558:, which means it has separate male and female trees. Flowering may be climate dependent. It flowers during February in the southern part of its range, and flowers until June in the northern parts. These trees are capable of producing seeds when they are around the age of 10 years. The black willow continuously has good seed crops year after year, with only a few failures. The seeds require very specific conditions to germinate. They prefer soil that is very wet or flooded. After they germinate, they can experience excellent growth if they are exposed to high sunlight and copious moisture during the growing season.
33:
85:
290:
227:
60:
1334:
1322:
703:. This disease starts as spotting on the leaves of the black willow, where it then spreads to the petiole and eventually the twig or branch holding the leaf. It then forms black patches on the stem of the tree that are capable of expanding. Black willows that are in nutrient-poor locations or that are experiencing poor temporary climate conditions (such as a temporary lack of rainfall or short,
686:
stimulate a quick burst in growth of plant cells. They cause the tree to form tumor-like growths, or "galls" on different parts of the tree such as their roots or on the lower branches. As these galls get bigger, they become hard, woody, brown in color, and corky. Black willows do not normally die
631:
The black willow is the only United States native willow species to be used as timber for a variety of different items. Black willow lumber is used in furniture and shipping containers. The largest production site for black willow timber was in
Louisiana at its peak during the 1970s.
687:
from crown galls. However, these galls can cause a disruption in the flow of nutrients throughout the tree and can have its normal growth stunted or slowed down due to this disease. Crown galls are less problematic in soils that are more acidic; thus,
607:
as the largest known example of this tree in the state. It is about 152 years old and measures 76 feet (23 m) in height and 19.7 feet (6.0 m) in circumference. Five grown people must hold hands to fully encircle the tree.
707:-like conditions) are considered stressed and very susceptible to the spread of these cankers. Tissue on the black willow that is affected by these cankers will not grow with the rest of the tree, and cracks will begin to form.
311:
is dark brown to blackish, becoming fissured in older trees, and frequently forking near the base. The shoots are slender and variable in color from green to brown, yellow or purplish; they are (like the related
European
1270:
583:
have first leaves, which are leaves that grow from the bud, and can also be called leaves that are "preformed". The leaves that form as the branch continues to grow out are called new leaves, or "neoformed".
307:, the largest North American species of willow, growing to 10–30 m (35–100 ft) tall, exceptionally up to 45 m (148 ft), with a trunk 50–80 centimeters (20–30 in) diameter. The
620:
in the past. Ethnobotanical uses of black willow by various Native
American tribes include basketry, and treatment of fever, headache, and coughs. It was recognized that using the bark and leaves of
643:, such as wooden hands. It is also capable of maintaining its shape, does not splinter very easily, and has a moderately high shock resistance, allowing it to sustain continuous moderate impacts.
1235:
S. Li, L. Martin, S. Pezeshki and F. Shields, "Responses of black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings to simulated herbivory and flooding", Acta
Oecologica, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 173–180, 2005.
596:, the largest black willow tree in the US is in Hennepin, Minnesota. Its height is 63 feet (19 m), circumference is 32 feet (9.8 m) and spread is 73 feet (22 m).
568:
and water roots. Black willows are also sensitive to drought conditions. Black willows living in drought conditions experience inhibition of their branch and root growth.
699:
1598:
1160:
447:. It is also found in parts of Mexico, both south and west of the Rio Grande. It has also been introduced along streams in the state of Utah.
1673:
1260:
R. Conger, Black willow (Salix nigra) use in phytoremediation techniques to remove the herbicide bentazon from shallow groundwater. : , 2003.
1835:
1860:
1735:
654:
is used for marshland stabilization or restoration projects as long as the roots don't penetrate any clay liner that may be in place.
1546:
1691:
1611:
1559:
786:
777:
891:
562:
1652:
682:. Crown gall is caused by bacteria living in the soil where the black willow is present. When black willow are infected, the
503:
to western North
America. However, the two are usually treated as distinct species. Some other related taxa and synonyms are
561:
Black willow are capable of developing special features related to flood tolerance to help them survive in flooded habitats.
1616:
1338:
539:(swamp willow). Other common names include "Goodding willow", "southwestern black willow", "Dudley willow", and "sauz" (a
1850:
1354:
318:) brittle at the base, snapping evenly at the branch junction if bent sharply. The foliage buds are 2–4 millimetres (
1789:
646:
It may also be used in environmental restoration. Black willow is very resistant to herbivory, flooding, and is an
1678:
451:
grows best in areas of full sun and wet or moist soils. Thus, it is typically found along streams and in swamps.
1585:
1784:
593:
1753:
579:
than leaves that are produced later in the season. Indumentum refers to hairs that are red or brown in color.
1360:
782:
600:
1245:
366:, dark, shiny green on both sides or with a lighter green underside, with a finely serrated margin, a short
1538:
666:, up the roots and stem into the leaves where it is degraded by high-energy radiation provided by the sun.
1476:
1471:
1458:
1564:
1294:
1056:"Effects of soil moisture regimes on growth and survival of black willow (Salix nigra) posts (cuttings)"
1030:
772:
1748:
1344:
747:
386:
2.5–7.5 centimeters (1–3 in) long in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The
1855:
1845:
1701:
1647:
1525:
1174:
802:
Peattie, Donald
Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934
1665:
812:
84:
1799:
1740:
1603:
1533:
1391:
1629:
1188:
1137:
1429:
201:
1714:
1497:
860:
533:
Another name occasionally used for black willow is "swamp willow", not to be confused with
1124:
8:
1377:
1372:
1326:
49:
1727:
1440:
724:
314:
1807:
1154:
1083:
958:
535:
79:
342:
are alternate, long, thin, 5–15 centimeters (2–6 in) long and 0.5–2 centimeters (
1709:
1484:
1075:
872:
1101:
1087:
886:
1812:
1489:
1067:
934:
742:
659:
540:
484:
479:
468:
367:
217:
41:
1463:
836:
1639:
1212:
982:
895:
647:
555:
401:
375:
122:
1776:
1840:
1722:
1450:
109:
837:"Salix nigra (Black Willow) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
32:
1829:
1624:
1414:
1244:
Clemson
University, "Salix nigra Marsh", /www.clemson.edu, 2016. . Available:
1079:
1054:
Pezeshki, S. Reza; Anderson, Peter H.; Shields, F. Douglas (September 1998).
733:
424:
420:
308:
258:
254:
69:
64:
1766:
616:
Black willow roots are very bitter, and have been used as a substitute for
404:
which splits open when mature to release the numerous minute, down-covered
289:
158:
226:
1660:
1572:
1423:
1246:
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/salix/nigra.htm
1007:"Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America's most-trusted online dictionary"
1055:
1551:
1071:
675:
640:
625:
604:
576:
472:
460:
432:
363:
270:
168:
1577:
1510:
1350:
565:
301:
1385:
338: in) long, with a single, pointed reddish-brown bud scale. The
1761:
1686:
1408:
1333:
1006:
683:
663:
135:
1590:
1515:
704:
688:
617:
440:
436:
428:
371:
274:
266:
262:
1502:
1321:
695:
679:
383:
379:
250:
178:
148:
1207:
1205:
691:
can be an important factor in helping to limit this disease.
662:
is theorized to work by drawing the target chemical, such as
564:
Under flooded conditions, black willow develop hypertrophied
444:
387:
278:
96:
463:, the willow family. The accepted name for black willow is:
716:
405:
339:
304:
1202:
935:"Plants Profile for Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow)"
910:
861:
http://www.borealforest.org/world/trees/black_willow.htm
1053:
658:
demonstrated some success as a photodegradation tool.
499:Dudley; when recognized, this extends the range of
674:Black willows are susceptible to diseases such as
1256:
1254:
885:New Brunswick tree and shrub species of concern:
748:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61960325A61960328.en
1827:
639:is very lightweight. The wood was once used for
1367:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
1251:
483:(Goodding's willow) is sometimes considered a
408:. The leaves turn a lemon yellow in the fall.
1175:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
859:Tree Species of the World's Boreal Forests:
798:
796:
722:
571:Early season leaves of some species in the
411:
1159:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
546:
225:
58:
31:
793:
746:
475:", first described this taxon in 1785.
378:, with small, greenish yellow to yellow
288:
1196:United States Department of Agriculture
787:United States Department of Agriculture
778:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1828:
871:Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont:
767:
765:
694:Black canker disease is caused by the
1390:
1389:
959:"SERNEC Collection Search Parameters"
1790:5bfd581a-f45f-4b69-8f10-bf29f72cd9db
1702:9d36496c-3821-4000-b8fb-ea71e788a91c
1217:North American Insects & Spiders
1135:
987:North American Insects & Spiders
905:
903:
1836:IUCN Red List least concern species
1102:"Salix: Dichotomous Key: Go Botany"
762:
734:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1861:Trees of humid continental climate
1355:University of California, Berkeley
587:
362: in) broad, usually somewhat
14:
1872:
1314:
911:"International Plant Names Index"
900:
1754:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:304250-2
1332:
1320:
1189:"Black Willow, An American Wood"
1142:. Google Books. pp. 807–811
83:
1287:
1275:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1263:
1238:
1229:
1181:
1167:
1129:
1118:
1094:
1047:
1023:
999:
975:
951:
927:
575:genus generally contain denser
1139:Gunn's Newest Family Physician
879:
865:
853:
829:
805:
599:The Marlboro Tree, located in
594:National Register of Big Trees
284:
1:
1106:gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org
783:Agricultural Research Service
710:
601:Marlboro Township, New Jersey
253:native to a large portion of
1213:"Black Willow - Salix nigra"
983:"Black Willow - Salix nigra"
459:Black willow is part of the
7:
454:
10:
1877:
669:
471:, the "Father of American
1851:Trees of Northern America
1398:
233:
224:
207:
200:
80:Scientific classification
78:
56:
47:
39:
30:
23:
1295:"Black Canker of Willow"
741:: e.T61960325A61960328.
439:, and south to northern
412:Distribution and habitat
273:, and south to northern
1299:Purdue Landscape Report
1011:www.merriam-webster.com
624:was useful in treating
611:
547:Reproduction and growth
1136:Gunn, John C. (1883).
294:
419:is native to eastern
292:
1329:at Wikimedia Commons
723:Barstow, M. (2017).
700:Glomerella miyabeana
603:is certified by the
517:longifolia, S. nigra
513:brevijulis, S. nigra
390:is a 5 millimeters (
370:and a pair of small
1378:Plants for a Future
1035:www.srs.fs.usda.gov
1031:"Salix nigra Marsh"
841:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
605:State of New Jersey
509:altissima, S. nigra
50:Conservation status
1072:10.1007/bf03161538
894:2007-11-06 at the
536:Salix myrtilloides
300:is a medium-sized
295:
249:, is a species of
1823:
1822:
1710:Open Tree of Life
1392:Taxon identifiers
1325:Media related to
592:According to the
238:
237:
73:
1868:
1856:Flora of Arizona
1846:Medicinal plants
1816:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1368:
1353:photo database,
1337:Data related to
1336:
1324:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
963:sernecportal.org
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
907:
898:
883:
877:
869:
863:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
809:
803:
800:
791:
790:
769:
760:
759:
757:
755:
750:
720:
660:Photodegradation
641:artificial limbs
480:Salix gooddingii
399:
398:
394:
361:
360:
356:
351:
350:
346:
337:
336:
332:
327:
326:
322:
229:
213:
88:
87:
67:
62:
61:
42:Morton Arboretum
35:
21:
20:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1637:MichiganFlora:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1394:
1371:
1359:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
981:
980:
976:
967:
965:
957:
956:
952:
943:
941:
939:plants.usda.gov
933:
932:
928:
919:
917:
909:
908:
901:
896:Wayback Machine
884:
880:
870:
866:
858:
854:
845:
843:
835:
834:
830:
821:
819:
811:
810:
806:
801:
794:
771:
770:
763:
753:
751:
721:
717:
713:
672:
648:erosion control
614:
590:
588:Largest example
549:
457:
414:
396:
392:
391:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
343:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
287:
220:
215:
209:
196:
82:
74:
63:
59:
52:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:wfo-0000929858
1804:
1794:
1781:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1420:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1357:
1342:
1341:at Wikispecies
1330:
1316:
1315:External links
1313:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1262:
1250:
1237:
1228:
1201:
1180:
1166:
1128:
1117:
1093:
1066:(3): 460–470.
1046:
1022:
998:
974:
950:
926:
899:
878:
864:
852:
828:
804:
792:
761:
714:
712:
709:
671:
668:
613:
610:
589:
586:
548:
545:
456:
453:
413:
410:
315:Salix fragilis
286:
283:
236:
235:
234:Natural range
231:
230:
222:
221:
216:
205:
204:
198:
197:
190:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
126:
125:
120:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
57:
54:
53:
48:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:"Salix nigra"
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:"Salix nigra"
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1271:"Crown Galls"
1266:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1125:Marlboro Tree
1121:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1012:
1008:
1002:
988:
984:
978:
964:
960:
954:
940:
936:
930:
916:
912:
906:
904:
897:
893:
890:
889:
882:
876:
875:
868:
862:
856:
842:
838:
832:
818:
817:www.fs.fed.us
814:
813:"Salix nigra"
808:
799:
797:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
773:"Salix nigra"
768:
766:
749:
744:
740:
736:
735:
730:
728:
719:
715:
708:
706:
702:
701:
697:
692:
690:
685:
681:
677:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
609:
606:
602:
597:
595:
585:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
557:
553:
544:
542:
538:
537:
531:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:and southern
426:
425:New Brunswick
422:
421:North America
418:
409:
407:
403:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
341:
317:
316:
310:
306:
303:
299:
291:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:and southern
260:
259:New Brunswick
256:
255:North America
252:
248:
244:
243:
232:
228:
223:
219:
214:
212:
206:
203:
202:Binomial name
199:
195:
194:
193:S. nigra
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:Tracheophytes
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
71:
66:
65:Least Concern
55:
51:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1399:
1376:
1364:
1345:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1240:
1231:
1220:. Retrieved
1216:
1198:. July 1985.
1195:
1183:
1169:
1144:. Retrieved
1138:
1131:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:
977:
966:. Retrieved
962:
953:
942:. Retrieved
938:
929:
918:. Retrieved
915:www.ipni.org
914:
887:
881:
873:
867:
855:
844:. Retrieved
840:
831:
820:. Retrieved
816:
807:
776:
752:. Retrieved
738:
732:
726:
718:
698:
693:
673:
655:
651:
645:
636:
635:The wood of
634:
630:
621:
615:
598:
591:
580:
572:
570:
560:
551:
550:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
478:
477:
464:
458:
448:
416:
415:
313:
297:
296:
247:black willow
246:
241:
240:
239:
210:
208:
192:
191:
179:
159:Malpighiales
142:
129:
116:
103:
24:
18:
1728:kew-5002754
1692:Salix~nigra
1661:NatureServe
1573:iNaturalist
1430:Salix nigra
1424:Wikispecies
1400:Salix nigra
1346:Salix nigra
1339:Salix nigra
1327:Salix nigra
888:Salix nigra
874:Salix nigra
754:19 November
727:Salix nigra
656:Salix nigra
652:Salix nigra
637:Salix nigra
622:Salix nigra
552:Salix nigra
465:Salix nigra
449:Salix nigra
417:Salix nigra
298:Salix nigra
285:Description
242:Salix nigra
211:Salix nigra
123:Angiosperms
25:Salix nigra
1830:Categories
1797:WisFlora:
1723:Plant List
1304:2020-11-29
1280:2020-11-29
1222:2020-11-29
1146:2014-12-23
1111:2020-11-29
1040:2020-11-29
1016:2020-11-29
992:2020-11-18
968:2020-11-18
944:2020-11-18
920:2020-11-18
846:2020-11-29
822:2020-11-29
711:References
676:crown gall
626:rheumatism
577:indumentum
521:marginata,
473:Dendrology
467:Marshall.
461:Salicaceae
433:California
400: in)
271:California
169:Salicaceae
1539:242417201
1351:CalPhotos
1155:cite book
1080:0277-5212
566:lenticels
556:dioecious
497:vallicola
382:borne on
376:dioecious
302:deciduous
187:Species:
93:Kingdom:
1785:VicFlora
1774:VASCAN:
1767:28300177
1762:Tropicos
1687:NSWFlora
1666:2.153412
1630:61960325
1604:11366258
1591:778291-1
1409:Wikidata
1365:Calflora
1088:23904993
1060:Wetlands
892:Archived
684:bacteria
664:bentazon
525:S. nigra
505:S. nigra
501:S. nigra
493:S. nigra
489:S. nigra
469:Marshall
455:Taxonomy
431:west to
374:. It is
372:stipules
265:west to
218:Marshall
165:Family:
136:Eudicots
70:IUCN 3.1
1648:MoBotPF
1552:5372854
1415:Q469220
1349:in the
705:drought
689:soil pH
680:cankers
670:Disease
618:quinine
543:word).
541:Spanish
529:wardii.
485:variety
441:Florida
437:Arizona
429:Ontario
423:, from
402:capsule
395:⁄
384:catkins
380:flowers
368:petiole
364:falcate
357:⁄
347:⁄
333:⁄
323:⁄
293:Flowers
275:Florida
267:Arizona
263:Ontario
257:, from
175:Genus:
155:Order:
97:Plantae
68: (
40:In the
1736:PLANTS
1715:738783
1699:NZOR:
1653:286793
1565:102718
1526:salnig
1523:FEIS:
1503:585446
1477:121824
1464:165876
1438:AoFP:
1086:
1078:
696:fungus
650:tool.
340:leaves
251:willow
245:, the
149:Rosids
1841:Salix
1679:75714
1617:22484
1599:IRMNG
1578:54847
1516:SAXNI
1490:79BZL
1448:APA:
1192:(PDF)
1084:S2CID
581:Salix
573:Salix
527:var.
519:var.
515:var.
511:var.
507:var.
495:var.
445:Texas
406:seeds
388:fruit
279:Texas
180:Salix
143:Clade
130:Clade
117:Clade
104:Clade
1800:4954
1777:9131
1749:POWO
1741:SANI
1674:NCBI
1640:2633
1625:IUCN
1612:ITIS
1586:IPNI
1560:GRIN
1547:GBIF
1511:EPPO
1472:BOLD
1459:APNI
1451:3324
1441:3838
1161:link
1076:ISSN
756:2021
739:2017
678:and
612:Uses
523:and
443:and
435:and
309:bark
305:tree
277:and
269:and
1808:WFO
1534:FNA
1498:EoL
1485:CoL
1068:doi
743:doi
554:is
491:as
487:of
1832::
1810::
1787::
1764::
1751::
1738::
1725::
1712::
1689::
1676::
1663::
1650::
1627::
1614::
1601::
1588::
1575::
1562::
1549::
1536::
1513::
1500::
1487::
1474::
1461::
1426::
1411::
1375:.
1363:.
1297:.
1273:.
1253:^
1248:..
1215:.
1204:^
1194:.
1157:}}
1153:{{
1104:.
1082:.
1074:.
1064:18
1062:.
1058:.
1033:.
1009:.
985:.
961:.
937:.
913:.
902:^
839:.
815:.
795:^
785:,
781:.
775:.
764:^
737:.
731:.
628:.
397:16
335:16
325:16
281:.
145::
132::
119::
106::
1381:.
1307:.
1283:.
1225:.
1177:.
1163:)
1149:.
1114:.
1090:.
1070::
1043:.
1019:.
995:.
971:.
947:.
923:.
849:.
825:.
789:.
758:.
745::
729:"
725:"
393:3
359:4
355:3
352:–
349:4
345:1
331:3
328:–
321:1
72:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
