38:
1971:
1961:
113:
370:
Like most Indian eras, the Śaka era uses expired, elapsed, or complete years, where a year must have elapsed before it can be counted. This is similar to the
Western method of determining a person's age, whose first year must have been completed before that person reaches one year old. The uncounted
307:
of 22 March every year, except in
Gregorian leap years when it starts on 21 March. The Lunisolar Shalivaahana Saka continues to be used widely in Southern and Western India for many religious and some secular purposes such as sowing and agriculture.
222:(973–1048 CE), and others. However, it is an obvious fabrication. Over time, the word "Shaka" became generic, and came to be mean "an era"; the era thus came to be known as "Shalivahana Shaka".
163:
region. These years are interpreted as Shaka years 11 (89 CE) and 52 (130 CE). A previously more common view was that the beginning of the Shaka era corresponds to the ascension of
214:, grandson of legendary emperor Vikramaditya defeated the Shakas in 78 CE, and the Shaka era marks the day of this conquest. This legend has been mentioned in the writings of
284:
The calendar era remained in use in India and
Southeast Asia throughout the medieval period, the main alternative era in traditional Hindu timekeeping being the
1556:
1203:
266:
1821:
250:(178–197), they recorded the date of minting of their coins in the Shaka era, usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in
704:
631:
573:
1348:
761:
1639:
563:
729:
665:
600:
546:
515:
485:
454:
423:
124:
The origin of the Shaka era is highly controversial. There are two Shaka era systems in scholarly use, one is called
210:
might have led the southern scholars to fabricate a similar legend. Another similar account claims that the emperor
1298:
692:
Indian
Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
140:, a system that is common in epigraphic evidence from southern India. A parallel northern India system is the
50:
1644:
1582:
1375:
128:, whose epoch is uncertain, probably sometime in the 1st millennium BCE because ancient Buddhist and Jaina
1482:
810:
1816:
1621:
1457:
966:
623:
371:
first year of the era is numbered as year zero. This differs from
Western eras which use current years.
278:
1586:
194:, the historically inaccurate notion of "Shalivahana era" appears to be based on the victory of the
1519:
1062:
1003:
322:
293:
31:
17:
719:
590:
1995:
1467:
1336:
754:
696:
416:
Between the
Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
899:
2000:
1293:
917:
199:
78:
1903:
690:
532:
505:
440:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1694:
1156:
617:
471:
411:
1801:
1684:
1509:
1417:
1035:
929:
845:
206:) kings. Sircar also suggested that the association of the northern king Vikramaditya with
191:
117:
8:
1883:
1654:
1616:
1452:
1402:
1252:
1230:
1225:
1171:
1101:
1069:
538:
446:
93:
85:
1974:
1791:
1689:
1412:
1390:
1355:
1326:
1131:
1111:
830:
825:
789:
747:
327:
304:
159:
in 78 CE. His inscriptions, dated to the years 11 and 52, have been found at Andhau in
132:
and texts use it, but this is a subject of dispute among scholars. The other is called
1964:
1831:
1826:
1572:
1524:
1462:
1442:
1257:
1208:
1178:
1116:
1079:
1074:
1020:
983:
924:
894:
889:
884:
815:
725:
700:
661:
627:
596:
569:
542:
511:
481:
450:
419:
353:
203:
1811:
1551:
1541:
1437:
1242:
1237:
1166:
1126:
1106:
1096:
1052:
978:
956:
951:
946:
912:
840:
820:
646:
Rapson, "A Catalogue of Indian coins in the
British Museum. Andhras etc." p. CCVIII
145:
37:
438:
1841:
1836:
1767:
1631:
1596:
1546:
1504:
1422:
1407:
1343:
1331:
1321:
1267:
1198:
1188:
1121:
1084:
1025:
988:
941:
936:
477:
251:
231:
53:) of the Saka era, therefore 231 CE, clearly appears behind the head of the king.
1395:
288:
era (56 BC). It was used by
Javanese courts until 1633, when it was replaced by
270:
30:
This article is about historical calendar era. For "Śaka calendar" of 1957, see
1806:
1664:
1529:
1514:
1472:
1447:
1385:
1380:
1303:
1288:
1262:
1215:
1193:
1183:
1089:
1057:
1042:
1010:
993:
961:
835:
794:
784:
239:
176:
89:
42:
1989:
1534:
1487:
1477:
1432:
1427:
1272:
1247:
1220:
1161:
1144:
1015:
998:
879:
850:
660:(2nd ed.). Stanford University Press and Macmillans. pp. 5 and 46.
317:
300:
289:
285:
269:. It was in widespread use by the 6th to 7th centuries, e.g. in the works of
152:
1915:
412:"Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta interlude in the Gangetic Plains"
360:, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, pp. 255–256
1871:
1846:
1721:
1649:
1139:
258:
247:
129:
70:
303:
of the year AD 78. The year of the official Shaka
Calendar is tied to the
1851:
1777:
1746:
1741:
1659:
1149:
274:
215:
211:
207:
171:
ascended the throne in 127 CE. Moreover, Kanishka was not a Shaka, but a
151:
The beginning of the Shaka era is now widely equated to the ascension of
1497:
1866:
1861:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1606:
971:
195:
180:
164:
1944:
1908:
1876:
1772:
1751:
1731:
855:
439:
Adalbert J. Gail; Gerd J. R. Mevissen; Richard
Salomon, eds. (2006).
292:, a hybrid Javanese-Islamic system. It was adopted as the era of the
219:
156:
381:
379:
377:
167:
in 78 CE. However, the latest research by Henry Falk indicated that
1939:
1736:
770:
262:
184:
168:
46:
1492:
391:
374:
172:
175:
ruler. Other historical candidates have included rulers such as
243:
112:
1726:
160:
74:
739:
1856:
235:
62:
84:
The era has been widely used in different regions of the
717:
588:
277:, and by the 7th century also appears in epigraphy in
503:
615:
409:
351:
1987:
688:
469:
397:
385:
267:decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
257:The use of the calendar era survived into the
755:
561:
442:Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy
568:. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 321.
530:
230:The earliest known users of the era are the
658:A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300
1960:
762:
748:
510:. Northern Book Centre. pp. 135–136.
499:
497:
49:. The minting date, here 153 (100-50-3 in
296:(also known as "Śaka calendar") in 1957.
655:
111:
77:(its year zero) of which corresponds to
36:
524:
494:
418:. Oxford University Press. p. 69.
358:Report of the Calendar Reform Committee
14:
1988:
743:
345:
24:
507:Foreign Influence on Ancient India
25:
2012:
619:South Indian Shrines: Illustrated
1970:
1969:
1959:
1822:English and British regnal year
718:RajendraSingh Kushwaha (2003).
656:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993).
649:
640:
609:
589:RajendraSingh Kushwaha (2003).
582:
555:
504:Krishna Chandra Sagar (1992).
463:
432:
403:
364:
120:dated Shaka era 1685 (AD 1763)
13:
1:
769:
616:P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1982).
414:. In Patrick Olivelle (ed.).
333:
724:. Ocean books. p. 184.
721:Glimpses of Bhartiya History
595:. Ocean books. p. 184.
592:Glimpses of Bhartiya History
410:Shailendra Bhandare (2006).
352:Government of India (1955),
338:
7:
311:
10:
2017:
681:
624:Asian Educational Services
107:
29:
1955:
1896:
1760:
1714:
1703:
1673:
1630:
1565:
1368:
1314:
1281:
875:
864:
803:
777:
689:Richard Salomon (1998).
565:History of Ancient India
470:Ladislav Stančo (2012).
323:Indian national calendar
294:Indian national calendar
265:tradition following the
225:
148:linked to Vikramaditya.
96:, it is referred as the
69:) is a historical Hindu
32:Indian national calendar
890:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
697:Oxford University Press
299:The Shaka epoch is the
190:According to historian
144:, which is used by the
116:Mohar of Gorkhali king
1921:Dungeons & Dragons
1327:Ethiopian and Eritrean
562:kamlesh kapur (2010).
473:Greek Gods in the East
200:Gautamiputra Satakarni
121:
73:(year numbering), the
54:
51:Brahmi script numerals
1933:The Lord of the Rings
1640:Hanke–Henry Permanent
531:D. C. Sircar (1965).
115:
40:
541:. pp. 262–266.
398:Richard Salomon 1998
386:Richard Salomon 1998
279:Hindu Southeast Asia
246:. From the reign of
192:Dineshchandra Sircar
118:Prithvi Narayan Shah
1645:International Fixed
1583:Proleptic Gregorian
1204:Slavic Native Faith
539:Motilal Banarsidass
447:Motilal Banarsidass
261:and became part of
94:Government of India
92:. According to the
86:Indian subcontinent
1315:Christian variants
626:. pp. 80–81.
400:, p. 181–183.
388:, p. 182–184.
328:Gregorian calendar
218:(7th century CE),
122:
55:
27:Hindu calendar era
1983:
1982:
1965:List of calendars
1892:
1891:
1591:historiographical
1458:French Republican
1364:
1363:
1122:Manipuri (Meitei)
706:978-0-19-535666-3
633:978-81-206-0151-2
575:978-81-207-5212-2
204:Western Kshatrapa
202:over some Shaka (
134:Saka Era of 78 CE
16:(Redirected from
2008:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1827:Human (Holocene)
1812:Chinese Imperial
1712:
1711:
1632:Reform proposals
1587:Proleptic Julian
1349:Eastern Orthodox
979:Germanic heathen
957:Earthly Branches
873:
872:
764:
757:
750:
741:
740:
735:
710:
672:
671:
653:
647:
644:
638:
637:
613:
607:
606:
586:
580:
579:
559:
553:
552:
534:Indian Epigraphy
528:
522:
521:
501:
492:
491:
467:
461:
460:
436:
430:
429:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
372:
368:
362:
361:
349:
146:Vikrami calendar
21:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1951:
1888:
1842:Nirayana system
1768:Ab urbe condita
1756:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1626:
1577:anthropological
1561:
1360:
1344:Liturgical year
1310:
1277:
869:
867:
860:
799:
773:
768:
738:
732:
713:
707:
684:
676:
675:
668:
654:
650:
645:
641:
634:
614:
610:
603:
587:
583:
576:
560:
556:
549:
529:
525:
518:
502:
495:
488:
478:Karolinum Press
468:
464:
457:
449:. p. 193.
437:
433:
426:
408:
404:
396:
392:
384:
375:
369:
365:
350:
346:
341:
336:
314:
252:Brahmi numerals
232:Western Satraps
228:
110:
98:Shalivahana Era
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2014:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:Hindu calendar
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Chinese Minguo
1814:
1809:
1807:Before Present
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:Calendar round
1301:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
991:
986:
981:
976:
975:
974:
969:
964:
962:Heavenly Stems
959:
949:
944:
939:
934:
933:
932:
922:
921:
920:
915:
907:
906:
905:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
870:
865:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
807:
805:
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
781:
779:
775:
774:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
737:
736:
730:
714:
712:
711:
705:
685:
683:
680:
674:
673:
666:
648:
639:
632:
608:
601:
581:
574:
554:
547:
523:
516:
493:
486:
480:. p. 18.
462:
455:
431:
424:
402:
390:
373:
363:
354:"The Saka Era"
343:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
325:
320:
313:
310:
305:Gregorian date
301:vernal equinox
227:
224:
177:Vima Kadphises
109:
106:
90:Southeast Asia
88:as well as in
43:Western Satrap
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2013:
2002:
2001:Calendar eras
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:Anno Martyrum
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:and numbering
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1622:'Pataphysical
1620:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Tōnalpōhualli
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Vikram Samvat
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:Vikram Samvat
997:
996:
995:
992:
990:
987:
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868:limited use
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275:Brahmagupta
216:Brahmagupta
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334:References
196:Satavahana
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102:Śālivāhana
67:Śaka, Śāka
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