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not be able to preserve its nationality because of restrictions on
Albanian schooling while at the same time the Porte was allowing rival national movements to act as they pleased, and that this would ultimately lead to the partition of Albania - hence, Albanians had to take matters into their own hands for self-preservation. He preferred Albanian political unity and recognition of Albanian rights achieved by European powers exerting pressure on the empire than an anti-Ottoman revolt, as he thought the empire was on borrowed time and Albanians would need to prepare for creating an independent state. Frashëri proposed that Albanians make a besa to demand the empire and Europe recognize Albanian national rights, especially by applying pressure upon the Ottomans to achieve those aims. He envisioned an autonomous Albanian state with a political parliamentary system, a capital called Skenderbey to be located in central Albania, an Albanian school system, two universities with one each in the north and south and an army of 20,000 men. The nationalisation of the various faiths and sects was envisioned where Catholics would have their own archbishop, Muslims their mufti, Orthodox their Exarch, Bektashi their chief Baba with Jews and Protestants also worshiping in freedom. The booklet by Frashëri overall was an articulation of political Albanianism.
739:, a fifteenth century warrior and his revolt against the Ottomans were described in a positive light as were the national and intellectual achievements of the Albanian diaspora in southern Italy. Despite regional differences of Ghegs and Tosks, Frashëri emphasized the unity of Albanians as speaking the same language with small dialectal differences. He stressed the importance of developing Albanian language education and literature as a way of resisting encroachment from others through for example Hellenisation and as such urged authorities to allow Albanian national development. As with other entries on cities, towns, administrative units and others on Albanian topics Frashëri overall aimed in his encyclopedia to educate the general public about Albanians, to raise Albanian self-awareness and outline the geographical boundaries of Albania. The concept of
594:
941:, Istanbul. He left a number of unpublished manuscripts relating to Turkish studies. Due to his endeavours and work within that field it has earned him a place within Ottoman intellectual history. During his lifetime Frashëri admired European culture and its intellectual achievements while he sought respect and dignity for his Albanian background being himself loyal to the Ottoman Empire. As an Ottoman, like many other Albanians he negotiated the daily reality of the multi-ethnic, linguistic and religious realities of his time appreciating and supporting the diversity of the state while also advocating for Albanianism. He was devoted to both
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unnecessary. For him the dictionary was the wealth of a language and as other languages possessed their dictionaries Frashëri viewed
Turkish as in need of its own dictionary to preserve unique linguistic attributes. Embracing Turkish as "our language", Frashëri stuck to his Albanian heritage by affirming an Albanian identity and commitment to Albanianism in the dictionary. In word entries on Albania and Albanians he included definitions on being Albanian such as the term Albanianism where an example of its use in an sentence was rendered as "He is not denying his Albanianism/Albanianess" (Arnavudluğunu inkur etmiyor).
735:(Albanian) was six pages and a total of eleven columns. The detailed article presented Albanians as an ancient Balkan people, older than Greeks and Latins that preserved in the mountains their customs such as the besa, traditions, language and an identity. The assertion aimed to present Albanians as legitimate members of the community of nations during an era of nationalism. Frashëri included information on the Venetian period, Ottoman conquest, conversion to Islam, attainment of Ottoman privileges and highlighting sacrifice and service to the state as soldiers, bureaucrats, in commerce and industry by Albanians.
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573:. Frashëri created a new Albanian alphabet based on the Latin script and a one letter, one sound principle that contained certain Greek letters and others invented by him for sounds that a Latin alphabet was unable to convey. By 19 March 1879 the Society for Albanian Writings adopted Frashëri's 36 letter Istanbul alphabet consisting mostly of Latin characters that resulted in the publication of Albanian books and toward the late nineteenth century his alphabet had spread among Albanians. On 20 June 1878 Sami was one of ten signatories to a memorandum addressed to
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other conservative and traditionalist
Albanians who he thought were more preoccupied with regional and local matters than with the national issues. Frashëri did not want Albanians to be confused for Turks and he worked to foster the national identities of both ethnic groups. At times tensions existed for him when the categories of Ottomanism and Albanianism and of Turk and Albanian were not in balance. As scholar Francis Trix put it he was "an Ottoman reformer could be both an Albanian patriot and, at the same time, a cultural Turk of the highest order".
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491:(pledge of honor) to help not knowing its his son, later killing him and himself ending with family reconciliation. Frashëri's reasons for the play were to inform people about the morals, values, customs and traditions of Albanians whom he considered an important part of the empire and to create more local Ottoman theatre which he felt was dominated by foreign influences. The play was intended to present Albanians in a positive light to Ottoman and Albanian audiences that involved mainly
779:(Besa-Besë) had arisen and Frashëri again attempted to raise public discussion on Albania. He organised an Albanian Committee in Istanbul that supported lower taxes and use of Albanian in government schools in the region. These events saw his position with the state change rapidly and according to recollections by his children in later years a palace official had visited Frashëri at his home and restricted his movements while he was still employed by the government until his death.
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412:. Frashëri was a bright student and finished an eight-year schooling program by graduating at the end of seven years. His reflections of the Zosimea later in life was that it was "the perfect high school". Having received a broad education in a diverse socio-cultural and religious environment at the Zosimea and through private tutors, he gained the linguistic tools to emotionally and intellectually travel between cultures during his lifetime.
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Ottoman unity. Frashëri, after several years of work published a 500-page Arabic dictionary (Kâmûs-ı 'Arabî) in 1896 and he also noted that
Kurdish lacked a dictionary but was unable to compile it as he lacked linguistic skills in the language. Stories of him working on an Albanian dictionary existed during his lifetime. He failed however to produce one and George Gawrych holds that probably due to the work of his friend
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Albanian independence by first aiming to unite the
Albanian inhabited vilayets into a unitary province within the empire. Ottoman authorities did not act against him and he published a further four volumes of his encyclopedia with the last being in 1899 while continuing with public and private discourses on Albania and Albanians. In 1896, the authors of the Ottoman government provincial almanac for Kosovo titled
487:(Pledge of Honor or Loyalty to an Oath) in the Albanian language with themes based on an Albanian ethnicity, a bond to an ethnic based territory, ethno-cultural diversity as underlying Ottoman unity, honor, loyalty and self-sacrifice. The play revolved around a betrothed girl kidnapped by a jealous villager that kills her father and whose mother vows revenge co-opting the culprit's father who gives his
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prestige. Considering Şemseddin Sami's intense interest in the issues of
Turkishness and Ottomanism, especially in his last years, it can be thought that there is some truth in this view. On the other hand, in Albanian works, there is not the slightest doubt that the Albanian manifesto belongs to Şemseddin Sâmi. The booklet was smuggled out of the Ottoman Empire and published in
945:(homelands), the wider Ottoman and his special Albanian one. Frashëri moved socially and intellectually through various communities of Istanbul while having an appreciation of Islam and traditions originating from Arabs and the Ottoman sociopolitical and cultural systems. Along with other Albanians, Albanianism with Ottomanism were seen as being compatible.
437:. Returning to Istanbul he remained in the capital for the remainder of his life. Frashëri emerged as an accomplished Ottoman-Albanian intellectual with a reputation of having an inquisitive and sharp intellect. He assisted in founding and serving as chief editor for several journals and newspapers. In Ottoman Turkish he wrote more than a dozen books like
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concentrated on
Albania of his time. Frashëri discussed the borders of Albania and Albanian unity despite the Gheg-Tosk subgroups and differences of religion in society. He lamented the lack of progress spanning over twenty years toward developing the Albanian language and the opening of Albanian schools within the Ottoman Empire.
872:. These views would appear in articles published during the 1890s where he advocated for the imperial Ottoman language to be simplified and replaced by spoken Turkish, with words and grammatical structures stemming from Arabic and Persian being removed. Frashëri envisaged the emergence of a modern colloquial
627:(homeland) and he felt connected to the wider Ottoman motherland stressing that Albanians were loyal to the empire and ready to defend it. He referred to two threats facing Albanians, one military due to irredentist claims of neighbouring powers on Albanian inhabited land and the other was cultural where
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modern
Albanian historians view him as an Albanian nationalist. As the works of Frashëri contain nationalistic discourse, following his death they have retained the attention of the public during different time periods and governments in Albania and Turkey. Within Turkish literary history Frashëri is
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was three pages and five columns which underfeatured the importance and role of Turks in the empire when compared to
Albanians. Tracing their history Frashëri described the Turks "as among Asia's biggest and most famous nations" numbering ten million and the Ottoman Empire as a "Turkish state". Apart
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being members. The
Committee aimed at the territorial unity and integrity of Albanian inhabited land within the Ottoman Empire with its members sending protests and visiting European embassies while urging Albanians in the Balkans to resist partition. Early in 1879, this committee formed a commission
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under his name and in Turkish with the condition that it was "literally translated from Albanian". Turkish historians generally do not accept that this work belongs to Şemseddin Sami and consider the event as an effort to gain prestige to Albanian nationalism by using Şemseddin Sami's reputation and
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After being involved with the Albanian movement during the League of Prizren period Frashëri increasingly came under suspicion by the Ottoman government over a number of times. In an investigation of 1890 into Frashëri by authorities, an acquaintance said that he and his brothers worked for eventual
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As a cultural and political activist Frashëri however ran into trouble with the Ottoman government. Over time he developed a disillusionment with the regime of sultan Abdul Hamid II and increasingly turned to Albanianism. Being an Albanian Tosk he felt frustration with his fellow Albanian Ghegs and
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and in its first two volumes in 1899 he expressed in an introduction that Western Turkish or Ottoman was the same language as its Eastern Turkish counterpart or Cagatay. The differences for him was that Western Turkish had absorbed Persian, Arabic, Italian and Greek words which Frashëri thought was
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regarding the Albanian question Frashëri expressed sentiments supporting Albanian unity that transcended Muslim and Christian divisions with religion being separate from the state. By 1884 he had developed a reputation for championing the Albanian cause. The Society for Albanian Writings was forced
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had established schools that used their languages in Albanian areas. The solution for him was the unification of Albania into one vilayet (province) that could establish an effective resistance force. Frashëri continued to write a series of articles expanding his views by maintaining that Albanians
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and incorporate concepts like Turkism and Albanianism into the state framework allowing cultural pluralism with Albanians and Turks each developing their own languages and teaching them in schools. He considered cultural and ethnic diversity of the Muslim community as factors that would strengthen
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at a future date into Greece. He believed that Albania and the empire could no longer coexist in the same unit, even if there was a new period of prosperity due to a history of Ottoman prohibition on the development of an national Albanian identity and language. Frashëri worried that Albania would
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written in Ottoman Turkish and was a scientific work of 4,380 pages. He sought to provide information about the Islamic world on famous individuals, geography and countries, demography, history, cultures from around world and other topics that he felt was minimally covered in Western publications.
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until its closure in 1902. The themes of the play highlighting a besa for the self-sacrifice of the homeland carried a subversive message for Albanians to aim at unifying the nation and defending the homeland, something Ottoman authorities also saw as fostering nationalist sentiments. The Ottoman
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guaranteed this right to all peoples of the empire to read and write in ones native language. Frashëri viewed the plight of his fellow Albanians as based upon poverty and ignorance that disadvantaged them when it came to dealing with Hellenism and Slavism. He considered those factors as placing
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Frashëri's message, however as declared in his book "Albania - What it was, what it is, and what will become of it" published in 1899, became the manifesto of the Rilindja Kombëtare. He discussed the prospects for a united, free and independent republic of Albania. In this way, beginning with a
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translation of the booklet in 1913. As in previous publications he repeated certain points such as claiming Albanians as the oldest peoples of Europe, focused on Skanderbeg in a few pages, the Ottoman era in Albania and Albanian contribution to the empire. The second section of the booklet was
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and education, Frashëri helped the Albanian National Movement develop its claim for independence. His lifetime goal, as that of many other members of the Albanian renaissance was the development and improvement of Albania's culture and eventual establishment of an independent country.
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during its stage run. His play and its discussion of besa signified to more astute audiences the political implications of the concept and possible subversive connotations in future usage while it assisted Albanians in rallying militarily and politically around a national program.
663:. He expressed that the Society had difficulties in its work due to a lack of "liberty" in the empire and for Frashëri the aims of the organisation went further then publishing books but to revive the Albanian language and unify its dialects. In a correspondence of 1881 with
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into Turkish and transmitting their Western ideas to Turk audiences. These works would serve as a basis for an emerging Turkish identity, and the early Turkish nationalists were grateful for them. He had close relationships with Turkish nationalist intellectuals
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of 1908 there were reports of Albanian guerillas acting out scenes around campfires. Frashëri's play would not appear in theatres until the aftermath of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution when performances continued for a full three years and during 1911-1912.
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Frashëri was a significant contributor to the development of Turkism. From the early 1880s he had an interest in the imperial Ottoman language as expressed in an article "The Ottoman Turkish Language" on 2 November 1881 where Frashëri argued that it was a
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with some two hundred enrolled students of Muslim and Christian faiths and due to a lack of education material Sami, his brother Naim and several other Albanians wrote textbooks in Albanian for the school. In 1896 he made an assessment of education in the
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and a significant innovator for the Turkish language. In Albanian collective memory he is cherished as a founding father of Albanian literature and as one of the rilindjas (national awakeners) of the Albanian nation. An Ottoman historian
1718:. p. 166. "Der bekannte intellektuelle Vordenker Sami Frashëri setzte sich wie Jan Vreto (Ioannis Vretos) für das Griechisch e ein, mit der Begründung, dass Albaner wie Griechen beidermassen Abkömmlinge der Pelasger seien."
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The four surviving children of Frashëri remained in Turkey and due to their commitment to the republic Turkish authorities decided in the 1950s not to allow the remains of Sami to leave the country for Albania. His son,
462:(1899-1899). Additionally Frashëri authored other publications in the Albanian language that included a pamphlet on the alphabet question, a reader, a grammar and a political treatise on the Albanian question titled
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a term Frashëri presented as originating from a great Turkish tribe with a change in meaning over time encompassing all Ottoman peoples and subjects, due to the Tanzimat reforms guided by a principle of equality.
449:(Women). He compiled a French-Turkish (1882) and Turkish-French (1884) dictionary, an Arabic language dictionary (1898) and a two volume Ottoman Turkish dictionary (1899-1901) along with a six volume encyclopedia
1002:, an advocate of Turkism and contemporary of Frashëri considered him as a Turkish nationalist. Albanians of the era regarded Frashëri as a patriot, while due to his contributions toward developing a national
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summed up his complex identity as "Sami considered himself a 'Turk' because he was a member of the Ottoman state, and he saw no conflict between his Ottoman political identity and his Albanian ethnicity."
2096:
s. Ippen and Nopcsa openly advocated funding efforts to solidify the cultural ambitions of nationalist leaders, resulting, for instance, in the translation into German and distribution of Sami Frashëri's
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The choice of wording by Frashëri in labeling the language Turkish as opposed to Ottoman assisted to nurture a national identity among Turkish people. For him his idea of the Ottoman Empire was for
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Albanians at risk of being severed from the empire for the benefits of foreign powers and peoples with Frashëri stating that both Christian and Muslim Albanians were thinking alike on these issues.
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Sami began his studies at the Bektashi tekke in Frashër. Halit Bey and Emine died in 1859 and 1861 respectively. His older brother Abdul became head of the household and moved the whole family to
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and he reported coverage on the geopolitical situation and events in Albania. In an article published on 24 December 1878 about the Albanian question, he expressed that Albania was his special
565:. The Committee appointed Sami along with Tahsini, Vasa and Vreto to create an Albanian alphabet. During discussions about the Albanian alphabet Frashëri and Vreto wanted the inclusion of a
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from the prominence of Turks and Turkish culture, Frashëri stressed the ethnic and cultural diversity of the Ottoman Empire in his encyclopedia. That theme was embodied in the entry
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financing the translation and distribution of his publications. After several months passed from his death the identity of Frashëri as author was revealed on 17 November 1904 by
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Albania cannot exist without the Albanians, the Albanians cannot exist without the Albanian language, and the latter cannot exist without its own alphabet and without schools.
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Brunnbauer, Ulf (2014). "Moving Subjects: The Translocal Nature of Southeastern European History". In Promitzer, Christian; Gruber, Siegfried; Heppner, Harald (eds.).
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in four volumes, and a series of reading-oriented educational books for schoolchildren. During Ebüzziya Tevfiks exile, Frashëri managed the Ottoman journal
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government placed the Albanian language version of the play on a list of books it deemed that "incite national sentiments of the Albanians" and during the
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Monument to Frashëri brothers in Frashër with Sami third on the right (left); Monument to Frashëri brothers in Tiranë with Sami third on the right (right)
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from a disintegration of the imperial Ottoman language that would have benefit wider society. Frashëri published an Ottoman Turkish dictionary
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region before coming to live in Frashër. Halit belonged to the Dakollari branch of the Frashëri family. They were descendants of Ajaz Bey from
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and in 1874 returned to Istanbul becoming a writer for a newspaper. Later in 1877 he went on another short assignment being posted briefly at
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After his death individuals and diverse groups both honoured and claimed him as theirs. Among Turkish circles, the Young Turk newspaper
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and 5 other siblings were the children of Halit Bey (1797–1859) and their paternal family traditions held that they were descendants of
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calling for reforms and Albanians to remain in the Ottoman state with their rights, desires, interests and traditions being respected.
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to close by the Ottoman Government in 1885. In 1885, Frashëri managed to get permission from the Ottoman sultan for the opening of an
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wished to read and write in their language and those abilities he thought would allow Albanians protection from the influences of
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The Albanian Unionist Committee... has decided to erect a barrier against the penetration of Slavism and Greekism into Albania.
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The story carries a sentimental subject of love between Talat and Fitnat. Generally, the novel consists of a combination of
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described him in their full front-page obituary as a scholar and great humanitarian that "honored Ottomanism (Osmanlılık)."
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Sami Frashëri also played a role in the later developing Turkish nationalist movement, by translating the works of European
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Declaring "I am an Albanian", his work derided identification of Muslim Albanians with Turks and Orthodox Albanians as
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who intervened on their behalf and they were pardoned. While their mother Emine Hanım (1814–1861) was descended from
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printed some of Frashëri's most important works containing nationalist themes with Austro-Hungarian Albanologists
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into Ottoman Turkish, later writing some short stories, plays and novels of his own. He was briefly posted in
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language, still widely used as a reference as of today, 1899–1900, reprints and facsimiles in 1978 and 1998)
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2307:"Shemseddin Sami Frashëri (1850-1904): Contributing to the Construction of Albanian and Turkish Identities"
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who in 1650–60 was given the command of Frashër. Ajaz Bey's grandfather, Hamza Bey had lost his lands in
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Seeing Beyond the River Drin, Sarajevo, Ottoman Albanians and Imperial Rivalry in the Balkans after 1878
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1185:(6 volumes, 1889–1898, Encyclopedia of General Science, known to be the first Encyclopedia printed in
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with Frashëri including detailed information for his readers on topics about Albania and Albanians.
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On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier
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which contributed to the spread of cultural Turkism and promotion of nationalism within Turkey.
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in October 1879, where Albanian scholastic books and texts were compiled by him and his brother
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as a subject, but in a very tragic situation; the father kills his son to keep the given word.
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whose Albanian dictionary was published in 1904 he choose to let it be the standard version.
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in 1570 when he rebelled and was exiled but the family's fortunes changed with the rise of
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By 1901 his play was translated into Albanian by close friend Abdul Ypi and published in
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writing styles. Also, this novel is commonly mistaken to be the first novel written in
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925:(Yazıksız) and maintained friendships with the writers and publisher of the journal
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credited Frashëri and his encyclopedia as the source for most of their information.
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with the identity of the author not appearing in the publication. Publishers from
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while he opposed attempts by Greeks to hellenise them and seeking to incorporate
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Sami is the author of around 50 works. Some of his most important writings are:
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character on the premise that Albanians and Greeks have the same ancestors, the
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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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Frashëri died on 18 June 1904 aged 54 after a severe illness at his home in
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had more progressive schools and advanced education than Muslim Albanians.
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By 2 January 1879 he developed his thoughts further and stressed that the
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and both got a job working for the Ottoman bureaucracy and as he admired
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380:. During that time he came in touch with western philosophy and studied
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3670:
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3304:
3204:
3069:
2989:
2928:
2923:
2868:
2858:
2783:
2621:
2311:
We, the people: politics of national peculiarity in Southeastern Europe
897:
817:, and in 1904, right after Şemseddin Sami's death, it was published in
746:
736:
686:
682:
673:
570:
557:
356:
240:
214:
3590:
2544:
304:
259:
54:
3485:
3410:
3325:
1716:
Modernismus und Europaidee in der Östlichen Mittelmeerwelt, 1821-1939
1328:
1308:
1284:
1051:
The Frashëri brothers have been commemorated in Albanian folk songs.
1045:
1037:
913:
823:
492:
344:
248:
199:
3545:
1283:" collection, he published small scientific booklets on subjects as
263:
3615:
3585:
2873:
2534:
1084:
416:
355:, a distinguished 15th century Ottoman Albanian commander from the
128:
Halit Bey (1797–1859) - Father and Emine Hanım (1814–1861) - Mother
3580:
3425:
3390:
2853:
2511:
1324:
1288:
855:
548:
was founded in 1877 and headed by elder brother Abdyl with Sami,
374:
367:
360:
316:
299:
Museum house of the Frashëri Brothers in Frashër, Përmet, Albania
224:
16:
Albanian writer, philosopher, playwright and activist (1850–1904)
469:
3605:
1410:(Albania - what it was, what it is and what it will be, 1899).
1041:
995:
835:
775:
By 1899, a successor organisation to the Prizren League called
706:
Between 1889 and 1899 Frashëri wrote a six-volume encyclopedia
632:
434:
271:
202:
85:
851:
692:
423:
became involved in translating French language novels such as
1316:
1304:
818:
721:
504:
336:
332:
2185:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 168–169.
1220:Şemseddin Sami also did a series of scientific writings in
617:
Amidst this time Frashëri worked for the Ottoman newspaper
807:
Albania: What she has been, What she is, What she shall be
785:
Albania: What she has been, What she is, What she shall be
464:
Albania: What she has been, What she is, What she shall be
255:
2531:
Letërsia Romantike Shqiptare - Për klasën e njëmbëdhjetë
1152:
1029:
and chairman of Galatasaray between 1905–18 and 1925–6.
495:
directing and acting in roles with smaller numbers of
270:
as a talented author under the name of Şemseddin Sami
2533:(Albanian Romantic Literature - For eleventh class),
323:
religious affiliations. Sami, alongside his brothers
1605:
262:(Fraşer during the Ottoman rule) in the District of
1593:
1344:
1243:
743:was also subtly developed within his encyclopedia.
4372:Dramatists and playwrights from the Ottoman Empire
2313:. Central European University Press. p. 363.
1874:
1872:
697:
2421:Southeast European Studies in a Globalizing World
655:Frashëri also founded and headed in Istanbul the
303:Sami Frashëri was born in 1850 in the village of
4297:19th-century journalists from the Ottoman Empire
4218:
2498:In reality, the first novel written entirely in
2413:
2411:
2409:
2396:
2394:
2199:
1647:
1645:
1643:
657:Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings
474:
254:Frashëri was one of the sons of an impoverished
163:Ajaz Frashëri (Grandfather) and 5 other siblings
2332:
2330:
2066:
1869:
1823:
1821:
1657:
1032:Nowadays, a lot of schools bear his name, i.e.
546:Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights
319:) to a distinguished Muslim Albanian family of
100:, Society for the Printing of Albanian Writings
98:Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights
2281:
2279:
2277:
1920:
1918:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1489:
1487:
415:In 1872 Sami and his brother Naim migrated to
3341:
2560:
2406:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2094:, Austria: Kakanien revisited, pp. 6–7,
2032:
2030:
2028:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1640:
1569:
1195:(1898, Arabic-Turkish dictionary, unfinished)
1025:(1886–1951), was a footballer and founder of
483:In Istanbul 1874 Frashëri wrote a play named
470:Involvement in the Albanian national movement
4307:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
4282:20th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
4267:19th-century writers from the Ottoman Empire
2465:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2327:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
1978:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1833:
1818:
1726:
1724:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1493:
1408:Shqipëria ç'ka qenë, ç'është e çdo të bëhetë
239:against its Ottoman counterpart, along with
4387:Non-fiction writers from the Ottoman Empire
2364:
2362:
2013:
1966:
1915:
1789:
1772:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1484:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1315:. He also published a small compilation of
1036:is one of the most well-known gymnasium in
888:Sami Frashëri and his wife Emine, May 1884.
862:
813:without the author's name in 1899, then in
693:Between Ottomanism, Albanianism and Turkism
524:
511:while it was part of the curriculum of the
282:demand for autonomy and struggle for their
161:Ajaz Bey and Hamza Bey (paternal ancestors)
3348:
3334:
2567:
2553:
2438:
2417:
2374:
2254:
2223:
2114:
2042:
2025:
1990:
1514:
1079:: The Love Between Talat and Fitnat, 1873)
842:who had published the work and later by a
29:
2471:
2342:
2291:
2155:
2054:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1896:
1857:
1845:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1721:
1681:
1669:
1617:
1581:
1115:: Besa or The Given Word of Trust, 1874).
194:; June 1, 1850 – June 18, 1904) or
2359:
1526:
1451:
1247:
1203:(2 volumes, dictionary of the Classical
883:
745:
294:
4292:Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
2574:
2444:
2400:
2385:
2368:
2353:
2336:
2285:
2248:
2217:
2205:
2137:
2108:
2048:
2036:
2019:
2007:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1909:
1890:
1878:
1863:
1812:
1800:
1783:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1702:
1690:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1634:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1520:
1474:
750:Sami Frashëri, circa early 20th century
720:The encyclopedia had a focus on Turks,
223:, the National Renaissance movement of
4219:
3355:
2304:
2178:
2166:
2149:
2072:
2060:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1730:
1215:
1163:(1882–1905, French-Turkish dictionary)
3329:
2548:
2084:
1153:Dictionaries and encyclopedical works
1497:Albanian Literature: A Short History
1252:Title page of alphabet book in 1888.
4367:Albanian dramatists and playwrights
2478:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. p. 142.
2424:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 109.
1602:, pp. 1–2, 8, 19–20, 164, 207.
1413:Theoretical commentary that became
13:
4237:19th-century Albanian philosophers
2451:. London: IB Tauris. p. 200.
1614:, pp. 1, 12, 36–37, 164, 207.
1381:Usûl-ü Cedîd-i Kavâ'id-i 'Arabiyye
1075:: Dashuria e Talatit me Fitneten -
14:
4423:
4357:Novelists from the Ottoman Empire
1445:, Kültür Bakanlığı, 1993, p. 32.
1401:
1323:in two volumes, a compilation of
1177:(1886, French-Turkish dictionary)
1171:(1885, French-Turkish dictionary)
1007:revered as being a forefather of
227:, together with his two brothers
4199:
4198:
4186:
1345:Language studies and linguistics
1244:Educational writings in Albanian
1111:: "Besa ose Mbajtja e Fjalës" -
985:Frashëri on Albanian stamp, 1979
978:
973:Frashëri on Albanian stamp, 1960
966:
961:Frashëri on Albanian stamp, 1950
954:
601:
592:
173:
2492:
2182:The Albanian national awakening
2078:
1708:
1383:(1910, New Method for Learning
1044:, and in other localities like
672:. On 7 March 1887 it opened in
109:National Renaissance of Albania
4287:People from Gjirokastër County
1430:
731:For example, one entry titled
217:and a prominent figure of the
1:
4272:20th-century Albanian writers
4242:19th-century Albanian writers
2524:
1260:(Alphabet of Istanbul, 1879),
1048:, North Macedonia and so on.
670:Albanian boys school in Korçë
335:holders that hailed from the
2733:Giuseppe Schirò (archbishop)
2472:Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010).
2309:. In Mishkova, Diana (ed.).
1423:
796:Sami Frashëri, excerpt from
649:Ottoman constitution of 1876
7:
4382:Creators of writing systems
4327:Burials at Feriköy Cemetery
2617:Albanian National Awakening
1371:Yeñi Usûl-ü Elifbâ-yı Türkî
1240:(Language), and many more.
1069:Ta'aşşûk-ı Tal'at ve Fitnât
805:The aforementioned booklet
754:In comparison, the article
445:(Islamic Civilisation) and
10:
4428:
4402:French–Turkish translators
1500:. I.B.Tauris. p. 67.
370:. There Sami attended the
4342:Albanian-language writers
4277:20th-century male writers
4252:19th-century male writers
4180:
4132:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu
3679:
3439:
3363:
3220:Giuseppe Schirò Di Maggio
2942:
2889:Francesco Antonio Santori
2761:
2630:
2582:
2208:, pp. 128, 131, 211.
1578:, pp. 1–2, 8, 36–37.
1266:(Grammatical Work, 1886).
1264:Abetarja e Shkronjëtoreja
1258:Allfabetarja e Stambollit
1062:
1034:Sami Frashëri High School
932:
172:
167:
132:
124:
114:
104:
93:
66:
40:
28:
21:
4412:Male non-fiction writers
4362:Albanian science writers
4347:Turkish-language writers
4262:19th-century translators
3661:Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi
2595:List of Albanian writers
2445:Gawrych, George (2006).
2075:, pp. 129, 167–169.
1666:, pp. 88, 164, 207.
1270:
1098:
907:Konstantin Kristoforidhi
863:Contributions to Turkism
525:League of Prizren period
513:Albanian school in Korçë
276:Ottoman Turkish language
57:, Përmet, Albania (then
3852:Halide Nusret Zorlutuna
3541:Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi
2305:Bilmez, Bülent (2009).
2179:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
1881:, pp. 96, 100–101.
1351:Usûl-ü Tenkîd ve Tertîb
1054:
809:was first published in
290:
274:and contributed to the
266:. He gained a place in
4377:Linguists from Albania
4322:Zosimaia School alumni
4257:19th-century novelists
4247:19th-century linguists
4092:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir
3867:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar
3782:Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı
3601:Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem
2517:Pasha in the year 1851
1815:, pp. 55–56, 209.
1353:(1886, Orthography of
1253:
1175:Küçük Kâmûs-ı Fransevî
1119:Is a melodrama aiming
889:
803:
751:
724:and in particular the
681:claiming that Greeks,
538:
300:
191:
4337:Albanian male writers
4057:Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil
3952:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
3922:Memduh Şevket Esendal
3687:Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar
3646:Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi
3631:Prizrenli Suzi Çelebi
3451:Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan
1494:Robert Elsie (2005).
1361:Nev-usûl Sarf-ı Türkî
1251:
887:
789:
749:
535:Sami Frashëri, 1878,
528:
518:Young Turk Revolution
298:
4317:Turkish nationalists
4122:Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk
4062:Sait Faik Abasıyanık
3912:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
3862:Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil
3832:Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca
3827:Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel
3707:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar
3551:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
2995:Maria Antonia Braile
2648:Constantine of Berat
2403:, pp. 130, 229.
1393:(1911, Exercises in
1391:Tatbîkât-ı 'Arabiyye
1377:Alphabetical System)
1301:Islamic civilization
1105:Besâ yâhut Âhde Vefâ
783:Political Treatise:
542:Great Eastern Crisis
485:Besâ yâhut Âhde Vefâ
477:Besa yahut Ahde Vefa
443:Medeniyet-i Islamiye
349:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
247:or laicism) against
235:. He also supported
4127:Yahya Kemal Beyatlı
4047:Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın
4037:Reşat Nuri Güntekin
3997:Oktay Rıfat Horozcu
3907:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
3857:Halit Fahri Ozansoy
3817:Ercüment Ekrem Talu
3812:Enis Behiç Koryürek
3762:Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı
3712:Ahmet Muhip Dıranas
3656:Yahya bey Dukagjini
2698:Tahir Efendi Jakova
2576:Albanian literature
2339:, pp. 15, 130.
2220:, pp. 128–129.
2152:, pp. 167–168.
2111:, pp. 127–128.
2085:Blumi, Isa (2007),
1893:, pp. 96, 207.
1842:, pp. 166–167.
1830:, pp. 119–120.
1705:, pp. 59, 184.
1654:, pp. 148–149.
1566:, pp. 15, 127.
1216:Scientific writings
1004:Albanian literature
832:Theodor Anton Ippen
679:Vilayet of Monastir
237:Turkish nationalism
159:(maternal ancestor)
4407:People from Përmet
4352:Albanian novelists
3987:Orhan Hançerlioğlu
3917:Melih Cevdet Anday
3897:Kenan Hulusi Koray
3847:Halide Edib Adıvar
3611:Samipaşazade Sezai
3396:Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli
3371:Aşık Mahzuni Şerif
3357:Turkish literature
3225:Dhimitër Shuteriqi
3145:Sejfulla Malëshova
3140:Luljeta Lleshanaku
2708:Haxhi Ymer Kashari
2703:Hasan Zyko Kamberi
2612:History of Albania
1987:, pp. 99–101.
1415:Rilindja Kombëtare
1254:
1009:Turkish literature
890:
752:
620:Tercüman-ı Hakikat
301:
268:Ottoman literature
220:Rilindja Kombëtare
192:Şemseddin Sami Bey
157:Iljaz bej Mirahori
4214:
4213:
4193:Turkey portal
4087:Suut Kemal Yetkin
4032:Refik Halit Karay
4012:Orhan Şaik Gökyay
4007:Orhan Seyfi Orhon
3717:Ahmet Kutsi Tecer
3501:Fatma Aliye Topuz
3323:
3322:
2985:Domenico Bellizzi
2824:Milto Sotir Gurra
2774:Andon Zako Çajupi
2762:Classical authors
2723:Etëhem Bey Mollaj
2607:Albanian folklore
2590:Albanian language
2022:, pp. 96–97.
1975:, pp. 98–99.
1927:, pp. 97–99.
1803:, pp. 55–56.
1786:, pp. 54–55.
1523:, pp. 13–14.
1507:978-1-84511-031-4
1140:Mezalim-i Endülûs
577:hosts chancellor
563:Albanian alphabet
353:Imrahor Ilyas Bey
309:Vilayet of Janina
184:Sami bey Frashëri
181:
180:
4419:
4392:Dulellari family
4202:
4201:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4157:Yusuf Ziya Ortaç
4142:Yaşar Nabi Nayır
4017:Orhan Veli Kanık
3972:Nihal Yeğinobalı
3792:Ece Ayhan Çağlar
3747:Behçet Necatigil
3521:Imadaddin Nasimi
3491:Cenâb Şehâbeddîn
3471:Ali Canip Yöntem
3421:Pir Sultan Abdal
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3300:Dhimitër Xhuvani
3275:Kasëm Trebeshina
3215:Lasgush Poradeci
2899:Giuseppe Serembe
2884:Girolamo de Rada
2738:Tahir Skënderasi
2583:Related articles
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2518:
2496:
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2469:
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2082:
2076:
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2017:
2011:
2005:
1988:
1982:
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1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1714:Michael Kreutz.
1712:
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1700:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1590:, pp. 9–11.
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1449:
1448:
1434:
1297:history of Islam
1168:Kâmûs-ı Fransevî
1160:Kâmûs-ı Fransevî
982:
970:
958:
874:Turkish language
870:Turkish language
801:
770:Kosova Salnamesi
717:
665:Girolamo De Rada
605:
596:
536:
460:
245:anti-clericalism
177:
147:Mid’hat Frashëri
78:Erenköy, Kadıköy
73:
50:
48:
33:
19:
18:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4397:Frashëri family
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4187:
4185:
4176:
4167:Ziya Osman Saba
3932:Murathan Mungan
3675:
3456:Ahdi of Baghdad
3441:
3435:
3386:Erzurumlu Emrah
3359:
3354:
3324:
3319:
3250:Xhevahir Spahiu
3175:Besnik Mustafaj
3105:Skifter Këlliçi
3095:Karmel Kandreva
2938:
2894:Giuseppe Schirò
2864:Kristo Negovani
2834:Musine Kokalari
2757:
2743:Giulio Variboba
2718:Branko Merxhani
2693:Shahin Frashëri
2626:
2578:
2573:
2537:, 2004 –
2527:
2522:
2521:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2443:
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2432:
2416:
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2284:
2255:
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2216:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2156:
2148:
2144:
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2115:
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2103:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
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1550:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1492:
1485:
1473:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1404:
1347:
1273:
1246:
1236:(Human Being),
1218:
1205:Ottoman Turkish
1155:
1148:(Never printed)
1142:(Never printed)
1101:
1065:
1057:
1040:and another in
986:
983:
974:
971:
962:
959:
935:
865:
802:
795:
788:
711:
704:
695:
615:
614:
613:
612:
608:
607:
606:
598:
597:
575:Berlin Congress
537:
534:
527:
481:
472:
454:
441:(Human Being),
293:
198:was an Ottoman
162:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
94:Organization(s)
89:
75:
71:
62:
52:
46:
44:
36:
35:Frashëri, 1880s
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Bektashi Order
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:Albanian Sufis
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4172:Zülfü Livaneli
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:Turgut Özakman
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Samiha Ayverdi
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Sabahattin Ali
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3937:N. Abbas Sayar
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Küçük İskender
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Kemal Bilbaşar
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Adalet Ağaoğlu
3689:
3683:
3681:
3680:Republican era
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Süleyman Nazif
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Şemsettin Sami
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Ömer Seyfettin
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Mercimek Ahmed
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:İbrahim Şinasi
3523:
3518:
3516:Habib Esfahani
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Kaygusuz Abdal
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:Bilal Xhaferri
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:Hajro Ulqinaku
3277:
3272:
3270:Parid Teferiçi
3267:
3265:Haki Stërmilli
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3245:Nokë Sinishtaj
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Dhimitër Pasko
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Ibrahim Dalliu
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Dritëro Agolli
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2934:Pjetër Zarishi
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Lazër Shantoja
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Foqion Postoli
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Luigj Gurakuqi
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:Sulejman Naibi
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Dalip Frashëri
2685:
2683:Nezim Frakulla
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Julije Balović
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Pjetër Bogdani
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2491:
2484:
2464:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2405:
2390:
2388:, p. 131.
2373:
2358:
2341:
2326:
2319:
2290:
2288:, p. 130.
2253:
2251:, p. 129.
2222:
2210:
2198:
2191:
2171:
2169:, p. 168.
2154:
2142:
2140:, p. 128.
2113:
2101:
2077:
2065:
2063:, p. 129.
2053:
2051:, p. 114.
2041:
2039:, p. 101.
2024:
2012:
2010:, p. 127.
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1914:
1895:
1883:
1868:
1856:
1854:, p. 134.
1844:
1832:
1817:
1805:
1788:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1733:, p. 140.
1720:
1707:
1695:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1639:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1525:
1513:
1506:
1483:
1450:
1437:Bozkurt Güvenç
1428:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1402:Political work
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1363:(1891, Modern
1358:
1346:
1343:
1281:Pocket Library
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1245:
1242:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1196:
1193:Kâmûs-ı 'Arabî
1190:
1182:Kâmûsü'l-A'lâm
1178:
1172:
1164:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1117:
1116:
1100:
1097:
1081:
1080:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1027:Galatasaray SK
988:
987:
984:
977:
975:
972:
965:
963:
960:
953:
934:
931:
921:(İzbudak) and
894:Abdul Hamid II
864:
861:
840:Shahin Kolonja
828:Austro-Hungary
793:
787:
781:
777:League of Peja
709:Kâmûsü'l-A'lâm
703:
700:Kâmûsü'l-A'lâm
696:
694:
691:
610:
609:
600:
599:
591:
590:
589:
588:
587:
583:Count Andrassy
567:Greek alphabet
532:
526:
523:
509:Kristo Luarasi
480:
473:
471:
468:
452:Kâmûsü'l-A'lâm
431:Tripoli, Libya
426:Les Misérables
421:French culture
372:Greek language
329:Abdyl Frashëri
313:Ottoman Empire
292:
289:
196:Şemseddin Sâmi
179:
178:
170:
169:
165:
164:
152:Mehdi Frashëri
137:Abdyl Frashëri
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:
82:Ottoman Empire
76:
74:(aged 54)
68:
64:
63:
59:Ottoman Empire
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4424:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4207:
4206:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Yusuf Atılgan
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Sezai Karakoç
4080:
4078:
4077:Samim Kocagöz
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Nurullah Ataç
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Neyzen Tevfik
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Necati Cumalı
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Fakir Baykurt
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Edip Cansever
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Cevdet Kudret
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Tevfik Fikret
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Evliya Çelebi
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:Medieval and
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Injac Zamputi
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Ornela Vorpsi
3288:
3286:
3285:Ardian Vehbiu
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Sterjo Spasse
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Llazar Siliqi
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Ludmilla Pajo
3193:
3191:
3190:Fadil Paçrami
3188:
3186:
3185:Jeton Neziraj
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Gjekë Marinaj
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Fatos Kongoli
3113:
3111:
3110:Anastas Kondo
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Ismail Kadare
3088:
3086:
3085:Helena Kadare
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Odhise Grillo
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Teki Dervishi
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Dionis Bubani
3003:
3001:
3000:Flora Brovina
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Lindita Arapi
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Ylljet Aliçka
2958:
2956:
2955:Mimoza Ahmeti
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Stefan Shundi
2912:
2910:
2909:Filip Shiroka
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Ernest Koliqi
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Jolanda Kodra
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Mihal Grameno
2812:
2810:
2809:Sami Frashëri
2807:
2805:
2804:Naim Frashëri
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Gjergj Fishta
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Gabriele Dara
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Luca Matranga
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Nikollë Filja
2676:
2674:
2673:Nicola Chetta
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:Zenel Bastari
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:Early authors
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:Akabi's Story
2501:
2495:
2487:
2485:9783643107930
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2458:9781845112875
2454:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2431:9783643905956
2427:
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2422:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2380:
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2370:
2365:
2363:
2356:, p. 15.
2355:
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2320:9789639776289
2316:
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2258:
2250:
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2239:
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2235:
2233:
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2227:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2192:9781400847761
2188:
2184:
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2175:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
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2118:
2110:
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2033:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1963:, p. 98.
1962:
1957:
1951:, p. 97.
1950:
1945:
1939:, p. 99.
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1912:, p. 96.
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1866:, p. 93.
1865:
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1822:
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1809:
1802:
1797:
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1785:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1769:, p. 48.
1768:
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1756:
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1745:, p. 59.
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1693:, p. 44.
1692:
1687:
1685:
1678:, p. 38.
1677:
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1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1637:, p. 88.
1636:
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1623:
1621:
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1608:
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1596:
1589:
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1417:'s manifesto.
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1201:
1200:Kâmûs-ı Türkî
1197:
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993:
981:
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964:
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952:
951:
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946:
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930:
928:
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920:
915:
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908:
903:
899:
896:to emphasize
895:
886:
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879:
878:Kâmûs-ı Türkî
875:
871:
860:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
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816:
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550:Hasan Tahsini
547:
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531:
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364:
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325:Naim Frashëri
322:
318:
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207:lexicographer
204:
201:
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176:
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158:
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143:
142:Naim Frashëri
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
70:June 18, 1904
69:
65:
60:
56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
23:Sami Frashëri
20:
4302:Pan-Turkists
4203:
4184:
4067:Salah Birsel
4022:Özdemir Asaf
3942:Nâzım Hikmet
3927:Murat Gülsoy
3842:Haldun Taner
3807:Emine Işınsu
3772:Cemal Süreya
3757:Buket Uzuner
3752:Bilge Karasu
3727:Attilâ İlhan
3722:Aslı Erdoğan
3626:Sultan Veled
3620:
3571:Muallim Naci
3536:Katib Çelebi
3506:Fitnat Hanım
3461:Ahmet Mithat
3260:Luan Starova
3235:Drago Siliqi
3230:Azem Shkreli
3210:Ali Podrimja
3180:Faruk Myrtaj
3135:Natasha Lako
3120:Vath Koreshi
3080:Ervin Hatibi
3060:Fatmir Gjata
3050:Elvira Dones
3040:Ridvan Dibra
3025:Spiro Çomora
3020:Selfixhe Ciu
3015:Martin Camaj
2919:Risto Siliqi
2844:Faik Konitza
2808:
2799:Kristo Floqi
2769:Josif Bageri
2638:Frang Bardhi
2539:Sabri Hamiti
2530:
2503:
2494:
2474:
2467:
2447:
2440:
2420:
2401:Gawrych 2006
2386:Gawrych 2006
2371:, p. 3.
2369:Gawrych 2006
2354:Gawrych 2006
2337:Gawrych 2006
2310:
2286:Gawrych 2006
2249:Gawrych 2006
2218:Gawrych 2006
2213:
2206:Gawrych 2006
2201:
2181:
2174:
2145:
2138:Gawrych 2006
2109:Gawrych 2006
2104:
2095:
2087:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2049:Gawrych 2006
2044:
2037:Gawrych 2006
2020:Gawrych 2006
2015:
2008:Gawrych 2006
1985:Gawrych 2006
1980:
1973:Gawrych 2006
1968:
1961:Gawrych 2006
1956:
1949:Gawrych 2006
1944:
1937:Gawrych 2006
1932:
1925:Gawrych 2006
1910:Gawrych 2006
1891:Gawrych 2006
1886:
1879:Gawrych 2006
1864:Gawrych 2006
1859:
1847:
1835:
1813:Gawrych 2006
1808:
1801:Gawrych 2006
1784:Gawrych 2006
1767:Gawrych 2006
1762:
1755:Gawrych 2006
1750:
1743:Gawrych 2006
1738:
1710:
1703:Gawrych 2006
1698:
1691:Gawrych 2006
1676:Gawrych 2006
1671:
1664:Gawrych 2006
1659:
1652:Gawrych 2006
1635:Gawrych 2006
1612:Gawrych 2006
1607:
1600:Gawrych 2006
1595:
1588:Gawrych 2006
1583:
1576:Gawrych 2006
1571:
1564:Gawrych 2006
1559:
1552:Gawrych 2006
1521:Gawrych 2006
1516:
1496:
1475:Gawrych 2006
1447:(in Turkish)
1442:Türk Kimliği
1440:
1432:
1407:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1293:anthropology
1280:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1198:
1192:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1050:
1031:
1023:Ali Sami Yen
1019:
1014:Kemal Karpat
1000:Yusuf Akçura
991:
989:
947:
942:
936:
926:
919:Veled Çelebi
911:
891:
877:
866:
849:
806:
804:
797:
790:
784:
774:
769:
766:
760:
755:
753:
732:
730:
707:
705:
702:encyclopedia
699:
654:
646:
624:
618:
616:
539:
529:
502:
484:
482:
476:
463:
450:
446:
442:
438:
424:
414:
365:
302:
284:own alphabet
280:
253:
218:
195:
183:
182:
119:Ali Sami Yen
80:, Istanbul,
72:(1904-06-18)
51:June 1, 1850
4232:1904 deaths
4227:1850 births
4162:Ziya Gökalp
4147:Yılmaz Onay
4137:Yaşar Kemal
4112:Turgut Uyar
4102:Tomris Uyar
4097:Tarık Buğra
4042:Rıfat Ilgaz
4027:Peyami Safa
4002:Orhan Pamuk
3992:Orhan Kemal
3967:Nihal Atsız
3962:Nezihe Araz
3892:Kemal Tahir
3837:Güven Turan
3802:Elif Shafak
3777:Cemil Meriç
3702:Ahmet Haşim
3697:Ahmet Altan
3666:Zafer Hanım
3576:Namık Kemal
3566:Mihri Hatun
3481:Aşık Çelebi
3466:Ahmet Rasim
3416:Neşet Ertaş
3401:Karacaoğlan
3376:Âşık Veysel
3315:Petraq Zoto
3165:Esad Mekuli
3160:Din Mehmeti
3155:Petro Marko
3130:Teodor Laço
3125:Rifat Kukaj
3100:Teodor Keko
3065:Ndoc Gjetja
3055:Mirko Gashi
2980:Eqrem Basha
2970:Fatos Arapi
2965:Ag Apolloni
2849:Loni Logori
2753:Ali Asllani
2663:Gjon Buzuku
2658:Pjetër Budi
2508:Vartan Paşa
2167:Skendi 1967
2150:Skendi 1967
2073:Skendi 1967
2061:Skendi 1967
1852:Skendi 1967
1840:Skendi 1967
1828:Skendi 1967
1731:Skendi 1967
1373:(1898, New
1313:linguistics
1128:Seydi Yahya
741:Albanianism
712: [
554:Pashko Vasa
540:During the
455: [
388:and modern
378:high school
211:philosopher
4221:Categories
4117:Ülkü Tamer
3882:İsmet Özel
3872:İlhan Berk
3742:Aziz Nesin
3737:Ayşe Kulin
3732:Ayfer Tunç
3671:Ziya Pasha
3641:Şeyh Gâlib
3531:İsa Necati
3476:Ali Çelebi
3431:Yunus Emre
3305:Jakov Xoxa
3205:Arshi Pipa
3170:Betim Muço
3070:Sabri Godo
3030:Diana Çuli
3010:Aleks Çaçi
2990:Ben Blushi
2929:Jani Vreto
2924:Vaso Pasha
2869:Ndoc Nikaj
2859:Ndre Mjeda
2784:Spiro Dine
2622:Albanology
2525:References
1477:, p.
923:Necip Asım
898:Ottomanism
834:and Baron
737:Skanderbeg
687:Aromanians
683:Bulgarians
571:Pelasgians
558:Jani Vreto
241:secularism
215:playwright
47:1850-06-01
3982:Oğuz Atay
3877:İnci Aral
3767:Can Yücel
3411:Nasreddin
3381:Dadaloğlu
2748:Muçi Zade
1424:Footnotes
1309:mythology
1285:astronomy
1232:(Earth),
1046:Bogovinje
1038:Prishtina
914:Turkology
824:Bucharest
638:Hellenism
493:Armenians
345:Tomorrica
278:reforms.
249:theocracy
168:Signature
144:(Brother)
139:(Brother)
133:Relatives
125:Parent(s)
4205:Category
3616:Sehi Bey
2874:Fan Noli
2535:Pristina
2512:Armenian
1367:Grammar)
1338:Muharrir
1325:proverbs
1299:and the
1279:in his "
1224:such as
1222:Albanian
1109:Albanian
1085:Oriental
1073:Albanian
902:Islamism
856:Toskëria
811:Albanian
794:—
726:Ottomans
579:Bismarck
561:for the
533:—
447:Kadınlar
417:Istanbul
321:Bektashi
315:(modern
200:Albanian
154:(Nephew)
149:(Nephew)
115:Children
105:Movement
84:(modern
3591:Nergisî
3443:Ottoman
3426:Seyrani
3391:Gevheri
2854:Migjeni
2789:Asdreni
2515:Ottoman
2500:Turkish
1375:Turkish
1365:Turkish
1355:Turkish
1321:Letâ'if
1289:geology
1277:Turkish
1228:(Sky),
1187:Turkish
1113:English
1093:Turkish
1089:Western
1077:English
992:Osmanlı
939:Erenköy
798:Albania
761:Ottoman
733:Arnavud
642:Slavism
410:Persian
402:Turkish
398:Italian
386:ancient
375:Zosimea
361:Panarit
317:Albania
307:in the
305:Frashër
260:Frashër
225:Albania
188:Turkish
55:Frashër
3606:Riyazi
3561:Mesihi
3546:Latifî
3511:Fuzuli
2943:Modern
2482:
2455:
2428:
2317:
2189:
1504:
1395:Arabic
1385:Arabic
1331:named
1329:quotes
1319:named
1234:Njeriu
1226:Qielli
1146:Vicdân
1136:(1876)
1130:(1875)
1063:Novels
1042:Tirana
996:Geneva
943:vatans
933:Legacy
844:German
836:Nopcsa
815:French
633:Greeks
544:, the
435:Rhodes
408:, and
406:Arabic
394:French
368:Yanina
359:area (
341:Gramsh
272:Efendi
264:Përmet
203:writer
86:Turkey
3586:Nef'i
3581:Nedîm
2600:women
2510:, an
2097:works
2092:(PDF)
1333:Emsâl
1317:humor
1305:women
1271:Other
1238:Gjuha
1099:Drama
927:İkdam
900:over
819:Sofia
722:Arabs
716:]
674:Korçë
629:Slavs
625:vatan
505:Sofia
497:Turks
459:]
439:Insan
390:Greek
382:Latin
357:Korçë
337:Berat
333:timar
258:from
229:Abdyl
3486:Bâkî
3364:Folk
2502:was
2480:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2187:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1327:and
1311:and
1230:Toka
1134:Gâve
1121:Besa
1087:and
1055:Work
852:Rums
756:Türk
698:The
685:and
661:Naim
640:and
631:and
581:and
556:and
489:besa
479:play
475:The
396:and
291:Life
233:Naim
231:and
67:Died
41:Born
2506:by
1275:In
507:by
363:).
256:Bey
4223::
2408:^
2393:^
2376:^
2361:^
2344:^
2329:^
2293:^
2256:^
2225:^
2157:^
2116:^
2027:^
1992:^
1917:^
1898:^
1871:^
1820:^
1791:^
1774:^
1723:^
1683:^
1642:^
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1528:^
1486:^
1479:13
1453:^
1439:,
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1307:,
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457:tr
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392:,
384:,
327:,
311:,
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213:,
209:,
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2488:.
2461:.
2434:.
2323:.
2195:.
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45:(
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