556:in 1696
1508:Austria
1374:Muscovy
1332:History
1322:decline
1286:Turkish
1273::
1262:Russian
1227:1877–78
1222:1853–56
1217:1828–29
1212:1806–12
1207:1787–92
1202:1768–74
1197:1735–39
1192:1710–11
1182:1676–81
1177:1568–70
1101:165,363
1095:130,000
1089:Unknown
1082:Unknown
1035:100,000
1023:: 8,720
986:†
607:Germany
418:Romania
405:Armenia
314:Romania
160:Ukraine
139:changes
89:Balkans
5029:Deluge
4953:Russia
4732:times)
4730:Soviet
4718:Russia
4681:online
4676:(2008)
4669:(1974)
4655:
4626:
4608:
4595:online
4553:online
4528:
4500:
4433:(2010)
4389:(1981)
4127:
4096:
4069:
4042:
4017:28 May
3944:
3906:
3879:
3852:
3825:
3798:
3773:28 May
3747:28 May
3719:
3658:
3633:27 May
3605:
3573:
3546:
3519:
3492:
3462:
3426:
3399:
3350:(1–2).
3327:
3319:
3252:
2861:Danube
2837:Bosnia
2558:, and
2488:Serbia
2465:Cyprus
2449:, and
2447:Bosnia
2355:) and
2284:Serbia
2276:Bosnia
2192:France
2141:Greece
2122:Danube
2108:, the
2082:, who
1979:Bender
1975:Khotyn
1836:slaves
1828:Nogais
1747:Khotin
1665:French
1604:, and
1528:Sweden
1516:Venice
1512:Poland
1459:vassal
1428:vassal
1370:Poland
1349:, and
1105:
1041:72,000
1029:27,285
982:
922:
907:
864:
783:
766:
653:(1918)
634:
619:
604:
567:
554:France
551:
501:
487:
465:Crimea
445:
431:Greece
407:(1918)
402:
390:France
387:
371:
327:Serbia
300:Greece
297:
282:
255:
234:
225:(1917)
207:
152:Crimea
104:Result
5465:]
4488:[
3325:S2CID
3244:[
3186:Notes
2899:Kerch
2827:with
2684:Date
2681:Name
2433:gave
2256:Slavs
2188:Sinop
2003:Anapa
1967:Banat
1961:from
1893:Syria
1889:Egypt
1874:Kagul
1870:Larga
1641:North
1408:Volga
1280:) or
1080:1711:
1027:1711:
504:Egypt
5700:21st
5301:20th
4728:and
4653:ISBN
4624:ISBN
4606:ISBN
4526:ISBN
4498:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4094:ISBN
4067:ISBN
4040:ISBN
4019:2018
3942:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3823:ISBN
3796:ISBN
3775:2018
3749:2018
3717:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3635:2018
3603:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3544:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3460:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3317:ISSN
3250:ISBN
3060:and
2869:Azov
2859:and
2857:Sava
2791:Azov
2785:and
2756:Azov
2750:and
2656:and
2586:Kars
2538:and
2536:Kars
2437:and
2400:Kars
2217:beys
2072:coup
1997:and
1981:and
1973:and
1971:Iaşi
1891:and
1872:and
1751:Iaşi
1749:and
1643:and
1637:1735
1635:and
1633:1732
1540:Azov
1394:and
1372:and
1364:The
1320:and
450:and
166:and
156:Azov
72:Date
4494:AST
4370://
3967:123
3309:doi
3069:12
3034:11
2998:10
2135:in
2054:in
1868:at
5801::
5463:ru
4724:,
4496:.
4378:^
4347:^
4331:^
4251:^
4186:^
4153:.
4123:.
4121:92
4009:.
3992:,
3978:^
3965:.
3765:.
3739:.
3670:^
3625:.
3585:^
3474:^
3367:22
3365:.
3346:.
3323:.
3315:.
3305:12
3303:.
3278:^
3264:^
3075::
2973:9
2949:8
2925:7
2905:,
2901:,
2881:6
2813:)
2803:5
2774:)
2763:4
2739:)
2728:3
2708:2
2692:1
2668:.
2617:.
2584:,
2554:,
2542:.
2486:,
2203:.
2172:.
2128:.
2066::
1903:.
1876:.
1846:.
1805:.
1600:,
1514:,
1510:,
1494:.
1461:,
1345:,
1288::
1268:,
1264::
158:,
154:,
95:,
91:,
87:,
60:,
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4709:e
4702:t
4695:v
4661:.
4632:.
4612:,
4597:.
4555:.
4534:.
4506:.
4459:.
4133:.
4102:.
4075:.
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3804:.
3777:.
3751:.
3725:.
3664:.
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3611:.
3579:.
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3348:4
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3311::
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2843:(
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1506:(
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1260:(
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769:#
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
