835:
547:
archaeological, biological and cultural evidence, our phylogeographic reconstruction of the Ainu language strongly suggests that the conventional dual-structure model must be refined to explain these new bodies of evidence. The case of the Ainu language origin we report here also contributes additional detail to the global pattern of language evolution, and our language phylogeny might also provide a basis for making further inferences about the cultural dynamics of the Ainu speakers .
167:
413:). These dialects appear to be strikingly similar to the Tarayka dialect. Nevertheless, the eastern coastal variety of Tarayka is reported to be divergent from other southern varieties. Scanty data from Western voyages at the turn of the 19th–20th century suggest there was also great diversity further north.
239:
appear to have been present on
Sakhalin relatively early. Linguistic evidence shows that proto-Ainu was spoken in southern Sakhalin and northeastern Hokkaido and expanded from this region into the rest of Hokkaido, the Kurils and partially northern Honshu. Later Sakhalin Ainu expanded from southern
546:
In this paper, we reconstructed spatiotemporal evolution of 19 Ainu language varieties, and the results are in strong agreement with the hypothesis that a recent population expansion of the
Okhotsk people played a critical role in shaping the Ainu people and their culture. Together with the recent
388:
Linguistic material on both dialects comes in the shape of transcriptions, recordings and transliterations of narratives and conversations. These were elicited from Ainu native speakers who lived either on
Sakhalin or in Hokkaido, after they had been deported from Russia to Japan. A number of
266:
After World War II, when
Sakhalin came under Soviet control, all but 100 of the Ainu living in Sakhalin were deported to Japan. The last Ainu household on the island died out in the 1960s. The language survived longer in Japan, going extinct in 1994 with the death of
389:
narratives from the south-eastern coast of
Sakhalin were also elicited by Piłsudski from native speakers living in the Ainu settlements of Ay, Hunup, Takoye, Sieraroko, Ocohpoka, Otasan down to Tunayci, nearby today's
402:
354:
Sakhalin Ainu may have been more than a single language. Information about linguistic diversity throughout
Sakhalin island and among Sakhalin Ainu dialects is scant.
559:
Gruzdeva, Ekaterina Jur'evna (1996). "The
Linguistic Situation on Sakhalin Island". In Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.).
737:
637:
390:
177:
1061:
475:
730:
450:
199:
1071:
723:
703:
444:
189:
574:
357:
At present, two can be said to be the best documented dialects – the dialect from the settlement of
Rayciska (
754:
1066:
395:
312:
308:
304:
296:
292:
288:
284:
819:
248:
using linguistic, archeologic and genetic evidence, found that the Ainu are significantly linked to the
945:
812:
366:
933:
746:
612:
1056:
631:
982:
1013:
255:
Oral history records Ainu displacement of a people in central
Sakhalin that they called the
798:
509:
8:
988:
843:
763:
561:
Atlas of
Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
513:
1003:
918:
532:
145:
1076:
903:
699:
537:
497:
471:
440:
370:
358:
245:
153:
834:
195:
806:
776:
771:
527:
517:
406:
378:
283:. In words which historically had (and in Hokkaido Ainu still have) syllable-final
70:
961:
927:
788:
522:
434:
249:
85:
1037:
977:
889:
782:
220:
93:
223:, or perhaps several Ainu languages, that was or were spoken on the island of
1050:
939:
896:
882:
864:
236:
63:
858:
715:
541:
260:
365:), on the western coast of Sakhalin on the Strait of Tartary near modern
241:
280:
619:. Cracow: The Imperial Academy of Sciences "Spólka Wydawnicza Polska".
588:
382:
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138:
126:
76:
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207:
53:
49:
1019:
203:
174:
39:
1008:
206:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
617:
Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore
318:
In Japan, final /x/ was written as a small katakana
279:
Sakhalin Ainu differed from Hokkaido Ainu in having
474:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 39.
498:"Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time"
27:
240:Sakhalin into northern Sakhalin and possibly the
1048:
607:
605:
230:
173:Sakhalin Ainu is classified as Extinct by the
731:
602:
322:with an echo vowel, and is transliterated as
745:
683:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Karafuto Ainu Kyōkai.
495:
428:
426:
738:
724:
563:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 1008.
436:The Collected Works of Bronisław Piłsudski
165:
611:
531:
521:
16:Extinct Ainu language of Sakhalin, Russia
675:
657:
587:(in Russian). 2010-12-07. Archived from
558:
472:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
432:
423:
274:
178:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
665:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Kokusho Keikōkai.
496:Lee, Sean; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (2013).
259:who, based on toponymic evidence, were
244:. A study by Lee and Hasegawa from the
200:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1049:
693:
719:
629:
75:April 30th, 1994, with the death of
575:"U posledney cherty – Ayny o sebe"
13:
439:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 600.
14:
1088:
433:Majewicz, Alfred F., ed. (2004).
833:
687:
678:Karafuto Ainu no mukashibanashi
640:from the original on 2016-01-08
577:У последней черты – Айны о себе
478:from the original on 2020-11-11
453:from the original on 2024-05-26
28:
1062:Languages extinct in the 1990s
676:Murasaki, Kyōko 村崎 恭子 (2001).
669:
658:Murasaki, Kyōko 村崎 恭子 (1976).
651:
623:
567:
552:
489:
464:
369:and the dialect from Tarayka (
1:
416:
231:History and present situation
660:Karafutoainugo – Tekisutohen
523:10.1371/journal.pone.0062243
7:
349:
10:
1093:
1072:Extinct languages of Asia
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59:
45:
35:
26:
21:
747:Paleo-Siberian languages
680:
662:
584:
576:
694:Tamura, Suzuko (2000).
385:on the eastern coast.
252:of northern Hokkaido.
227:, now part of Russia.
188:This article contains
275:Phonology and writing
613:Piłsudski, Bronisław
1067:Russian Ainu people
755:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
698:. Tokyo: Sanseido.
514:2013PLoSO...862243L
299:, these consonants
820:Southern Kamchadal
29:kabahuto aynu itah
1044:
1043:
1038:extinct languages
946:Southern Yukaghir
913:
912:
829:
828:
813:Eastern Kamchadal
807:(Western) Itelmen
696:The Ainu Language
315:was pronounced .
246:Waseda University
214:
213:
196:rendering support
192:phonetic symbols.
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663:カラフトアイヌ語 – テキスト篇
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379:Gulf of Patience
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237:Ainu of Sakhalin
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934:Tundra Yukaghir
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250:Okhotsk culture
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194:Without proper
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86:Language family
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17:
12:
11:
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1057:Ainu languages
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377:), facing the
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303:and merged to
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219:is an extinct
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198:, you may see
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159:ain-u-sd-rusak
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120:Language codes
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36:Native to
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705:4-385-35976-8
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591:on 2011-02-11
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508:(4). e62243.
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446:9783110176148
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411:Озеро Тунайча
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221:Ainu language
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217:Sakhalin Ainu
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99:Sakhalin Ainu
97:
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64:Sakhalin Ainu
62:
58:
55:
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44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
22:Sakhalin Ainu
20:
1033:
1018:
995:
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987:
938:
926:
902:
895:
888:
881:
863:
818:
811:
781:
695:
689:
677:
671:
659:
653:
642:, retrieved
632:
625:
616:
593:. Retrieved
589:the original
581:
569:
560:
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545:
505:
501:
491:
480:. Retrieved
466:
455:. Retrieved
435:
387:
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278:
265:
256:
254:
234:
216:
215:
187:
137:
98:
585:Тайны веков
582:Tayny vekov
394: [
307:. After an
281:long vowels
242:Amur region
202:instead of
1051:Categories
799:Kamchatkan
644:2015-11-12
630:Murasaki,
595:2012-02-22
482:2024-05-26
457:2016-10-23
417:References
391:Tunay Lake
375:多来加 – タライカ
363:来知志 – ライチシ
326:. Thus アㇵ
1036:indicate
844:Yeniseian
764:Chukotkan
403:‹See Tfd›
383:Poronaysk
367:Uglegorsk
269:Take Asai
139:Glottolog
127:ISO 639-3
77:Take Asai
60:Ethnicity
1077:Sakhalin
1004:Eskaleut
996:Sakhalin
983:Hokkaido
919:Yukaghir
904:Pumpokol
875:Southern
852:Northern
681:樺太アイヌの昔話
638:archived
636:, Tufs,
615:(1912).
542:23638014
502:PLOS ONE
476:Archived
451:Archived
371:Japanese
359:Japanese
350:Dialects
225:Sakhalin
208:Help:IPA
146:sakh1245
108:Dialects
54:Hokkaido
52:, later
50:Sakhalin
1034:Italics
1020:Sirenik
777:Chukchi
772:Alyutor
533:3637396
510:Bibcode
407:Russian
311:, this
301:lenited
257:Tonchi,
204:Unicode
113:Taraika
71:Extinct
1014:Naukan
971:Others
928:Chuvan
789:Koryak
702:
540:
530:
443:
175:UNESCO
46:Region
989:Kuril
962:Nivkh
955:Nivkh
890:Assan
783:Kerek
398:]
381:near
342:, オㇹ
338:, エㇸ
334:, ウㇷ
330:, イㇶ
261:Nivkh
40:Japan
1009:Yuit
978:Ainu
940:Omok
897:Kott
883:Arin
865:Yugh
700:ISBN
633:Asai
538:PMID
441:ISBN
235:The
154:IETF
94:Ainu
859:Ket
528:PMC
518:doi
313:/x/
309:/i/
305:/x/
190:IPA
1053::
604:^
580:.
544:.
536:.
526:.
516:.
504:.
500:.
449:.
425:^
409::
396:ru
373::
361::
346:.
344:oh
340:eh
336:uh
332:ih
328:ah
297:r/
295:,
291:,
287:,
285:/p
271:.
263:.
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725:v
708:.
648:.
598:.
520::
512::
506:8
485:.
460:.
400:(
324:h
320:h
293:k
289:t
210:.
132:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
