33:
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350:(NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, The Netherlands), Ramunas Stepanauskas (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, US), Rachel Foster (Stockholm University, Sweden), Francis M. Martin (INRA French National Institute for Agricultural Research, France) and David Karl (University of Hawaii, US).
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in
Biosciences, "for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus". This prize is considered equivalent to the Nobel Prize (for which there is no Biosciences category). Chisholm was honored at the Crafoord Prize Symposium in
184:
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In 1994, Chisholm was one of 16 women faculty in the School of
Science at MIT who drafted and co-signed a letter to the then-Dean of Science (now Chancellor of Berkeley) Robert Birgeneau, which started a campaign to highlight and challenge gender discrimination at MIT.
255:
as being the most important phytoplankton, accounting for 10–20 gigatons of carbon uptake each year. Chisholm's work showed that an even larger amount of carbon was cycled through these small algae, which may also play an important role in the global
466:
Lindell, D.; Jaffe, J.D.; Coleman, M.L.; Axmann, I.M.; Rector, T.; Kettler, G.; Sullivan, M.B.; Steen, R.; Hess, W.R.; Church, G.M.; Chisholm, S. W. (2007). "Genome-wide expression dynamics of a marine virus and host reveal features of coevolution".
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228:. Chisholm's early work focused on the processes by which such plankton take up nutrients and the manner in which this affects their life cycle on diurnal time scales. This led her to begin using
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Chisholm, S.W.; Olson, R.J.; Zettler, E.R.; Goericke, R.; Waterbury, J.; Welschmeyer, N. (1988). "A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone".
251:) accounted for a much more substantial part of marine productivity than had previously been realized. Previously, biological oceanographers had focused on silicaceous
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302:, for "pioneering studies of the dominant photosynthetic organisms in the sea and for integrating her results into a new understanding of the global ocean."
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in 1974. Following her Ph.D., she served as a post-doctoral researcher at the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography from 1974 to 1976.
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Chisholm, Sallie W.; Olson, Robert J.; Zettler, Erik R.; Goericke, Ralf; Waterbury, John B.; Welschmeyer, Nicholas A. (1988).
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Strong, Aaron; Chisholm, Sallie; Miller, Charles; Cullen, John (September 17, 2009). "Ocean fertilization: time to move on".
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877:"Scientific forum on oceans and climate with the participation of Sallie W. Chisholm, Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology 2013"
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The application of flow cytometry to environmental samples led
Chisholm and her collaborators (most notably Rob Olson and
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Chisholm, Sallie W.; Falkowski, Paul G.; Cullen, John J. (October 12, 2001). "Dis-Crediting Ocean
Fertilization".
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324:
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327:, "for being one of the most productive, charismatic and active researchers on biology and marine ecology".
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748:"Sallie (Penny) Chisholm awarded the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest honor for scientists"
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1977:
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about their discovery and importance called "The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet".
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Biosciences at which 6 internationally prominent scientists spoke (in order of presentations):
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423:"Ecosystem-specific selection pressures revealed by comparative population genomics"
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that she discovered in the 1980s with Rob Olson and other collaborators. She has a
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157:. Her research focuses particularly on the most abundant marine phytoplankton,
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520:(5541). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 309–310.
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In recent years, Chisholm has played a visible role in opposing the use of
641:"A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone"
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The
Exceptions: Nancy Hopkins, MIT, and the Fight for Women in Science
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1005:
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578:
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She was a co-recipient in 2012 of the Ruth
Patrick Award from the
330:
On May 24, 2018, she was awarded the Doctor of
Science degree by
252:
232:
which can be used to measure the properties of individual cells.
4788:
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
972:, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation
959:
224:
since 1978. Her research has focused on the ecology of marine
638:
556:
346:(GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany),
772:
307:
Association for the
Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
4793:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
465:
923:
511:
4873:
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
852:"Academy Honors 17 for Major Contributions to Science"
390:. American Society of Microbiology. pp. 165–171.
239:) to the discovery that small plankton (in particular
153:. She is an expert in the ecology and evolution of
1021:
697:The tiny creature that secretly powers the planet
4734:
3306:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
4818:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
420:
188:Chisholm discussing her research and childhood.
4798:Winners of the Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology
991:
4803:Fellows of the Ecological Society of America
742:
740:
738:
359:
879:. Universitat de Barcelona. October 8, 2009
220:since 1976 and a visiting scientist at the
171:
998:
984:
718:"InfiniteMIT | Sallie (Penny) W. Chisholm"
289:United States National Academy of Sciences
216:Chisholm has been a faculty member at the
31:
854:. Office of News and Public Information,
735:
448:
438:
2715:
970:Video of Chisholm talking about her work
913:"The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2019"
750:. MIT. February 19, 2013. Archived from
693:
421:Coleman, M. L.; Chisholm, S. W. (2010).
378:
175:
16:American oceanographer, marine biologist
1285:
1007:United States National Medal of Science
899:"Harvard awards seven honorary degrees"
825:
379:Chisholm, Sallie W. (January 1, 2012).
4863:21st-century American women scientists
4853:21st-century American earth scientists
4843:20th-century American women scientists
4833:20th-century American earth scientists
4735:
3835:
3834:
3304:
2714:
2228:
1284:
1020:
979:
360:Bang, Molly; Chisholm, Penny (2012).
298:In January 2010, she was awarded the
293:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
291:(NAS) since 2003 and a fellow of the
218:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
151:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
123:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
282:
222:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
72:Study of phytoplankton, especially
13:
287:Chisholm has been a member of the
14:
4884:
4783:University at Albany, SUNY alumni
4768:American sustainability advocates
953:
4848:21st-century American biologists
4828:20th-century American biologists
694:Chisholm, Penny (July 2, 2018),
4858:21st-century American academics
4838:20th-century American academics
4753:People from Marquette, Michigan
905:
353:
325:Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology
891:
869:
844:
819:
766:
710:
687:
632:
1:
4813:American women oceanographers
2229:
1022:Behavioral and social science
625:
323:In 2013, she was awarded the
273:anthropogenic climate change
198:Marquette Senior High School
7:
594:
381:"Unveiling Prochlorococcus"
145:(born 1947) is an American
43:1947 (age 76–77)
10:
4889:
4758:American marine biologists
3910:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
830:. New York, NY: Scribner.
396:10.1128/9781555818470.ch23
63:University at Albany, SUNY
4773:American women biologists
4672:
4521:
4370:
4191:
3997:
3845:
3841:
3830:
3764:
3666:
3555:
3466:
3387:
3315:
3311:
3300:
3257:
3166:
3058:
2949:
2885:William Hayward Pickering
2830:
2725:
2721:
2710:
2636:
2528:
2382:
2258:
2239:
2235:
2224:
2135:
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1432:
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1237:
1178:
1090:
1050:
1031:
1027:
1016:
337:In 2019 she received the
314:National Medal of Science
211:
128:
118:
108:
101:
86:National Medal of Science
81:
68:
54:
39:
30:
23:
4868:Biologists from Michigan
4823:American women academics
4334:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3780:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1411:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
172:Early life and education
147:biological oceanographer
4778:Skidmore College alumni
4763:American oceanographers
3645:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1563:George Ledyard Stebbins
1484:James Augustine Shannon
965:Online Chisholm Lecture
526:10.1126/science.1065349
440:10.1073/pnas.1009480107
364:. Blue Sky Press (AZ).
300:Alexander Agassiz Medal
90:Alexander Agassiz Medal
4102:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
4089:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
3045:Harry George Drickamer
2991:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2665:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2539:John D. Baldeschwieler
1779:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1461:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
856:The National Academies
826:Zernike, Kate (2023).
388:Microbes and Evolution
312:Chisholm received the
204:and earned a PhD from
200:in 1965. She attended
189:
25:Sallie Watson Chisholm
4693:Sylvester James Gates
4079:William Alfred Fowler
4061:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3874:Robert Burns Woodward
2686:Geraldine L. Richmond
2434:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1717:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1646:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1502:Sterling B. Hendricks
1319:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1314:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1162:William Julius Wilson
320:on February 1, 2013.
192:Chisholm was born in
187:
4664:Warren M. Washington
4628:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4537:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4482:Martin Schwarzschild
4263:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4255:J. Robert Schrieffer
4225:E. Margaret Burbidge
4069:Nicolaas Bloembergen
4046:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3925:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3677:John Griggs Thompson
3600:Martin David Kruskal
3440:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2913:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
2867:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2822:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2749:John Robinson Pierce
2716:Engineering sciences
2647:Jacqueline K. Barton
2502:George M. Whitesides
2421:Dudley R. Herschbach
2359:Richard B. Bernstein
2328:Walter H. Stockmayer
1876:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1807:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1697:Stanley Norman Cohen
1684:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1520:Keith Roberts Porter
1383:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1378:Michael Heidelberger
1350:Fritz Albert Lipmann
931:"Crafoord Days 2019"
4714:Shirley Ann Jackson
4633:Charles P. Slichter
4477:Marshall Rosenbluth
4469:Wallace S. Broecker
4422:Eugene M. Shoemaker
4183:Victor F. Weisskopf
4130:Herbert S. Gutowsky
4112:Edgar Bright Wilson
3953:George Kistiakowsky
3571:Stephen Cole Kleene
3082:George H. Heilmeier
3069:Mildred Dresselhaus
2960:Edward H. Heinemann
2890:Frederick E. Terman
2854:Richard T. Whitcomb
2775:Clarence L. Johnson
2736:Theodore von Kármán
2623:Stephen J. Benkovic
2602:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2589:Marvin H. Caruthers
2544:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2484:Darleane C. Hoffman
2374:Harden M. McConnell
2315:Frank H. Westheimer
2127:Stanley B. Prusiner
2091:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1850:Howard Martin Temin
1707:Maurice R. Hilleman
1702:Joseph L. Goldstein
1641:Donald A. Henderson
1558:Earl Reece Stadtman
1543:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1507:Orville Alvin Vogel
1337:Donald D. Van Slyke
1286:Biological sciences
960:Chisholm Lab at MIT
919:. January 16, 2019.
789:2009Natur.461..347S
657:1988Natur.334..340C
571:1988Natur.334..340C
489:10.1038/nature06130
481:2007Natur.449...83L
433:(43): 18634–18639.
196:and graduated from
194:Marquette, Michigan
47:Marquette, Michigan
4586:G. Brent Dalrymple
4404:Arthur L. Schawlow
4311:James A. Van Allen
4202:Philip W. Anderson
4158:Richard P. Feynman
4084:Linus Carl Pauling
3719:Dennis P. Sullivan
3276:John B. Goodenough
3209:Edwin N. Lightfoot
3177:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
3158:Kenneth N. Stevens
2926:Raymond D. Mindlin
2849:Harold E. Edgerton
2694:A. Paul Alivisatos
2573:Stephen J. Lippard
2552:Ernest R. Davidson
2489:Harold S. Johnston
2323:William S. Johnson
2287:George C. Pimentel
2122:Susan L. Lindquist
2104:Francis S. Collins
1998:Victor A. McKusick
1973:Francisco J. Ayala
1955:Nancy C. Andreasen
1905:Robert A. Weinberg
1679:Har Gobind Khorana
1664:Michael E. DeBakey
1651:George Emil Palade
1623:Wendell L. Roelofs
1613:Howard L. Bachrach
1443:Barbara McClintock
1345:Edward F. Knipling
937:. October 27, 2022
332:Harvard University
265:iron fertilization
190:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4659:Esther M. Conwell
4599:Robert N. Clayton
4591:Riccardo Giacconi
4555:Raymond Davis Jr.
4443:Albert Overhauser
4386:Edwin M. McMillan
4347:Arnold O. Beckman
4324:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4301:Paul C. Lauterbur
4278:Robert Hofstadter
4230:Maurice Goldhaber
4217:Charles H. Townes
4168:Edward M. Purcell
4135:Frederick Rossini
3989:Wolfgang Panofsky
3920:John H. Van Vleck
3836:Physical sciences
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3788:Solomon W. Golomb
3748:Andrew J. Viterbi
3743:Leonard Kleinrock
3690:Calyampudi R. Rao
3658:Ronald R. Coifman
3566:George F. Carrier
3547:Donald C. Spencer
3542:Saunders Mac Lane
3477:Marshall H. Stone
3427:Shiing-Shen Chern
3334:Solomon Lefschetz
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3233:David J. Wineland
3201:John M. Prausnitz
3142:C. Kumar N. Patel
3137:James L. Flanagan
3105:John Roy Whinnery
3092:H. Guyford Stever
3074:Nick Holonyak Jr.
3037:George W. Housner
3032:Willis M. Hawkins
3027:Daniel C. Drucker
3009:Robert Byron Bird
3001:Bernard M. Oliver
2908:Peter C. Goldmark
2895:Wernher von Braun
2841:George E. Mueller
2814:Nathan M. Newmark
2809:J. Presper Eckert
2788:Claude E. Shannon
2757:Charles S. Draper
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2673:Judith P. Klinman
2557:Gábor A. Somorjai
2468:Isabella L. Karle
2455:George S. Hammond
2416:Gertrude B. Elion
2369:Rudolph A. Marcus
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2146:Ralph L. Brinster
2065:Torsten N. Wiesel
2042:Norman E. Borlaug
2029:Solomon H. Snyder
2024:J. Michael Bishop
1983:Mario R. Capecchi
1863:Salome G. Waelsch
1794:E. Donnall Thomas
1669:Theodor O. Diener
1568:Paul Alfred Weiss
1396:Bernard B. Brodie
1332:George G. Simpson
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1221:Michael I. Posner
1122:Eleanor J. Gibson
1074:George J. Stigler
1042:Neal Elgar Miller
837:978-1-9821-3183-8
783:(7262): 347–348.
651:(6180): 340–343.
565:(6180): 340–343.
413:978-1-55581-540-0
371:978-0-545-27322-0
283:Awards and honors
269:technological fix
185:
132:
131:
103:Scientific career
4880:
4542:Gilbert F. White
4487:George Wetherill
4381:Allan M. Cormack
4339:Jack Steinberger
4319:D. Allan Bromley
4268:H. Richard Crane
4245:Frederick Reines
4235:Helmut Landsberg
4150:George Uhlenbeck
4051:Vladimir Haensel
4013:Allan R. Sandage
3984:Herbert C. Brown
3966:Herbert Friedman
3892:Leon M. Lederman
3864:Julian Schwinger
3843:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3801:Alexandre Chorin
3775:Richard A. Tapia
3756:David B. Mumford
3584:Alberto Calderón
3529:Joseph B. Keller
3516:Michael Freedman
3485:Herman Goldstine
3339:H. Marston Morse
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3241:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3225:Robert S. Langer
3217:Jan D. Achenbach
3050:Herbert E. Grier
2801:Igor I. Sikorsky
2762:Othmar H. Ammann
2723:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2678:Jerrold Meinwald
2447:Norman Hackerman
2426:Glenn T. Seaborg
2341:William O. Baker
2269:F. Albert Cotton
2237:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2203:Mary-Claire King
2096:Bert W. O'Malley
2052:Thomas E. Starzl
2047:Phillip A. Sharp
2034:Charles Yanofsky
2016:Evelyn M. Witkin
2011:James E. Darnell
1837:Paul C. Zamecnik
1802:Mary Ellen Avery
1774:Herbert W. Boyer
1769:Baruj Benacerraf
1740:Joshua Lederberg
1730:Viktor Hamburger
1692:Michael S. Brown
1538:Robert H. Burris
1293:
1292:
1282:
1281:
1229:Mortimer Mishkin
1154:William K. Estes
1138:Roger N. Shepard
1130:Robert K. Merton
1114:George A. Miller
1061:Herbert A. Simon
1029:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1000:
993:
986:
977:
976:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
921:
920:
909:
903:
902:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
873:
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866:
864:
862:
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842:
841:
823:
817:
816:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
754:on June 14, 2013
744:
733:
732:
730:
728:
722:infinite.mit.edu
714:
708:
707:
706:
704:
691:
685:
684:
665:10.1038/334340a0
636:
590:
579:10.1038/334340a0
553:
508:
462:
452:
442:
417:
385:
375:
348:Corina Brussaard
344:Alexandra Worden
202:Skidmore College
186:
59:Skidmore College
35:
21:
20:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4718:
4706:Sean C. Solomon
4668:
4620:Daniel Kleppner
4612:Lonnie Thompson
4607:Ralph A. Alpher
4573:W. Jason Morgan
4560:Charles Keeling
4550:Marvin L. Cohen
4517:
4500:John N. Bahcall
4495:Don L. Anderson
4461:Peter Goldreich
4414:Steven Weinberg
4366:
4296:Walter Elsasser
4273:Herman Feshbach
4187:
4125:Samuel Goudsmit
4117:Chien-Shiung Wu
4056:Frederick Seitz
4023:John A. Wheeler
4008:Robert H. Dicke
3993:
3856:Luis W. Alvarez
3837:
3818:
3806:David Blackwell
3760:
3711:Carl R. de Boor
3682:Karen Uhlenbeck
3662:
3616:Louis Nirenberg
3551:
3524:Ralph E. Gomory
3462:
3458:Donald E. Knuth
3445:Hassler Whitney
3383:
3307:
3288:
3253:
3185:Andreas Acrivos
3162:
3150:Eli Ruckenstein
3129:Hermann A. Haus
3100:Calvin F. Quate
3087:Luna B. Leopold
3054:
2945:
2931:Robert N. Noyce
2921:Emmett N. Leith
2880:Manson Benedict
2862:Rudolf Kompfner
2826:
2780:Warren K. Lewis
2717:
2698:
2632:
2594:Peter B. Dervan
2565:John I. Brauman
2524:
2476:Norman Davidson
2403:John D. Roberts
2378:
2346:Konrad E. Bloch
2292:Richard N. Zare
2254:
2231:
2212:
2169:Sallie Chisholm
2151:Rudolf Jaenisch
2131:
2114:J. Craig Venter
2073:Rita R. Colwell
1940:
1926:David Baltimore
1817:Robert W. Kates
1789:David G. Nathan
1784:Edward B. Lewis
1754:
1750:Harland G. Wood
1745:Roger W. Sperry
1600:Glenn W. Burton
1572:
1548:Arthur Kornberg
1515:Roger Guillemin
1492:Hallowell Davis
1456:Daniel I. Arnon
1448:Albert B. Sabin
1428:
1401:Detlev W. Bronk
1373:Harry F. Harlow
1368:Kenneth S. Cole
1355:William C. Rose
1327:Francis P. Rous
1287:
1268:
1233:
1213:Gordon H. Bower
1174:
1170:Robert M. Solow
1086:
1082:Milton Friedman
1046:
1023:
1012:
1004:
956:
951:
950:
940:
938:
929:
928:
924:
911:
910:
906:
901:. May 24, 2018.
897:
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838:
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797:10.1038/461347a
771:
767:
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745:
736:
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724:
716:
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711:
702:
700:
692:
688:
637:
633:
628:
602:Prochlorococcus
597:
475:(7158): 83–86.
414:
383:
372:
356:
316:from President
285:
242:Prochlorococcus
214:
176:
174:
160:Prochlorococcus
93:
88:
75:Prochlorococcus
61:
55:Alma mater
50:
44:
26:
17:
12:
11:
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4886:
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4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Biogeochemists
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4701:Burton Richter
4698:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4654:Yakir Aharonov
4651:
4648:
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4638:
4635:
4630:
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4617:
4614:
4609:
4604:
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4596:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:Richard Garwin
4565:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Willis E. Lamb
4529:
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4364:
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4341:
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4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Philip Abelson
4288:
4285:
4283:Chen-Ning Yang
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4250:Bruno B. Rossi
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Yoichiro Nambu
4204:
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4066:
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4038:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:John C. Slater
4015:
4010:
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4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
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3991:
3986:
3981:
3978:
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3955:
3950:
3945:
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3930:
3927:
3922:
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3912:
3907:
3905:Jacob Bjerknes
3902:
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3724:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3703:James G. Glimm
3700:
3697:
3695:Elias M. Stein
3692:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3637:Shing-Tung Yau
3634:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3586:
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3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3503:Antoni Zygmund
3500:
3495:
3492:
3490:Isadore Singer
3487:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3453:Joseph L. Doob
3450:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3432:George Dantzig
3429:
3424:
3422:John W. Backus
3419:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3398:Richard Brauer
3395:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3379:William Feller
3376:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3326:Norbert Wiener
3323:
3319:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3284:Thomas Kailath
3281:
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3259:
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3016:
3014:H. Bolton Seed
3011:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2975:
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2967:
2965:Donald L. Katz
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2936:Earl R. Parker
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2770:Hugh L. Dryden
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2654:
2652:Peter J. Stang
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2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2628:Marye Anne Fox
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2620:
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2581:Tobin J. Marks
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2442:Donald J. Cram
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2411:Ronald Breslow
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2351:Elias J. Corey
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2320:
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2310:Carl S. Marvel
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2282:Roald Hoffmann
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2198:Stanley Falkow
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2018:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Gene E. Likens
1990:
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1980:
1978:George F. Bass
1975:
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1960:Peter H. Raven
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1832:Folke K. Skoog
1829:
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1822:Salvador Luria
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1146:Paul Samuelson
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1101:Leonid Hurwicz
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954:External links
952:
949:
948:
935:Crafoord Prize
922:
917:Crafoord Prize
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890:
868:
843:
836:
818:
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620:Global warming
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605:
596:
593:
592:
591:
554:
509:
463:
418:
412:
376:
370:
362:Ocean Sunlight
355:
352:
339:Crafoord Prize
284:
281:
258:nitrogen cycle
230:flow cytometry
213:
210:
173:
170:
155:ocean microbes
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
113:Marine biology
110:
106:
105:
99:
98:
95:Crafoord Prize
83:
79:
78:
70:
69:Known for
66:
65:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4885:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Living people
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:James E. Gunn
4644:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Edward Witten
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Roger Revelle
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4362:Henry Stommel
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:Eugene Parker
4350:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Edward Teller
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Lyman Spitzer
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Hans A. Bethe
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Maurice Ewing
4039:
4037:
4036:Carl Djerassi
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Saul Winstein
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Eugene Wigner
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Paul Bartlett
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Louis Hammett
3946:
3944:
3943:Gregory Breit
3941:
3939:
3938:Francis Birch
3936:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:William Rubey
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3829:
3815:
3814:Michael Artin
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Bradley Efron
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Felix Browder
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Stephen Smale
3627:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:John McCarthy
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Samuel Karlin
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Oscar Zariski
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Ray W. Clough
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Alfred Y. Cho
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:John G. Trump
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Edwin H. Land
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Vannevar Bush
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Allen J. Bard
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:JoAnne Stubbe
2613:
2611:
2610:Joanna Fowler
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2520:Susan Solomon
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:Melvin Calvin
2362:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Yuan Tseh Lee
2303:
2301:
2300:Harry B. Gray
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Gilbert Stork
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Bruce Alberts
2180:
2178:
2177:May Berenbaum
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Lubert Stryer
2081:
2079:
2078:Nina Fedoroff
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Anthony Fauci
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Harold Varmus
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1936:Lynn Margulis
1934:
1932:
1931:Jared Diamond
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Thomas Eisner
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Maxine Singer
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Paul A. Marks
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Stanley Cohen
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Efraim Racker
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:James V. Neel
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Horace Barker
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:Sewall Wright
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:Anne Treisman
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Kenneth Arrow
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Anne Anastasi
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
987:
982:
981:
978:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
936:
932:
926:
918:
914:
908:
900:
894:
878:
872:
857:
853:
847:
839:
833:
829:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:
769:
753:
749:
743:
741:
739:
723:
719:
713:
699:
698:
690:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
631:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:
609:Synechococcus
606:
604:
603:
599:
598:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
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248:Synechococcus
244:
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226:phytoplankton
223:
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135:Sallie Watson
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48:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4688:Sandra Faber
4683:Sidney Drell
4513:Leo Kadanoff
4508:James Cronin
4456:Hans Dehmelt
4391:Robert Pound
4357:Robert Sharp
4173:John Sinfelt
4140:Verner Suomi
4107:Lewis Sarett
3971:Lars Onsager
3915:Henry Eyring
3882:John Bardeen
3624:Richard Karp
3592:Allen Newell
3371:Jerzy Neyman
2996:Tung-Yen Lin
2973:Bill Hewlett
2903:Morris Cohen
2497:John W. Cahn
2398:Karl Folkers
2159:Lucy Shapiro
2109:Elaine Fuchs
1988:Ann Graybiel
1918:Janet Rowley
1900:James Watson
1892:Ruth Patrick
1735:Philip Leder
1605:Mildred Cohn
1553:Severo Ochoa
1530:E. O. Wilson
939:. Retrieved
934:
925:
916:
907:
893:
881:. Retrieved
871:
859:. Retrieved
846:
827:
821:
780:
774:
768:
756:. Retrieved
752:the original
725:. Retrieved
721:
712:
701:, retrieved
696:
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615:Carbon cycle
607:
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404:1721.1/69963
387:
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354:Select works
336:
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318:Barack Obama
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119:Institutions
102:
73:
18:
4743:1947 births
4641:Berni Alder
4448:Frank Press
4329:Walter Kohn
4306:George Pake
4240:Walter Munk
4163:Herman Mark
4145:Henry Taube
3933:Jesse Beams
3887:Peter Debye
3869:Harold Urey
3793:Barry Mazur
3355:John Milnor
3249:Amnon Yariv
3193:Leo Beranek
3019:Ernst Weber
2872:Abel Wolman
2463:Thomas Cech
2393:Elkan Blout
2333:Max Tishler
2250:Roger Adams
2208:Simon Levin
1674:Harry Eagle
1497:Paul Gyorgy
1189:Gary Becker
941:December 2,
883:October 25,
861:January 20,
237:Heidi Sosik
206:SUNY Albany
4737:Categories
4435:Vera Rubin
4074:Paul Flory
3735:Hyman Bass
3608:John Cocke
3511:Raoul Bott
3414:Kurt Gödel
3406:John Tukey
3363:Paul Cohen
2978:George Low
2941:Simon Ramo
2164:Leroy Hood
1965:Carl Woese
1913:Bruce Ames
1424:Ernst Mayr
626:References
4430:Val Fitch
3498:Peter Lax
3268:Shu Chien
2515:John Ross
2230:Chemistry
1618:Paul Berg
1010:laureates
813:205049552
673:1476-4687
550:130687109
534:0036-8075
4409:Ed Stone
1406:Jay Lush
805:19759603
758:March 9,
727:June 19,
595:See also
542:11598285
497:17805294
459:20937887
166:TED talk
143:Chisholm
785:Bibcode
703:May 30,
681:4373102
653:Bibcode
587:4373102
567:Bibcode
514:Science
505:4412265
477:Bibcode
450:2972931
253:diatoms
149:at the
834:
811:
803:
776:Nature
679:
671:
645:Nature
585:
559:Nature
548:
540:
532:
503:
495:
469:Nature
457:
447:
410:
368:
212:Career
109:Fields
97:(2019)
92:(2010)
82:Awards
49:, U.S.
4673:2010s
4522:2000s
4371:1990s
4192:1980s
3998:1970s
3846:1960s
3765:2010s
3667:2000s
3556:1990s
3467:1980s
3388:1970s
3316:1960s
3258:2010s
3167:2000s
3059:1990s
2950:1980s
2831:1970s
2726:1960s
2637:2010s
2529:2000s
2383:1990s
2259:1980s
2240:1960s
2136:2010s
1945:2000s
1759:1990s
1577:1980s
1433:1970s
1296:1960s
1238:2010s
1179:2000s
1091:1990s
1051:1980s
1032:1960s
809:S2CID
677:S2CID
583:S2CID
546:S2CID
501:S2CID
384:(PDF)
267:as a
139:Penny
4710:2014
4697:2012
4679:2011
4650:2009
4637:2008
4624:2007
4616:2006
4603:2005
4595:2004
4582:2003
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4528:2000
4504:1999
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4418:1992
4400:1991
4377:1990
4343:1989
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4287:1987
4259:1986
4221:1983
4198:1982
4154:1979
4121:1976
4093:1975
4065:1974
4032:1973
4004:1970
3980:1969
3957:1968
3929:1967
3901:1966
3878:1965
3860:1964
3852:1963
3810:2013
3797:2012
3784:2011
3771:2010
3752:2009
3739:2007
3731:2006
3723:2005
3715:2004
3707:2003
3699:2002
3686:2001
3673:2000
3649:1999
3641:1998
3633:1997
3620:1996
3612:1995
3604:1994
3596:1993
3588:1992
3580:1991
3562:1990
3533:1989
3520:1988
3507:1987
3494:1986
3481:1983
3473:1982
3449:1979
3436:1976
3418:1975
3410:1974
3402:1973
3394:1970
3375:1969
3367:1968
3359:1967
3351:1966
3343:1965
3330:1964
3322:1963
3280:2012
3272:2011
3264:2010
3245:2009
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3229:2007
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3133:1996
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3078:1991
3065:1990
3041:1989
3023:1988
3005:1987
2987:1986
2969:1983
2956:1982
2917:1979
2899:1976
2876:1975
2858:1974
2845:1973
2837:1970
2818:1969
2805:1968
2792:1967
2784:1966
2766:1965
2753:1964
2740:1963
2732:1962
2690:2014
2682:2013
2669:2012
2656:2011
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2619:2009
2606:2008
2598:2007
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2194:2014
2186:2013
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2155:2011
2142:2010
2118:2009
2100:2008
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2020:2003
2007:2002
1969:2001
1951:2000
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1798:1991
1765:1990
1721:1989
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1609:1983
1591:1982
1583:1981
1534:1979
1511:1976
1488:1975
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1439:1970
1415:1969
1387:1968
1364:1967
1341:1966
1323:1965
1310:1964
1302:1963
1260:2015
1252:2014
1244:2011
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1126:1994
1118:1992
1110:1991
1097:1990
1078:1988
1065:1987
1057:1986
1038:1964
943:2023
885:2013
863:2010
832:ISBN
801:PMID
760:2013
729:2021
705:2021
669:ISSN
538:PMID
530:ISSN
493:PMID
455:PMID
427:PNAS
408:ISBN
366:ISBN
271:for
245:and
40:Born
793:doi
781:461
661:doi
649:334
575:doi
563:334
522:doi
518:294
485:doi
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445:PMC
435:doi
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400:hdl
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