554:, under the direction of a central committee that had the power to impose taxes and raise an army. The League of Prizren worked to gain autonomy for the Albanians and to thwart implementation of the Treaty of San Stefano and that of Berlin Congress, but not to create an independent Albania. The delegates agreed on a minimalist position of preserving Albanian inhabited lands within the empire and upholding local privileges within the Ottoman system. Frashëri and a few others wanted to organise Albanians into national movement and push for a united and autonomous Albania with national and cultural rights. After some discussion other delegates present rejected those proposals.
566:. After the founding of the League, which adopted this platform, Abdyl Frashëri distinguished himself as a leader of the League. Its main activities developed especially in areas of the Janina and Kosovo vilayets. He participated in almost all the major assemblies organized by the General Council of the League of Albanian or its interregional committees. In the League of Prizren's founding assembly he was elected chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee. Frashëri, like other League delegates, returned home to create local committees and prepare military forces for resistance and gained support from Albanians in Istanbul and from Southern Albania (Toskëria).
649:, he stressed that Albania fought to protect the Ottoman state for four years without the vilayets being united into one province. But this message was ignored by Abdul Hamid II. Under surveillance from Ottoman authorities in December 1881 Frashëri left Istanbul for Prizren to exercise influence over the League government however while on a stopover in Debar he survived an assassination attempt by local Ottoman supporters. Frashëri exploited the situation by rallying Debar inhabitants to his side against the Ottomans resulting in the expulsion of the Ottoman administrator (
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by the commander in chief
Marshall Dervish Pasha. Frashëri was sentenced to death by an Ottoman Special Trial. The sentence however was reduced by Abdul Hamid II to prison with hard labour and he was incarcerated in a castle jail in Prizren for 3 years (1882–1885). After his release from the Prizren castle prison he was moved to Istanbul. He was finally released for health reasons in 1886, on the condition that he give up any political or patriotic activity.
546:, headed by Frashëri and other leading figures of the Albanian national movement. They organised a committee to direct the Muslim Albanians' resistance. In May the group called for a general meeting of representatives from all the Albanian-populated lands. On 10 June 1878, about eighty delegates, mostly Muslim religious leaders, clan chiefs and other influential people from the four Albanian-populated Ottoman vilayets, met in the Kosovo city of
511:. Its goals where to uphold the territorial unity and integrity of Albanian inhabited lands within the empire. According to Frashëri given the conditions created by the expansionist trends of Russia and the interests of Western powers to keep the Ottoman Empire alive, and the intentions of Albania's Balkan neighbours to annex Albanian lands, the most appropriate solution would be the creation of an autonomous Albanian state under the
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empire. A petition was also sent by Frashëri and Vrioni to the
Italian prime minister. Frashëri explored his contacts with Italian officials hoping to gain their support on the Albanian question. He understood that Italy wished to keep out other powers from Albania, in particular the southern areas, as it viewed the region strategically important and wanted to increase its influence in the Adriatic Sea.
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were also known as Aliçkas. Ballkëze bore Frashëri six children. The first son was born in 1874 and was given the name of his grandfather, Halit. The child died in infancy. The second son, born in 1876, was also named Halit, and also died young, as did the two later sons, both named
Feridun. Of all the children, five sons and one daughter, born to Frashëri and Ballkëze, only their third son,
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persuade Frashëri into cooperating with the Greeks which he rejected saying "the Greeks do not want to recognize our rights; they want subjects and not equals". Ottoman media presented the Rome visit as an attempt by Frashëri and Vrioni to push for
Albanian autonomy. Frashëri was also the main promoter in favour of forming an interim Albanian government. He also led the National Assembly of
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criticised a lack of "progress" and blamed it on "despotism", "ignorance", and incompetent bureaucrats with a call for widespread education in the empire to remedy the situation. Coming under criticism from other
Ottoman parliamentarians Abdul also expressed his pride in being Ottoman, an identity that linked him to medieval Arab-Islamic civilisation. He was founding member of the
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within a Balkan confederation or under a great power that adhered to
European laws and political organisation. Although ill and isolated, he never gave up his patriotic ideas until his death on 23 October 1892 in Istanbul. The Turkish government arranged for his remains to be transferred to Albania and in 1978 the remains were brought to
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After the
Provisional Government of the League was eventually suppressed by the Ottoman Empire, and numerous battles were fought between the League Army and Ottoman Forces during the summer of 1881, Frashëri along with many other members and notables of the Prizren League, were captured and arrested
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In the spring of 1879 Frashëri headed the
Prizren League delegation which intended to visit the capitals of the major European Powers to protect the integrity of the Albanian lands and the rights of the Albanians. When Frashëri and Vrioni arrived in Rome in April, the Italian government attempted to
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Representing the League of
Prizren during May 1879 Frashëri and Mehmet Ali Bey Vrioni sent telegrams to the European capitals of Vienna, Paris and Berlin petitioning the Great Powers against Greek and Serb claims to Albanian inhabited land and calling for socio-political and education reforms in the
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where he lived for more than 20 years. His father, Halit Bey Frashëri, was a Tosk
Albanian bey and commander of an irregular army, composed of Albanian militia contingents. His military service was to bring order to the unsettled territories of the Rumelia province, mainly inside Albanian-inhabited
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on the Albanian geopolitical question. Frashëri's views were that the partition of Albania by foreign powers would result in fierce Albanian resistance. His solution was European intervention resulting in an autonomous or small kingdom of Albania defined along ethnographic and geographic frontiers
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with Frashëri elected as Minister for Foreign Affairs. He made important contributions to the political and military preparations that were made for the protection of the provisional government's autonomy against the Ottoman military expedition against the League. A Congress of Debre was held with
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that took the decision to create an autonomous Albanian state. He was part of the movement proposing that the Albanians should be armed. Frashëri defended the program of Gjirokastër in the Second Assembly of Debar, where as always led the radical wing of the movement. Although the autonomy program
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the creation of the autonomous united vilayet of Albania. By 10 November 1878 at the Bektashi tekke in Frashër, an important regional meeting of Tosk Albanians consisting of Orthodox Christians and Muslims gathered by Frashëri agreed to his five demands for Albanian sociopolitical rights advocated
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Abdul Frashëri distinguished himself as a prominent Albanian statesman and political personality in the early 1860s. He was the member for Yanina in the first Ottoman Parliament. Frashëri was outspoken on issues relating to his Albanian constituency. In a parliamentary speech on 14 January 1878 he
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130 delegates who agreed to create an autonomous province and Debar Albanians sent a list of demands to Istanbul for unification of four vilayets into one while stressing Ottoman unity and sovereignty. On 22 February 1881, Frashëri sent a personal telegram to Istanbul. Flattering the sultan with
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who were of Albanian ancestry, and gained their support. He also met with the representatives of Greece between July and December 1877, primarily on diplomatic grounds, with the aim of forming a military coalition to counter Greater Bulgaria and a threatening Slavic Expansion. However, the secret
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from whom he learned Arabic, Persian, French, and Greek. Frashëri also studied science, philosophy and maths. After he had finished his studies, he became engaged and married Ballkëze, the daughter of myfti Ibrahim Frashëri from the Lahçenja family and Xhenfize Çoku the family of Çokollarëve, who
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He travelled throughout the Vilayet of Yanina going from Yanina to Preveza and Berat to unite and mobilise Albanians. However some places rejected his attempts. To strengthen his position, Frashëri lobbied the Ottoman government to appoint Mustafa Pasha Vlora as mutasarrif (governor) of Berat.
562:. As one of the main authors of the political platform of the Central Committee of Istanbul, which Frashëri publicly stated through articles published in several organs of the Ottoman and European press during the spring of year 1878, he participated actively in establishing the
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rejected the coalition, because he was against an autonomous Albania within its ethnic boundaries, and the talks failed. Frashëri intensified his political alliance with the Ottoman authorities and by 1877, along with many other prominent Albanian compatriots, founded the
603:) visited tekkes (Sufi monasteries) of the Bektashi order and persuaded their babas (abbots) to assist in the national movement and exercise influence upon notables to join the cause. On 1 November 1878 he represented Toskëria in the First Assembly of
507:), which was formed in Istanbul. He made an important contribution to the elaboration of the political platform that the national movement should adopt after the Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire, and especially after the sign-off of the
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From the beginning the Ottoman authorities supported the League of Prizren, and had special relations with its head members of the League, especially with Frashëri who held the post of foreign minister of the League, and spokesman to the
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resulted in Ottoman defeat, the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and that of the Balkan Albanian lands seemed in real jeopardy. Frashëri worked to create a unified homeland front for its defence. Frashëri then became the chairman of the
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His father died in 1859 and so Abdyl became the head of the household, as his five brothers and two sisters were all younger than him. After two years, his mother died. So Frashëri became head of the household and moved the family to
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as its co-founder. There he drafted the Declaration of Autonomous Albania within the Ottoman Empire, a project that eventually won over the majority of the representatives from across Albania at the Albanian Congress in
402:. He was posted as a clerk and governor of the Ioannina house, along with his two younger brothers. He dedicated himself to his studies, and worked with scholars in Ioannina, in particular with the notable Albanian
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triggered profound anxiety among the Albanian population and it spurred their leaders to organise a national defence of the lands they inhabited. Thus, in the spring of 1878, influential Albanians met in
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religious affiliations. Abdyl, alongside his brothers Naim, Sami and 5 other siblings were the children of Halit Bey (1797–1859) and their paternal family traditions held that they were descendants of
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with the last two often on the verge of uprisings by Greek rebels. During these expeditions, Abdyl was part of his father's military contingent and served as a captain of the Albanian forces.
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would be realised, it would recognise Albania's borders and would give Albanians an upper hand in preparations for the self-defence of their homeland.
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who strongly opposed an Albanian presence in the Balkans. Frashëri met with Ottoman authorities and the Sultan, and with representatives from the
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255:. During his lifetime Frashëri endeavoured to instill among Albanians patriotism and a strong identity while promoting a reform program based on
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region before coming to live in Frashër. Halit belonged to the Dakollari branch of the Frashëri family. They were descendants of Ajaz Bey from
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1979:
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1944:
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Kopeček, Michal; Ersoy, Ahmed; Gorni, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis; Manchev, Boyan; Trencsenyi, Balazs; Turda, Marius (2006),
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Monument to Abdul Frashëri in Tiranë (left); Monument to Frashëri brothers in Tiranë with Abdul first on the left (right)
266:. He distinguished himself as a political personality from the 1860s through early political assignments. He founded the
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who intervened on their behalf and they were pardoned. While their mother Emine Hanım (1814–1861) was descended from
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who in 1650–60 was given the command of Frashër. Ajaz Bey's grandfather, Hamza Bey had lost his lands in
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of the Ottoman Empire, or at least, creating a unique vilayet within the Ottoman Empire. If this unique
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In early 1881 the autonomous interim government was formed in Prizren, headed by Prime Minister
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in 1570 when he rebelled and was exiled but the family's fortunes changed with the rise of
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At this time Frashëri corresponded with European leaders such as Italian prime minister
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Albanian statesman, diplomat (1839–1892) involved in the Albanian National Awakening
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Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)
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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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and there he started to put into action the decisions taken at Gjirokastër.
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and their daughter lived. She was named after Frashëri's mother, Emine.
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Head of Central Committee for Defence and Rights of the Albanian People
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His hopes however for an autonomous Albanian state were threatened by
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Halit Bey (1797–1859) - Father and Emine Hanım (1814–1861) - Mother
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Museum house of the Frashëri Brothers in Frashër, Përmet, Albania
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1239:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 165–166, 169.
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At the end of 1877 he founded and was elected chairman of the
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Suppression of the League of Prizren, arrest and imprisonment
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was not accepted by all representatives, Frashëri moved to
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He was one of the initiators and a prominent leader of the
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Frashëri, to gain support from southern Muslim Albanians (
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the first political ideologue of the Albanian Revival...
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for in Prizren. He was the principal organiser of the
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907:"Komiteti i Stambollit dhe platforma e tij politike"
550:. The delegates set up a standing organisation, the
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674:on the 100th anniversary of the League of Prizren.
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Work for the Autonomy of Albania (1860s-late 1870s)
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298:Abdyl Frashëri was born in 1839 in the village of
161:, Feridun Frashëri, Halid Frashëri, Emine Frashëri
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430:Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings
239:; 1 June 1839 – 23 October 1892) was an Ottoman
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1207:. London: IB Tauris. pp. 80–81.
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150:Ballkëze Frashëri (nee Lahçenja)
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141:National Renaissance of Albania
1980:People from Gjirokastër County
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822:. I.B.Tauris. p. 67.
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245:First Constitutional Era
1644:Sali Murati (Vranishti)
1233:Skendi, Stavro (1967).
620:being ceded to Greece.
106:Abdullah Hysni Frashëri
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1965:Albanian male writers
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816:Robert Elsie (2005).
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505:Komiteti i Stambollit
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684:Frashëri family tree
484:Stephanos Skouloudis
328:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
1874:Persefoni Kokëdhima
1129:, pp. 101–102.
614:Assembly of Preveza
491:based in Istanbul.
441:with the prominent
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1904:Margarita Tutulani
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479:Khedivate of Egypt
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197:Iljaz bej Mirahori
1955:Heroes of Albania
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829:978-1-84511-031-4
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1894:Çybra Sokoli
1862:Shote Galica
1855:Inajete Dumi
1852:Qeriba Derri
1777:Bajram Tusha
1768:Bajo Topulli
1756:Myslym Shyri
1749:Mehmet Shehu
1747:
1746:
1739:Vasil Shanto
1716:Mumin Selami
1709:Avni Rustemi
1693:Ismail Kemal
1676:Shefqet Peçi
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:Estref Osoja
1634:Jordan Misja
1630:Fejzi Micoli
1621:Ram Metaliaj
1591:Haxhi Lleshi
1589:
1588:
1560:Sado Kosheno
1557:Rexhep Kolli
1541:Ali Kelmendi
1528:
1527:
1521:Dino Kalenja
1517:Branko Kadia
1487:
1486:
1480:Ahmet Haxhia
1470:Ded Gjo Luli
1466:Jaho Gjoliku
1447:Musa Fratari
1442:
1439:Abdyl Elmazi
1436:Hajdar Dushi
1419:
1418:
1386:
1385:
1382:Skënder Çaçi
1378:Bajram Curri
1362:Isa Boletini
1357:Bardhok Biba
1353:Fato Berberi
1344:
1343:
1331:
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1235:
1203:
1154:Gawrych 2006
1139:Gawrych 2006
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193:Ali Sami Yen
78:(1892-10-23)
18:
1930:1892 deaths
1925:1839 births
1877:Emine Metaj
1858:Laze Ferraj
1849:Zonja Çurre
1819:Asim Zeneli
1804:Mitro Xhani
1795:Asim Vokshi
1763:Lefter Talo
1759:Hajdar Tafa
1728:Qemal Stafa
1719:Çelo Sinani
1705:Ndreko Rino
1682:Myslim Peza
1658:Kozma Nushi
1652:Kozma Naska
1648:Selam Musai
1627:Pal Mëlyshi
1582:Mbrik Lokja
1545:Myslym Keta
1513:Xhemal Kada
1502:Fran Ivanaj
1496:Vehbi Hoxha
1489:Enver Hoxha
1429:Emin Duraku
1421:Petrit Dume
1373:Riza Cerova
1366:Hyqmet Buzi
1322:Fuat Babani
1186:Skendi 1967
1169:Skendi 1967
1127:Skendi 1967
1115:Skendi 1967
1103:Skendi 1967
1088:Skendi 1967
1020:Skendi 1967
955:Skendi 1967
894:Skendi 1967
862:Skendi 1967
778:Skendi 1967
630:Gjirokastër
535:San Stefano
447:Abedin Dino
282:during the
221:Abdyl Dume
46:1 June 1839
1919:Categories
1881:Bule Naipi
1788:Themi Vaso
1743:Abaz Shehu
1723:Mic Sokoli
1655:Nik Ndreka
1641:Maliq Muço
1618:Kanan Maze
1603:Dile Marku
1599:Misto Mame
1576:Zigur Lelo
1572:Vasil Laçi
1567:Vojo Kushi
1563:Spiro Kote
1530:Hysni Kapo
1524:Zija Kambo
1506:Tuk Jakova
1433:Mihal Duri
1407:Rexh Delia
1392:Hysen Çino
1387:Hito Çako*
1340:Memo Bejko
1301:Asim Aliko
799:, p.
691:References
651:Mutasarrıf
647:honorifics
513:suzerainty
384:Montenegro
294:Early life
195:(Nephew),
1888:Mine Peza
1867:Liri Gero
1624:Memo Meto
1615:Ndoc Mazi
1585:Nuri Luçi
1548:Zaho Koka
1415:Gjok Doçi
1404:Veli Dedi
1401:Ndoc Deda
1326:Koçi Bako
454:in 1878.
392:Macedonia
324:Tomorrica
185:(Brother)
180:(Brother)
174:Relatives
166:Parent(s)
1551:Tom Kola
1477:Met Hasa
1411:Ali Demi
471:Bulgaria
404:müderris
400:Ioannina
388:Thessaly
368:Toskëria
308:Bektashi
272:Istanbul
241:Albanian
225:Frashëri
190:(Nephew)
155:Children
133:Movement
84:Istanbul
618:Çameria
548:Prizren
459:Albania
452:Prizren
445:leader
372:Gegëria
363:Yannina
340:Panarit
338:area (
302:in the
300:Frashër
278:in the
247:of the
229:Turkish
90:, then
60:, then
58:Albania
50:Frashër
1243:
1211:
826:
729:
672:Tirana
635:Kosovo
467:Serbia
463:Greece
380:Kosovo
320:Gramsh
204:Awards
147:Spouse
88:Turkey
1837:Women
605:Debar
601:Tosks
336:Korçë
316:Berat
312:timar
235:, or
1241:ISBN
1209:ISBN
824:ISBN
727:ISBN
469:and
390:and
357:and
73:Died
43:Born
1295:Men
342:).
270:in
223:bey
1921::
1223:^
1193:^
1176:^
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465:,
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378:,
374:,
370:,
290:.
231::
94:,
86:,
64:,
56:,
52:,
1751:*
1593:*
1532:*
1491:*
1423:*
1335:*
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
1249:.
1217:.
909:.
832:.
803:.
503:(
227:(
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