Empire - Knowledge

3142:(ca. 1300–1918), had conquered most of the region. The Ottoman Empire was a successor of the Abbasid Empire and it was the most powerful empire to succeed the Abbasi empires at the time, as well as one of the most powerful empires in the world. They became the successors after the Abbasid Empire fell from the Mongols (Hülegü Khan). The Ottoman Empire centered on modern day Turkey, dominated the eastern Mediterranean, overthrew the Byzantine Empire to claim Constantinople and it would start battering at Austria and Malta, which were countries that were key to central and to south-west Europe respectively — mainly for their geographical location. The reason these occurrences of batterings were so important was because the Ottomans were Muslim, and the rest of Europe was Christian, so there was a sense of religious fighting going on. This was not just a rivalry of East and West but a rivalry between Christians and Muslims. Both the Christians and Muslims had alliances with other countries, and they had problems in them as well. The flows of trade and of cultural influences across the supposed great divide never ceased, so the countries never stopped bartering with each other. These epochal clashes between civilizations profoundly shaped many people's thinking back then, and continues to do so in the present day. Modern hatred against Muslim communities in South-Eastern Europe, mainly in Bosnia and Kosovo, has often been articulated in terms of seeing them as unwelcome residues of this imperialism: in short, as Turks. Moreover, Eastern Orthodox imperialism was not re-established until the coronation of 2566:, and left a lasting impact on European society. Many languages, cultural values, religious institutions, political divisions, urban centers, and legal systems can trace their origins to the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire governed and rested on exploitative actions. They took slaves and money from the peripheries to support the imperial center. However, the absolute reliance on conquered peoples to carry out the empire's fortune, sustain wealth, and fight wars would ultimately lead to the collapse of the Roman Empire. The Romans were strong believers in what they called their "civilizing mission". This term was legitimized and justified by writers like Cicero who wrote that only under Roman rule could the world flourish and prosper. This ideology, that was envisioned to bring a new world order, was eventually spread across the Mediterranean world and beyond. People started to build houses like Romans, eat the same food, wear the same clothes and engage in the same games. Even rights of citizenship and authority to rule were granted to people not born within Roman territory. 4094:, Peter Heather contends that there are many factors, including issues of money and manpower, which produce military limitations and culminate in the Roman army's inability to effectively repel invading barbarians at the frontier. The Western Roman economy was already stretched to its limit in the 4th and 5th centuries C.E. due to continual conflict and loss of territory which, in turn, generated loss of revenue from the tax base. There was also the looming presence of the Persians which, at any time, took a large percentage of the fighting force's attention. At the same time the Huns, a nomadic warrior people from the steppes of Asia, are also putting extreme pressure on the German tribes outside of the Roman frontier, which gave the German tribes no other choice, geographically, but to move into Roman territory. At this point, without increased funding, the Roman army could no longer effectively defend its borders against major waves of Germanic tribes. This inability is illustrated by the crushing 5083:, the book warned: Every dynamic force, every economic and technological reality, every "law of history" and logic "indicates that we are on the verge of a period of empire building," which is "the last phase of the struggle for the conquest of the world." As an elimination contest, one of the three remaining powers or a combination "will achieve by force that unified control made mandatory by the times we live in… Anyone of three, by defeating the other two, would conquer and rule the world." If we fail to institute a unified control over the world in democratic way, the "iron law of history" would compel us to wage wars until world empire is finally attained through conquest. Since the former way is improbable due human blindness, we should precipitate the unification by conquest as quickly as possible and start the restoration of human liberties within the world empire. 4040:. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the colonial empire of France was the second largest in the world behind the British Empire. The French colonial empire extended over 13.5 million km (5.2 million sq mi) of land at its height in the 1920s and 1930s with a totaled population of 150 million people. Including metropolitan France, the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 13.5 million km (5.2 million sq mi) at the time, which is 10.0% of the Earth's total land area. The total area of the French colonial empire, with the first (mainly in the Americas and Asia) and second (mainly in Africa and Asia), the French colonial empires combined, reached 24 million km (9.3 million sq mi), the second largest in the world (the first being the British Empire). 5607:, outlined the "inexorable laws of history" by which political units grow larger in size and smaller in number. The process began in the earliest times and has continued almost always in the same direction. In the long run, the tendency to unification has been more powerful than of disintegration. "Thus the history of mankind shows us the grand spectacle of the grouping of man in units of ever increasing size." The progress in the direction of unification has been so regular and so marked that we must needs conclude that the same tendencies will govern our history in the future. Today the unity of the world is not less conceivable than the modern nations were in the early history. The practical difficulties that stand in the way of the formation of still larger units count for nothing before the "inexorable laws of history." 4453:

its entire history. As David Ludden explains, "journalists, scholars, teachers, students, analysts, and politicians prefer to depict the U.S. as a nation pursuing its own interests and ideals". This often results in imperialist endeavors being presented as measures taken to enhance state security. Ludden explains this phenomenon with the concept of "ideological blinders", which he says prevent American citizens from realizing the true nature of America's current systems and strategies. These "ideological blinders" that people wear have resulted in an "invisible" American empire of which most American citizens are unaware. Besides its anti-imperialist principles, the United States is not traditionally recognized as an empire, because the U.S. adopted a different political system from those that previous empires had used.

2768: 2664: 5427: 3808: 4465:. This was done by financial means in some cases, and by military force in others. Most notably, the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the Texas Annexation (1845), and the Mexican Cession (1848) highlight the imperialistic goals of the United States during this "modern period" of imperialism. The U.S. government has stopped adding additional territories, where they permanently and politically take over since the early 20th century, and instead have established 800 military bases as their outposts. With this overt but subtle military control of other countries, scholars consider 4805:

500 years ago. Prior to this emergence of a global-scope system, the pattern of world politics was characterized by regional systems. These regional systems were initially anarchic and marked by high levels of military competition. But almost universally, they tended to consolidate into regional empires ... Thus it was empires—not anarchic state systems—that typically dominated the regional systems in all parts of the world ... Within this global pattern of regional empires, European political order was distinctly anomalous because it persisted so long as an anarchy.

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light ... This tendency ... has shown itself successively in several States which could make pretensions to such a dominion, and since the fall of the Papacy, it has become the sole animating principle of our History ... Whether clearly or not—it may be obscurely—yet has this tendency lain at the root of the undertakings of many States in Modern Times ... Although no individual Epoch may have contemplated this purpose, yet is this the spirit which runs through all these individual Epochs, and invisibly urges them onward.

3605: 3617: 5592:: The era of outward expansion is forever closed. "Until and unless we are able to communicate with another planet, the theater of human history will be limited to geographically determined, constant and known dimensions." The historic trend of expansion will result in direct collision between the remaining powers. Multiplied by modern technology, the centripetal forces will accomplish what the greatest empires of the past failed. "For the first time in human history, one power can conquer and rule the world." 3691: 2748: 3420: 5149:

inevitable and imminent. "The atomic weapons ... will not permit the world to wait." Only a world empire can establish monopoly on atomic weapons and thus guarantee the survival of civilization. A world empire "is in fact the objective of the Third World War which, in its preliminary stages, has already began". The issue of a world empire "will be decided, and in our day. In the course of the decision, both of the present antagonists may, it is true, be destroyed, but one of them must be."

3224: 2716: 2698: 2068: 220: 2326: 2087: 3711: 5832:, suggested that China, as an isolated and enduring civilization, seems to provide the most relevant model for the global future. As the Chinese Empire, the regions of the world, periodically albeit more rarely, will be united by force into an uneasy world-empire, which will endure for a period until it falls. Along China, Ostrovsky mentions Egypt as a model for the future but, by contrast, estimates that the intermediate periods of the global empire will be shorter and rarer. 3790: 2555: 1647: 1043: 4090:, Marcus Aurelius in 161–180 A.D. There is still a debate over the cause of the fall of one of the largest empires in history. Piganiol argues that the Roman Empire under its authority can be described as "a period of terror", holding its imperial system accountable for its failure. Another theory blames the rise of Christianity as the cause, arguing that the spread of certain Christian ideals caused internal weakness of the military and state. In his book 2682: 2307: 3732: 91: 5369:

stable and no new major powers emerge from outside the system." With the system becoming global, further expansion is precluded. The geopolitical condition of "global closure" will remain to the end of history. Since "the contemporary international system is global, we can rule out the possibility that geographic expansion of the system will contribute to the emergence of a new balance of power, as it did so many times in the past." As

3651: 4643: 3441: 5641:, writing yet in 1943, drew a more specific and immediate future imperial project: After the War America is bound "to take over the command of the skies." The danger of "the utter annihilation of all enemy towns and lands" can "only be prevented by the air superiority of a single power ... America's air role is the only alternative to intercontinental wars." Despite his outstanding anti-imperialism, Coudenhove-Kalergi detailed: 5129:, wrote in 1945: All empires are but stages on the way to the sole empire which must swallow all others. The only question is who will build it and on which foundations. Universal unity is the only alternative to annihilation. Unity by conference is utopian but unity by conquest by the strongest power is not and probably the uncompleted in this War will be completed in the next. "Pax Atlantica" is the best of possible outcomes. 3778: 2649: 50: 3752: 5406:. Once the state of entropy is reached, there is no going back. The initial conditions are lost forever. Stressing the curiosity of the fact, Schweller writes that since the moment the modern world became a closed system, the process has worked in only one direction: from many poles to two poles to one pole. Thus unipolarity might represent the entropy—stable and permanent loss of variation—in the global system. 4871:, acknowledged that it was the opposite idea—of imperialism—that was, perhaps, the most influential single idea for two millennia, the ordering of human society through unified dominion and common civilization. Yet a century ago, most of the world was ruled by persons who proudly proclaimed themselves Emperors and were proud of their Empires. Of the great powers, only the United States and France were republics. 250: 5309:. The circumscribed Chinese Empire recovered from all falls, while the fall of Rome, by contrast, was fatal. "What counteracted this tendency in Europe ... was a countervailing tendency for the geographical boundaries of the system to expand." If "Europe had been a closed system, some great power would eventually have succeeded in establishing absolute supremacy over the other states in the region". 152: 5341:

Russia, France and the United States paid to expanding into far-flung territories in imperial fashion, the less attention they paid to one another, and the more peaceful, in a sense, the world was. But by the late nineteenth century, the consolidation of the great nation-states and empires of the West was consummated, and territorial gains could only be made at the expense of one another.

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remaining competitor and establishes world empire, like the earlier empires used to on the regional scale. The other alternative is the United Nations. Having devoted his life to the study of history and international affairs, Toynbee did not bet on the United Nations. Instead, he identified symptoms of the traditional power politics leading to the world empire by a universal conquest.

5011:—stressed that imperial expansion cannot indefinitely proceed on the definite surface of the globe and therefore world empire is imminent. Kang Youwei in 1885 believed that the imperial trend will culminate in the contest between Washington and Berlin and Vacher de Lapouge in 1899 estimated that the final contest will be between Russia and America in which America is likely to triumph. 10564:. 'In less than a generation, provinces kingdoms.' state of perpetual war the persistent polycentrism made possible by the disappearance of Rome, y the time of the Reformation the 'competitive fragmentation of power' ensured that Europe was studded with safety zones that protected beleaguered dissidents. The best thing that Rome ever did for Europe was to die and not return. 4449:

such as George Washington noted after the Revolution that the US was an empire in its infancy, and others like Thomas Jefferson agreed, describing the constitution as the perfect foundation for an "extensive Empire". Jefferson in the 1780s while awaiting the fall of the Spanish empire, said: "till our population can be sufficiently advanced to gain it from them piece by piece".

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into the Twentieth century and beyond... By comparison, the nation-state appears as a blip on the historical horizon, a state form that emerged recently from under imperial skies and whose hold on the world's political imagination may well prove partial or transitory... The endurance of empire challenges the notion that the nation-state is natural, necessary, and inevitable ...

5095:, opening: "A few weeks after the publication of this book, the first atomic bomb exploded over the city of Hiroshima…" This new physical fact however has changed nothing in the political situation. The world empire remains inevitable and nothing else in the book would have been said differently had it been written after August 6, 1945. Not much chance we have to establish 1964:, eventually leading to the looser denotations applicable to any political structure meeting the criteria of "imperium". Some monarchies styled themselves as having greater size, scope, and power than the territorial, politico-military, and economic facts support. As a consequence, some monarchs assumed the title of "emperor" (or its corresponding translation, 5672:

falling by so narrow a margin to win the prize of world-dominion for himself, Hitler had left the prize dangling within the reach of any successor capable of pursuing the same aims of world-conquest with a little more patience, prudence, and tact." With his "revolution of destruction," Hitler has performed the "yeoman service" for "some future architect of a

5630:& Cesare Marchetti—researched expanding imperial cycles. All argued that these cycles represent an historical trend leading to world empire. Naroll and Carneiro also found this outcome "close at hand," c. 2200 and 2300 respectively. In 2013, Marchetti and Ausubel estimated that the global empire is to rise within "a couple more generations." 4617:

association implied that Putin's "complaints about historical injustice, eastward NATO expansion, and other grievances with the west were all a façade for a traditional war of conquest" and imperialism. "After months of denials that Russia is driven by imperial ambitions in Ukraine, Putin appeared to embrace that mission." On the same occasion,

3080:(Holy Roman Empire), which lasted from 800 to 1806, claimed to have exclusively comprehended Christian principalities, and was only nominally a discrete imperial state. The Holy Roman Empire was not always centrally-governed, as it had neither core nor peripheral territories, and was not governed by a central, politico-military elite. Hence, 3348:'s GDP. It has been estimated that the Mughal emperors controlled an unprecedented one-fourth of the world's entire economy and was home to one-fourth of the world's population at the time. After the death of Aurangzeb, which marks the end of the medieval India and the beginning of European invasion in India, the empire was weakened by 4799:

much about empires as it was states. Almost all of the emerging European states no sooner began to consolidate than they were off on campaigns of conquest and commerce to the farthest reaches of the globe... Ironically, it was the European empires that carried the idea of the sovereign territorial state to the rest of the world ...

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that the public's sense of innocence about Realpolitik (politics based on practical considerations, rather than ideals) impacts popular recognition of US imperial conduct since it governed other countries via surrogates. These surrogates were domestically weak, right-wing governments that would collapse without US support.

5122:, generalized on the ancient Empires of Egypt, Babylon, Persia and Greece to imply for the modern world: "The analogy in present global terms would be the final unification of the world through the preponderant power of either America or Russia, whichever proved herself victorious in the final struggle." 5704:

do is to assist these peoples." Two years later, he wrote: When it was decided to deploy US divisions to Europe, no one had "for an instant" thought that they would remain there for "several decades"—that the United States could "build a sort of Roman Wall with its own troops and so protect the world."

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is eventually established, though he did not specify how the last transformation is expected to occur. Coudenhove-Kalergi's follower in the teleological theory of World State, Toynbee, specified two ways. One is by wars going on to a bitter end at which one surviving great power "knocks out" its last

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Looking at these impressive facilities which reproduce substantial parts of American suburbia complete with movie theatres and restaurant chains, the parallels with Roman garrison towns built on the Rhine, or on Hadrian's wall in England, where the remains are strikingly visible on the landscape, are

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For a major power, prosecution of any war that is not a defense of the homeland usually requires overseas military bases for strategic reasons. After the war is over, it is tempting for the victor to retain such bases and easy to find reasons to do so. Commonly, preparedness for a possible resumption

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in 221 BC) endured for over two millennia. German Sociologist Friedrich Tenbruck, criticizing the Western idea of progress, emphasized that China and Egypt remained at one particular stage of development for millennia. This stage was universal empire. The development of Egypt and China came to a halt

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concluded: "Now that the earth is at last parceled out, consolidation has commenced." In "this world of fighting superstates there could be no end to war until one state had subjected all others, until world empire had been achieved by the strongest. This undoubtedly is the logical final stage in the

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Most states systems have ended in universal empire, which has swallowed all the states of the system. The examples are so abundant that we must ask two questions: Is there any states system which has not led fairly directly to the establishment of a world empire? Does the evidence rather suggest that

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When this pattern of political history is found in the New World as well as in the Old World, it looks as if the pattern must be intrinsic to the political history of societies of the species we call civilizations, in whatever part of the world the specimens of this species occur. If this conclusion

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Empires have played a long and critical part in human history ... efforts in words and wars to put national unity at the center of political imagination, imperial politics, imperial practices, and imperial cultures have shaped the world we live in ... Rome was evoked as a model of splendor and order

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estimate that "empires have always been more frequent, more extensive political and social forms than tribal territories or nations have ever been." Many empires endured for centuries, while the age of the ancient Egyptian, Chinese and Japanese Empires is counted in millennia. "Most people throughout

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to be imperialistic. Academic Krishna Kumar argues that the distinct principles of nationalism and imperialism may result in common practice; that is, the pursuit of nationalism can often coincide with the pursuit of imperialism in terms of strategy and decision making. Stuart Creighton Miller posits

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strategies. The term is most commonly used to describe the U.S.'s status since the 20th century, but it can also be applied to the United States' world standing before the rise of nationalism in the 20th century. The US itself was at one point a colony in the British Empire. However, founding fathers

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empire of indirect conquest and control with power. The former method provides greater tribute and direct political control, yet limits further expansion because it absorbs military forces to fixed garrisons. The latter method provides less tribute and indirect control, but avails military forces for

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Empires originated as different types of states, although they commonly began as powerful monarchies. Ideas about empires have changed over time, ranging from public approval to distaste. Empires are built out of separate units with some kind of diversity – ethnic, national, cultural, religious – and

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of 750 AD. Both "were good auguries for the prospect that, in a post-Modern chapter of Western history, a supranational commonwealth originally based on the hegemony of a paramount power over its satellites might eventually be put on the sounder basis of a constitutional partnership in which all the

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Dissociating America from Rome, Eisenhower gave a pessimistic forecast. In 1951, before he became president, he had written on West Europe: "We cannot be a modern Rome guarding the far frontiers with our legions if for no other reason than that these are not, politically, our frontiers. What we must

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developed a similar concept. Balance-of-power politics has aimed less at preserving peace than at preserving the independence of states and preventing the development of world empire. In the course of history, the balance of power repeatedly re-emerged, but on ever-wider scale. Eventually, the scale

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observed that the "drive toward the building of continually larger states continues throughout the entirety of history" and is active in the present. He drew "Seven Laws of Expansionism". His seventh law stated: "The general trend toward amalgamation transmits the tendency of territorial growth from

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Balance of power systems have in the past tended, through the process of conquest of lesser states by greater states, towards reduction in the number of states involved, and towards less frequent but more devastating wars, until eventually a universal empire has been established through the conquest

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The history of interstate relations was largely that of successive great empires. The pattern of international political change during the millennia of the pre-modern era has been described as an imperial cycle ... World politics was characterized by the rise and decline of powerful empires, each of

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Our field's fixation on the Westphalian state has tended to obscure the fact that the main actors in global politics, for most of time immemorial, have been empires rather than states ... In fact, it is a very distorted view of even the Westphalian era not to recognize that it was always at least as

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In all previous struggles for supremacy, attempts to unite the European peninsula in a single state have been condemned to failure primarily through the intrusion of new forces from outside the old Occident. The Occident was an open area. But the globe was not, and, for that very reason, ultimately

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Nothing has ever existed like this disparity of power. The Pax Britannica was run on the cheap. Napoleon's France and Philip II's Spain had powerful foes and were part of a multipolar system. Charlemagne's empire was merely western European in stretch. The Roman Empire stretched further afield, but

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causally linked the end of the overseas outlet for imperial expansion and World Wars. In the nineteenth century, he wrote during the Second World War, imperialist wars were waged against "primitive" peoples. "It was silly for European countries to fight against one another when they could still ...

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Today war has become an instrument of universal destruction, an instrument that destroys the victor and the vanquished ... At worst, victor and loser would be undistinguishable under the leveling impact of such a catastrophe ... At best, the destruction on one side would not be quite as great as on

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perception of its place in the world, as a nation and as a civilization. These changes constitute the "Age of Nation Empires". Nation-empire regionalism claims sovereignty over their respective (regional) political (social, economic, ideologic), cultural, and military spheres and denotes the return

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in world history, encompassing one quarter of the world's land area and one fifth of its population. The impacts of this period are still prominent in the current age "including widespread use of the English language, belief in Protestant religion, economic globalization, modern precepts of law and

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etc.) and renamed their states as "The Empire of ...". Empires were seen as an expanding power, administration, ideas and beliefs followed by cultural habits from place to place. Some empires tended to impose their culture on the subject states to strengthen the imperial structure; others opted for

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finds that the Europeans wanted a stronger, more formal and more imperial system than the United States was initially willing to provide. In the end the United States settled for this "form of empire—a Pax Americana with formal commitments to Europe." According to a much debated thesis, the United

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The opportunity for any system to expand in size seems almost a necessary condition for it to remain balanced, at least over the long haul. Far from being impossible or exceedingly improbable, systemic hegemony is likely under two conditions: "when the boundaries of the international system remain

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he old European tendency toward division is now being thrust aside by the new global trend toward unification. And the onrush of this trend may not come to rest until it has asserted itself throughout our planet ... The global order still seems to be going through its birth pangs ... With the last

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of 1921 will have been that of other wars. Napoleon introduced the idea of military world empire different from the preceding European maritime empires. The contest "for the heritage of the whole world" will culminate "within two generations" (from 1922). The destinies of small states are "without

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which in turn unified and ordered its respective international system. The recurrent pattern in every civilization of which we have knowledge was for one state to unify the system under its imperial domination. The propensity toward universal empire was the principal feature of pre-modern politics.

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Empire has been the historically predominant form of order in world politics. Looking at a time frame of several millennia, there was no global anarchic system until the European explorations and subsequent imperial and colonial ventures connected disparate regional systems, doing so approximately

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Even so, the ideology that the US was founded on anti-imperialist principles has prevented many from acknowledging America's status as an empire. This active rejection of imperialist status is not limited to high-ranking government officials, as it has been ingrained in American society throughout

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No imperialism, but technical and strategic problems of security urge America to rule the skies of the globe, just as Britain during the last century ruled the seas of the world... Pacifists and anti-imperialists will be shocked by this logic. They will try to find an escape. But they will try in

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concludes: If either of the two Superpowers wins, the result would be a universal empire which in our case would also be a world empire. The historical stage for a world empire had already been set prior to and independently of the discovery of atomic weapons but these weapons make a world empire

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share the above-cited views: "With American military bases in over 120 countries, we have hardly seen the end of empire." This "vast archipelago of US military bases … far exceeds 19th-century British ambitions. Britain's imperium consisted of specific, albeit numerous, colonies and clients; the

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European balance of power could be maintained or adjusted because it was relatively easy to divert European conflicts into overseas directions and adjust them there. Thus the openness of the world contributed to the consolidation of the territorial system. The end of the 'world frontier' and the

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drew similar conclusions. Fluctuating but persistent movement occurred through the centuries toward ever greater unity. The forward movement toward ever larger unities continues and there is no reason to conclude that it has come to an end. More likely, the greatest convergence of all time is at

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There is necessary tendency in every cultivated State to extend itself generally ... Such is the case in Ancient History ... As the States become stronger in themselves and cast off that foreign power, the tendency towards a Universal Monarchy over the whole Christian World necessarily comes to

4526:(such as the duality between those who are "inside" and those who are "outside"), the deliberate weakening of international organizations, the restructured international economy, economic nationalism, the expanded arming of most countries, the proliferation of nuclear weapon capabilities and the 2109:

Stephen Howe writes that with the exception of the Roman, Chinese and "perhaps ancient Egyptian states", early empires seldom survived the death of their founder and were usually limited in scope to conquest and collection of tribute, having little impact on the everyday lives of their subjects.

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Empires have been the key actors in world politics for millennia. They helped create the interdependent civilizations of all the continents ... Imperial control stretches through history, many say, to the present day. Empires are as old as history itself ... They have held the leading role ever

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supposes world empire by universal conquest and subsequent consolidation, provided the conquering power recognizes all conquered members. For his example he also invokes the Roman Empire. In satirical criticism of the European pro-American stance in the wake of September 11, French Philosopher

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Toynbee emphasized that the world is ripe for conquest: "...Hitler's eventual failure to impose peace on the world by the force of arms was due, not to any flaw in his thesis that the world was ripe for conquest, but to an accidental combination of incidental errors in his measures..." But "in

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The new 'empire' is not an entity that could be drawn on a map... Drawing a map of the empire would also be a pointless exercise because the most conspicuously 'imperial' trait of the new empire's mode of being consists in viewing and treating the whole of the planet ... as a potential grazing

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wrote that the very imperial expansion into relatively empty geographical spaces in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, in Africa, Eurasia, and western North America, deflected great power politics into the periphery of the earth, thereby reducing conflict. For example, the more attention

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The ancient Chinese system was relatively enclosed, whereas the European system began to expand its reach to the rest of the world from the onset of system formation... In addition, overseas provided outlet for territorial competition, thereby allowing international competition on the European

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similarly supposed that the bomb may in the hands of a very skillful and lucky nation prove to be the weapon that permits that nation to unify the world by imperial conquest, to do what Napoleon and Hitler failed to do. Combined with other "wonders of science," it would permit a quick and easy

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During the third century BC the Mediterranean world was divided on five great powers—Roma and Carthage, Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The balance of power led to a series of wars until Rome emerged the queen of the Mediterranean and established an incomparable era of two centuries of peace and

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compared two emergences of universal empires and implied for the modern world: The Chinese League of States failed as well as the Taoist idea of intellectual self-disarmament. The Chinese states defended their last independence with bitterness but in vain. Also in vain Rome attempted to avoid

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policies. Cultures generated by empires could have notable effects that outlasted the empire itself. Most histories of empires have been hostile, especially if the authors were promoting nationalism. Stephen Howe, although himself hostile, listed positive qualities: the guaranteed stability,

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The outcome of the Third World War ... seemed likely to be the imposition of an ecumenical peace of the Roman kind by the victor whose victory would leave him with a monopoly on the control of atomic energy in his grasp ... This denouement was foreshadowed, not only by present facts, but by

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Furthermore, empires can expand by both land and sea. Stephen Howe notes that empires by land can be characterized by expansion over terrain, "extending directly outwards from the original frontier" while an empire by sea can be characterized by colonial expansion and empire building "by an

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himself used to state: "For Russia to survive, it must remain an empire." In June 2022, on the 350 anniversary of the birth of the 18th-century Russian tsar Peter the Great, Putin has compared himself to him associating their twin historic quests to win back Russian lands. For critics this

4966:, in the mid-Nineteenth century observed a macro-historic trend of imperial growth in both Hemispheres: "Men of great and strong minds, as well as whole nations, acted under influence of one idea, the purity of which was utterly unknown to them." The imperial expansion filled the world 5210:

Having modeled the rise of the world empire on the cases of previous empires, Toynbee noted that, by contrast, the modern ultimate "blow" would be atomic. But he remains optimistic: No doubt, the modern world has far greater capacity to reconstruct than the earlier civilizations had.

4606:, interpreted the policy of Putin as an attempt to bring back the tsarist Russian Empire. By this time, the "neo-imperialism," or "neo-imperial ambitions" of Russia became widely claimed. When Vladimir Putin denies the reality of the Ukrainian state, says another historian of empires 5585:

became global. Unless we proceed to "interplanetary wars," this pattern can no longer continue. In spite of significant reversals, the "trend towards world unity" can "scarcely be denied." World unity appears to be "the limit toward which the process of world history seems to tend."

5114:, known as prominent pacifists, outlined for the near future a perspective of world empire (world government established by force). Einstein believed that, unless world government is established by agreement, an imperial world government would come by war or wars. Russell expected a 5358:

For some commentators, the passing of the Nineteenth century seemed destined to mark the end of this long era of European empire building. The unexplored and unclaimed "blank" spaces on the world map were rapidly diminishing ... and the sense of "global closure" prompted an anxious

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Emperor Aurangzeb, it expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat, which halted the expansion of the empire. Later, the empire was divided into a confederacy of states which, in 1818, were lost to the British during the

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numbers 70 empires in the world history. Niall Ferguson lists numerous parallels between them and the United States. He concludes: "To those who would still insist on American exceptionalism, the historian of empires can only retort: as exceptional as all the other 69 empires."

2579:" was originally an honorific meaning "commander". The title was given to generals who were victorious in battle. Thus, an "empire" may include regions that are not legally within the territory of a state, but are under either direct or indirect control of that state, such as a 5507:

wondered: "The situation is unprecedented: What previous empire subjugated the entire world...?" The quests for universal empire are old but the present quest outdoes the previous in "the notable respect of being the first to actually be global in its reach." Another historian

1846:

However, sometimes an empire is only a semantic construction, such as when a ruler assumes the title of "emperor". That polity over which the ruler reigns logically becomes an "empire", despite having no additional territory or hegemony. Examples of this form of empire are the

5788:

projected the Roman scenario too: "Like the Romans, they will, in the course of time, extend citizenship to the vanquished. There will then be a true world state, and it will be possible to forget that it will have owed its origin to conquest." International Relations scholar

5222:

by erecting an imperial bureaucratic structure ... The warring states of the Twentieth century seem headed for a similar resolution of their conflicts." The ancient "resolution" McNeill evoked was one of the most sweeping universal conquests in world history, performed by

5460:

obvious ... Less visible is the sheer scale of the logistics to keep garrison troops in residence in the far-flung reaches of empire ... That presence literally builds the cultural logic of the garrison troops into the landscape, a permanent reminder of imperial control.

4992:: Nations gravitate towards the formation of a single universal society. The laws that lead the nations in that direction are the same natural laws that has formed societies and are part of evolution. These evolutionary laws exist disregarding whether men recognize them. 5774:

in her 1988 article, "The Future of the American Empire." Strange emphasized that the most persistent empires were those which best managed to integrate the ruling core and the peripheral allies. The article is partly a reply on the published a year earlier bestseller

2161:

The earliest known empire appeared in southern Egypt sometime around 3200 BC. Southern Egypt was divided by three kingdoms each centered on a powerful city. Hierapolis conquered the other two cities over two centuries, and later grew into the country of Egypt. The

3541:

imperial territories and subjects. Such subjugation often elicited "client-state" resentment that the empire unwisely ignored, leading to the collapse of the European colonial imperial system in the late 19th through the mid-20th century. Portuguese discovery of

3976:(also known as the Maratha Confederacy) was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818, and at its peak, the empire's territories covered much of Southern Asia. The empire was founded and consolidated by Shivaji. After the death of 5718:, from July 1945 to September 1994, 10 months short of 50 years. Notably, when the US troops eventually left, they left eastward. Confirming the theory of the "empire by invitation," with their first opportunity East European states extended the "invitation." 4456:

Despite the anti-imperial ideology and systematic differences, the political objectives and strategies of the United States government have been quite similar to those of previous empires. Throughout the 19th century, the United States government attempted to

1886:

Scholars distinguish empires from nation-states. In an empire, there is a hierarchy whereby one group of people (usually, the metropole) has command over other groups of people, and there is a hierarchy of rights and prestige for different groups of people.

5301:

researched the next three millennia, comparing eight civilizations. They conclude: The "rigidity of the borders" contributed importantly to hegemony in every concerned case. Hence, "when the system's borders are rigid, the probability of hegemony is high".

1819:

define empires as polities that "extend relations of power across territorial spaces over which they have no prior or given legal sovereignty, and where, in one or more of the domains of economics, politics, and culture, they gain some measure of extensive

3084:'s remark that the Holy Roman Empire "was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" is accurate to the degree that it ignores German rule over Italian, French, Provençal, Polish, Flemish, Dutch, and Bohemian populations, and the efforts of the ninth-century 5730:

predicts the triumph of the strongest race in the fight for the whole world within "two generations" and of "Caesarism" over democracy "within a century." In 2022, the Spenglerian century ended short of global "Caesarism," albeit two years before its end

4945:

In previous times events in the world occurred without impinging on one another ... history became a whole, as if a single body; events in Italy and Libya came to be enmeshed with those in Asia and Greece, and everything gets directed towards one single

4792:

Empires ... can be traced as far back as the recorded history goes; indeed, most history is the history of empires ... It is the nation-state—an essentially 19th-century ideal—that is the historical novelty and that may yet prove to be the more ephemeral

2412:

began their rise. Having decisively defeated Carthage in 202 BC, Rome defeated Macedonia in 200 BC and the Seleucids in 190–189 BC to establish an all-Mediterranean Empire. The Seleucid Empire broke apart and its former eastern part was absorbed by the

5566:

predicted global unification due to the circumscription of the global system, although he did not use this term. Being global, the system can neither expand nor be subject to external intrusion as the European states system had been for centuries:

4786:

The fact that tribes, peoples, and nations have made empires points to a fundamental political dynamic, one that helps explain why empires cannot be confined to a particular place or era but emerged and reemerged over thousands of years and on all

3052:, the title "empire" had a specific technical meaning that was exclusively applied to states that considered themselves the heirs and successors of the Roman Empire. Among these were the "Byzantine Empire", which was the actual continuation of the 4085:

is seen as one of the most pivotal points in all of human history. This event traditionally marks the transition from classical civilization to the birth of Europe. The Roman Empire started to decline at the end of the reign of the last of the

5326:

explained the durability of the European states system by its overseas expansion: "Overseas expansion and the system of states were born at the same time; the vitality that burst the bounds of the Western world also destroyed its unity." In a

5576:

Fifteen years later, Dehio confirmed his hypothesis: The European system owed its durability to its overseas outlet. "But how can a multiple grouping of world states conceivably be supported from outside in the framework of a finite globe?"

4509:

suggested: "The Age of Empire may indeed have ended, but then an age of American hegemony has begun, regardless of what one calls it." Some scholars did not bother how to call it: "When it walks like a duck, talks like a duck, it's a duck."

2133:

Empires were limited in scope to conquest, as Howe observed, but conquest is a considerable scope. Many fought to the death to avoid it or to be liberated from it. Imperial conquests and attempts of conquest significantly contributed to the

1996:

security, and legal order for their subjects. They tried to minimize ethnic and religious antagonism inside the empire. The aristocracies that ruled them were often more cosmopolitan and broad-minded than their nationalistic successors.

5050:

The world is no longer large enough to harbor several self-contained powers ... The trend toward world domination or hegemony of a single power is but the ultimate consummation of a power-system engrafted upon an otherwise integrated

5384:, noted that the circumscription theory is applicable for the global system, since the global system is circumscribed. In fact, within less than a century of its circumscribed existence the global system overcame the centuries-old 1716:; but not all states with aggregate territory under the rule of supreme authorities are called empires or are ruled by an emperor; nor have all self-described empires been accepted as such by contemporaries and historians (the 2436:, who rapidly expanded his power westward across central and western India, taking advantage of the disruptions of local powers following the withdrawal by Alexander the Great. By 320 BC, the Maurya Empire had fully occupied 2113:

With the exception of Rome, the periods of dissolution following imperial falls were equally short. Successor states seldom outlived their founders and disappeared in the next and often larger empire. Some empires, like the

1805:. Empires are typically formed from diverse ethnic, national, cultural, and religious components. 'Empire' and 'colonialism' are used to refer to relationships between a powerful state or society versus a less powerful one; 3937:, Akanland in modern-day Ghana. The Ashanti (or Asante) were a powerful, militaristic and highly disciplined people in West Africa. Their military power, which came from effective strategy and an early adoption of European 2146:, for example, whether empire had little impact on their lives, we seldom hear the voices of subject peoples because history is mostly written by winners. But one rich primary source of the subject population is the Hebrew 5746:

finds that most of the world sees the United States as a "nascent" imperial power. Some scholars concerned how this empire would look in its ultimate form. The ultimate form of empire was described by Michael Doyle in his

1727:

There have been "ancient and modern, centralized and decentralized, ultra-brutal and relatively benign" empires. An important distinction has been between land empires made up solely of contiguous territories, such as the

5207:), approved by President Harry Truman in 1951, uses the term "blow" 17 times, mostly preceded by such adjectives as "powerful", "overwhelming", or "crippling". Another term applied by the strategists was "Sunday punch". 5646:

vain... At the end of the war the crushing superiority of American plane production will be an established fact... The solution of the problem ... is by no means ideal, nor even satisfactory. But it is the minor evil...

5528:

observes that the United States attempts to recreate "globally" what the ancient empires of Egypt, China and Rome had each accomplished on a regional basis. Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Leeds,

4628:

approached the new Russian Empire as a fact and opined that this Empire must be defeated. Other pundits described the new Russian Empire as a failed attempt because Russia failed to annex the whole of Ukraine.

5363:

debate about the future of the great empires ... The "closure" of the global imperial system implied ... the beginning of a new era of intensifying inter-imperial struggle along borders that now straddled the

5175:

historical precedents, since, in the histories of other civilizations, the time of troubles had been apt to culminate in the delivery of a knock-out blow resulting in the establishment of a universal state ...

5025:

conquest of the Hellenistic east. Imperialism is so necessary a product of any civilization that when a strongest people refuse to assume the role of master, it is pushed into it. It is the same with us. The

2622:, with upper and lower legislative assemblies, and executive power vested in a single individual, the president. The president, as "commander-in-chief" of the armed forces, reflects the ancient Roman titles 8461: 2977:

and flourished from the 9th to 13th centuries. Following the demise of the Khmer Empire, the Siamese Empire flourished alongside the Burmese and Lan Chang Empires from the 13th through the 18th centuries.

2036:) with looser structures and more scattered territories, often consisting of many islands and other forms of possessions which required the creation and maintenance of a powerful navy. Empires such as the 5336:

maintain social cohesion by continuous expansion in Asia and Africa. Since 1900, however, this has no longer been possible: "the situation has radically changed". Now wars are between "imperial powers."

5000:

state to state and increases the tendency in the process of transmission." He commented on this law to make its meaning clear: "There is on this small planet sufficient space for only one great state."

5099:

before the next horrible war between the two superpowers and whoever is victorious would establish the world empire. The book sold an exceptional 800,000 copies in thirty languages, was endorsed by

4610:, he is speaking the familiar language of empire. For five hundred years, European conquerors saw themselves as actors with purpose, and the colonized as instruments to realize the imperial vision. 4051:

as an independent nation eventually became an emerging international power. The new country was huge but sparsely populated and ethnically diverse. In 1889 the monarchy was overthrown in a sudden

2562:

The Romans were the first people to invent and embody the concept of empire in their two mandates: to wage war and to make and execute laws. They were the most extensive Western empire until the

5781:

which predicted imminent US "imperial overstretch." Strange found this outcome unlikely, stressing the fact that the peripheral allies have been successfully recruited into the American Empire.

4988:

described imperial consolidation. As von Humboldt, he found this trend unplanned and irrational but evident beyond doubt in the "unwritten history of events." He linked this trend to the recent

12552: 4582:

policies of the European Union by saying, "I think they're (the European Union) building an empire there, they want us (the United Kingdom) to be a part of their empire and I don't want that."

7511:

it left many legacies, including widespread use of the English language, belief in Protestant religion, economic globalization, modern precepts of law and order, and representative democracy.

6056:, often consisting of an aggregate of many separate states or territories. In later use also: an extensive group of subject territories ultimately under the rule of a single sovereign state." 5277:

are named the most durable political structures in human history. Correspondingly, these are the three most circumscribed civilizations in human history. The Empires of Egypt (established by

3390:

in Peru. Both existed for several generations before the arrival of the Europeans. Inca had gradually conquered the whole of the settled Andean world as far south as today Santiago in Chile.

5659:

progress, the 'Pax Romana'... It may be that America's air power could again assure our world, now much smaller than the Mediterranean at that period, two hundred years of peace...

4321: 1704:) exercises political control over the peripheries. Within an empire, different populations have different sets of rights and are governed differently. Narrowly defined, an empire is a 11032:

Mehmet Akif Okur, Rethinking Empire After 9/11: Towards A New Ontological Image of World Order, Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs, Volume XII, Winter 2007, pp. 61–93.

5724:

envisaged the "Imperial Age" for the world in both senses of "empire," spatial (as a world-wide unit ruled by one center) and governmental (as ruled by Emperor). Published in 1922,

4205:

shorn of the German colonial empire (1918–1919), or the Ottoman Empire (1918–1923)). The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after 1918 provides an example of a multi-ethnic

3173:

to be the largest contiguous empire in the world. However, within two generations, the empire was separated into four discrete khanates under Genghis Khan's grandsons. One of them,

11031: 7988: 5798:

warned that the logical culmination of the motto "We are all Americans" would be a modernized Edict of Caracalla extending US citizenship to all the West and thus establishing the

4566:

global trade regulations in its favor. The political scientist Jan Zielonka suggests that this behavior is imperial because it coerces its neighbouring countries into adopting its

4733:

The Empire of Bronze Age Egypt is not included in the graph. Established by Narmer circa 3000 BC, it lasted as long as China until it was conquered by Achaemenid Persia in 525 BC.

3972:(1799–1846) was established in the Punjab region of India. The empire collapsed when its founder, Ranjit Singh, died and its army fell to the British. During the same period, the 8513:

Daniel Deudney & G. John Ikenberry, "America's Impact: The End of Empire and the Globalization of the Westphalian System", working paper, Princeton University, 2015, pp. 7–8

8497: 1778:, with imperialism referring to the creation and maintenance of unequal relationships between nations and not necessarily the policy of a state headed by an emperor or empress. 2595:, the Romans themselves continued to refer to their government as a republic, and during the Republican Period, the territories controlled by the republic were referred to as " 5700:

States became "empire by invitation." The period discussed in the thesis (1945–1952) ended precisely the year Toynbee theorized on "some future architect of a Pax Ecumenica."

5331:, Reves similarly argued that the era of outward expansion is forever closed and the historic trend of expansion will result in direct collision between the remaining powers. 4863: 2150:. The hatred towards the ruling empires expressed in this source makes impression of an impact more serious than estimated by Howe. A classical writer and adherent of empire, 1794:, which is an extensive state voluntarily composed of autonomous states and peoples. An empire is a large polity which rules over territories outside of its original borders. 5810:

people of all the partner states would have their fare share in the conduct of common affairs." To the cases of Caracalla and the Abbasid revolution, Max Ostrovsky added the

4436:

is politically valid, yet is not always used in the traditional sense. One of widely discussed cases is the United States. Characterizing aspects of the US in regards to its

1901:

Empires had a "compound of diverse groups and territorial units with asymmetric links with the center" whereas a state had "supreme authority over a territory and population"

6972: 5708: 2922:

were strengthened or re-established, and foreign trade and commerce in the coastal provinces flourished with ships sailing to and coming from many kingdoms and empires in

1921:

Many empires were the result of military conquest, incorporating the vanquished states into a political union, but imperial hegemony can be established in other ways. The

8495:

Yale H. Ferguson & Richard W. Mansbach, "Superpower, Hegemony, Empire," San Diego: Annual Meeting paper, The International Studies Association, March 22–26, (2006: 9)

4736:

Japan is presented for the period of its overseas Empire (1895–1945). The original Japanese Empire of "the Eight Islands" would be third persistent after Egypt and China.

4020:’s total area at its peak in 1680 was over 10 million km (3.9 million sq mi), the second largest empire in the world at the time behind only the 2575:, referring to a magistrate's power to command, gradually assumed the meaning "The territory in which a magistrate can effectively enforce his commands", while the term " 12545: 5079:

by Reves, written and published in 1945, supposed that without the industrial power of the United States, Hitler already might have established world empire. Proposing

2138:. The imperial impact on subjects can be regarded as "little," but only on those subjects who survived the imperial conquest and rule. We cannot ask the inhabitants of 9932:

Ludwig Dehio, "Epilogue," The Precarious Balance: Four Centuries of the European Power Struggle, 1960, (tr. Fullman, Charles, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), p 279.

2591:. Although historians use the terms "Republican Period" and "Imperial Period" to identify the periods of Roman history before and after absolute power was assumed by 8124:

Nikolaos Tzifakis (April 2007). "EU's region-building and boundary-drawing policies: the European approach to the Southern Mediterranean and the Western Balkans 1".

5931: 2858:. The Sui, Tang and Song empires had the world's largest economy and were the most technologically advanced during their time; the Great Yuan Empire was the world's 5503:

One of the most accepted distinctions between earlier empires and the American Empire is the latter's "global" or "planetary" scope. French former Foreign Minister

3344:, which became the world's largest economy and leading manufacturing power with a nominal GDP that valued a quarter of world GDP, superior than the combination of 7318: 4558:, and exercises its limited hegemony in the Mediterranean, eastern parts of Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. The big size and high development index of the 4765: 12538: 9283: 7541:

By 1914 common law, trail by jury, the King James Authorized Version of the Bible, the English language, and the British navy had been spread around the globe.

8413: 7960: 5500:

with these words: "What a substratum for empire! Compared with which, the foundation of the Macedonian, the Roman and the British, sink into insignificance."

9305: 4981:

described the event and drew implications, the former predicting American overseas expansion and the latter stressing that the world empire is now in sight.

2630:, founded in the early Imperial Period, spread across Europe, first by the activities of Christian evangelists, and later by official imperial promulgation. 7495:, p90, "By 1922, the British Empire presided over 458 million people—one-quarter of the world's population—and comprised more than 13 million square miles." 6576:, (eds. Agnew, John, & Livingstone, David & Rogers, Alisdair, Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), p 527; and "The Laws of the Spatial Growth of States", The 4902:

in which the formations of universal empires were most significant stages. A later group of political scientists, working on the phenomenon of the current

2170:(24th century BC), was an early all-Mesopotamian empire which spread into Anatolia, the Levant and Ancient Iran. This imperial achievement was repeated by 2126:

were outright conquered by a larger empire. The historical pattern was not a simple rise-and-fall cycle; rather it was rise, fall, and greater rise, or as

9923:

Ludwig Dehio, The Precarious Balance: Four Centuries of the European Power Struggle, 1945, (tr. Fullman, Charles, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), p 234.

7292: 6911:

The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that

4621:, an adviser to the Ukrainian government, suggested Russia's "de-imperialization," instead of Russia's official war aim of "de-Nazification" of Ukraine. 3957:

to the east. Due to the empire's military prowess, sophisticated hierarchy, social stratification and culture, the Ashanti empire had one of the largest

1071: 6624: 5166:

the other; the victor would be somewhat better off than the loser and would establish, with the aid of modern technology, his domination over the world.

3013:

until its fall in the late 14th century. Bulgaria gradually reached its cultural and territorial apogee in the 9th century and early 10th century under

1863:, one of the last to use the name officially. Among the last states in the 20th century known as empires in this sense were the Central African Empire, 4497:

in the United States, the international relations determining the world's balance of power (political, economic, military) have been altered. With the

4320:

reverted to China in 1999. Macau and Hong Kong did not become part of the provincial structure of China; they have autonomous systems of government as

3682:(1580–1640) was the first global imperial entity. The map includes all Spanish territories, but only territories Portugal had during the Iberian Union. 3068:. Yet, these states did not always fit the geographic, political, or military profiles of empires in the modern sense of the word. To legitimise their 10119:. Vol. IX: Contacts between Civilizations in Time (Renaissances), Law and Freedom in History, The Prospects of the Western Civilization. London: 4036:. At its peak in 1750, French India had an area of 1.5 million km and a total population of 100 million people and was the most populous colony under 8027:

Sebastian Huhnholz, "Do All Roads Lead to Rome? Ancient Implications and Modern Transformations in the Recent US Discourse on an American Empire",

6431: 5306: 4929:

we should expect any states system to culminate in this way? ... It might be argued that every state system can only maintain its existence on the

8443: 4477:, said: "We don't seek empires. We're not imperialistic; we never have been." This was said in the context of the international opposition to the 7492: 5392:. Given "constant spatial parameters" of the global system, its unipolar structure is neither historically unusual nor theoretically surprising. 9156: 5818:

in 206 BC and more gradual cosmopolitan reformations he finds characteristic to all persistent empires and expects in the future global empire.

4012:, was also the dominant power of much of continental Europe. It ruled over 90 million people and was the sole power in Europe if not the world; 2903:. Through a strong centralized administration and an aggressive military stance towards invaders, the Ajuran Sultanate successfully resisted an 2258:. The Zhou Empire dissolved in 770 BC into feudal multi-state system which lasted for five and a half centuries until the universal conquest of 8328: 6099:

I favor the behavioral definition of empire as effective control, whether formal or informal, of a subordinated society by an imperial society.

5751:. It is empire in which its two main components—the ruling core and the ruled periphery—merged to form one integrated whole. At this stage the 4591: 4281: 11409: 8212: 4461:

by any means necessary. Regardless of the supposed motivation for this constant expansion, all of these land acquisitions were carried out by

2377:. It is considered the first great empire in history or the first "world empire". It was overthrown and replaced by the short-lived empire of 2345:(mid-First Millennium BC) witnessed unprecedented imperial expansion in the Indo-Mediterranean region and China. The successful and extensive 6651: 2491:, as well as the standardization of currency, weights, measures and writing system. It laid the foundation for China's first golden age, the 7244: 4910:

was inherently unstable order and usually soon broke in favor of imperial order. Yet before the advent of the unipolarity, world historian

4258: 2547:(AD 266–420). The relative weakness of the Jin Empire plunged China into political disunity that would last from AD 304 to AD 589 when the 10302: 4839:

wrote that "in the broad sweep of human history ... the form of states system has been the exception rather than the rule". His colleague

7610: 7344: 5824:

expected that the world empire would not be built instantly but not as slowly as Rome, for much in the modern world has been speeded up.

4953:, having witnessed the battle at Jena in 1806 when Napoleon overwhelmed Prussia, described what he perceived as a deep historical trend: 4440:, foreign policy, and its international behavior as "American Empire" is common. The term "American Empire" refers to the United States' 9833: 4933:, that the latter is inherently unstable, and that sooner or later its tensions and conflicts will be resolved into a monopoly of power. 4194:, with a homogeneous population of 127 million people that is 98.5 percent ethnic Japanese, making it one of the largest nation-states. 4110:

In time, an empire may change from one political entity to another. For example, the Holy Roman Empire, a German re-constitution of the

3900:. The multiethnic and multicultural nature of the Great Qing Empire was crucial to the subsequent birth of the nationalistic concept of 7808: 5385: 4930: 4907: 4437: 4289: 4201:(e.g., the Central African Empire in 1979), or it can become a republic with its imperial dominions reduced to a core territory (e.g., 1675: 8494: 5687:

put it, the NATO allies became "almost psychopathic" whenever anyone talked about a US withdrawal, and the reception of his successor

3610:

Red shows self-governing North American British colonies and pink shows claimed and largely indirectly controlled territories in 1775.

2448:, the Maurya Empire became the first Indian empire to conquer the whole Indian Peninsula — an achievement repeated only twice, by the 2428:—a geographically extensive and powerful empire, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185 BC. The empire was founded in 322 BC by 12813: 3996:'s long reign, from 1643 to 1715, France was the leading European power as Europe's most populous, richest and powerful country. The 2599:". The emperor's actual legal power derived from holding the office of "consul", but he was traditionally honored with the titles of 288: 9364: 4906:, in 2007 edited research on several pre-modern civilizations by experts in respective fields. The overall conclusion was that the 3852:. Britain turned towards Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa, with subsequent exploration and conquests leading to the rise of the 3026: 502: 3877: 2859: 2618:

and its former colonies are strongly influenced by Roman law. Similarly, the United States was founded on a model inspired by the

12937: 5231:(d. 86 BC) described the event (6:234): "Qin raised troops on a grand scale" and "the whole world celebrated a great bacchanal". 5118:

to result in a world government under the empire of the United States. Three years later, another prominent pacifist, theologian

4518:

Mehmet Akif Okur finds trends in political science that perceive the contemporary world's order via the re-territorialization of

3631: 1064: 10297:

Lemon, Jason, (December 20, 2020). "Arizona GOP Chair calls for Trump to 'cross the Rubicon' in tweet shared by Michael Flynn,"

9388:

Since 1979, the only country preserving its Emperor as head of state. Pines, Yuri & Biran, Michal & Rüpke, Jörg (2011).

9226: 8161:"Co-operation and coercion? The Cotonou Agreement between the European Union and acp states and the end of the Lomé Convention" 4458: 1736:; and those created by sea-power, which include territories that are remote from the 'home' country of the empire, such as the 6341:

Hechter, Michael; Brustein, William (1980). "Regional Modes of Production and Patterns of State Formation in Western Europe".

5273:, "the more sharply circumscribed area, the more rapidly it will become politically unified." The Empires of Egypt, China and 4505:

argued that, from its inception, the US has used every means available to dominate foreign peoples and states. The same time,

1790:

An empire is an aggregate of many separate states or territories under a supreme ruler or oligarchy. This is in contrast to a

12362: 11744: 11026: 10959: 10931: 10907: 10821: 10798: 10776: 10682: 10615: 9090: 8777: 8737: 8257: 7889: 7847: 7693: 7668: 7604: 7564: 7534: 7449: 7228: 7161: 7134: 7109: 6984: 6952: 6889: 6818: 6634: 6601: 6403: 6325: 6092: 5941: 5776: 5513: 4305: 2607:(first man or, chief). Later, these terms came to have legal significance in their own right; an army calling their general " 3111:(1204–1261) in that city, while the defeated Byzantine Empire's descendants established two smaller, short-lived empires in 1835:, an empire composed of islands and coasts which are accessible to its terrestrial homeland, such as the Athenian-dominated 7819: 4703:

The chart below shows a timeline of polities that have been called empires. Dynastic changes are marked with a white line.

3833: 12268: 10629: 9306:

https://books.google.fr/books?id=RSwVBgAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=gentlemen&f=false

8795:

Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe by Alexander von Humboldt; translated from German by E. C. Otté

8244: 6041: 170: 162: 12963: 7763: 5889: 5477: 4466: 4364: 3982: 2818:) dominated the political, economic and cultural landscapes during this era, the most powerful of which was probably the 2496: 1809:

has defined empire as "effective control, whether formal or informal, of a subordinated society by an imperial society".

8430: 5448:

of hostilities will be invoked. Over time, if a nation's aims become imperial, the bases form the skeleton of an empire.

5443:

argues that the US global network of hundreds of military bases already represents a global empire in its initial form:

2282:, the Medes were able to establish their own empire, which was the largest of its day and lasted for about sixty years. 1914:

imply at least some inequality between the rulers and the ruled. Without this inequality, the system would be seen as a

12900: 12414: 11414: 7322: 5884: 5244: 5194: 5026: 4555: 3185:. One family ruled the whole Eurasian land mass from the Pacific to the Adriatic and Baltic Seas. The emergence of the 1057: 10491: 8512: 4268:

After the Second World War (1939–1945), the deconstruction of colonial empires quickened and became commonly known as

3517:-era monarchies to establish colonial empires like those of the ancient Romans and Greeks. In the Old World, colonial 11058: 10463: 8659: 8625: 7193: 6468: 5484:, suggests that America's sphere of military influence is now literally global ... The regional combatant commanders— 4852:

Historian Michael Doyle who undertook an extensive research on empires extended the observation into the modern era:

4690: 4551: 3488: 1543: 206: 188: 133: 77: 10285:, (tr. Atkinson, Charles Francis, (London: George Allen & Unwin LTD), vol II, p 416, 428-432, 464-465, 506-507, 9271: 6681: 5784:

Envisaging a world empire of either the United States or the Soviet Union (whoever is victorious in World War III),

4672: 3470: 10387: 7964: 4599: 4242: 4082: 4076: 3372: 1149: 5170:

Expert on earlier civilizations, Toynbee, further developed the subject of World War III leading to world empire:

3513:

and along the coast of Africa bordering the southeast Indian Ocean, proved ripe opportunities for the continent's

12040: 10995: 6721: 5879: 5203:

magazine mapped the design. Section VIII, "Atomic Armaments", of the famous National Security Council Report 68 (

942: 100: 11202: 10943:

Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest from Greece to the Present

10410: 7423: 3893: 10080: 9705:

Randall L. Schweller, "Entropy and the Trajectory of World Politics: Why Polarity Has Become Less Meaningful",

5638: 5215: 4898:

German Sociologist Friedrich Tenbruck finds that the macro-historic process of imperial expansion gave rise to

4668: 4445: 3910:, after which the empire entered a period of prolonged decline, culminating in its collapse as a result of the 3466: 1828:

has defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign".

1668: 1538: 1316: 1164: 749: 704: 7791: 7296: 6786: 6747: 3570:

was at its height because of the great mass of goods taken from conquered territory in the Americas (nowadays

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importance to the great march of things." The strongest race will win and seize the management of the world.

5014:

The above envisaged contests indeed took place, known to us as World War I and II. Writing during the First,

4559: 3861: 2915: 2199: 1553: 575: 38: 12530: 8381: 8347: 12473: 12357: 10747: 10603: 10550: 9813:"David C. Hendrickson, "The Curious Case of American Hegemony: Imperial Aspirations and National Decline," 8075: 7274: 7206: 6186:

any monarchy that for reasons of history, prestige, etc, has an emperor rather than a king as head of state

5403: 5224: 5133: 4822: 4392: 4352: 3018: 2472: 1302: 1134: 1105: 2767: 12793: 12483: 11520: 10161: 7058:

Gregory G. Guzman, "Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?",

5742:

Chalmers Johnson regards the global military reach of the United States as empire in its "initial" form.

5137: 5030: 4937:

The earliest thinker to approach the phenomenon of universal empire from a theoretical point of view was

3162:(1867–1918), having "inherited" the imperium of Central and Western Europe from the losers of said wars. 2919: 2839: 2009: 1797:

Definitions of what physically and politically constitutes an empire vary. It might be a state affecting

1606: 769: 284: 242: 9359:& Moreno Garcia, Juan Carlos, "Maat and Tianxia: Building world orders in ancient Egypt and China," 2907: 1859:

proclaimed in 1897 when Korea, far from gaining new territory, was on the verge of being annexed by the

10303:

https://www.newsweek.com/arizona-gop-chair-calls-trump-cross-rubicon-tweet-shared-michael-flynn-1556232

10142: 6752: 6726: 6700: 5488:—have responsibility for swaths of territory beyond the wildest imaginings of their Roman predecessors. 3881: 3865: 2135: 1139: 1110: 590: 11006: 10045:

Marchetti, Cesare, & Ausubel, Jesse H. (2013). "Quantitative dynamics of human empires," p 2, 49,

9812: 9160: 8912:, (eds. Kasperson, Roger E., & Minghi, Julian V., Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1969), p 28. 6580:, (eds. Kasperson, Roger E., & Minghi, Julian V., Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1969), p 18. 5516:

talks of the imminent US "imperial overstretch," in 2002 acknowledged about the present world system:

5398:

theorized that a "closed international system", such as the global became a century ago, would reach "

5251:

but he coined on the occasion an associating word: "Gentlemen, you do not have a war plan. You have a

4016:

was the only main rival during the early 19th century. From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First

12644: 12441: 11589: 11153: 10920:

The Forging of the American Empire: From the Revolution to Vietnam: A History of American Imperialism

10201: 8725: 6123:

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".

5799: 5714:

on Berlin in 1959: "Clearly we did not contemplate 50 years in occupation there." It lasted, remarks

5481: 3897: 2544: 2154:

explicitly preferred to avoid the views of subject populations. And another classical Roman patriot,

1904:

Empires had multi-level, overlapping jurisdictions whereas a state sought monopoly and homogenization

1749: 1661: 1266: 7009:, citing Essai sur l'histoire generale et sur les moeurs et l'espirit des nations, Chapter 70 (1756) 6654:. Columbus School of Law and School of Canon Law, The Catholic University of America. Archived from 5426: 12399: 12374: 12224: 11883: 11878: 10516: 10429:

Wendt, Alexander, (2003). "Why the World State is Inevitable: Teleology and the Logic of Anarchy,"

10371: 10265:

The United States and Western Europe since 1945: From 'Empire' by Invitation to Transatlantic Drift

9598:, (London: Palgrave, 2007), p 229, 237; Idem., "Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History", 9297: 8849: 8219: 8160: 5600: 4974: 4653: 4356: 3892:. Apart from having direct control over much of East Asia, the empire also exerted domination over 3551: 3451: 3092:) to establish central control. Voltaire's "nor an empire" observation applies to its late period. 2822:(618–690, 705–907). Other influential Chinese empires during the post-classical period include the 2663: 1381: 1271: 340: 9730:

Simon Dalby, "Imperialism, Domination, Culture: The Continued Relevance of Critical Geopolitics,"

8975:, (tr. Atkinson, Charles Francis, (London: George Allen & Unwin LTD), vol II, p 422, 428-432, 6655: 5476:

Conventional maps of US military deployments understate the extent of America's military reach. A

5110:

The year after the War and in the first year of the nuclear age, Einstein and British philosopher

12562: 12466: 12347: 11888: 11841: 11784: 11483: 11427: 11175: 10813: 10545: 10268: 10120: 10062:

Marchetti, Cesare & Ausubel, Jesse H. (2013). "Quantitative dynamics of human empires," p 2,

9778: 9365:

http://yuri-pines-sinology.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Moreno-Pines-Maat-and-Tianxia-final.pdf

8300: 8057: 6845:"The Emergence and Role of Political Parties in the Inter-River Region of Somalia from 1947–1960" 6255: 5874: 5764: 5726: 5551: 5020: 4664: 4657: 4396: 4273: 4191: 4123: 3848:

of the Thirteen Colonies declared itself independent from the British Empire, thus beginning the

3766: 3742: 3462: 3455: 3034: 2954: 1311: 998: 565: 63: 31: 17: 11000: 10023:, (eds. Reyna, Stephen P. & Dawns, Richard Erskine, Gordon and Breach, New Hampshire, 1994). 7252: 6944: 5676:... For a post-Hitlerian empire-builder, Hitler's derelict legacy was a gift of the Gods." 2969:

that ruled from the 13th to 15th centuries. In the Southeast Asian mainland, the Hindu-Buddhist

12849: 12594: 12589: 12488: 12389: 12384: 12072: 12020: 11940: 11873: 11777: 11762: 11655: 11422: 11376: 11217: 11104: 8765: 6593:

Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan

5851: 5841: 5521:

there was another great empire in Persia and a larger one in China. There is ... no comparison.

5381: 5350:

resulting closedness of an interdependent world inevitably affected the system's effectiveness.

5264: 5064:

hand. "Possibly this is the deeper meaning of the savage world conflicts" of the 20th century.

4963: 4950: 4277: 4230: 4017: 3762: 3758: 3006: 2536: 2239: 2003:: (i) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control with force or (ii) as a coercive, 1848: 1717: 1548: 1490: 1436: 1013: 580: 104: 10891:

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

8922: 7879: 7594: 7524: 7478: 7439: 7348: 7180: 6879: 6772: 5055:

Writing in the last year of the War, American theologian Parley Paul Wormer, German historian

5038: 4889:

generalized on what he called "universal empire"—empire unifying all the contemporary system:

3941:, created an empire that stretched from central Akanland (in modern-day Ghana) to present day 2238:. Both equalled or surpassed in territory their contemporary Near Eastern empires such as the 12579: 12419: 12379: 12192: 12067: 11131: 11121: 11080: 11051: 11020:

Modernization of the Empire. Social and Cultural Aspects of Modernization Processes in Russia

10845: 10560:

Warlordism, not any great movement of peoples, was the political virus that brought down the

9841: 7151: 6808: 6591: 6317: 6082: 5825: 5240: 4985: 4899: 4498: 4099: 4001: 3857: 3853: 3543: 3123:(1204–1461). Constantinople was retaken in 1261 by the Byzantine successor state centered in 2863: 2627: 2468: 2275: 2115: 1952:

Europeans began applying the designation of "empire" to non-European monarchies, such as the

1852: 1816: 1368: 1201: 1008: 871: 468: 12307: 8206: 7805: 5218:, associated with the case of ancient China, which "put a quietus upon the disorders of the 4114:, metamorphosed into various political structures (i.e., federalism), and eventually, under 3807: 1700:

center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the

12864: 12639: 12512: 12342: 12312: 12187: 12118: 12089: 12008: 11342: 11180: 11170: 11019: 10561: 8868: 8668: 5736: 5589: 5415: 5328: 5075: 4712: 4579: 4527: 4494: 4462: 4427: 4095: 3845: 3825: 3398: 2998: 2990: 2654: 2476: 2291: 2207: 2187: 1478: 1349: 1339: 1324: 1251: 1169: 12292: 10952:

The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

9785:, (Berkeley & Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, 2003), p XIII. 9692:

Kaufman & Little & Wohlforth, "Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History",

9481:

Kaufman & Little & Wohlforth, "Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History",

8366: 6052:"An extensive territory under the control of a supreme ruler (typically an emperor) or an 5572:

destined to be unified... And this very process was clearly reflected in both World Wars.

5533:, concludes that due to its planetary dimension, the new empire cannot be drawn on a map: 5290:

does not recognize the Eurocentric view of the "inevitable" imperial fall; Egyptology and

4209:

broken into constituent nation-oriented states: the republics, kingdoms, and provinces of

115: 8: 12879: 12859: 12773: 12735: 12710: 12204: 12084: 12050: 11952: 11772: 11767: 11579: 11298: 11234: 11109: 11094: 8793: 7181:

Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

5604: 5525: 5377: 5190: 4727: 4404: 4139: 4005: 3997: 3849: 3697: 3273: 3120: 3038: 3014: 2982: 2758: 2563: 2484: 2429: 2394: 2378: 2279: 2263: 2000: 1961: 1737: 1590: 1500: 1354: 1256: 1206: 1144: 932: 841: 798: 585: 350: 258: 11920: 11910: 9155:

Stagnation, John Bellamy FosterTopics: Imperialism Political Economy (January 1, 2006).

8672: 8657:

Wright, Quincy (August 1, 1948). "On the Application of Intelligence to World Affairs".

4372: 4047:(1822–1889) was the only South American modern monarchy, established by the heir of the 2507:

was, for the first time, adopted as an official state ideology. During the reign of the

12683: 12317: 12297: 12280: 12231: 12096: 11905: 11856: 11789: 11707: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11594: 11564: 11456: 11354: 11222: 11197: 10868: 10696: 10651: 10569: 10348: 10218: 10178: 10115: 10063: 10046: 9212: 9056:, (1 ed. New York & London: Harper & Brothers Publishers), pp 265-266, 268-270. 8547: 8183: 8141: 7928: 7641: 7466: 7406: 6937: 6374: 6366: 6140: 5806: 5199: 5186: 5180: 4880: 4087: 3962: 3547: 3509:" (first, the Americas, and later Australia), along with Portuguese travels around the 3376: 3368: 3085: 3057: 2993:, sometimes called the Byzantine Empire, was forced to recognize the Imperial title of 2815: 2437: 2021: 1693: 1628: 1221: 570: 355: 330: 10712:

Empires and bureaucracy in world history: from late antiquity to the twentieth century

10445:

Wendt, Alexander (2005). "Agency, Teleology and the World State: A Reply to Shannon".

9200:

In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy

5297:

Carneiro explored the Bronze Age civilizations. Stuart J. Kaufman, Richard Little and

4481:

led by the United States in manner widely regarded as imperial. In his book review of

12740: 12634: 12604: 12426: 12322: 12258: 12253: 12182: 12079: 11794: 11722: 11717: 11559: 11488: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11261: 11212: 11022: 10955: 10927: 10903: 10817: 10794: 10772: 10678: 10611: 10504:

From Many, One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government

10134: 10110: 9188:

From Many, One: The Process of Political Integration, the Problem of World Government

9086: 8955: 8773: 8733: 8708: 8431:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/13/putin-imperial-russia-empire-ukraine/

8253: 8187: 8145: 7932: 7885: 7843: 7689: 7664: 7600: 7560: 7530: 7445: 7224: 7189: 7157: 7130: 7105: 6980: 6948: 6912: 6885: 6814: 6630: 6597: 6464: 6399: 6378: 6358: 6321: 6088: 5937: 5715: 5711: 5684: 5634: 5430: 5395: 5298: 5104: 5008: 4978: 4911: 4618: 4575: 4368: 4285: 4048: 4009: 3911: 3841: 3675: 3510: 3424: 3356: 3293: 3289: 3269: 3230: 3143: 3061: 2911: 2508: 2390: 2346: 2073: 2041: 2040:

also came together by electing the emperor with votes from member realms through the

2037: 1942: 1868: 1623: 1297: 1159: 1154: 1115: 1088: 1003: 724: 555: 507: 335: 268: 254: 10222: 9234: 8551: 7245:"An Outline of the History of Persia During the Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922)" 4918:

had drawn the same conclusion with an unambiguous implication for the modern world:

4261:(RSFSR) before re-forming as the USSR (1922–1991) – sometimes seen as the core of a 4052: 3025:, as well as one of the largest states in Europe, thus the period is considered the 2158:

confessed that "words cannot express how bitterly we are hated" by subject peoples.

12958: 12922: 12907: 12758: 12619: 12614: 12275: 12062: 12057: 12013: 12000: 11930: 11898: 11893: 11757: 11752: 11734: 11695: 11628: 11611: 11552: 11542: 11537: 11478: 11434: 11404: 11364: 11347: 11330: 11293: 11044: 10836: 10643: 10492:

https://archive.org/details/yarctgxhyperbola0000ostr/page/350/mode/2up?view=theater

10415: 10406: 10340: 10210: 10170: 9945:, (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1964), p 92-93, 228, 234. 8680: 8676: 8537: 8213:"Europeanisation and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery" 8175: 8133: 8040: 7920: 7908:"Nation-states as empires, empires as nation-states: two principles, one practice?" 7398: 7071: 6858: 6569: 6350: 6313: 6132: 5785: 5627: 5493: 5464: 5440: 5345:

outlined one "chief function" of the overseas expansion and the impact of its end:

5236: 5119: 5111: 5096: 5080: 4996: 4989: 4723: 4716: 4441: 4344: 4135: 4127: 4044: 3958: 3907: 3704:'s rule over Europe led to massive changes not only in Europe but across the world. 3402: 3285: 3128: 3116: 3053: 3010: 2966: 2962: 2874: 2445: 2100: 2013: 1988: 1938: 1806: 1573: 1329: 1183: 836: 759: 729: 603: 345: 325: 10464:

https://archive.org/details/leditdecaracalla0000xavi/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater

10019:"Political Expansion as an Expression of the Principle of Competitive Exclusion", 9431:

Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy

8770:

Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power, 1486–1914: Selected European Writings

8398:

Nathan Hodge, "Restoration of empire is the endgame for Russia's Vladimir Putin,"

5360: 12895: 12818: 12808: 12720: 12703: 12624: 12599: 12493: 12461: 12334: 12302: 12285: 12241: 12236: 12214: 12209: 12167: 12160: 12135: 11995: 11990: 11831: 11712: 11606: 11601: 11569: 11394: 11384: 11278: 11271: 11266: 11251: 11207: 11089: 11075: 10763:

Written for the United Nations Research Institute on Development, UNRISD, Geneva.

10634: 10591: 10580: 10331: 10199:(1986). "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945–1952". 9900: 9795: 9393: 9272:

https://archive.org/details/civilizationontr00toyn/page/126/mode/2up?view=theater

9124: 9106: 9076: 8938: 8889:"In Spanish. Alberdi, Juan Bautista, (1870). Chapter VIII, "Analogia biologica," 8694:

Tenbruck, Friedrich (1994). "Internal History of Society or Universal History?".

8645: 8501: 7987:

For Okur's thesis about "nation empires", look at the article: Mehmet Akif Okur,

7837: 7823: 7812: 7554: 7214: 7210: 7185: 6916: 6393: 6285: 5869: 5790: 5721: 5692: 5688: 5623: 5337: 5270: 5158: 5115: 5100: 5015: 4748: 4740: 4598:

argued that Moscow pursues the policy of "reimperialization." Two days after the

4563: 4474: 4328: 4202: 4174: 4158: 4119: 3829: 3814: 3604: 3414: 3277: 3198: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150:

in 1547. Likewise, with the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 during the

3049: 3030: 2792: 2788: 2754: 2730: 2670: 2528: 2488: 2414: 2247: 2167: 2163: 2147: 2017: 1992: 1898:

Empires lacked fixed or permanent boundaries whereas a state had fixed boundaries

1860: 1782:

is often used as a term to describe overpowering situations causing displeasure.

1729: 1713: 1705: 1651: 1633: 1458: 1443: 1047: 1020: 876: 866: 663: 560: 11915: 10434: 8099: 7816: 6923:, which simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs. 5795: 4055:

led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic.

3665: 3616: 12715: 12693: 12667: 12436: 12431: 12394: 12369: 12352: 12263: 12248: 12219: 12177: 12025: 11985: 11980: 11935: 11861: 11821: 11811: 11801: 11616: 11495: 11389: 11256: 11138: 10625: 10260: 10214: 10196: 10156: 9802:, (tr. Gordon, Philip H., Washington: Brookings Institutions Press, 2001), p 2. 9418:

Envisioning Eternal Empire: Chinese Political Thought of the Warring States Era

9377:

Envisioning Eternal Empire: Chinese Political Thought of the Warring States Era

8478: 8414:"Putin compares himself to Peter the Great in quest to take back Russian lands" 8263: 8208: 7175: 6227: 5856: 5829: 5696: 5683:, demonstrated "more patience, prudence, and tact." Consequently, as President 5619: 5547: 5530: 5504: 5468: 5373:

had put it, "this process can no longer continue without interplanetary wars."

5291: 5274: 5219: 5126: 4814: 4810: 4756: 4752: 4625: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4547: 4506: 4309: 4293: 4269: 4254: 4234: 4177:

retained its Emperor but lost its colonial possessions and became the State of

4166: 4143: 4021: 4013: 3973: 3950: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3902: 3738: 3716: 3671: 3656: 3627: 3567: 3563: 3522: 3428: 3139: 3132: 3100: 3096: 3065: 2986: 2931: 2896: 2811: 2773: 2688: 2619: 2540: 2520: 2243: 2171: 2033: 1930: 1876: 1825: 1753: 1741: 1733: 1529: 1448: 1402: 1344: 1025: 956: 861: 694: 608: 11014: 10739:

Power and Plenty: Trade, Power, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

9673: 8829: 8809: 8288: 8137: 7989:"Rethinking Empire After 9/11: Towards A New Ontological Image of World Order" 7924: 7767: 7369: 5767:

extended the Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Mediterranean world.

5103:

and numerous other prominent figures, and in 1950 Reves was nominated for the

3690: 3419: 3371:. Other independent empires were also established, such as those ruled by the 12952: 12788: 12688: 12654: 12584: 12560: 12517: 12404: 12199: 12172: 12145: 12123: 12101: 11868: 11851: 11836: 11680: 11633: 11621: 11547: 11439: 11313: 11308: 11283: 11165: 10914:, examines the Roman, Ottoman, Habsburg, Russian, British and French empires. 10786: 10692: 10670: 10326: 9581:

Michael Heffernan, "The Politics of the Map in the Early Twentieth Century",

8542: 8525: 6677: 6362: 5821: 5771: 5743: 5680: 5651: 5581: 5485: 5421: 5370: 5282: 5153: 5145: 4886: 4840: 4779: 4550:

was formed as a polity in 1993, it has established its own currency, its own

4490: 4486: 4348: 4332: 4262: 4170: 4147: 4059: 3977: 3679: 3575: 3333: 3297: 3242: 3186: 3170: 3042: 3022: 2886: 2747: 2736: 2524: 2516: 2453: 2425: 2267: 2191: 2092: 2029: 2025: 1957: 1922: 1888: 1880: 1856: 1836: 1832: 1802: 1774: 1453: 1431: 1406: 1236: 912: 807: 709: 699: 540: 11945: 11925: 10859:

Khan, Iqtidar Alam (March–April 2005). "Gunpowder and Empire: Indian Case".

10006:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia." 7153:

Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850

5550:

stressed one element not exceptional for the American Empire—the concept of

5037:

Writing during the next World War, political scientists Derwent Whittlesey,

3251: 3223: 2715: 2697: 219: 12927: 12823: 12803: 12798: 12763: 12409: 12150: 12140: 12106: 12035: 12030: 11957: 11747: 11729: 11690: 11685: 11665: 11660: 11532: 11525: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11399: 11337: 11318: 11303: 11239: 10854:. Vol. 1: Globalizing Empires, Old and New. London: Sage Publications. 9743:

Kenneth Pomeranz, "Empire & 'Civilizing' Missions, Past & Present,

9565: 9177:, (New York: The John Day Company, 1947), pp. 33, 50, 53, 55; 134–135, 143. 9041:

The Precarious Balance: Four Centuries of the European Power Struggle, 1945

8481:, "The Unconscious Colossus: Limits of (Alternatives to) American Empire", 8295: 6844: 6170: 5732: 5615: 5611: 5563: 5509: 5342: 5323: 5056: 5042: 4915: 4818: 4744: 4708: 4595: 4380: 4316:

back to China in 1997 after 150 years of rule. The Portuguese territory of

4218: 4155: 4151: 4131: 4122:, an empire of much different politics and scope, which in turn became the 4111: 4037: 3922: 3873: 3796: 3305: 3178: 3166: 3108: 2970: 2943: 2904: 2882: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2784: 2721: 2704: 2588: 2584: 2532: 2504: 2460:

spread to become the dominant religion in many parts of the ancient India.

2449: 2370: 2312: 2228: 2224: 2195: 2127: 2086: 2067: 1926: 1915: 1216: 961: 888: 882: 856: 851: 827: 817: 754: 643: 463: 387: 228: 10287:

https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264078/mode/2up?view=theater

8977:

https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264078/mode/2up?view=theater

8768:(1975) . "Characteristics of the Present Age". In Wright, Moorhead (ed.). 7596:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

5161:

concluded that the "best" outcome of World War III would be world empire:

3719:

in 1866 became the second largest contiguous empire to have ever existed.

30:

This article is about political and historical terms. For other uses, see

12854: 12778: 12128: 12113: 11962: 11675: 11584: 11574: 11500: 11148: 11143: 10923: 10698:

Great Empires, Small Nations. The uncertain future of the sovereign state

10574:

The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy

9886:"The Unconscious Colossus: Limits of (Alternatives to) American Empire," 9655: 9645:, (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1964), p 92-93. 9520:(tr. Fullman, Charles, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), pp. 50, 90, 279. 9247: 8853: 7428:, Author: Roger Crowley, Publisher: Random House; 1st edition, year: 2015 7391:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

5815: 5811: 5664: 5452: 5389: 5248: 5232: 5060: 5004: 4903: 4836: 4502: 4416: 4400: 4250: 3969: 3946: 3930: 3583: 3518: 3514: 3427:. The Portuguese established in the early 16th century together with the 3364: 3258: 3174: 2947: 2939: 2843: 2835: 2823: 2554: 2548: 2492: 2480: 2464: 2398: 2366: 2350: 2325: 2259: 1953: 1798: 1768: 1762: 1748:

can also refer colloquially to a large-scale business enterprise (e.g. a

1721: 1520: 1485: 1388: 1376: 1241: 966: 951: 893: 764: 628: 427: 422: 402: 392: 382: 69: 10655: 10352: 9783:

American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization

8207:

Bruno Coppieters; Michael Emerson; Michel Huysseune; Tamara Kovziridze;

7881:

The Geopolitics of American Insecurity: Terror, Power and Foreign Policy

7645: 6863: 6626:

The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment

5759:. Doyle exemplifies the transformation on the case of the Roman Emperor 3710: 1949:

to being called the French Empire while it retained an overseas empire.

1646: 1042: 27:

Multiple states under one central authority, usually created by conquest

12932: 12874: 12839: 12730: 12725: 12662: 12629: 12571: 12155: 11972: 11846: 11806: 11739: 10999: 10872: 10182: 9656:""World State Formation: Historical Processes and Emergent Necessity", 9356: 9317:

Robert Carneiro, "The Circumscription Theory: Challenge and Response",

9043:, (tr. Fullman, Charles, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), pp. 266–267. 8062:

Rogue Nation: American Unilateralism and the Failure of Good Intentions

7766:. Council on Foreign Relations op-ed, quoting USA Today. Archived from 7410: 6370: 6198: 6144: 5596: 5332: 4360: 4336: 4206: 3789: 3639: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3112: 2927: 2918:. Trading routes dating from the ancient and early medieval periods of 2401:

Empire" by virtue of their similarities in culture and administration.

2331: 2262:

in 221 BC. The first empire comparable to Rome in organization was the

1791: 1610: 1600: 1595: 1334: 1196: 971: 927: 922: 917: 903: 744: 535: 417: 412: 276: 10730:

Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830

10314:

The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic

10091: 9719:

The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic

8888: 8179: 7686:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

7632:

Piganiol, André (1950). "The Causes of the Fall of the Roman Empire".

6695: 5988: 4923:

is warranted, it illuminates our understanding of civilization itself.

4340: 3021:

in 864 allowed it to develop into the cultural and literary center of

2965:, which thrived for 600 years and was succeeded by the Hindu-Buddhist 1891:

distinguished between empires and nation-states in the following way:

12917: 12869: 12045: 11816: 11700: 11670: 11451: 11325: 11116: 10751: 10702: 10647: 10344: 10139:

A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963

7907: 7220: 7205: 7006: 6943:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6773:

Bulliet & Crossley & Headrick & Hirsch & Johnson 2014

6053: 5760: 5228: 4868: 4571: 4313: 4162: 4062:(1871–1918), another "heir to the Holy Roman Empire", arose in 1871. 3993: 3837: 3635: 3579: 3506: 3360: 3329: 3089: 2923: 2892: 2854:(1368–1644). During this period, Japan and Korea underwent voluntary 2807: 2515:

were pacified. By this time, only four empires stretched between the

2500: 2421: 2342: 2306: 2179: 1872: 1812: 1701: 1495: 1393: 1276: 1231: 1211: 774: 668: 658: 653: 638: 633: 623: 497: 458: 447: 442: 432: 397: 365: 309: 304: 10980:

The Rise of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750

10174: 7839:

Nation-states and nationalisms organization, ideology and solidarity

7402: 7386: 7102:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

6682:"Stanford scholar links Rome and America in Philadelphia exhibition" 6136: 4642: 4126:

in 1867. The Roman Empire, perennially reborn, also lived on as the

3731: 3440: 3037:, declared official in 893, and the establishment of the liturgy in 2319:(98–117). This would be the peak of the empire's territorial extent. 12912: 12783: 12609: 11446: 11229: 11187: 11126: 10849: 9909: 9494:

Stuart J. Kaufman & William C. Wohlforth & Richard Little,

7759: 7506: 6354: 5287: 4938: 4478: 4297: 4238: 4226: 4198: 4115: 4025: 3989: 3701: 3537: 3321: 3238: 3194: 3104: 3081: 2994: 2958: 2900: 2867: 2795:

imperial states established at different historical periods of pre–

2681: 2592: 2571: 2457: 2433: 2405: 2386: 2382: 2255: 2139: 2004: 1946: 1934: 1864: 1821: 1697: 1696:, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a 1618: 1578: 1261: 1246: 1226: 1095: 846: 407: 377: 320: 10585:

Escape from Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity

9769:(Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 2006), p 1. 9304:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1991, pp. 223, 7251:. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Archived from 5286:

once their empires "reached the limits of their natural habitat".

3009:, established in the region in 680–681, remained a major power in 2862:

by total land area; while the Great Ming Empire is famous for the

2611:" was a direct challenge to the authority of the current emperor. 2483:(221–207 BC). The Qin Empire is known for the construction of the 12844: 11359: 11288: 11244: 11099: 9678: 9556:, 1948, (New York: McGraw Hill, revised 2006 edition), p 354–357. 8834: 8814: 6849: 5480:

map of the world, which shows the areas of responsibility of the

5399: 5255:!" History did not completely repeat itself but it passed close. 4376: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4187: 3954: 3938: 3777: 3650: 3531: 3526: 3394: 3313: 3234: 3182: 2878: 2648: 2512: 2251: 2183: 2175: 2151: 1752:), a political organization controlled by a single individual (a 1709: 1533: 1191: 648: 485: 475: 11160: 10229: 9347:, (London & New York: Routledge, 1995), vol. I, pp. 123–124. 5679:

The next "architect of a Pax Ecumenica," known more commonly as

5455:

associates the network of bases with the Roman imperial system:

4322:

Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China

3284:

across it. It later disintegrated with the establishment of the

249: 12768: 11192: 10460:

L'édit de Caracalla ou plaidoyer pour des Etats-Unis d'occident

9617:

Political Geography of the Twentieth Century: A Global Analysis

8329:"Vlad the Invader: Putin is looking to rebuild Russia's empire" 6920: 6833:

Luc Cambrézy, Populations réfugiées: de l'exil au retour, p.316

5314:

continent to ... trump the ongoing pressure toward convergence.

5278: 5204: 4388: 4301: 4033: 3889: 3751: 3720: 3571: 3559: 3345: 3341: 3136: 3124: 2974: 2935: 2889: 2800: 2615: 2580: 2441: 2362: 2358: 2316: 2271: 2211: 2186:

in the 19th and 18th centuries BC. In the 15th century BC, the

2143: 2077: 1976: 1583: 1525: 1423: 232: 10608:

Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference

9398: 8908:

Fridriech Ratzel, "The Laws of the Spatial Growth of States",

7997: 7710:

Japan's hidden apartheid: the Korean Minority and the Japanese

7529:(2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Collegiate Press. p. 406. 7441:

The East India Company: And the British Empire in the Far East

6909:. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. 4864:

The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background

4763: 3828:(1583–1783) in North America by colonising lands that made up 3382:

In the pre-Columbian Americas, two Empires were prominent—the

2349:(550–330 BC), also known as the first Persian Empire, covered 1999:

There are two main ways to establish and maintain an imperial

11826: 10900:

Visions of empire: How five imperial regimes shaped the world

10748:"The Decline and Fall of Empires: A Theory of De-Development" 8604:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. 110–116). 8570: 8526:"Imperialism, Liberalism & the Quest for Perpetual Peace" 7865:

How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States

6509:, IV:23. (tr. Fear, A. T., Liverpool University Press, 2010). 5434: 4778:

Empires have been the dominant international organization in

4317: 4182: 4178: 4142:

before its remaining territory and centre became part of the

3942: 3885: 3623: 3555: 3502: 3383: 3317: 3309: 3301: 3281: 3190: 2796: 2558:

Map showing the four empires of Eurasia in the 2nd century AD

2374: 2354: 2203: 2155: 2123: 2119: 2096: 1945:

in 1822. France has twice transitioned from being called the

1692:

is a political unit made up of several territories, military

10385:

Strange, Susan (1988). "The Future of the American Empire".

10241: 8616:, (London: Cornell University Press, 1986, pp. 12, 51, 137). 7747:

Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America

6522:, 7:482. (tr. Braund, S. H., Oxford University Press, 1992). 5955: 5953: 5933:

Individual Rights and the Making of the International System

10468: 9216:, (London: Oxford University Press, 1954), vol. IX, p. 524. 8945:, (tr. Thompson, Lawrence G., London, 1958), pp. 79–80, 85. 8755:, (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1977, pp. 43–44). 8730:

Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru

8246:

Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union

6104: 4984:

In 1870, Argentine diplomat, jurist and political theorist

4395:

remain under British sovereignty. Fifteen countries of the

4384: 4029: 3387: 3202: 3147: 3005:, the first ruler to hold that precise imperial title. The 3002: 2409: 1982: 1966: 11036: 10515:

Darwin, Charles Galton, (1950). "The Next Million Years,"

8589:

The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics

6970: 6492:

Naroll, Raoul, (1967). "Imperial Cycles and World Order,"

4024:. It had many possessions around the world, mainly in the 231:

at its greatest territorial extent in 117 AD, the time of

8640:

Pines, Yuri & Biran, Michal & Rüpke, Jörg (2011)

7727: 7712:, (Aldershot, England; Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1998), 3. 6412: 5950: 5770:

Doyle's case of the Roman Empire had also been evoked by

4272:. The British Empire evolved into a loose, multinational 2381:. His Empire was succeeded by three Empires ruled by the 10721:

After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405

9554:

Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace

9509:

War and State Formation in China and Early Modern Europe

9379:, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009), pp. 8–9. 9013:

John H. Herz, "Power Politics and World Organization,"'

7370:

Ian Copland; Ian Mabbett; Asim Roy; et al. (2012).

4543:

power blocs. The European Union is one such power bloc.

4130:(Eastern Roman Empire) – temporarily splitting into the 10159:(1989). "Rethinking the Origins of American Hegemony". 9390:

The Limits of Universal Rule: Eurasian Empires Compared

9287:, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 807. 8642:

The Limits of Universal Rule: Eurasian Empires Compared

7947:

Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire

7426:

Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire

6441: 5663:

This period would be necessary transitory stage before

5588:

The same "interplanetary" motif is present also in the

5498:

Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors

2404:

Meanwhile, in the western Mediterranean the Empires of

10841:, Rev. by Mary Q. Innis; foreword by Marshall McLuhan. 10283:

The Decline of the West: Perspectives on World-History

10097: 10079: 9619:, (ed. Peter J. Taylor, London: Belhaven Press, 1993). 9511:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 141. 9284:

The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community

9145:, Нью Йорк: Издательство Чехова, 1952, p 98, 102, 107. 8973:

The Decline of the West: Perspectives on World-History

7764:"American Imperialism? No Need to Run Away from Label" 7581:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

6810:

Somali Sultanate: the Geledi city-state over 150 years

6589: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6474: 6395:

European Overseas Empire, 1879 - 1999: A Short History

3906:. The empire reached its peak during the reign of the 3582:, most of Central America, and South America) and the 2914:

incursion from the east during the Gaal Madow and the

2274:. By the 6th century BC, after having allied with the 111: 9615:: Mackinder, Hobson and Theories of Global Closure", 9157:"Monthly Review | The New Geopolitics of Empire" 7319:"Bonaparte and Islam · Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" 7293:"Voltaire, Rousseau and Napoleon on Prophet Muhammad" 7127:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7000: 5140:) in 1944 and published as a book three years later, 4843:

confirmed this conclusion for the pre-modern period:

3882:

laid the foundation for the modern territorial claims

3546:

in the New World gave way to many expeditions led by

10537: 10064:

https://phe.rockefeller.edu/docs/empires_booklet.pdf

10047:

https://phe.rockefeller.edu/docs/empires_booklet.pdf

9334:, (Leiden & New York: E. J. Brill, 1995), p XXI. 8724: 8558: 7961:"Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire" 7715: 6064: 6062: 5970: 5968: 5913: 5911: 5322:, on four centuries of the European power struggle, 5307:

comparative studies of the Roman and Chinese Empires

4473:

Former President G. W. Bush's Secretary of Defense,

4181:. Despite the semantic reference to imperial power, 3921:(or Confederacy), also Asanteman (1701–1896), was a 2397:, which, despite being independent, are called the " 1941:

declared itself an empire after separating from the

37:"Ancient Empires" redirects here. For the game, see 10736: 9674:"Robert Carneiro, "Are We Circumscribed Now?" 2012" 9252:

To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon Secret War Plans

9082:, (New York: Philosophical Library/Open Road), 2016 8009: 6881:

Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders

6560:, (New York: New York State University Press, 1986) 6525: 6304:Colomer, Josep M. (2017). "Empires Versus States". 6287:

Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1992

4739:Many Indian empires are also included, though only 4383:("French Africa"; 29 francophone countries such as 4146:. A similarly persistent concept of empire saw the 3158:(1804–1867) emerged reconstituted as the Empire of 11010:. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). pp. 181–182. 10954:(6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. passim. 10316:, (New York: Henry Hobt and Company, 2004), p 187. 9993:"A Macrohistoric Trend towards World Government", 9758:Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire 9721:, New York: Henry Hobt and Company, (2004), p 187. 9270:, (New York: Oxford University Press), p 133-134, 9190:, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1971), pp 88-89, 94. 7906: 7438:Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer; Company, The East India. 7081: 7040: 7019: 6936: 6151: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5987: 5554:. All dominant empires thought they were special. 5354:Some later commentators drew similar conclusions: 3423:All areas of the world that were once part of the 3280:conquered most of the Indian peninsula and spread 2020:areas. The term, on occasion, has been applied to 1831:The terrestrial empire's maritime analogue is the 10882:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 10710:Crooks, Peter; Parsons, Timothy H., eds. (2016). 9227:"Max Gschwind, "Massive Retaliatory Power", map, 8929:, (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1942), p 30-31. 8711:, & Stuart J. Kaufman, & Richard Little, 8123: 7387:"Note Upon the Natives of Savage Island, or Niue" 6059: 5965: 5908: 5691:in Berlin was "almost hysterical," as Chancellor 3272:started to develop from the 15th century. In the 2008:further expansion. Territorial empires (e.g. the 1756:), or a group (political bosses). The concept of 12950: 10793:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–116. 10490:, (Lanham: University Press of America), p 350, 9433:, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2012). 8991:, (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1942), p 74. 8962:, (Nantes: 1899), chapter "L'Avenir des Aryens". 7169: 6939:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 2881:empire in the medieval times that dominated the 10677:. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. 9958:, (New York: Biblo ad Tannen, 1969), pp 99-100. 9420:, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009). 9392:, (New York: Cambridge University Press), p 2, 9262: 9260: 9141:Георгий П. Федотов, (1945). "Новое Отечество," 8644:, (New York: Cambridge University Press), p 2, 8158: 7444:. Stanford University Press. pp. 175–178. 7342: 7336: 7143: 6907:The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization 6340: 6007: 5472:American imperial vision is much more global…" 5305:The circumscription theory was stressed in the 4292:, and to the former territories of the extinct 3029:. Major events included the development of the 1824:over those spaces to extract or accrue value". 10521:. (New York: G. Braziller, 1961), pp 499, 501. 9583:Cartography and Geographic Information Science 9568:, "Rise and Demise of the Territorial State", 9394:https://books.google.com/books?id=eyoNEAAAQBAJ 9080:Albert Einstein Collection: Essays in Humanism 9030:, (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press), p 206. 9004:, (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1942), p XI. 8646:https://books.google.com/books?id=eyoNEAAAQBAJ 8630:, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), p 113 7592: 7156:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 39–45, 6622: 3992:in various locations around the world. During 3761:in the 16th to the 20th century. In 1920, the 2052: 12546: 11052: 10709: 10601: 10548:(24 September 2020). "No Barbarians Needed". 10435:https://www.comw.org/qdr/fulltext/03wendt.pdf 9446:, (Leiden & New York: E. J. Brill, 1995). 9002:Geopolitics: The Struggle for Space and Power 8927:Geopolitics: The Struggle for Space and Power 8576: 7992:Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs 7786: 7784: 7688:. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7431: 7149: 6973:"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire" 6787:"Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries" 6418: 5959: 5132:Originally drafted as a secret study for the 4773: 4296:, which alongside the Lusophone countries of 3988:France was a dominant empire possessing many 3723:is currently the largest state on the planet. 3072:, these states directly claimed the title of 2270:was the first empire within the territory of 1744:. Aside from the more formal usage, the word 1669: 1065: 12509:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 10968: 10737:Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2007). 10247: 10235: 10133: 9257: 9107:""Atomic Weapon and the Prevention of War", 8830:""History of the World: Every Year", (2015)" 8802: 8732:. University of Texas Press. pp. X–XI. 8242: 7493:Tea Party Culture War: A Clash of Worldviews 6934: 6629:. University of Toronto Press. p. 115. 5805:To the case of Caracalla, Toynbee added the 5069:tempest barely over, a new one is gathering. 4265:. The latter also disintegrated in 1989–91. 4259:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 10595:King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne 10447:European Journal of International Relations 10431:European Journal of International Relations 9877:, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), p 55-56. 9694:European Journal of International Relations 9600:European Journal of International Relations 9483:European Journal of International Relations 8822: 7878:Debrix, Francois; Lacy, Mark, eds. (2009). 7129:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. 6243:a monarchy with an emperor as head of state 5622:, the author of the circumscription theory 5269:According to the circumscription theory of 4671:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4570:economic, legal, and political structures. 4421: 4118:rule, re-constituted itself in 1804 as the 3469:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2463:In 221 BC, China became an empire when the 1724:kingdoms in early England being examples). 78:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12553: 12539: 11059: 11045: 10844: 10506:, (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1971), p 95. 10032:"The Political Unification of the World", 9967:"The Logistic Growth of Political Areas," 9254:, (Boston: South End Press, 1987), p. 195. 9202:, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1951), p 58. 9154: 8367:"Russia's attempt to build a Third Empire" 8126:Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 7958: 7877: 7781: 7559:. National Book Trust, India. p. 21. 6722:"Ancient Japanese & Chinese Relations" 6649: 6583: 6110: 5125:Russian colleague of Russell and Niebuhr, 4308:. France returned the French territory of 3529:. These conquered lands and people became 3431:the first global empire and trade network. 3401:was a lonely empire that existed from the 3328:extended the empire. In the 17th century, 1760:is associated with other such concepts as 1676: 1662: 1072: 1058: 114:. Please do not remove this message until 10610:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 10259: 10195: 10155: 10021:Studying War: Anthropological Perspective 9707:Cambridge Review of International Affairs 9528: 9526: 8541: 8441: 8364: 8317:, Yale University Press, 2015, pp 16, 22. 8286: 8073: 8060:'s version it also "quacks" like a duck. 7862: 7835: 7437: 6862: 6122: 5936:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 5929: 5258: 5086: 4826:history have lived under imperial rule." 4691:Learn how and when to remove this message 4493:, Mehmet Akif Okur posits that since the 4105: 3880:in world history by total land area, and 3489:Learn how and when to remove this message 2495:(202 BC–AD 9, AD 25–220). The Han Empire 2417:. In 30 BC Rome annexed Ptolemaic Egypt. 2278:, Scythians and Cimmerians to defeat the 2047: 289:List of countries by system of government 207:Learn how and when to remove this message 189:Learn how and when to remove this message 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 10971:The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700 10917: 10741:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 10087:. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 297–298. 9760:, (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), p 17. 9404: 9330:O'Connor, D. B. & Silverman, D. P., 9074: 8693: 8348:"Contending With the New Russian Empire" 8346:Phillips, David L. (February 25, 2022). 8345: 8326: 8218:. Belgian Science Policy. Archived from 8003: 7733: 7721: 7631: 7372:A History of State and Religion in India 7272: 7199: 6979:. Oxford University Press. p. 100. 6748:"Ancient Korean & Chinese Relations" 6310:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 6087:. Cornell University Press. p. 30. 5425: 4257:also broke up and became reduced to the 3535:subordinates of the empire, rather than 3418: 3027:Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture 2633: 2553: 2539:in AD 220 saw China fragmented into the 2440:as well as defeating and conquering the 248: 218: 110:Relevant discussion may be found on the 12333: 10982:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10949: 10769:War and Empire in the Twentieth Century 10745: 10727: 10691: 10669: 10474: 10405: 10384: 10109: 9954:Boas, Franz, (posthumous publication). 9544:, (London: Macmillan, 1943), p 113-114. 9345:The Ancient Near East circa 3000–330 BC 7983: 7981: 7683: 7384: 7275:"Napoleon, the Jews and French Muslims" 7099: 6904: 6877: 6842: 6784: 6574:Human Geography: An Essential Anthology 6544: 6398:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3–4. 6391: 6303: 5755:as defined ceases to exist and becomes 5650:Coudenhove-Kalergi envisaged a kind of 5595:The "Father of American Anthropology," 4768: 3856:(1783–1815), which was followed by the 2543:, only to be unified once again by the 14: 12951: 10940: 10785: 10718: 10568: 10329:(2003). "America's Imperial Dilemma". 9628:Kaufman & Little & Wohlforth, 9594:Kaufman & Little & Wohlforth, 9523: 9498:, (London: Palgrave, 2007), pp. 45–46. 9468:Kaufman & Little & Wohlforth, 9442:D. B. O'Connor & D. P. Silverman, 9075:Einstein, Albert (27 September 2011). 8848: 8810:""50 Centuries in 10 Minutes", (2014)" 8764: 8656: 8523: 8382:"The War in Ukraine Is a Colonial War" 8379: 8064:, (New York: Basic Books, 2004: p 25). 7552: 7237: 7124: 7076:Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia 6977:Oxford History of the Christian Church 6871: 6813:. Transaction Publishers. p. 17. 6806: 6318:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.608 5281:c. 3000 BC) and China (established by 5193:" as an official doctrine, a detailed 4962:Fichte's later compatriot, Geographer 4711:'s timeline listed below includes the 4632: 4578:MP of the United Kingdom, opposed the 3869:order, and representative democracy." 3767:the second largest empire in the world 3208: 3177:, conquered China and established the 1895:Empires were vastly larger than states 12534: 11040: 10994: 10977: 10897: 10879: 10830: 10766: 10624: 10544: 10365: 10325: 10068:International Journal of Anthropology 10051:International Journal of Anthropology 9630:The Balance of Power in World History 9596:The Balance of Power in World History 9496:The Balance of Power in World History 9470:The Balance of Power in World History 9125:""The Illusion of World Government", 9015:The American Political Science Review 8715:, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 8628:World Order in Historical Perspective 8564: 8442:Applebaum, Anne (November 14, 2022). 8327:Ferguson, Niall (February 24, 2022). 8315:Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire 8015: 7904: 7613:from the original on 19 November 2021 7522: 6676: 6299: 6297: 6283: 6080: 5778:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 5185:was published, US Secretary of State 4602:, historian specializing on empires, 4410: 3700:with its colonial ownership in 1812. 3521:was attempted and established on the 10858: 10807: 10579: 9459:, (London: The Rubicon Press, 1995). 8910:The Structure of Political Geography 8698:(11). Translated by J. Bleicher: 87. 8411: 7994:, Volume XII, Winter 2007, pp. 61–93 7978: 7758: 7658: 7087: 7046: 7034: 6480: 6447: 6157: 6068: 6028: 5974: 5917: 4973:. Two famous contemporary observers— 4669:adding citations to reliable sources 4636: 3467:adding citations to reliable sources 3434: 2641:Empires of the Post-classical period 145: 84: 43: 10918:Lens, Sidney; Zinn, Howard (2003). 10888: 10732:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 9980:"Imperial Cycles and World Order," 9472:, (London: Palgrave, 2007), p. 237. 8252:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7526:World civilization: a brief history 7273:Goldfarb, Michael (18 March 2007). 6971:J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth (2010). 6919:, which was more akin to the Greek 6277: 6272:government by an emperor or empress 6215:government by an emperor or empress 6081:Doyle, Michael (5 September 2018). 5890:List of Hindu empires and dynasties 5046:geopolitical theory of evolution." 4874: 4365:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 4312:to China in 1946. The British gave 4284:. The same process happened to the 3408: 3054:Eastern portion of the Roman Empire 2895:that ruled over large parts of the 2703:The territory directly held by the 2285: 24: 10590: 9865:, 141, (March – April 2004): p 48. 9129:, 5/10: (October 1, 1949): p. 291" 8591:, London: Macmillan, 1977, p. 21). 8380:Snyder, Timothy (April 28, 2022). 8211:; Gergana Noutcheva; Marius Vahl. 7553:Pagadi, Setumadhavarao R. (1983). 6572:, "Territorial Growth of States", 6294: 5885:List of transcontinental countries 5486:the 'pro-consuls' of this imperium 5029:was the prelude of World War, the 4432:Contemporaneously, the concept of 4197:An autocratic empire can become a 4065: 2499:and established trade through the 2202:'s major force upon incorporating 1908: 161:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 12975: 11015:Index of Colonies and Possessions 10988: 10810:Empire: A Very Short Introduction 10538:Cited sources and further reading 10530:Ostrovsky 2007: pp 352, 362, 367. 10458:In French, Debray, Régis (2002). 9834:""The Greatest Superpower Ever," 9800:France in an Age of Globalization 9127:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 9109:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 8989:German Strategy of World Conquest 8798:. Vol. I. 1866. p. 359. 8713:Balance of Power in World History 8660:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 7661:History of the Later Roman Empire 7504: 7216:Developing cultures: case studies 7150:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), 5239:criticized an assembled group of 4759:ruled for large periods in India. 4513: 2444:left by Alexander. Under Emperor 1933:developed at least in part under 1544:Biology and political orientation 59:This article has multiple issues. 10791:War and Change in World Politics 10524: 10509: 10496: 10488:The Hyperbola of the World Order 10480: 10452: 10439: 10423: 10399: 10388:Journal of International Affairs 10378: 10359: 10319: 10307: 10291: 10275: 10253: 10189: 10149: 10127: 10103: 10073: 10056: 10039: 10026: 10013: 10000: 9987: 9974: 9961: 9948: 9935: 9926: 9917: 9893: 9880: 9868: 9855: 9826: 9805: 9788: 9772: 9763: 9750: 9737: 9724: 9712: 9699: 9686: 9666: 9648: 9635: 9622: 9605: 9588: 9575: 9559: 9547: 9535: 9514: 9501: 9488: 9475: 9462: 9449: 9436: 9423: 9410: 9382: 9369: 9350: 9337: 9324: 9311: 9290: 9276: 9241: 9219: 9205: 9193: 9180: 9167: 9148: 9135: 9117: 9099: 9068: 9059: 9046: 9033: 9020: 9007: 8994: 8981: 8965: 8948: 8932: 8915: 8902: 8881: 8862: 8855:The Frontier in American History 8842: 8786: 8758: 8746: 8718: 8702: 8687: 8650: 8634: 8619: 8607: 8602:War and Change in World Politics 8594: 8582: 8517: 8506: 8488: 8472: 8454: 8435: 8424: 8405: 8392: 8373: 8358: 8339: 8320: 8307: 8303:from the original on 2021-11-04. 8280: 8236: 8043:, "America's Imperial Dilemma", 7663:. New York: Dover Publications. 7634:The Journal of General Education 6578:Structure of Political Geography 5807:Abbasid cosmopolitan reformation 5157:conquest of the world. In 1951, 5091:Reves added "Postscript" to the 4730:were Byzantine successor states. 4641: 4600:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4399:share their head of state, King 4083:western half of the Roman Empire 4077:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3806: 3788: 3776: 3750: 3730: 3709: 3689: 3664: 3649: 3615: 3603: 3589: 3439: 3250: 3222: 2766: 2746: 2729: 2714: 2696: 2680: 2673:at its greatest extent in c. 620 2662: 2647: 2456:Empires. In the reign of Ashoka 2324: 2305: 2085: 2066: 1645: 1041: 171:guide to writing better articles 150: 89: 48: 12561:Autonomous types of first-tier 10746:Galtung, Johan (January 1996). 10081:von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard 10008:International Studies Quarterly 9875:Europe: An Unfinished Adventure 8200: 8152: 8117: 8092: 8074:Ian Black (December 20, 2002). 8067: 8050: 8034: 8021: 7952: 7939: 7898: 7884:. Routledge. pp. 129–141. 7871: 7856: 7829: 7752: 7739: 7702: 7677: 7652: 7625: 7586: 7573: 7546: 7516: 7498: 7485: 7417: 7385:Thomson, Basil (January 1901). 7378: 7363: 7345:"Hassan Ali Mirza's succession" 7311: 7285: 7266: 7118: 7093: 7065: 7052: 6993: 6964: 6928: 6898: 6836: 6827: 6800: 6778: 6766: 6740: 6714: 6688: 6670: 6643: 6616: 6590:Namita Sanjay Sugandhi (2008). 6563: 6550: 6512: 6499: 6486: 6461:Mexico and the Spanish Conquest 6453: 6424: 6385: 6334: 6290:. Blackwell. pp. 4, 45–46. 6248: 6220: 6191: 6163: 6116: 5880:List of former sovereign states 5227:in 230–221 BC. Chinese classic 5152:The next year, world historian 4524:classical imperialist practices 4070: 4008:but more commonly known as the 4000:(1804–1814), also known as the 2523:: the Han Empire of China, the 2299:Empires of the Classical period 2130:put it, "expanding pulsation." 67:or discuss these issues on the 10902:. Princeton University Press. 10893:. New York: Random House 1987. 10839:: University of Toronto Press. 8681:10.1080/00963402.1948.11460234 8412:Roth, Andrew (June 10, 2022). 8388:– via www.newyorker.com. 8365:Berriault, Lea (May 6, 2022). 7343:Murshidabad.net (8 May 2012). 7295:. 25 June 2015. Archived from 7125:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 6915:was replaced by the so-called 6843:Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (1989). 6074: 6034: 5980: 5923: 5639:Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi 5247:-62). He did not use the term 4894:by one of all those remaining. 4467:U.S. foreign policy strategies 3824:The British established their 3501:In the 15th century, Castile ( 3131:until 1453, by which time the 2761:at its greatest extent in 1335 1539:Theories of political behavior 1165:Political history of the world 750:Intergovernmental organisation 705:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 10978:Tracy, James D., ed. (1990). 10969:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1993). 10771:. Aberdeen University Press. 10714:. Cambridge University Press. 10462:, (Paris: Fayard), p 40, 64, 9658:Political Geography Quarterly 9319:American Behavioral Scientist 9026:Wormer, Parley Paul, (1945). 8875:Geographical Pivot of History 8696:Theory, Culture & Society 8444:"The Russian Empire Must Die" 8076:"Living in a euro wonderland" 7796:Economic and Political Weekly 6343:American Journal of Sociology 5930:Reus-Smit, Christian (2013). 5896: 5847:List of medieval great powers 5243:officers for their war plan ( 5142:The Struggle for the World... 4967: 3876:of China (1644–1912) was the 3743:the largest empire in history 3181:with the imperial capital at 3017:and Simeon I, when its early 2551:(AD 581–618) reunited China. 2232: 2217: 2099:at its greatest extent under 1843:increasingly powerful navy". 1785: 1554:Critique of political economy 39:Ancient Empires (mobile game) 10950:Stearns, Peter, ed. (2001). 10630:"History and the Hyperpower" 10551:The New York Review of Books 9709:, 23/1, (2010): pp. 149–151. 9078:Atomic War or Peace", 1945, 9065:Reves 1945: pp 277-278, 287. 8466:wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org 7867:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 7792:"America's Invisible Empire" 7593:Melvin E. Page, ed. (2003). 6392:Stanard, Matthew G. (2018). 5482:five major regional commands 5134:Office of Strategic Services 5059:, and Hungarian-born writer 4393:British Overseas Territories 4098:in 378 C.E. and, later, the 4092:The Fall of the Roman Empire 3696:The map includes Napoleon's 3597:Empires of the Modern period 3505:) landing in the so-called " 2973:was centered in the city of 1135:Outline of political science 547:(socio-political ideologies) 7: 11066: 10945:. New York: Modern Library. 10723:. London: Bloomsbury Press. 10162:Political Science Quarterly 10098:von Coudenhove-Kalergi 1943 9956:Race and Democratic Society 9361:Journal of Egyptian History 9028:Citizenship and the New Day 8287:Tony Benn (25 March 2013). 8100:"EU gets its military fist" 5835: 4535:of geopolitical power from 4306:Ibero-American commonwealth 4165:before resurrection as the 3864:(1815–1914). It became the 3817:at its maximum extent, 1942 3566:. In the 18th century, the 3296:. In the 16th century, the 3165:In the thirteenth century, 2227:which was succeeded by the 2053:Bronze and Iron Age empires 615:(socio-economic ideologies) 285:List of forms of government 116:conditions to do so are met 10: 12980: 12964:Constitutional state types 10884:. New York: HarperCollins. 10851:Globalization and Violence 10835:(1972 revision ed.). 10750:. Honolulu. Archived from 10215:10.1177/002234338602300305 10143:Princeton University Press 10066:Adapted from idem (2012). 10049:Adapted from idem (2012). 10036:, 38/2, (2004), p 162-177. 9861:"America's Sticky Power," 9836:New Perspectives Quarterly 9747:, 134/2, (2005): p 43, 45. 9111:, 2/7-8, October 1: p. 20" 8878:, J. Murray, London, 1904. 8132:(1). informaworld: 47–64. 7863:Immerwahr, Daniel (2019). 7836:Malesevic, Sinisa (2013). 6753:World History Encyclopedia 6727:World History Encyclopedia 6701:World History Encyclopedia 6507:History against the Pagans 6260:Collins English Dictionary 6042:"Oxford Dictionary Online" 5830:father of Evolution Theory 5492:Another Harvard Historian 5419: 5413: 5409: 5376:One of leading experts on 5262: 4878: 4774:Empire versus nation state 4425: 4414: 4379:), and exerts hegemony in 4150:become the Khanate of the 4074: 3886:People's Republic of China 3862:Britain's Imperial Century 3412: 3336:, controlling most of the 2920:Somali maritime enterprise 2864:seven maritime expeditions 2537:collapse of the Han Empire 2497:expanded into Central Asia 2289: 2136:list of wars by death toll 1708:whose head of state is an 1140:Index of politics articles 36: 29: 12888: 12832: 12751: 12676: 12653: 12645:List of federal countries 12570: 12502: 12454: 11971: 11375: 11074: 10833:Empire and Communications 10281:Spengler, Oswald (1922). 10202:Journal of Peace Research 10141:. Princeton, New Jersey: 9890:, 134/2, (2005): p 20-21. 9613:Fin de Siècle Geopolitics 9444:Ancient Egyptian Kingship 9332:Ancient Egyptian Kingship 9302:The Wizards of Armageddon 9296:Emphasis added, cited in 9266:Toynbee, Arnold, (1948). 8971:Spengler, Oswald (1922). 8850:Turner, Frederick Jackson 8577:Burbank & Cooper 2010 8174:. informaworld: 161–176. 8138:10.1080/14613190701217001 7925:10.1007/s11186-009-9102-8 7749:(1993) 2nd edition, p. 19 7599:. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. 7374:. Routledge. p. 161. 6905:Dvornik, Francis (1956). 6884:. ABC-CLIO. p. 358. 6878:Shelley, Fred M. (2013). 6807:Luling, Virginia (2002). 6794:Encarta Historical Essays 6419:Burbank & Cooper 2010 6232:Vocabulary.com Dictionary 5960:Burbank & Cooper 2010 5800:United States of the West 5654:modeled on "Pax Romana": 5557: 5003:Two other contemporaries— 4585: 3953:kingdom to the north and 1750:transnational corporation 736:(geo-cultural ideologies) 10941:Pagden, Anthony (2001). 10562:Roman empire in the West 10502:Brinton, Crane, (1948). 10486:Ostrovsky, Max, (2007). 10372:Cornell University Press 10145:. pp. 152–153, 394. 10010:, 41/3, (1997): 475–504. 9971:, 26, (1948): p 396-408. 9901:""The Arrogant Empire," 9363:, vol 13 (2020): p 227, 9250:, & Daniel Axelrod, 9186:Brinton, Crane, (1948). 8960:L'Aryen: Son Rôle Social 8943:The One World Philosophy 8543:10.1162/0011526053887301 8524:Pagden, Anthony (2005). 8159:Stephen R. Hurt (2003). 8031:, 13/1-2, (2010): p. 55. 7523:Winks, Robin W. (1993). 6652:"France – Legal History" 6205:. LoveToKnow, Corp. 2018 5994:Oxford Dictionary Online 5862: 5601:historical particularism 5179:The year this volume of 5027:Hague Conference of 1907 4914:and political scientist 4590:In the aftermath of the 4422:United States of America 4357:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon 4282:Francophone commonwealth 3898:Chinese tributary system 3359:was soon established by 3189:had significantly eased 2957:witnessed the rise of a 11007:Encyclopædia Britannica 10898:Kumar, Krishan (2019). 10814:Oxford University Press 10767:Geiss, Imanuel (1983). 10366:Doyle, Michael (1986). 10269:Oxford University Press 10121:Oxford University Press 10070:, vol 27 (1–2): p 1–62. 9696:, 13/2, (2007): p. 179. 9585:, 29/3, (2002): p. 207. 9532:Reves 1945: pp 267-268. 9485:, 13/2, (2007): p. 178. 9231:, 51, May 1954: p. 105" 9017:, 36/6, (1942): p 1041. 8766:Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 8462:"The Knowledge Library" 7905:Kumar, Krishan (2010). 7684:Heather, Peter (2007). 6785:Lockard, Craig (1999). 6623:Michael Burger (2008). 6558:Axial Age Civilizations 6284:Tilly, Charles (1990). 5875:List of largest empires 5727:The Decline of the West 5294:pose equal challenges. 5021:The Decline of the West 4554:, established discrete 4397:Commonwealth of Nations 4288:, which evolved into a 4274:Commonwealth of Nations 4192:constitutional monarchy 4124:Austro-Hungarian Empire 3078:sacrum Romanum imperium 3060:, the largely Germanic 3035:Preslav Literary School 3001:, who were then called 2955:Maritime Southeast Asia 1549:Political organisations 1312:International relations 1150:Politics by subdivision 999:Administrative division 943:International relations 32:Empire (disambiguation) 12595:Corporative federalism 12590:Cooperative federalism 10831:Innis, Harold (1950). 10808:Howe, Stephen (2002). 10728:Elliott, J.H. (2006). 10085:Crusade for Pan-Europe 10053:, vol 27 (1–2): p 1–62 9995:Behavior Science Notes 9984:, 7, (1967): p 83-101. 9982:Peace Research Society 9734:, 13/3, (2008): p 425. 9602:, 13/2, (2007): p 159. 9507:Victoria Tin-bor Hui, 9321:, 31/4, (1988): p 499. 9175:Struggle for the World 9163:on September 29, 2018. 8891:El crimen de la guerra 8485:, 134/2, (2005): p 24. 7802:(44). 30 October 2004. 6556:Samuel N. Eisenstadt, 6494:Peace Research Society 6125:Social Science History 6111:James & Nairn 2006 5852:Military globalization 5842:Linguistic imperialism 5709:Soviet first secretary 5661: 5648: 5580:During the same time, 5574: 5543:Times Atlas of Empires 5540: 5523: 5490: 5467:and Harvard Historian 5462: 5450: 5437: 5382:Christopher Chase-Dunn 5366: 5352: 5320:The Precarious Balance 5316: 5265:Circumscription theory 5259:Circumscription theory 5177: 5168: 5136:(the precursor of the 5087:Atomic bomb and empire 5071: 5053: 4964:Alexander von Humboldt 4960: 4951:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 4948: 4935: 4925: 4896: 4859: 4850: 4833: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4594:, political scientist 4530:emphasizing a state's 4522:, the re-emergence of 4290:Lusophone commonwealth 4278:French colonial empire 4249:. In the aftermath of 4231:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4106:Transition from empire 4018:French colonial empire 3783:Italian Empire in 1942 3763:French colonial empire 3721:The Russian Federation 3659:at its greatest extent 3432: 3405:to the Modern period. 3312:. His successors such 3127:, re-establishing the 2916:Ajuran-Portuguese wars 2559: 2240:Middle Assyrian Empire 2048:History of imperialism 1849:Central African Empire 1718:Central African Empire 261: 246: 12580:Asymmetric federalism 12479:Medieval great powers 10880:Kamen, Henry (2003). 10848:; Nairn, Tom (2006). 10719:Darwin, John (2008). 10034:Cross Cultural Survey 9997:, 8, (1973): p 35-40. 9794:Hubert Vedrine & 9407:, pp. 84, 86–87. 9268:Civilization on Trial 9052:Reves, Emery (1945). 9000:Robert Strausz-Hupé, 8352:The National Interest 8243:Jan Zielonka (2006). 8168:Third World Quarterly 8047:, 82/6, (2003): p 93. 8006:, p. Back cover. 7100:Jackson, Roy (2010). 6935:Florin Curta (2006). 6680:(February 19, 2010). 6658:on September 29, 2013 6306:Empires Versus States 5826:Charles Galton Darwin 5656: 5643: 5610:Seven later scholars— 5569: 5535: 5518: 5474: 5457: 5445: 5429: 5356: 5347: 5329:more famous 1945 book 5311: 5172: 5163: 5066: 5048: 5031:Washington Conference 4986:Juan Bautista Alberdi 4955: 4943: 4926: 4920: 4891: 4854: 4845: 4828: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4499:2003 invasion of Iraq 4438:territorial expansion 4426:Further information: 4327:France still governs 4100:Crossing of the Rhine 4075:Further information: 4002:Greater French Empire 3878:fourth largest empire 3858:Industrial Revolution 3854:Second British Empire 3832:, including parts of 3813:19th to 20th century 3422: 3308:'s direct descendant 2850:(1271–1368), and the 2791:" came to denote the 2634:Post-classical period 2628:Roman Catholic Church 2614:The legal systems of 2557: 2469:Warring States period 1629:Political campaigning 1369:Public administration 1202:Collective leadership 1009:Democratic transition 872:Self-governing colony 469:Military dictatorship 252: 222: 12640:Symmetric federalism 12489:European colonialism 12474:Ancient great powers 10628:(July–August 2004). 9817:, 22/2, (2005): p 5" 9815:World Policy Journal 9572:, 9, (1957): p. 482. 9457:Monarchs of the Nile 9054:The Anatomy of Peace 8987:Derwent Whittlesey, 8869:Halford J. Mackinder 8728:(1966). "Foreword". 8726:Garcilaso de la Vega 8626:Kohn, Hans, (1942). 8004:Lens & Zinn 2003 7734:Lens & Zinn 2003 7722:Lens & Zinn 2003 7207:Lawrence E. Harrison 5828:, a grandson of the 5735:had been advised to 5416:American imperialism 5214:A pupil of Toynbee, 4835:Political scientist 4769:Theoretical research 4665:improve this section 4592:annexation of Crimea 4580:European integration 4564:ability to influence 4528:politics of identity 4501:underway, historian 4495:September 11 attacks 4459:expand its territory 4428:American imperialism 4329:overseas territories 4096:defeat at Adrianople 3998:Empire of the French 3846:Continental Congress 3463:improve this section 3216:Early Modern Empires 3119:(1204–1261) and the 3048:At the time, in the 2991:Eastern Roman Empire 2953:In the 7th century, 2910:from the west and a 2860:ninth largest empire 2655:Eastern Roman Empire 2432:through the help of 2420:In India during the 2373:, and North-Western 2292:Sino-Roman relations 1479:Separation of powers 1350:Political psychology 1325:Comparative politics 1303:political scientists 1290:Academic disciplines 1170:Political philosophy 12880:Territorial dispute 12860:Military occupation 12774:Dependent territory 12736:Supranational union 12711:Multinational state 12484:Modern great powers 10675:The European Empire 10570:Kulikowski, Michael 10433:. 9 (4): pp 54–56, 10411:"The Future of Man" 10238:, pp. 147–148. 9905:. (March 24, 2003)" 9662:. pp. 108–130. 9542:Conditions of Peace 9085:. Open Road Media. 8923:Robert Strausz-Hupé 8838:. 16 December 2015. 8673:1948BuAtS...4h.249W 8106:. December 13, 2002 8058:Clyde V. Prestowitz 8029:Mediterraneo Antico 7945:Johnson, Chalmers, 7770:on January 23, 2009 7659:Bury, John (2011). 6864:10.5070/F7172016882 6463:(1994), pp. 23–24, 6175:The Free Dictionary 5707:Eisenhower assured 5633:The founder of the 5605:cultural relativism 5562:In 1945, Historian 5526:Walter Russell Mead 5378:world-system theory 5197:was elaborated and 5039:Robert Strausz-Hupé 4633:Timeline of empires 4463:imperialistic means 4442:cultural ideologies 4405:Commonwealth realms 4280:metamorphosed to a 4140:Empire of Trebizond 4006:First French Empire 3963:Sub-Saharan African 3850:American Revolution 3698:First French empire 3386:in Mesoamerica and 3274:Indian subcontinent 3209:Early Modern period 3121:Empire of Trebizond 3095:In 1204, after the 3086:Holy Roman Emperors 3039:Old Church Slavonic 2961:thallasocracy, the 2844:Western Liao Empire 2759:Indian subcontinent 2739:in the 13th century 2564:early modern period 2531:of Persia, and the 2485:Great Wall of China 2479:and proclaimed the 2430:Chandragupta Maurya 2379:Alexander the Great 2280:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2264:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2208:ancient city-states 2001:political structure 1962:Maratha Confederacy 1803:political structure 1738:Carthaginian Empire 1652:Politics portal 1501:Election commission 1472:Government branches 1355:Political sociology 1207:Confessional system 1145:Politics by country 1048:Politics portal 933:Supranational union 842:Dependent territory 755:National government 259:Alexander the Great 243:Roman vassal states 103:of this article is 12938:Tribal sovereignty 12684:Composite monarchy 10973:. London: Longman. 10477:, p. 554-555. 10157:Ikenberry, John G. 10135:Trachtenberg, Marc 10116:A Study of History 10111:Toynbee, Arnold J. 9237:on March 12, 2017. 9213:A Study of History 8772:. pp. 87–89. 8500:2016-11-24 at the 7913:Theory and Society 7822:2016-11-18 at the 7811:2017-01-27 at the 7477:has generic name ( 7279:The New York Times 7062:50 (1988), 568–570 6913:glagolitic writing 6684:. Stanford Report. 6596:. pp. 88–89. 6483:, pp. 37, 39. 6450:, p. 126–127. 5695:characterized it. 5478:Defense Department 5438: 5318:In the 1945 book, 5187:John Foster Dulles 5182:A Study of History 4885:Expert on warfare 4881:Universal monarchy 4411:Contemporary usage 4391:, etc.). Fourteen 4088:Five Good Emperors 3983:Anglo-Maratha wars 3965:political entity. 3961:of any indigenous 3949:, bordered by the 3433: 3377:Nizam of Hyderabad 3369:Napoleon Bonaparte 3367:, who allied with 3205:was also founded. 3058:Carolingian Empire 2989:, during 917, the 2836:Western Xia Empire 2707:of China in 700 AD 2687:The extent of the 2624:imperator princeps 2560: 2467:ended the chaotic 2438:northwestern India 2266:(916–612 BC). The 2223:in China rose the 2022:maritime republics 1335:Political analysis 1267:Semi-parliamentary 262: 247: 12946: 12945: 12741:Continental union 12635:Fiscal federalism 12605:Ethnic federalism 12528: 12527: 12450: 12449: 12415:Polish–Lithuanian 11590:Gurjara-Pratihara 11027:978-5-354-00915-2 10961:978-0-395-65237-4 10933:978-0-7453-2100-4 10909:978-0-691-19280-2 10823:978-0-19-280223-1 10800:978-0-521-27376-3 10778:978-0-08-030387-1 10684:978-1-5233-1890-2 10617:978-0-691-12708-8 10604:Cooper, Frederick 10407:Russell, Bertrand 10248:Trachtenberg 1999 10236:Trachtenberg 1999 9682:. 5 October 2012. 9092:978-1-4532-0459-7 8956:Vacher de Lapouge 8779:978-0-460-10196-7 8739:978-0-292-73358-9 8709:William Wohlforth 8259:978-0-19-929221-9 8180:10.1080/713701373 7949:(2000), pp. 72–79 7891:978-1-134-04540-2 7849:978-0-7456-7206-9 7745:LaFeber, Walter, 7736:, pp. 63–64. 7695:978-0-19-532541-6 7670:978-0-486-20398-0 7606:978-1-57607-335-3 7566:978-81-237-0647-4 7536:978-0-939693-28-3 7491:Johnston, Steve, 7451:978-0-8047-2864-5 7230:978-0-415-95279-8 7163:978-1-139-49889-0 7136:978-1-78347-572-8 7111:978-1-136-95036-0 6986:978-0-19-161488-0 6959:Cyrillic preslav. 6954:978-0-521-81539-0 6891:978-1-61069-106-2 6820:978-1-874209-98-0 6636:978-1-55111-432-3 6603:978-0-549-74441-2 6432:"U-M Web Hosting" 6405:978-1-119-13013-0 6327:978-0-19-022863-7 6094:978-1-5017-3413-7 5943:978-0-521-85777-2 5737:cross the Rubicon 5716:Marc Trachtenberg 5712:Nikita Khrushchev 5685:Dwight Eisenhower 5635:Paneuropean Union 5431:Al Udeid Air Base 5404:thermodynamic law 5396:Randall Schweller 5299:William Wohlforth 5105:Nobel Peace Prize 5009:Vacher de Lapouge 4979:Halford Mackinder 4701: 4700: 4693: 4624:Later that year, 4619:Mykhailo Podolyak 4369:Wallis and Futuna 4286:Portuguese Empire 4173:. After 1945 the 4049:Portuguese Empire 4010:Napoleonic Empire 3912:Xinhai Revolution 3890:Republic of China 3874:Great Qing Empire 3842:Thirteen Colonies 3757:Evolution of the 3511:Cape of Good Hope 3499: 3498: 3491: 3425:Portuguese Empire 3294:Bahmani Sultanate 3270:gunpowder empires 3231:Gunpowder empires 3229:The three Muslim 3197:across Asia. The 3154:(1803–1815), the 3148:Emperor of Russia 3144:Ivan the Terrible 3062:Holy Roman Empire 2852:Great Ming Empire 2848:Great Yuan Empire 2846:(1124–1218), the 2842:(1115–1234), the 2838:(1038–1227), the 2828:Great Liao Empire 2799:and post–Islamic 2509:Emperor Wu of Han 2347:Achaemenid Empire 2250:and those of the 2166:, established by 2074:Achaemenid Empire 2042:Imperial election 2038:Holy Roman Empire 2010:Macedonian Empire 1960:, as well as the 1943:Portuguese Empire 1799:imperial policies 1686: 1685: 1634:Political parties 1574:Electoral systems 1298:Political science 1272:Semi-presidential 1184:Political systems 1160:Political history 1155:Political economy 1082: 1081: 1033: 1032: 1004:Democracy indices 979: 978: 782: 781: 591:Semi-presidential 516: 515: 255:Macedonian Empire 217: 216: 209: 199: 198: 191: 165:used on Knowledge 163:encyclopedic tone 144: 143: 136: 82: 16:(Redirected from 12971: 12923:Stateless nation 12908:Decentralization 12759:Associated state 12620:Federal republic 12615:Federal monarchy 12555: 12548: 12541: 12532: 12531: 12331: 12330: 11996:Austro-Hungarian 11696:Chagatai Khanate 11061: 11054: 11047: 11038: 11037: 11011: 11003: 10983: 10974: 10965: 10946: 10937: 10913: 10894: 10885: 10876: 10861:Social Scientist 10855: 10840: 10837:Toronto, Ontario 10827: 10804: 10782: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10742: 10733: 10724: 10715: 10706: 10688: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10648:10.2307/20034046 10621: 10598: 10592:Nelson, Janet L. 10588: 10581:Scheidel, Walter 10577: 10566: 10531: 10528: 10522: 10513: 10507: 10500: 10494: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10456: 10450: 10449:. 11 (4): p 595. 10443: 10437: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10416:Atlantic Monthly 10403: 10397: 10396: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10345:10.2307/20033759 10323: 10317: 10311: 10305: 10295: 10289: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10107: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10077: 10071: 10060: 10054: 10043: 10037: 10030: 10024: 10017: 10011: 10004: 9998: 9991: 9985: 9978: 9972: 9965: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9913:. 23 March 2003. 9897: 9891: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9840:. Archived from 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9809: 9803: 9792: 9786: 9776: 9770: 9767: 9761: 9756:Niall Ferguson, 9754: 9748: 9741: 9735: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9703: 9697: 9690: 9684: 9683: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9652: 9646: 9639: 9633: 9626: 9620: 9609: 9603: 9592: 9586: 9579: 9573: 9563: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9530: 9521: 9518: 9512: 9505: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9479: 9473: 9466: 9460: 9453: 9447: 9440: 9434: 9429:Yuri Pines, The 9427: 9421: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9386: 9380: 9373: 9367: 9354: 9348: 9341: 9335: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9309: 9294: 9288: 9280: 9274: 9264: 9255: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9233:. Archived from 9223: 9217: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9184: 9178: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9159:. Archived from 9152: 9146: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9072: 9066: 9063: 9057: 9050: 9044: 9037: 9031: 9024: 9018: 9011: 9005: 8998: 8992: 8985: 8979: 8969: 8963: 8952: 8946: 8936: 8930: 8919: 8913: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8885: 8879: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8762: 8756: 8753:System of States 8750: 8744: 8743: 8722: 8716: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8654: 8648: 8638: 8632: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8521: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8492: 8486: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8439: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8409: 8403: 8402:, June 11, 2022. 8396: 8390: 8389: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8324: 8318: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8268: 8262:. Archived from 8251: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8217: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8165: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8071: 8065: 8054: 8048: 8041:Dimitri K. Simes 8038: 8032: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7985: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7963:. Archived from 7959:Niall Ferguson. 7956: 7950: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7910: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7842:. Polity Press. 7833: 7827: 7803: 7788: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7756: 7750: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7590: 7584: 7579:Robert Aldrich, 7577: 7571: 7570: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7507:"Pax Britannica" 7502: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7476: 7472: 7470: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7435: 7429: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7351:on 2 August 2012 7347:. Archived from 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7321:. Archived from 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7299:on 28 March 2019 7289: 7283: 7282: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7249:Edward G. Browne 7241: 7235: 7234: 7203: 7197: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7072:Thomas T. Allsen 7069: 7063: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7014: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6942: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6917:Cyrillic writing 6902: 6896: 6895: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6650:Ken Pennington. 6647: 6641: 6640: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6587: 6581: 6570:Friedrich Ratzel 6567: 6561: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6523: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6349:(5): 1061–1094. 6338: 6332: 6331: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6267: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6238: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6120: 6114: 6113:, p. xxiii. 6108: 6102: 6101: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5963: 5957: 5948: 5947: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5786:Bertrand Russell 5628:Jesse H. Ausubel 5618:, Louis Morano, 5599:, known for his 5590:Anatomy of Peace 5494:Charles S. Maier 5465:Kenneth Pomeranz 5441:Chalmers Johnson 5388:and reached the 5386:balance of power 5237:RAND Corporation 5191:a knock-out blow 5120:Reinhold Niebuhr 5112:Bertrand Russell 5097:world government 5081:world federalism 5076:Anatomy of Peace 4997:Friedrich Ratzel 4990:Evolution theory 4975:Frederick Turner 4972: 4969: 4931:balance of power 4908:balance of power 4875:Universal empire 4823:Frederick Cooper 4696: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4645: 4637: 4373:Saint Barthélemy 4345:French Polynesia 4136:Empire of Nicaea 4128:Byzantine Empire 4081:The fall of the 4045:Empire of Brazil 3959:historiographies 3908:Qianlong Emperor 3810: 3792: 3780: 3754: 3734: 3713: 3693: 3668: 3653: 3619: 3607: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3443: 3435: 3409:Colonial empires 3403:Late Middle Ages 3373:Nawabs of Bengal 3261:of China in 1550 3254: 3226: 3129:Byzantine Empire 3117:Empire of Nicaea 3019:Christianization 3011:Southeast Europe 3007:Bulgarian Empire 2999:Simeon the Great 2967:Majapahit Empire 2963:Srivijaya Empire 2885:trade. It was a 2875:Ajuran Sultanate 2840:Great Jin Empire 2770: 2750: 2733: 2718: 2700: 2684: 2666: 2651: 2603:(commander) and 2597:Imperium Romanum 2477:other six states 2446:Ashoka the Great 2334:of China in 2 AD 2328: 2309: 2286:Classical period 2237: 2234: 2222: 2219: 2101:Ashoka the Great 2089: 2070: 2014:Byzantine Empire 1939:Empire of Brazil 1807:Michael W. Doyle 1801:or a particular 1678: 1671: 1664: 1650: 1649: 1440: 1385: 1340:Political theory 1330:Election science 1320: 1306: 1084: 1083: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1046: 1045: 993: 992: 837:Associated state 795: 794: 770:Internationalism 760:World government 737: 616: 548: 529: 528: 503:Free association 490: 451: 370: 313: 301: 300: 264: 263: 240: 226: 212: 205: 194: 187: 183: 180: 174: 173:for suggestions. 169:See Knowledge's 154: 153: 146: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 93: 92: 85: 74: 52: 51: 44: 21: 12979: 12978: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12942: 12901:Autonomous area 12884: 12828: 12819:Tributary state 12809:Satellite state 12747: 12721:Political union 12704:Colonial empire 12672: 12649: 12625:Federated state 12600:Dual federalism 12566: 12559: 12529: 12524: 12513:American Empire 12498: 12494:African empires 12446: 12329: 12021:Central African 11967: 11785:Romano-Germanic 11371: 11105:Middle Assyrian 11078: 11070: 11065: 10991: 10986: 10962: 10934: 10926:. p. 464. 10910: 10889:Kennedy, Paul. 10824: 10801: 10779: 10757: 10755: 10685: 10660: 10658: 10635:Foreign Affairs 10626:Cohen, Eliot A. 10618: 10602:Burbank, Jane; 10540: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10518:The Fate of Man 10514: 10510: 10501: 10497: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10457: 10453: 10444: 10440: 10428: 10424: 10404: 10400: 10383: 10379: 10364: 10360: 10332:Foreign Affairs 10324: 10320: 10312: 10308: 10296: 10292: 10280: 10276: 10261:Lundestad, Geir 10258: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10197:Lundestad, Geir 10194: 10190: 10175:10.2307/2151270 10154: 10150: 10132: 10128: 10108: 10104: 10096: 10092: 10078: 10074: 10061: 10057: 10044: 10040: 10031: 10027: 10018: 10014: 10005: 10001: 9992: 9988: 9979: 9975: 9966: 9962: 9953: 9949: 9941:Quincy Wright, 9940: 9936: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9918: 9899: 9898: 9894: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9860: 9856: 9847: 9845: 9838:, 19/2, (2002)" 9832: 9831: 9827: 9819: 9811: 9810: 9806: 9796:Dominique Moisi 9793: 9789: 9777: 9773: 9768: 9764: 9755: 9751: 9742: 9738: 9729: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9704: 9700: 9691: 9687: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9641:Quincy Wright, 9640: 9636: 9627: 9623: 9611:Gerry Kearns, " 9610: 9606: 9593: 9589: 9580: 9576: 9564: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9506: 9502: 9493: 9489: 9480: 9476: 9467: 9463: 9454: 9450: 9441: 9437: 9428: 9424: 9415: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9387: 9383: 9374: 9370: 9355: 9351: 9342: 9338: 9329: 9325: 9316: 9312: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9277: 9265: 9258: 9246: 9242: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9210: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9185: 9181: 9173:James Burnham, 9172: 9168: 9153: 9149: 9140: 9136: 9131:. October 1949. 9123: 9122: 9118: 9113:. October 1946. 9105: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9060: 9051: 9047: 9038: 9034: 9025: 9021: 9012: 9008: 8999: 8995: 8986: 8982: 8970: 8966: 8953: 8949: 8937: 8933: 8920: 8916: 8907: 8903: 8895: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8867: 8863: 8847: 8843: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8780: 8763: 8759: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8723: 8719: 8707: 8703: 8692: 8688: 8655: 8651: 8639: 8635: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8579:, pp. 2–3. 8575: 8571: 8563: 8559: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8507: 8502:Wayback Machine 8493: 8489: 8477: 8473: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8425: 8410: 8406: 8397: 8393: 8378: 8374: 8363: 8359: 8344: 8340: 8325: 8321: 8312: 8308: 8285: 8281: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8215: 8205: 8201: 8192: 8190: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8107: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8084: 8082: 8072: 8068: 8055: 8051: 8045:Foreign Affairs 8039: 8035: 8026: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7986: 7979: 7970: 7968: 7957: 7953: 7944: 7940: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7876: 7872: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7834: 7830: 7824:Wayback Machine 7813:Wayback Machine 7804:Text available 7790: 7789: 7782: 7773: 7771: 7762:(May 6, 2003). 7757: 7753: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7657: 7653: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7521: 7517: 7505:Watts, Carl P. 7503: 7499: 7490: 7486: 7474: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7436: 7432: 7422: 7418: 7403:10.2307/2842790 7383: 7379: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7341: 7337: 7328: 7326: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7271: 7267: 7258: 7256: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7223:. p. 158. 7211:Peter L. Berger 7204: 7200: 7196:, pages 259–261 7186:OECD Publishing 7176:Maddison, Angus 7174: 7170: 7164: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7070: 7066: 7057: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7033: 7020: 7012: 7010: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6933: 6929: 6903: 6899: 6892: 6876: 6872: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6758: 6756: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6732: 6730: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6706: 6704: 6696:"Ancient Japan" 6694: 6693: 6689: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6588: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6526: 6517: 6513: 6504: 6500: 6496:, 7: pp 83-101. 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6302: 6295: 6282: 6278: 6265: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6208: 6206: 6203:Your Dictionary 6197: 6196: 6192: 6179: 6177: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6137:10.2307/1170959 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5966: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5909: 5899: 5894: 5870:List of empires 5865: 5838: 5791:Alexander Wendt 5765:edict in AD 212 5722:Oswald Spengler 5693:Conrad Adenauer 5689:John F. Kennedy 5624:Robert Carneiro 5560: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5402:" in a kind of 5338:Hans Morgenthau 5271:Robert Carneiro 5267: 5261: 5216:William McNeill 5159:Hans Morgenthau 5116:third World War 5101:Albert Einstein 5089: 5016:Oswald Spengler 4970: 4883: 4877: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4722:The Empires of 4717:Eastern portion 4697: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4662: 4646: 4635: 4588: 4556:military forces 4539:power blocs to 4520:political space 4516: 4475:Donald Rumsfeld 4430: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4175:Empire of Japan 4159:Empire of China 4120:Austrian Empire 4108: 4079: 4073: 4068: 4066:Fall of empires 3844:. In 1776, the 3830:British America 3822: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3815:Japanese Empire 3811: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3714: 3706: 3705: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3634:in the west to 3620: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3574:, parts of the 3495: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3460: 3444: 3417: 3415:Colonial empire 3411: 3300:was founded by 3278:Delhi Sultanate 3266: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3246: 3245:in 18th century 3227: 3218: 3217: 3211: 3160:Austria-Hungary 3156:Austrian Empire 3152:Napoleonic Wars 3076:from Rome. The 3031:Cyrillic script 2826:(581–618), the 2812:Chinese empires 2781: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2755:Delhi Sultanate 2751: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2671:Sasanian Empire 2667: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2569:The Latin word 2529:Parthian Empire 2489:Terracotta Army 2415:Parthian Empire 2339: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2248:Egyptian Empire 2235: 2220: 2168:Sargon of Akkad 2164:Akkadian Empire 2148:Prophetic books 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2090: 2082: 2081: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2050: 2034:British empires 2026:thalassocracies 1947:French Republic 1923:Athenian Empire 1911: 1909:Characteristics 1861:Empire of Japan 1788: 1730:Austrian Empire 1706:sovereign state 1682: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1569: 1568: 1559: 1558: 1516: 1515: 1506: 1505: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1463: 1459:Public interest 1444:Domestic policy 1434: 1427: 1426: 1415: 1414: 1379: 1372: 1371: 1360: 1359: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1282: 1281: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1174: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1089:Politics series 1078: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1021:Democratisation 1014:Autocratization 990: 982: 981: 980: 937: 898: 877:Tributary state 867:Satellite state 822: 792: 791:Power structure 784: 783: 735: 734: 716: 687: 673: 664:Totalitarianism 614: 613: 595: 546: 545: 526: 518: 517: 512: 488: 480: 445: 437: 368: 360: 307: 298: 297:Source of power 275:Basic forms of 269:Politics series 245: 238: 236: 224: 213: 202: 201: 200: 195: 184: 178: 175: 168: 159:This article's 155: 151: 140: 129: 123: 120: 109: 94: 90: 53: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12977: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12892: 12890: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12743: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12716:Personal union 12713: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12696: 12694:Dynastic union 12691: 12686: 12680: 12678: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12670: 12668:Regional state 12665: 12659: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12565:administration 12558: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12535: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12506: 12504: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12458: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12350: 12345: 12339: 12337: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12295: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12278: 12273: 12272: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12251: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12197: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12116: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12087: 12077: 12076: 12075: 12070: 12060: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12023: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11977: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11908: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11792: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11626: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11535: 11530: 11529: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11449: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11381: 11379: 11377:Post-classical 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11357: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11249: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11176:Middle Kingdom 11173: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11132:Neo-Babylonian 11129: 11124: 11122:Old Babylonian 11114: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11097: 11092: 11086: 11084: 11072: 11071: 11064: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11017: 11012: 11001:"Empire" 10990: 10989:External links 10987: 10985: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10960: 10947: 10938: 10932: 10915: 10908: 10895: 10886: 10877: 10867:(3/4): 54–65. 10856: 10842: 10828: 10822: 10805: 10799: 10787:Gilpin, Robert 10783: 10777: 10764: 10743: 10734: 10725: 10716: 10707: 10693:Colomer, Josep 10689: 10683: 10671:Colomer, Josep 10667: 10622: 10616: 10599: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10523: 10508: 10495: 10479: 10467: 10451: 10438: 10422: 10409:(April 1951). 10398: 10377: 10358: 10327:Simes, Dimitri 10318: 10306: 10290: 10274: 10252: 10250:, p. 401. 10240: 10228: 10209:(3): 263–267. 10188: 10148: 10126: 10123:. p. 502. 10102: 10100:, p. 299. 10090: 10072: 10055: 10038: 10025: 10012: 9999: 9986: 9973: 9960: 9947: 9943:A Study of War 9934: 9925: 9916: 9892: 9879: 9867: 9863:Foreign Policy 9854: 9825: 9804: 9787: 9771: 9762: 9749: 9736: 9723: 9711: 9698: 9685: 9665: 9660:, 9/2, (1990)" 9647: 9643:A Study of War 9634: 9621: 9604: 9587: 9574: 9570:World Politics 9558: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9513: 9500: 9487: 9474: 9461: 9455:Aidan Dodson, 9448: 9435: 9422: 9409: 9397: 9381: 9368: 9349: 9343:Amelie Kuhrt, 9336: 9323: 9310: 9289: 9275: 9256: 9240: 9218: 9204: 9192: 9179: 9166: 9147: 9134: 9116: 9098: 9091: 9067: 9058: 9045: 9039:Ludwig Dehio, 9032: 9019: 9006: 8993: 8980: 8964: 8947: 8931: 8914: 8901: 8880: 8861: 8841: 8821: 8801: 8785: 8778: 8757: 8745: 8738: 8717: 8701: 8686: 8649: 8633: 8618: 8606: 8593: 8581: 8569: 8557: 8516: 8505: 8487: 8479:Niall Ferguson 8471: 8453: 8434: 8423: 8404: 8391: 8386:The New Yorker 8372: 8357: 8338: 8319: 8313:Agnia Grigas, 8306: 8290:European Union 8279: 8258: 8235: 8209:Nathalie Tocci 8199: 8151: 8116: 8091: 8066: 8049: 8033: 8020: 8008: 7996: 7977: 7951: 7938: 7919:(2): 119–143. 7897: 7890: 7870: 7855: 7848: 7828: 7815:, author link 7780: 7751: 7738: 7726: 7714: 7708:George Hicks, 7701: 7694: 7676: 7669: 7651: 7624: 7605: 7585: 7572: 7565: 7545: 7535: 7515: 7497: 7484: 7450: 7430: 7416: 7377: 7362: 7335: 7310: 7284: 7265: 7236: 7229: 7198: 7168: 7162: 7142: 7135: 7117: 7110: 7092: 7080: 7064: 7051: 7039: 7018: 6992: 6985: 6963: 6953: 6927: 6897: 6890: 6870: 6835: 6826: 6819: 6799: 6777: 6765: 6739: 6713: 6687: 6678:Haven, Cynthia 6669: 6642: 6635: 6615: 6602: 6582: 6562: 6549: 6524: 6511: 6498: 6485: 6473: 6452: 6440: 6423: 6411: 6404: 6384: 6355:10.1086/227125 6333: 6326: 6293: 6276: 6247: 6219: 6190: 6162: 6150: 6115: 6103: 6093: 6073: 6058: 6033: 6006: 5979: 5964: 5949: 5942: 5922: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5857:Nomadic empire 5854: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5834: 5697:John Ikenberry 5620:Rein Taagepera 5559: 5556: 5552:exceptionalism 5548:Fareed Zakaria 5531:Zygmunt Bauman 5505:Hubert Vedrine 5469:Niall Ferguson 5414:Main article: 5411: 5408: 5263:Main article: 5260: 5257: 5220:warring states 5127:Georgy Fedotov 5088: 5085: 4912:Arnold Toynbee 4900:global history 4876: 4873: 4861:The author of 4815:Eliot A. Cohen 4811:Anthony Pagden 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4720: 4699: 4698: 4649: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4626:Anne Applebaum 4614:Vladimir Putin 4608:Timothy Snyder 4604:Niall Ferguson 4587: 4584: 4574:, a left-wing 4562:often has the 4548:European Union 4515: 4514:European Union 4512: 4507:Eliot A. Cohen 4446:foreign policy 4423: 4420: 4415:Main article: 4412: 4409: 4310:Kwang-Chou-Wan 4294:Spanish Empire 4270:decolonisation 4255:Russian Empire 4235:Czechoslovakia 4203:Weimar Germany 4167:Timurid Empire 4144:Ottoman Empire 4107: 4104: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4022:Spanish Empire 3974:Maratha Empire 3935:Ashanti Region 3919:Ashanti Empire 3903:zhonghua minzu 3866:largest empire 3812: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3756: 3749: 3748: 3739:British Empire 3736: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3717:Russian Empire 3715: 3708: 3707: 3695: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3678:Empire of the 3670: 3663: 3662: 3657:Ottoman Empire 3655: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3628:Maratha Empire 3621: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3568:Spanish Empire 3564:Dutch Republic 3523:Canary Islands 3497: 3496: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3429:Spanish Empire 3413:Main article: 3410: 3407: 3256: 3249: 3248: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3199:Safavid Empire 3140:Ottoman Empire 3107:established a 3101:Constantinople 3097:Fourth Crusade 3066:Russian Empire 3041:, also called 3015:Prince Boris I 2987:Eastern Europe 2932:Southeast Asia 2897:Horn of Africa 2789:Persian Empire 2774:Serbian Empire 2772: 2765: 2764: 2752: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2695: 2694: 2689:Umayyad Empire 2686: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2620:Roman Republic 2541:Three Kingdoms 2330: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2284: 2244:Hittite Empire 2236: 1100 BC 2221: 1500 BC 2200:ancient Africa 2172:Shamshi-Adad I 2116:Neo-Babylonian 2091: 2084: 2083: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 1937:auspices. The 1931:British Empire 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1853:Mexican Empire 1826:Rein Taagepera 1787: 1784: 1754:political boss 1742:British Empire 1734:Russian Empire 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1523: 1517: 1514:Related topics 1513: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449:Foreign policy 1446: 1441: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1345:Policy studies 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1310: 1308: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1128:Primary topics 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1026:Hybrid regimes 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1001: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 977: 976: 975: 974: 969: 964: 959: 957:Regional power 954: 946: 945: 939: 938: 936: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 907: 906: 900: 899: 897: 896: 891: 886: 879: 874: 869: 864: 862:Puppet monarch 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 831: 830: 824: 823: 821: 820: 815: 810: 802: 801: 793: 790: 789: 786: 785: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 739: 738: 733: 732: 727: 721: 718: 717: 715: 714: 713: 712: 707: 697: 695:State religion 689: 688: 686: 685: 682: 678: 675: 674: 672: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 618: 617: 612: 611: 606: 600: 597: 596: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 566:Constitutional 563: 558: 550: 549: 544: 543: 538: 532: 527: 525:Power ideology 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 513: 511: 510: 505: 500: 492: 491: 489:(rule by none) 482: 481: 479: 478: 473: 472: 471: 461: 453: 452: 439: 438: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 372: 371: 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 348: 343: 341:Representative 338: 333: 328: 323: 315: 314: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 280: 279: 272: 271: 237: 223: 215: 214: 197: 196: 158: 156: 149: 142: 141: 97: 95: 88: 83: 57: 56: 54: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12976: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12887: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12789:Indirect rule 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12689:Dual monarchy 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12655:Unitary state 12652: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585:Confederation 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12569: 12564: 12556: 12551: 12549: 12544: 12542: 12537: 12536: 12533: 12519: 12518:Soviet empire 12516: 12514: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12503:Miscellaneous 12501: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12234: 12233: 12230: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12185: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12102:German Empire 12100: 12099: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11842:Turco-Persian 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11750: 11749: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11062: 11057: 11055: 11050: 11048: 11043: 11042: 11039: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11002: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10957: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10939: 10935: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10905: 10901: 10896: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10770: 10765: 10754:on 2007-10-13 10753: 10749: 10744: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10726: 10722: 10717: 10713: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10586: 10582: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10563: 10558:(14): 61–62. 10557: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10543: 10542: 10527: 10520: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10499: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10476: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10448: 10442: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10408: 10402: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10381: 10374:. p. 12. 10373: 10369: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10339:(6): 91–102. 10338: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10315: 10310: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10249: 10244: 10237: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10192: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10163: 10158: 10152: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10117: 10112: 10106: 10099: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10052: 10048: 10042: 10035: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10009: 10003: 9996: 9990: 9983: 9977: 9970: 9969:Social Forces 9964: 9957: 9951: 9944: 9938: 9929: 9920: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9904: 9896: 9889: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9864: 9858: 9844:on 2016-04-14 9843: 9839: 9837: 9829: 9818: 9816: 9808: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9766: 9759: 9753: 9746: 9740: 9733: 9727: 9720: 9715: 9708: 9702: 9695: 9689: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9669: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9644: 9638: 9631: 9625: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9584: 9578: 9571: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9550: 9543: 9538: 9529: 9527: 9517: 9510: 9504: 9497: 9491: 9484: 9478: 9471: 9465: 9458: 9452: 9445: 9439: 9432: 9426: 9419: 9413: 9406: 9405:Tenbruck 1994 9401: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9378: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9327: 9320: 9314: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9286: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9236: 9232: 9230: 9222: 9215: 9214: 9208: 9201: 9196: 9189: 9183: 9176: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9138: 9130: 9128: 9120: 9112: 9110: 9102: 9094: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9062: 9055: 9049: 9042: 9036: 9029: 9023: 9016: 9010: 9003: 8997: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8944: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8911: 8905: 8894: 8892: 8884: 8877: 8876: 8870: 8865: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8825: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8797: 8796: 8789: 8781: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8754: 8749: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8714: 8710: 8705: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8653: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8610: 8603: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8578: 8573: 8567:, p. 50. 8566: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8520: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8438: 8432: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8368: 8361: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8334: 8333:The Spectator 8330: 8323: 8316: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8283: 8269:on 2007-12-02 8265: 8261: 8255: 8248: 8247: 8239: 8225:on 2007-12-02 8221: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8046: 8042: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8018:, p. 56. 8017: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7967:on 2011-07-15 7966: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7901: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7874: 7866: 7859: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7832: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7785: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7711: 7705: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7549: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7519: 7512: 7509:. p. 3. 7508: 7501: 7494: 7488: 7480: 7468: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7434: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7373: 7366: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7325:on 2019-05-28 7324: 7320: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7255:on 2016-03-04 7254: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7195: 7194:92-64-10414-3 7191: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7113: 7107: 7104:. Routledge. 7103: 7096: 7090:, p. 54. 7089: 7084: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7061: 7060:The Historian 7055: 7049:, p. 47. 7048: 7043: 7037:, p. 46. 7036: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6940: 6931: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6874: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6803: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6717: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6662:September 23, 6657: 6653: 6646: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6619: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6586: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6521: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6469:0-582-06829-0 6466: 6462: 6459:Ross Hassig, 6456: 6449: 6444: 6433: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6280: 6273: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6244: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6187: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6160:, p. 66. 6159: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6077: 6071:, p. 15. 6070: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5977:, p. 35. 5976: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5926: 5920:, p. 30. 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5822:Crane Brinton 5819: 5817: 5814:overthrow of 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5773: 5772:Susan Strange 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5744:Dimitri Simes 5740: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5681:Pax Americana 5677: 5675: 5674:Pax Ecumenica 5669: 5666: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5652:Pax Americana 5647: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5582:Quincy Wright 5578: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5422:Pax Americana 5417: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5371:Quincy Wright 5365: 5362: 5361:fin-de-siècle 5355: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5154:Crane Brinton 5150: 5147: 5146:James Burnham 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4965: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4887:Quincy Wright 4882: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4841:Robert Gilpin 4838: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4780:world history 4758: 4754: 4750: 4749:Delhi Sultans 4746: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4695: 4692: 4684: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4650:This section 4648: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491:Antonio Negri 4488: 4487:Michael Hardt 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349:New Caledonia 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333:French Guiana 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4304:, created an 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4263:Soviet Empire 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171:Mughal Empire 4168: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148:Mongol Empire 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4063: 4061: 4060:German Empire 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925:state of the 3924: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3816: 3809: 3798: 3791: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:French Empire 3753: 3744: 3740: 3737:In 1920, the 3733: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3681: 3680:Iberian Union 3677: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3642:in the south. 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:spanned from 3629: 3625: 3622:In 1680, the 3618: 3606: 3590:Modern period 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576:United States 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3493: 3490: 3482: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3448:This section 3446: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357:Mysore Empire 3353: 3352:'s invasion. 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334:Mughal Empire 3332:expanded the 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298:Mughal Empire 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3260: 3253: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Pax Mongolica 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171:Mongol Empire 3169:expanded the 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050:Medieval West 3046: 3044: 3043:Old Bulgarian 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:Slavic Europe 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2738: 2737:Mongol Empire 2732: 2723: 2717: 2706: 2699: 2690: 2683: 2672: 2665: 2656: 2650: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:Kushan Empire 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426:Maurya Empire 2424:appeared the 2423: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Median Empire 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2230: 2226: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Ancient Egypt 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:Maurya Empire 2088: 2080:at its zenith 2079: 2075: 2069: 2060:Early empires 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016:) tend to be 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1989:multicultural 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1958:Mughal Empire 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1889:Josep Colomer 1884: 1883:, and Korea. 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:Korean Empire 1854: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1837:Delian League 1834: 1833:thalassocracy 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1775:globalization 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1454:Civil society 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1432:Public policy 1430: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1252:Parliamentary 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1237:Hybrid regime 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 994: 986: 985: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 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493: 487: 484: 483: 477: 474: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 441: 440: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 373: 369:(rule by few) 367: 364: 363: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 311: 306: 303: 302: 294: 293: 290: 287: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 251: 244: 234: 230: 221: 211: 208: 193: 190: 182: 172: 166: 164: 157: 148: 147: 138: 135: 127: 117: 113: 107: 106: 102: 96: 87: 86: 81: 79: 72: 71: 66: 65: 60: 55: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 12928:Subsidiarity 12824:Vassal state 12804:Puppet state 12799:Protectorate 12764:Client state 12698: 12269:Contemporary 12119:Indo-Persian 12107:Nazi Germany 12051:Contemporary 11953:Vijayanagara 11852:Great Seljuk 11763:Thessalonica 11691:Golden Horde 11331:Carthaginian 11110:Neo-Assyrian 11095:Neo-Sumerian 11067: 11005: 10996:Bryce, James 10979: 10970: 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Herz 9561: 9553: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9516: 9508: 9503: 9495: 9490: 9482: 9477: 9469: 9464: 9456: 9451: 9443: 9438: 9430: 9425: 9417: 9416:Yuri Pines, 9412: 9400: 9389: 9384: 9376: 9375:Yuri Pines, 9371: 9360: 9352: 9344: 9339: 9331: 9326: 9318: 9313: 9301: 9292: 9282: 9278: 9267: 9251: 9243: 9235:the original 9228: 9221: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9182: 9174: 9169: 9161:the original 9150: 9142: 9137: 9126: 9119: 9108: 9101: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9061: 9053: 9048: 9040: 9035: 9027: 9022: 9014: 9009: 9001: 8996: 8988: 8983: 8972: 8967: 8959: 8950: 8942: 8939:K'ang Yu-wei 8934: 8926: 8917: 8909: 8904: 8890: 8883: 8872: 8864: 8854: 8844: 8833: 8824: 8813: 8804: 8794: 8788: 8769: 8760: 8752: 8748: 8729: 8720: 8712: 8704: 8695: 8689: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8641: 8636: 8627: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8508: 8490: 8482: 8474: 8465: 8456: 8448:The Atlantic 8447: 8437: 8426: 8418:The Guardian 8417: 8407: 8399: 8394: 8385: 8375: 8360: 8351: 8341: 8332: 8322: 8314: 8309: 8296:Oxford Union 8294: 8289: 8282: 8271:. 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Retrieved 5993: 5982: 5962:, p. 8. 5932: 5925: 5820: 5804: 5796:Régis Debray 5783: 5777: 5769: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5733:Donald Trump 5725: 5720: 5706: 5702: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5662: 5657: 5649: 5644: 5632: 5616:Raoul Naroll 5612:Hornell Hart 5609: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5564:Ludwig Dehio 5561: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5524: 5519: 5512:, who wrote 5510:Paul Kennedy 5502: 5497: 5491: 5475: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5394: 5375: 5367: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5343:John H. Herz 5324:Ludwig Dehio 5319: 5317: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5268: 5252: 5213: 5209: 5198: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5151: 5141: 5131: 5124: 5109: 5092: 5090: 5074: 5072: 5067: 5057:Ludwig Dehio 5054: 5049: 5043:John H. Herz 5036: 5019: 5013: 5002: 4994: 4983: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4916:Martin Wight 4897: 4892: 4884: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4834: 4829: 4819:Jane Burbank 4808: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4709:Roman Empire 4702: 4687: 4678: 4663:Please help 4651: 4623: 4612: 4596:Agnia Grigas 4589: 4576:Labour Party 4567: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4482: 4472: 4455: 4451: 4433: 4431: 4381:Francafrique 4353:Saint Martin 4326: 4276:, while the 4267: 4246: 4219:Transylvania 4196: 4186: 4152:Golden Horde 4132:Latin Empire 4112:Roman Empire 4109: 4102:in 406 C.E. 4091: 4080: 4071:Roman Empire 4057: 4042: 3987: 3967: 3923:West African 3916: 3901: 3896:through the 3894:other states 3884:of both the 3871: 3826:first empire 3823: 3544:Newfoundland 3536: 3530: 3500: 3485: 3476: 3461:Please help 3449: 3399:Tonga Empire 3392: 3381: 3354: 3306:Genghis Khan 3268:The Islamic 3267: 3179:Yuan dynasty 3167:Genghis Khan 3164: 3109:Latin Empire 3094: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3047: 2983:Southeastern 2980: 2971:Khmer Empire 2952: 2944:North Africa 2883:Indian Ocean 2872: 2856:Sinicization 2805: 2787:, the term " 2785:Western Asia 2782: 2722:Chola empire 2623: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589:protectorate 2585:client state 2576: 2570: 2568: 2561: 2533:Roman Empire 2505:Confucianism 2471:through its 2465:State of Qin 2462: 2419: 2403: 2371:Central Asia 2340: 2313:Roman Empire 2225:Shang Empire 2216: 2196:Thutmose III 2160: 2132: 2128:Raoul Naroll 2112: 2108: 1998: 1993:cosmopolitan 1981: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1951: 1927:Roman Empire 1920: 1916:commonwealth 1912: 1885: 1845: 1841: 1830: 1811: 1796: 1789: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1745: 1726: 1689: 1687: 1382:street-level 1257:Presidential 1217:Dictatorship 1087:Part of the 962:Middle power 889:Vassal state 883:Buffer state 881: 857:Puppet state 852:Protectorate 828:Client state 818:Principality 812: 644:Distributism 586:Presidential 464:Dictatorship 388:Gerontocracy 310:rule by many 283: 267:Part of the 229:Roman Empire 203: 185: 176: 160: 130: 121: 99: 75: 68: 62: 61:Please help 58: 12855:Irredentism 12833:Development 12814:Trusteeship 12779:Direct rule 12752:Subordinacy 12563:subdivision 11857:Khwarezmian 11790:Carolingian 11595:Rashtrakuta 11299:Shaishunaga 11198:Hellenistic 11181:New Kingdom 11171:Old Kingdom 10924:Pluto Press 10846:James, Paul 10661:26 December 10395:(1): 9, 11. 9732:Geopolitics 9298:Fred Kaplan 9248:Michio Kaku 7617:23 December 7457:16 February 7397:: 137–145. 6158:Howe (2002) 5757:world state 5665:World State 5453:Simon Dalby 5390:unipolarity 5333:Edward Carr 5233:Herman Kahn 5189:announced " 5073:The famous 5061:Emery Reves 5007:and George 5005:Kang Youwei 4995:Similarly, 4971: 1900 4904:unipolarity 4837:Hedley Bull 4809:Similarly, 4787:continents. 4552:citizenship 4503:Sidney Lens 4417:Imperialism 4401:Charles III 4251:World War I 4169:and as the 4053:coup d'état 4038:French rule 3970:Sikh Empire 3947:Ivory Coast 3931:Akan people 3797:Qing Empire 3584:Philippines 3519:imperialism 3515:Renaissance 3365:Tipu Sultan 3259:Ming Empire 3175:Kublai Khan 3088:(i.e., the 2948:East Africa 2940:Middle East 2901:Middle Ages 2832:Song Empire 2820:Tang Empire 2705:Tang Empire 2399:Hellenistic 2367:Middle East 2357:, parts of 2351:Mesopotamia 2276:Babylonians 2194:, ruled by 2188:New Kingdom 1954:Qing Empire 1769:colonialism 1763:imperialism 1722:Anglo-Saxon 1720:, and some 1521:Sovereignty 1486:Legislature 1389:Technocracy 1377:Bureaucracy 1242:Meritocracy 1222:Directorial 967:Great power 952:Small power 894:Viceroyalty 765:Nationalism 629:Colonialism 609:Libertarian 571:Directorial 448:rule by one 428:Technocracy 423:Stratocracy 403:Meritocracy 393:Kleptocracy 383:Aristocracy 12953:Categories 12933:Suzerainty 12875:Separatism 12850:Detachment 12840:Annexation 12731:Superstate 12726:Real union 12663:Devolution 12630:Federation 12572:Federalism 12427:Portuguese 12308:Revival Le 12298:Vietnamese 11941:Later Tran 11911:Vietnamese 11807:Singhasari 11795:Holy Roman 11419:Bulgarian 11355:Satavahana 11326:Phoenician 11262:Achaemenid 11223:Indo-Greek 11203:Macedonian 11117:Babylonian 10758:2008-01-06 10701:. London: 10370:. London: 10169:(3): 399. 9848:2016-12-16 9779:Neil Smith 9357:Yuri Pines 9143:Новый Град 8667:(8): 250. 8565:Cohen 2004 8273:2008-01-06 8229:2008-01-06 8193:2007-01-06 8110:2008-01-06 8085:2008-01-06 8016:Cohen 2004 7971:2010-07-11 7774:2008-01-06 7329:2019-05-31 7259:2010-09-24 7013:2008-01-06 6759:2018-07-31 6733:2018-07-31 6707:2018-07-31 6609:2012-06-06 6266:26 October 6237:26 October 6209:26 October 6180:26 October 6047:2020-06-30 5999:21 October 5897:References 5597:Franz Boas 5514:prediction 5496:opens his 5420:See also: 5292:Japanology 5253:war orgasm 4879:See also: 4681:April 2019 4560:EU economy 4546:Since the 4532:subjective 4485:(2000) by 4361:Guadeloupe 4337:Martinique 4207:superstate 4161:, and the 3676:Portuguese 3640:Tamil Nadu 3562:, and the 3479:April 2019 3350:Nader Shah 3338:South Asia 3326:Shah Jahan 3113:Asia Minor 3099:conquered 3064:, and the 2928:South Asia 2912:Portuguese 2824:Sui Empire 2810:, various 2724:in c. 1180 2549:Sui Empire 2545:Jin Empire 2493:Han Empire 2481:Qin Empire 2395:Macedonian 2369:, much of 2332:Han Empire 2290:See also: 2028:(e.g. the 2018:contiguous 1929:, and the 1817:Paul James 1792:federation 1786:Definition 1611:Governance 1601:Government 1596:Federalism 1197:City-state 972:Superpower 928:Superstate 923:Federation 918:Devolution 904:Federalism 745:City-state 418:Plutocracy 413:Particracy 277:government 101:neutrality 64:improve it 12918:Home rule 12870:Secession 12865:Partition 12420:Couronian 12058:Ethiopian 12046:Manchukuo 12001:Brazilian 11847:Ghaznavid 11817:Srivijaya 11768:Trebizond 11753:Byzantine 11735:North Sea 11730:Norwegian 11718:Almoravid 11701:Ilkhanate 11671:Majapahit 11644:Muromachi 11553:Solomonic 11538:Ethiopian 11452:Caliphate 11385:Aragonese 11213:Ptolemaic 10703:Routledge 8921:Cited in 8536:(2): 47. 8188:153354532 8146:154857668 7933:144559989 7760:Boot, Max 7467:cite book 7355:10 August 7221:Routledge 7088:Khan 2005 7047:Howe 2002 7035:Howe 2002 7007:Wikiquote 6857:(2): 98. 6775:, p. 264. 6520:Civil War 6505:Orosius. 6481:Howe 2002 6448:Howe 2002 6379:143853058 6363:0002-9602 6069:Howe 2002 6054:oligarchy 6029:Howe 2002 5975:Howe 2002 5918:Howe 2002 5902:Citations 5761:Caracalla 5538:ground... 5249:bacchanal 5229:Sima Qian 4869:Hans Kohn 4728:Trebizond 4652:does not 4572:Tony Benn 4314:Hong Kong 4163:Ilkhanate 3994:Louis XIV 3838:Caribbean 3636:Thanjavur 3580:Caribbean 3507:New World 3450:does not 3361:Hyder Ali 3330:Aurangzeb 3105:crusaders 3090:Ottonians 2995:Bulgarian 2924:East Asia 2893:sultanate 2816:dynasties 2808:East Asia 2609:imperator 2601:imperator 2577:imperator 2501:Silk Road 2422:Axial Age 2391:Ptolemaic 2343:Axial Age 2180:Hammurabi 2005:hegemonic 1873:Manchukuo 1855:, or the 1813:Tom Nairn 1702:metropole 1591:Unitarism 1579:Elections 1567:Subseries 1496:Judiciary 1491:Executive 1394:Adhocracy 1277:Theocracy 1232:Feudalism 1212:Democracy 799:Unitarism 775:Globalism 681:Religious 669:Tribalism 659:Socialism 654:Feudalism 639:Despotism 634:Communism 624:Anarchism 561:Communist 508:Stateless 498:Anarchism 459:Despotism 443:Autocracy 433:Theocracy 398:Kritarchy 366:Oligarchy 351:Socialist 305:Democracy 179:June 2023 124:June 2023 112:talk page 70:talk page 12913:Hegemony 12896:Autonomy 12889:See also 12784:Dominion 12610:Federacy 12400:Japanese 12363:Scottish 12343:American 12335:Colonial 12264:Imperial 12232:Moroccan 12168:Japanese 12146:Afsharid 12005:Burmese 11991:Austrian 11946:Later Le 11921:Early Le 11906:Venetian 11832:Tiwanaku 11745:Hellenic 11708:Moroccan 11639:Kamakura 11629:Japanese 11612:Saffarid 11565:Georgian 11479:Chalukya 11457:Rashidun 11447:Calakmul 11415:Bruneian 11294:Haryanka 11272:Sasanian 11267:Parthian 11218:Bactrian 11208:Seleucid 11188:Goguryeo 11166:Egyptian 11100:Assyrian 11090:Akkadian 11081:Colonies 10998:(1878). 10789:(1981). 10695:(2007). 10673:(2016). 10656:20034046 10606:(2010). 10353:20033759 10299:Newsweek 10263:(2005). 10223:73345898 10137:(1999). 10113:(1954). 10083:(1943). 9910:Newsweek 9903:Newsweek 9888:Daedalus 9745:Daedalus 8852:(1920). 8552:57564158 8530:Daedalus 8498:Archived 8483:Daedalus 8301:Archived 8104:BBC News 8080:Guardian 7820:Archived 7809:Archived 7646:27795332 7611:Archived 7213:(2006). 7178:(2003): 7002:Voltaire 6256:"empire" 6228:"empire" 6199:"empire" 6171:"empire" 5989:"Empire" 5836:See also 5288:Sinology 4939:Polybius 4757:Marathas 4741:Mauryans 4568:European 4541:regional 4479:Iraq War 4367:(TAAF), 4298:Portugal 4239:Ruthenia 4227:Slovenia 4199:republic 4138:and the 4116:Habsburg 4026:Americas 3990:colonies 3939:firearms 3888:and the 3840:and the 3795:China's 3702:Napoleon 3538:de facto 3340:through 3322:Jahangir 3243:Ottomans 3239:Safavids 3195:commerce 3082:Voltaire 3070:imperium 2959:Buddhist 2908:invasion 2868:Zheng He 2605:princeps 2593:Augustus 2572:imperium 2521:Atlantic 2519:and the 2487:and the 2473:conquest 2458:Buddhism 2434:Chanakya 2406:Carthage 2387:Seleucid 2383:Diadochi 2256:Elamites 2206:and the 2140:Carthage 2030:Athenian 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