Samuel of Bulgaria

1679: 1074:. As a result of this conflict, the marriage between Gavril Radomir and the Hungarian princess was dissolved. The Hungarians then attacked Ahtum, who had directly backed the pretenders for the Hungarian crown. Stephen I convinced Hanadin, Ahtum's right-hand man, to help in the attack. When the conspiracy was uncovered Hanadin fled and joined the Hungarian forces. At the same time, a strong Byzantine army besieged Vidin, Ahtum's seat. Although many soldiers were required to participate in the defense of the town, Ahtum was occupied with the war to the north. After several months he died in battle when his troops were defeated by the Hungarians. As a result of the war, Bulgarian influence to the northwest of the Danube diminished. 1083: 590:

alliance with the Byzantines and the opportunity to seize power in Bulgaria for himself. He held land in Thrace, a region potentially subject to the Byzantine threat. Basil reached an agreement with Aaron, who asked to marry Basil's sister to seal it. Basil instead sent the wife of one of his officials with the bishop of Sebaste. However, the deceit was uncovered and the bishop was killed. Nonetheless, negotiations proceeded and concluded in a peace agreement. The historian Scylitzes wrote that Aaron wanted sole power and "sympathized with the Romans". Samuel learned of the conspiracy and the clash between the two brothers was inevitable. The quarrel broke out in the vicinity of

641: 1629: 4859:. Hence, for them to recognize the inhabitants of Macedonia as Bulgarians would be tantamount to admitting that they should be part of the Bulgarian state. For that the Yugoslav Communists were most anxious to mold Macedonian history to fit their conception of Macedonian consciousness. The treatment of Macedonian history in Communist Yugoslavia had the same primary goal as the creation of the Macedonian language: to de-Bulgarize the Macedonian Slavs and to create a separate national consciousness that would inspire identification with Yugoslavia." For more see: Stephen E. Palmer, Robert R. King, Yugoslav communism and the Macedonian question, Archon Books, 1971, 379: 1165: 798: 1834: 1003:, putting north-eastern Bulgaria once again under Byzantine rule. The following year, they struck in the opposite direction, marching through Thessaloniki to tear off Thessaly and the southernmost parts of the Bulgarian Empire. Although the Bulgarian commander of the fortress of Veroia, Dobromir, was married to one of Samuel's nieces, he voluntarily surrendered the fort and joined the Byzantines. The Byzantines also captured the fortress of Kolidron without a fight, but its commander Dimitar Tihon managed to retreat with his soldiers and join Samuel. The next town, Servia, did not fall so easily; its governor 2055:

the ruler of a large medieval state, which the majority of modern historical scholarship considers to be the Bulgarian empire itself, centered in the territory of today's North Macedonia. In this way the Macedonian members of the Commission not only agreed to identify Samuel's state as Bulgarian, but they also recognized the existence of the Bulgarian ethnicity during the Middle Ages. Despite these facts multiple examples of animosity between Bulgaria and North Macedonia have been registered, due to disputes over Samuil's ethnic affiliation and this issue is still highly sensitive.

885: 1663: 1039: 1288: 4830:"Most of the Slavophone inhabitants in all parts of divided Macedonia, perhaps a million and a half in all – had a Bulgarian national consciousness at the beginning of the Occupation; and most Bulgarians, whether they supported the Communists, VMRO, or the collaborating government, assumed that all Macedonia would fall to Bulgaria after the WWII. Tito was determined that this should not happen. The first Congress of AVNOJ in November 1942 had parented equal rights to all the 'peoples of Yugoslavia', and specified the Macedonians among them. 822:. Because of the war with Byzantium, it was dangerous to leave the throne vacant for long, and Samuel was chosen as the new Emperor of Bulgaria because he had the closest relations to the deceased emperor and was Roman's long-standing military commander. The presbyter of Duklja also marked the event: "By that time among the Bulgarian people rose one Samuel, who proclaimed himself emperor. He led a long war against the Byzantines and expelled them from the whole territory of Bulgaria, so that the Byzantines did not dare to approach it". 1236: 38: 330: 676:, which controlled the key routes in Thessaly, and from 977 to 983 the town was blockaded. After starvation forced the Byzantines to surrender, the population was deported to the interior of Bulgaria and the males were forced to enlist in the Bulgarian army. Although Basil II sent forces to the region, they were defeated. With this victory, Bulgaria had gained influence over most of the southwestern Balkans, although it did not occupy some of these territories. From Larissa, Samuel took the relics of 1645: 1173: 542: 1300: 1150:, east of Thessaloniki. During the next years, Basil launched annual campaigns into Bulgarian territory, devastating everything on his way. Although there was still no decisive battle, it was clear that the end of the Bulgarian resistance was drawing nearer; the evidence was the fierceness of the military engagements and the constant campaigns of both sides which devastated the Bulgarian and Byzantine realms. 4804:

aware of differences between themselves and the inhabitants of Bulgaria... The question as of whether a Macedonian nation actually existed in the 1940s when a Communist Yugoslavia decided to recognize one is difficult to answer. Some observers argue that even at this time it was doubtful whether the Slavs from Macedonia considered themselves to be a nationality separate from the Bulgarians

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ages which appear in some modern works. In the Middle ages and into the 19th century, the term ‘Macedonian’ was used entirely in reference to a geographical region. Anyone who lived within its confines, regardless of nationality could be called a Macedonian...Nevertheless, the absence of a national consciousness in the past is no grounds to reject the Macedonians as a nationality today."

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which was ratified by the two Parliaments in 2018. On its ground, a bilateral expert committee on historical issues was formed. In February 2019, at a meeting of the committee, involving Bulgarian and Macedonian scientists, the two sides agreed to propose to their governments that Tsar Samuel may be celebrated jointly. The Macedonian side also conceded, that he was

1917:(1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918) left the area divided mainly between Greece and Serbia (later Yugoslavia), which resulted in significant changes in its ethnic composition. The formerly leading Bulgarian community was reduced either by population exchanges or by change of communities' ethnic identity. The Macedonian Slavs were faced with the policy of forced 426:, who invaded Bulgaria several times. After a defeat from Sviatoslav, Peter I suffered a stroke and abdicated his throne in 969 (he died the next year). Boris was allowed back to Bulgaria to take his father's throne, restore order and oppose Sviatoslav, but had little success. This was allegedly used by Nicholas and his sons, who were contemplating a revolt in 969. 2035:, by which the emperor ideologically framed the newly acquired territories of the former Bulgarian empire and the former Samuel’s State. In this way the term "Bulgarian" became a projected name for the Samuel’s State itself. However, the term “Scythians” normally referred to the "Bulgarians", moreover, Samuel and his successors considered their state Bulgarian. 4876:"No doubt, the vast majority of the Macedonian peasants, being neither communists nor members of IMRO (United), had not been previously affected by Macedonian national ideology. The British officials who attempted to tackle this issue in the (late) 1940s noted the pro-Bulgarian sentiment of many peasants and pointed out that Macedonian nationhood rested ‘ 4582:

established in what is now Thrace (split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey) with Adrianople as its capital. It was the birthplace of Emperor Basil I (867–886), the founder of the so-called Macedonian dynasty in Byzantinum. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009,

4599:

By the beginning of the 9th century the theme of Macedonia, with its capital at Adrianople consisted not of Macedonian but of Thracian territories. During the Byzantine period the Macedonia proper corresponded to the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon. Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in

2005:

refers to an "Ethnic Macedonian" Empire, with Samuel being the first Tsar of the Macedonian Slavs. However, this controversy is ahistorical, as it projects modern ethnic distinctions onto the past. There is no historical support for that assertion. Samuel and his successors were never called by their

1219:

by Gavril Radomir, who personally killed Botaniates. After the Battle of Kleidion, on the order of Basil II the captured Bulgarian soldiers were blinded; one of every 100 men was left one-eyed so as to lead the rest home. The blinded soldiers were sent back to Samuel who reportedly had a heart attack

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The Byzantines took advantage of the Bulgarian troubles in the north. In 1003, Basil II led a large army to Vidin, northwestern Bulgaria's most important town. After an eight-month siege, the Byzantines ultimately captured the fortress, allegedly due to betrayal by the local bishop. The commanders of

4781:

Until the late 19th century both outside observers and those Bulgaro-Macedonians who had an ethnic consciousness believed that their group, which is now two separate nationalities, comprised a single people, the Bulgarians. Thus the reader should ignore references to ethnic Macedonians in the Middle

4759:

By the Middle Ages Macedonia's location had been forgotten and designated in areas mostly outside the original Macedonian kingdom... Under Turkish rule Macedonia vanished completely from administrative terminology and survived only as a legend in the oral Greek traditions… Rediscovered by travelers,

4639:

When the barbarian invasions started in the fourth through seventh centuries AD in the Balkans, the remnants of the Hellenes who lived in Macedonia were pushed to eastern Thrace, the area between Adrianople (presently the Turkish city of Edirne) and Constantinople. This area would be called theme of

4581:

The migrations during the early Byzantine centuries also changed the meaning of the geographical term Macedonia, which seems to have moved to the east together with some of the non-Slavic population of the old Roman province. In the early 9th century an administrative unit (theme) of Makedonikon was

805:

As a response, a Byzantine army under Nikephorus Uranos was sent after the Bulgarians, who returned north to meet it. The two armies met near the flooded river of Spercheios. The Byzantines found a place to ford, and on the night of 19 July 996 they surprised the unprepared Bulgarian army and routed

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Macedonia by the Byzantines... whereas the modern territory of Rep. of North Macedonia was included in the theme of Bulgaria after the destruction of Samuels Bulgarian Empire in 1018. Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010,

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Conquest of Bulgaria by Byzantium (end of the 10th-beginning of the 11th century) in the Russian chronography, HV-XVI c. (Zavoevenie Bolgarii Vizantiei (konets X-nachalo XI v.) v russkom hronografe, HV-XVI vv; ЗАВОЕВАНИЕ БОЛГАРИИ ВИЗАНТИЕЙ (КОНЕЦ Х-НАЧАЛО XI в.) В РУССКОМ ХРОНОГРАФЕ, XV-XVI вв.) L.

2054:

In August 2022, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia published official recommendations of the Joint Historical Commission operating between the two countries. There, the governments in Sofia and Skopje are offered a joint commemoration of Samuel, who, according to the commission, was

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and Roman, to oppose Samuel. Basil II hoped that they would win the support of the nobles and isolate Samuel or perhaps even start a Bulgarian civil war. Boris and Roman were sent back in 977 but while they were passing through a forest near the border, Boris was killed by Bulgarian guards who were

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At the end of the World War I there were very few historians or ethnographers, who claimed that a separate Macedonian nation existed... Of those Macedonian Slavs who had developed then some sense of national identity, the majority probably considered themselves to be Bulgarians, although they were

4030:

Selected sources for the Bulgarian history, Volume II: The Bulgarian states and the Bulgarians in the Middle Ages (Podbrani izvori za balgarskata istoriya, Tom II: Balgarskite darzhavi i balgarite prez srednovekovieto, Подбрани извори за българската история, Том II: Българските държави и българите

2400:

call Roman "Tsar" and Samuel "Roman's loyal military chief". However, other historians dispute this theory, as Roman was castrated and so technically could not have claimed the crown. There was also a governor of Skopje called Roman who surrendered the city to the Byzantines in 1004, receiving the

1247:

The battle of Kleidion had major political consequences. Although Samuel's son and successor, Gavril Radomir, was a talented military leader, he was murdered by his cousin Ivan Vladislav, who, ironically, owed his life to him. Unable to restore the Bulgarian Empire's previous power, Ivan Vladislav

1023:

resisted for weeks but was conquered following a long siege. The population was moved to Voleron and its governor Dragshan was taken to Thessaloniki, where he was betrothed to the daughter of a local noble. Unwilling to be married to an enemy, Dragshan three times tried to flee to Bulgaria and was

589:

did not have enough manpower to fight both the Bulgarians and the rebels and resorted to treason, conspiracy and complicated diplomatic plots. Basil II made many promises to the Bulgarians and Scleros to divert them from allying against him. Aaron, the eldest living Cometopulus, was tempted by an

2046:

laid flowers at the monument of Tsar Samuil together, articulating optimism that the two countries can finally resolve their open issues by signing a long-delayed agreement on good-neighborly relations. The governments of Bulgaria and North Macedonia signed the friendship treaty in the same year,

810:. Samuel's arm was wounded and he barely escaped captivity; he and his son allegedly feigned death. After nightfall they headed for Bulgaria and walked 400 kilometres (249 mi) home. Research of Samuel's grave suggests that the bone in his arm healed at an angle of 140° but remained crippled. 979:

saw a turn in the course of Byzantine-Bulgarian warfare. Basil II had amassed an army larger and stronger than that of the Bulgarians: determined to definitively conquer Bulgaria, he moved much of the battle-seasoned military forces from the eastern campaigns against the Arabs to the Balkans and

2734:

Skylitzes records: He himself died shortly afterwards, whereupon the sons were sent to Bulgaria to secure the ancestral throne and to restrain the 'children of the counts' from further t. David, Moses, Aaron and Samuel, children of one of the powerful counts in Bulgaria, were contemplating an

1713:

claims that the son of Samuel, Gavril, was assassinated by the leader of the Bulgarians, son of Aaron, because Aaron belonged to the race that reigned over Bulgaria. Asoghik and Yahya clearly distinguish the race of Samuel from the one of Aaron or the race of the Cometopuli from the royal race.

877:. In an effort to prevent bloodshed, he asked Jovan Vladimir to surrender. After the prince refused, some Serb nobles offered their services to the Bulgarians and, when it became clear that further resistance was fruitless, the Serbs surrendered. Jovan Vladimir was exiled to Samuel's palaces in 777:

In 989, Phocas was killed and his followers surrendered, and the following year Basil II reached an agreement with Skleros. The Byzantines focused their attention on Bulgaria, and counter-attacked in 991. The Bulgarian army was defeated and Roman was captured while Samuel managed to escape. The

1912:

The very name of "Macedonia" for the modern region was revived only in the 19th century, after it had nearly disappeared during the five centuries of Ottoman rule. Until the early 20th century and beyond the majority of the Macedonian Slavs who had clear ethnic consciousness believed they were

1007:

organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender. Nikulitsa was taken to Constantinople and given the high court title of patrician, but he soon escaped and rejoined the Bulgarians. He attempted to retake Servia, but the siege was

5370:

Mitko B. Panov et al., 2021. "Macedonian Nation Between Self-Identity and Euro-Atlantic Integration: Implications of the Agreements with Bulgaria and Greece," Societies and Political Orders in Transition, in: Branislav Radeljić & Carlos González-Villa (ed.), Researching Yugoslavia and its

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In the same year, Samuel undertook a march against Thessaloniki. His men ambushed and captured its governor, Ioannes Chaldus, but this success could not compensate for the losses the Bulgarians had suffered in the past four years. The setbacks in the war demoralized some of Samuel's military

1865:), that has led to assertions by the nationalist-driven historiography there. Its main agenda was that Samuel's empire was a "Serbian"/"Macedonian Slavic" state, distinct from the Bulgarian Empire. In more recent times the same agenda has been maintained in the Republic of Macedonia, (now 1069:

Although Gavril Radomir's marriage to the daughter of the Hungarian ruler had established friendly relations between the two strongest states of the Danube area, the relationship deteriorated after Géza's death. The Bulgarians supported Gyula and Koppány as rulers instead of Géza's son

442:

remained in captivity. Although the ceremony in 971 had been intended as a symbolic termination of the Bulgarian Empire, the Byzantines were unable to assert their control over the western provinces of Bulgaria. Count Nicholas, Samuel's father, who had close ties to the royal court in

3137:

Petrov, P (1958). "On the question concerning the authenticity of the Virgin charter and the data it contains (Po vaprosa za awtentichnostta na Virginskata gramota i sadarzhastite se v neya danni, По въпроса за автентичността на Виргинската грамота и съдържащите се в нея данни)".

687:

The Bulgarian successes in the west raised fears in Constantinople, and after serious preparations, Basil II launched a campaign into the very centre of the Bulgarian Empire to distract Samuel from southern Greece. The Byzantine army passed through the mountains around

437:

used this to his advantage. He quickly invaded Bulgaria the following year, defeated the Rus, and conquered the Bulgarian capital Preslav. Boris II of Bulgaria was ritually divested of his imperial insignia in a public ceremony in Constantinople and he and his brother

1339:

After the fall of Bulgaria, Samuel's descendants assumed important positions in the Byzantine court after they were resettled and given lands in Asia Minor and Armenia. One of his granddaughters, Catherine, became empress of Byzantium. Another (supposed) grandchild,

5102:

Ioannis Tarnanidis, The Macedonians of the Byzantine period, (Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece) in John Burke and Roger Scott as edidors, Byzantine Macedonia: Identity, Image and History: Papers from the Melbourne Conference July 1995, BRILL, 2000,

1331:

and was considered by earlier scholarship as Samuel's daughter, is now regarded to have been simply a relative, perhaps a niece of Agatha. Gavril Radomir married twice, to Ilona of Hungary and Irene from Larissa. Miroslava married the captured Byzantine noble

1761:

Samuel is among the most renowned Bulgarian rulers. His military struggle with the Byzantine Empire is marked as an epic period of Bulgarian history. The great number of monuments and memorials in Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia, such as the ones in

2051:. Nevertheless in December 2020 North Macedonia's part from the joint committee withdrew from this decision. According to its view, Tsar Samuel had to be portrayed in one way in North Macedonia's textbooks, and in another during joint commemorations. 5278: 872:

and the Byzantines. When the Bulgarian troops reached Duklja, the Serbian prince and his people withdrew to the mountains. Samuel left part of the army at the foot of the mountains and led the remaining soldiers to besiege the coastal fortress of

1876:

ca. 930, only to fall ca. 960 under Byzantine and later under Bulgarian rule. In fact that area was taken for the first time by Serbia centuries later, during the 1280s. Moreover, in Samuel's time Macedonia as a geographical term referred to

2791:

Vasilka Tăpkova-Zaimova, Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition, East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, Brill, 2018,

636:

on the orders of John I Tzimiskes so that he would not have heirs. Thus Samuel was certain to eventually succeed Roman. The new emperor entrusted Samuel with the state administration and became occupied with church and religious affairs.

2849:

Petrov, P (1962). "Rebellion of Peter and Boyan in 976 and struggle of the Cometopuli with Byzantium (Vosstanie Petra i Boyana v 976 i borba Komitopulov s Vizantiei, Восстание Петра и Бояна в 976 г. и борьба Комитопулов с Византией)".

4901:(1993, p. 71) confirms: “even as late as 1945, Slavic Macedonia had no national identity of its own." Nikolaos Zahariadis (2005) Essence of Political Manipulation: Emotion, Institutions, & Greek Foreign Policy, Peter Lang, p. 85, 1062:, who had been defeated by the Hungarians in the 930s. Ahtum commanded a strong army and firmly defended the northwestern borders of the Empire. He also built many churches and monasteries through which he spread Christianity in 947:

fell in love with the captive Jovan Vladimir. The couple married after gaining Samuel's approval, and Jovan returned to his lands as a Bulgarian official along with his uncle Dragomir, whom Samuel trusted. Meanwhile, Princess

247:

In his early years, Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and to launch offensive campaigns into their territory. In the late 10th century, the Bulgarian armies conquered the Serb principality of

4760:

cartographers and diplomats after centuries of being ignored or forgotten, misplaced or misunderstood, Macedonia and its inhabitants, have never since the beginning of the 20th century, ceased being imagined and invented.

4855:"Yugoslav Communists recognized the existence of a Macedonian nationality during WWII to quiet fears of the Macedonian population that a communist Yugoslavia would continue to follow the former Yugoslav policy of forced 1702:, who analyzed the events and facts of the century and concluded that Samuel had only one brother, David. Asoghik's version is also supported by the historian Jordan Ivanov; furthermore, only one brother is mentioned on 839:

Constantinople would not recognize the new emperor, as for the Byzantines Boris II's abdication symbolized the official end of Bulgaria and Samuel was considered a mere rebel. Instead Samuel sought recognition from the

3113:

Emperor Basil the Bulgar-slayer: extractions from Yuhia of Antioch's chronicles (Imperator Vasiliy Bolgaroboytsa: izvecheniya iz letopisi Yahi Antiohijskago, Император Василий Болгаробойца: извлечения из летописи Яхи

3035:

631:

Roman was taken to Vidin, where he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria. Samuel became his first lieutenant and general and together they gathered an army and fought the Byzantines. During his captivity, Roman had been

1941:

distinguished Samuel's Empire from the Bulgarian Empire, referring to it as a "Macedonian Empire", although he recognised that Samuel's state was politically and ecclesiastically a direct descendant of the empire of

692:

and besieged Sredets in 986. The Byzantines assaulted the city for 20 days, but their attacks proved fruitless and costly: the Bulgarians came out of the city several times, killed many enemy soldiers and captured

749:

diverted the efforts of the Byzantine Empire into another civil war. Samuel seized the opportunity and began to exert pressure on Thessaloniki. Basil II sent a large army to the town and appointed a new governor,

533:. He was also to organize the liberation of the conquered areas to the east, including the old capital Preslav. Some records suggest that David played a major role in this tumultuous period of Bulgarian history. 1139:, Samuel's father-in-law. Ashot and his wife boarded one of the Byzantine ships that were beleaguering the town and fled to Constantinople. Meanwhile, Chryselios surrendered the city to the Byzantine commander 1102:

Basil II decided to return to Constantinople afterwards, but, fearing an encounter with the Bulgarian army on the main road to his capital, he used an alternate route. The Byzantines marched south through the

956:, the dead governor of Thessaloniki, and threatened to commit suicide if she was not allowed to marry him. Samuel conceded and appointed Ashot governor of Dyrrhachium. Samuel also sealed an alliance with the 561:

vagrants and Moses was fatally injured by a stone during the siege of Serres. The brothers' actions to the south detained many Byzantine troops and eased Samuel's liberation of northeastern Bulgaria. A local

2903:

Precious sources on the Russo-Byzantine relations in the 9th century (Tsenniy istochnih po vaprosu pussko-vizantiyskih otnosheniy v X veke, Ценный источних по вопросу русско-византийских отношений в X веке

1203:

by its governor Botaniates, who later joined the main Byzantine army near Klyuch. After several days of continuous attempts to break through the wall, one Byzantine commander, the governor of Plovdiv

4705:

The Greeks were amongst the first to define these lands since the beginning of the 19th century. For educated Greeks, Macedonia was the historical Greek land of kings Philip and Alexander the Great.

782:

invaded Asia Minor and Basil II was forced to move many of his troops to combat this new threat. Samuel quickly regained the lost lands and advanced south. In 996, he defeated the Byzantines in the

656:

As the main effort of Basil II was concentrated against the rebel Skleros, Samuel's armies attacked the European possessions of the Byzantine Empire. Samuel invaded not only Thrace and the area of

1929:

20th-century Serbian and afterwards the Yugoslav historiography used the location of Samuel's state mainly on the territory of then Yugoslavia, to reject Bulgarian claims on the region. Thus, the

4989:

Svetozar Rajak, Konstantina E. Botsiou, Eirini Karamouzi, Evanthis Hatzivassiliou ed. The Balkans in the Cold War. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World, Springer, 2017,

364:

is the nickname used by Byzantine historians which is translated as "sons of the count". The Cometopuli rose to power out of the disorder that occurred in the Bulgarian Empire from 966 to 971.

3001:

Petrov, P (1959). "Formation and consolidation of the Western Bulgarian state (Obrazuvane i ukrepvane na Zapadnata Balgarska darzhava, Образуване и укрепване на Западната Българска държава)".

754:, but he was powerless to stop the Bulgarian advance. By 989, the Bulgarian troops had penetrated deep into Byzantine territory, and seized many fortresses, including such important cities as 4880:’ and, therefore, had to be constructed by the Macedonian leadership." Livanios, D. (2008), The Macedonian Question: Britain and the Southern Balkans 1939–1949.: Oxford University Press, 4349: 5189:

Grzegorz Bartusik, Jakub Morawiec, Radosław Biskup (ed.), Adam of Bremen’s Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum. Origins, Reception and Significance, 2022. Taylor & Francis,

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equipment of the Byzantine army, forcing Basil II to withdraw to Thrace, but on 17 August 986, while passing through the mountains, the Byzantine army was ambushed and routed at the

5354: 1195:

When Basil II launched his next campaign in the summer of 1014, his army suffered heavy casualties during the assaults on the wall. Meanwhile, Samuel sent forces under his general

5731:История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство, Част II. От славянизацията на държавата до падането на Първото царство (852–1018) 236:, and co-ruled with him, as Roman bestowed upon him the command of the army and the effective royal authority. As Samuel struggled to preserve his country's independence from the 1046:

The Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict reached its apex in 1003, when Hungary became involved. Since the beginning of the 9th century, the Bulgarian territory had stretched beyond the

5827:

The Blinded State: Historiographic Debates about Samuel Cometopoulos and His State (10th–11th Century); Volume 55 of East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450

1714:

According to them, Moses and Aaron are not from the family of the Cometopuli. David and Samuel were of Armenian origin and Moses and Aaron were Armenian on their mother's side.

797: 1957:, even claimed that Samuel ruled a separate South Slavic, i.e. Serbian Empire in Macedonia, founded as result of an anti-Bulgarian rebellion. The Serbs tried to popularize the 6491: 5736:

History of Bulgaria in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part 2. From the Slavicization of the state to the fall of the First Empire (852–1018)

5120:

Paul Stephenson, Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204, American Council of Learned Societies, Cambridge University Press, 2000,

4511:

Anastasiević, D. N. Hypothesis on Western Bulgaria (Hipoteza o Zapadnoj Bugarskoj, Хипотеза о Западноj Бугарскоj), Glasnik Skopskog nauchnog drushtva, b. III, Skopie, 1928.

6496: 1131:, was not seduced by Basil's promises of a noble title and wealth, and successfully defended the fortress. The Byzantines withdrew to Thrace after suffering heavy losses. 3625:

Duichev, Iv. (1942). "Correspondence of Pope Innocent III with the Bulgarians (Prepiska na papa Inokentii III s balgarite, Преписка на папа Инокентий III с българите.)".

2084: 1345: 1135:

commanders, especially the captured Byzantine nobles. Samuel's son-in-law Ashot, the governor of Dyrrhachium, made contact with the local Byzantines and the influential

1011:

Meanwhile, Basil II's campaign reconquered many towns in Thessaly. He forced the Bulgarian population of the conquered areas to resettle in the Voleron area between the

1758:

to restore the appearance of the 70-year-old Bulgarian ruler. According to the reconstruction, he was a sharp-faced man, bald-headed, with a white beard and moustache.

602:

pleaded on his behalf. From that moment on, practically all power and authority in the state were held by Samuel and the danger of an internal conflict was eliminated.

2721:) the sons of Peter I were sent in the Byzantine capital in 963 as one of the term to resettle the peace treaty of 927. According to other historians such as Andreev ( 1678: 5006:

Istorijski časopis 2002, br. 49, str. 9–25, izvorni naučni članak, Pohod bugarskog cara Samuila na Dalmaciju. Živković Tibor D. SANU – Istorijski institut, Beograd.

5241: 4807: 4246:Иванов, Йордан (Jordan Ivanov). Произход на цар Самуиловия род (The origin of the family of the king Samuel). In: Сборник в чест на В. Н. Златарски, София, 1925. 1319:. Two further, unnamed daughters, are mentioned after the Bulgarian surrender in 1018, while Samuel is also recorded as having had a bastard son. Another woman, 4683:

Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002,

4658:

The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term.

557:

After John I Tzimiskes died on 11 January 976, the Cometopuli launched an assault along the whole border. Within a few weeks, however, David was killed by

566:, led by two boyars – Petar and Boyan, who became allies of the Cometopuli and submitted to their rule. The Byzantine army was defeated and retreated to 4784:"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century," John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1991, 4150: 5290: 2392:, who was the official tsar until 997, when he died in Byzantine captivity. Roman is mentioned as tsar in several historical sources; for example the 268:. His successors failed to organize a resistance, and in 1018, four years after Samuel's death, the country capitulated, ending the five decades-long 459:

and Samuel rebelled. The series of events are not clear due to contradicting sources, but it is sure that after 971 Samuel and his brothers were the

5464:

Delev, Petar; Valeri Katsunov; Plamen Mitev; Evgeniya Kalyanova; Iskra Baeva; Boyan Dobrev (2006). "12. The decline of the First Bulgarian Empire".

2371:

Anthony Kaldellis, Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade, Oxford University Press, 2017,

5571:

Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt

5037:

Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 1, From Ancient Times to the Ottoman Invasions), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016,

4681:

The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism.

1989:. Pirivatrić has stated, that incipient Bulgarian identity was available in Samuel's state, and it will rеmain in the area in the next centuries. 4669: 4308: 2331:

Stojkov, Stojko (2014) Крунисувањето на Самуил за цар и митот за царот евнух. Гласник на институтот за национална историја, 58 (1–2). pp. 73–92.

2077: 1211:

and captured around 14,000 soldiers, according to some sources even 15,000. Basil II immediately sent forces under his favourite commander

709:. This was a significant blow for Basil, who was one of the few to return to Constantinople; his personal treasure was captured by the victors. 570:. Any Bulgarian nobles and officials who had not opposed the Byzantine conquest of the region were executed, and the war continued north of the 5670: 5456: 3340: 2676: 414:

as honorary hostages, to honor the new terms of the peace treaty. During these years the Byzantines and Bulgarians had entangled themselves in

6471: 5206:

Dennis P. Hupchick, The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies, Springer, 2017,

4353: 2428: 2769:) make their first appearance under the government of Kekaumenos, the strategos of Larissa ... (980–983)": Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", 358. 5998: 5351: 5266: 4707:

John S. Koliopoulos, Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History since 1821. A New History of Modern Europe, John Wiley & Sons, 2009,

2023:

Macedonian historians insist also that the emperor Basil II designated the enemies coming from the Samuel’s Empire as “Scythians” in his

623:

After the Byzantine plan to use Aaron to cause instability in Bulgaria failed, they tried to encourage the rightful heirs to the throne,

4265: 4692: 2070: 1180:

In 1014, Samuel resolved to stop Basil before he could invade Bulgarian territory. Since the Byzantines usually used the valley of the

5895: 1741: 5919: 790:

was captured. Elated by this success, the Bulgarians continued south. They marched through Thessaly, overcame the defensive wall at

4961: 2882:П. Хр. Петров, Восстание Петра и Бояна в 976 г. и борьба комитопулов с Византией, Byzantinobulgarica, I, Sofia, 1962, стр. 121–144. 1770:, signify the trail this historical figure has left in the memory of the people. Four Bulgarian villages bear his name, as well as 394:, Bulgaria prospered in a long-lasting peace with Byzantium. This was secured by the marriage of Peter with the Byzantine princess 4484: 4375:"Republic of Bulgaria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Antarctic Place-names Commission, Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer Samuel Point" 1232:). Some historians theorize it was the death of his favourite commander that infuriated Basil II to blind the captured soldiers. 3692:

Venedikov, Iv. (1973). "The first wedlock of Gavril Radomir (Parviyat brak na Gavril Radomir, Първият брак на Гаврил Радомир)".

964: 5751: 2725:, p. 41.) the heirs to the Bulgarian throne became hostages per a Bulgarian-Byzantine agreement against the Kievan Rus' in 968. 2536:

L'épopée byzantine á la fin de dixiéme siécle, 1. Jean Tzimisés; les jeunes années de Basile II, le tueur de Bulgares (969–989)

1823: 845: 321:. Samuel's energetic reign restored Bulgarian might on the Balkans, even though the Empire was disestablished after his death. 577:

After suffering these defeats in the Balkans, the Byzantine Empire descended into civil war. The commander of the Asian army,

6481: 6476: 5780: 5228: 3121: 3043: 2319: 2238:

has three editions. The first edition is from 1927 published in Sofia; the second edition is from 1971 and can be found here

402:. However, after Maria's death in 963, the truce had been shaken and it was at this time or later that Peter I sent his sons 257: 4290: 1969:. The story continued in Communist Yugoslavia, where a separate Macedonian identity was formed and Samuel was depicted as a 415: 373: 5930: 5593: 5339: 4127: 1207:, found a by-pass and, on 29 July, attacked the Bulgarians from the rear. Despite the desperate resistance the Byzantines 628:

misled by his Byzantine clothing. Roman, who was walking some distance behind, managed to identify himself to the guards.

3319:

Letters from the history of Serbians and Bulgarians (Pisma ob istorii serbov i bolgar, Письма об истории сербов и болгар)

4952:

Pieter Troch, Nationalism and Yugoslavia: Education, Yugoslavism and the Balkans before World War II, I.B.Tauris, 2015,

724:, descend to the earth with your gold-shining chariot, tell the great soul of the Caesar: The Danube took the crown of 5909: 4972:

Nada Boskovska, Yugoslavia and Macedonia Before Tito: Between Repression and Integration, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017,

3367: 1674:

during the reign of Samuel's nephew Ivan Vladislav. He is titled "autocrat of the Bulgarians" and "Bulgarian by birth".

1498: 1308: 844:, which would be a serious blow to the position of the Byzantines in the Balkans and would weaken the influence of the 665: 95: 5245: 2979:

General history of Stephan from Taron (Vseobshaya istoriya Stepanosa Taronskogo, Всеобщая история Степаноса Таронского

5718: 5696: 5559: 5538: 5519: 5495: 5473: 5431: 5194: 5177: 5070: 4843: 4817: 4627: 4408: 4374: 3778: 3583: 2627: 2605: 2494: 2246: 1819: 904:. Although they failed to take Dubrovnik, they devastated the surrounding villages. The Bulgarian army then attacked 4747:

However, in the nineteenth century the term Macedonian was used almost exclusively to refer to the geographic region

2016:. The last designation arose because then Bulgaria occupied traditionally the lands of the former Roman province of 1264:

came to an end in 1018, only four years after Samuel's death. Most of its territory was incorporated within the new

1082: 5991: 1146:

In 1006–1007, Basil II penetrated deep into the Bulgarian-ruled lands and in 1009 Samuel's forces were defeated at

260:. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a 5393: 2917:

Centralism and regionalism in Bulgaria during the early Middle ages (end of the 7th— beginning of the 11th century

6164: 5381: 2551: 2024: 1798:, who closely follows the narrative flow of events as presented by St. Runciman. He is mentioned in the verse of 1253: 1220:

upon seeing them. He died two days later, on 6 October 1014. This savagery gave the Byzantine Emperor his byname

4555:

An outline of Macedonian history from ancient times to 1991. Macedonian Embassy London. Retrieved on 2007-04-28.

6311: 5834: 5211: 5125: 5108: 5090: 5061: 5042: 4994: 4977: 4957: 4923: 4906: 4885: 4864: 4789: 4767: 4762:

John S. Koliopoulos, Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia, NYU Press, 1999,

4740: 4712: 4688: 4665: 4645: 4605: 4587: 4569: 4540: 2797: 2376: 2359: 2271: 1755: 1249: 269: 275:

Samuel was considered "invincible in power and unsurpassable in strength". Similar comments were made even in

6466: 4564:

Jim Bradbury, The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare, Routledge Companions to History, Routledge, 2004,

3905:

Bulgarian historical monuments in Macedonia (Balgarski starini iz Makedoniya, Български старини из Македония)

2107: 1725:. Samuel had built the church for the relics of the saint of the same name. What is thought to have been the 1095:. While Basil's forces were engaged there, Samuel struck in the opposite direction: on 15 August he attacked 737: 706: 618: 606: 489:. David ruled the southernmost regions and led the defense of one of the most dangerous border areas, around 253: 4918:

Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics, Cornell University Press, 1988,

4147: 1315:. Only two of Samuel's and Agatha's children are definitely known by name: Samuel's heir Gavril Radomir and 640: 6321: 5302: 2112: 1749: 1054:

River and the middle Danube. During the reign of Samuel, the governor of these northwestern parts was duke

1033: 783: 430: 240:, his rule was characterized by constant warfare against the Byzantines and their equally ambitious ruler 6486: 6336: 6247: 5984: 1740:

in Thessaloniki, but according to a recent agreement, they may be returned to Bulgaria and buried in the

1737: 1628: 961: 563: 4266:"Prof. Kazimir Popkonstantinov: The offer for exchange of Samuel's remains is a provocation from Greece" 1279:, was the last remnant of the once mighty Empire. He was deceived and killed by the Byzantines in 1019. 1184:

for their invasions into Bulgaria, Samuel built a thick wooden wall in the gorges around the village of

6361: 6346: 6331: 6144: 6139: 6007: 5968: 5950: 1599: 599: 595: 478: 107: 69: 5223:

Crampton, R. J. A Concise History of Bulgaria (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005,

909: 378: 6351: 6286: 6178: 5688: 5505: 3197: 3170: 2132: 1694:, an Armenian land incorporated into the Byzantine Empire. They were sent to fight the Bulgarians in 1348:. Two other women of the dynasty became Byzantine empresses, while many nobles served in the army as 1200: 746: 672:. Many Byzantine fortresses fell to the Bulgarians. Samuel wanted to seize the important fortress of 312: 4600:

the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD, Robin J. Fox, Robin Lane Fox, Brill, 2011,

1954: 1164: 6435: 6406: 6341: 6326: 5277:Проф. Иван Илчев: Македонците в двустранната комисия признаха, че цар Самуил е български владетел. 5151: 2160: 2155: 1212: 609:

which took place ten years later. According to that theory Aaron was killed on 14 June 987 or 988.

356:), although other sources suggest that he was a regional count of Prespa district in the region of 317: 2266:

Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250, Florin Curta, Cambridge University Press, 2006,

6425: 6420: 6395: 6356: 6217: 6203: 4660:

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013,

4439: 2432: 2170: 2165: 1703: 5880: 5242:"Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria, Government Information Service, 20 June 2017" 2336: 1199:

to attack Thessaloniki so as to distract Basil's forces away from this campaign. Nestoritsa was

6258: 6252: 6015: 5875: 4732: 4726: 2314:Македонска енциклопедија, том II. Скопје, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, 2009. 1854: 1261: 1140: 498: 221: 85: 81: 5867: 5863: 4936: 4617: 2617: 2595: 2348: 1833: 1690:

wrote that Samuel had only one brother, stating they were both Armenians from the district of

6430: 6316: 6237: 5855: 5639: 4833: 4619:

The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs

4294: 4269: 4087:

In the old Bulgaria literature (Iz starata balgarska knijnina, Из старата българска книжнина)

2921:

Tsentralizam i regionalizam v rannosrednovekovna Balgariya (kraya na VII— nachaloto na XI v.)

2655:

Die Zusätze in der Handschrift des Johannes Scylitzes. Codex Vindobonensis hist. graec. LXXIV

2185: 1982: 1974: 1850: 1608: 1316: 1004: 949: 937: 467: 111: 4289:

Edouard Selian. The Coat of Arms of Emperor Samuel. In: American Chronicle, March 21, 2009

3058:

Boris II and Roman were sons of Peter I whose dynasty had ruled Bulgaria since the reign of

6456: 6291: 6212: 6124: 6114: 6109: 5761: 5565: 5172:

Amelia Robertson Brown, Bronwen Neil (ed.), Byzantine Culture in Translation. Brill, 2017,

5028:

Vizantološki institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti), Naučno delo, 1997, st. 253–256.

2117: 1943: 1648: 1120: 1071: 1047: 884: 807: 677: 585:

and sent troops under his son Romanus in Thrace to besiege Constantinople. The new Emperor

423: 403: 5885: 8: 6411: 6301: 6296: 6222: 6185: 6119: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6024: 5943: 5813: 5614: 5547: 3640: 3636: 2925:Централизъм и регионализъм в ранносредновековна България (края на VII— началото на ХІ в.) 2389: 2142: 1986: 1950:, and it was regarded by Samuel and the Byzantines as being the Bulgarian Empire itself. 1947: 1846: 1721:

professor Nikolaos Moutsopoulos in the Church of St Achillios on the eponymous island in

1671: 1383: 1216: 1091:

the town had repulsed all previous attempts to break their defence, including the use of

953: 751: 399: 391: 329: 308: 233: 229: 207: 202: 190: 143: 5790: 5752:"1.3. The Bulgarian capitals in the Macedonian lands. The southwestern Bulgarian lands." 5511:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

5265:България и Северна Македония да честват заедно цар Самуил, предложи съвместната комисия 4401:

Samuil – Bulgarian Tsar (Samuil – tsar balgarski, Самуил – цар български)

4329:"The remains of Tsar Samuel will after all go to Tarnovo – to the grave of Kaloyan" 2991:

Scylitzes, pp. 434–435. In this context, by "Romans" Skylitzes understands "Byzantines".

818:

In 997, Roman died in captivity in Constantinople, ending the line of rulers started by

485:

in an attempt to secure the protection of their lands. The brothers ruled together in a

6281: 6079: 6049: 6029: 5664: 5578: 5450: 4535:

David Ricks, Michael Trapp as ed., Dialogos: Hellenic Studies Review, Routledge, 2014;

4488: 3334: 2670: 2180: 2175: 2137: 2094: 1938: 1905:. The area was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire in 1018 as a new province called 1894: 1878: 1695: 1667: 1662: 1208: 1204: 1159: 988: 913: 357: 343: 287:, which appeared in 989. During Samuel's reign, Bulgaria gained control of most of the 265: 185: 173: 153: 123: 5655:

Schlumberger, G. (1900). "t. 2 Basile II-eme – le Tueur des Bulgares".

2453: 1977:, these outdated theories have been rejected by authoritative Serbian historians from 1287: 6306: 6227: 6192: 6129: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6034: 5830: 5776: 5739: 5714: 5692: 5643: 5605: 5555: 5534: 5515: 5491: 5483: 5469: 5427: 5224: 5207: 5190: 5173: 5121: 5104: 5086: 5066: 5056: 5038: 4990: 4973: 4953: 4919: 4902: 4881: 4860: 4839: 4813: 4785: 4763: 4736: 4708: 4684: 4661: 4641: 4623: 4601: 4583: 4565: 4536: 4404: 4202: 4090: 4055: 3956:, eds. J.Lefort, N.Oikonomides, D.Papachryssanthou, H.Métrévéli (Paris, 1985), doc. 8 3908: 3774: 3697: 3632: 3579: 3322: 3117: 3039: 2942: 2793: 2658: 2623: 2601: 2490: 2372: 2355: 2332: 2315: 2267: 2242: 1906: 1898: 1858: 1775: 1479: 1472: 649: 475: 452: 448: 439: 407: 284: 102: 59: 5755: 4052:

Short history of Bulgaria (Kratka istoriya na Balgariya, Кратка история на България)

1038: 995:

to seize the main Bulgarian fortresses in the area. The Byzantine troops recaptured

960:

when his eldest son and heir, Gavril Radomir, married the daughter of the Hungarian

933: 827:"Above the comet scorched the sky, below the Cometopoulos (Samuel) burns the West." 37: 6388: 6155: 6059: 5678: 4424: 4378: 4074: 3062: 2122: 2048: 2032: 1803: 1710: 1687: 1486: 1374: 1265: 1116: 992: 819: 456: 360:. His mother was Rhipsime of Armenia. The actual name of the dynasty is not known. 352:, a Bulgarian noble, who might have been the count of Sredets district (modern-day 349: 237: 133: 28: 5463: 5289:Драги Георгиев: Цар Самуил својот легитимитет го црпи од Бугарската царска круна. 2941:(in German). Leipzig: Zentralantiquariat der Dt. Demokrat. Republik. p. 502. 1235: 307:, which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since 6270: 6242: 5913: 5899: 5794: 5682: 5621: 5509: 5410: 5358: 5152:"Ideology behind the Naming: On the Origin of Basil II's Appellation 'Scythicus'" 4154: 3631:

There is no direct evidence for this recognition, but in his correspondence with

2718: 2298: 2127: 1901:. Most of the modern region of Macedonia was then a Bulgarian province known as 1866: 1699: 1656: 1341: 1333: 1312: 1147: 1136: 929: 787: 395: 5326: 2576: 1782:. Samuel is the main figure in at least three major Bulgarian novels by authors 1248:

himself was killed while attacking Dyrrhachium. After that, the widowed empress

594:

on 14 June 976 and ended with the annihilation of Aaron's family. Only his son,

6461: 6372: 6264: 5760:(in Bulgarian). Ministry of Internal Affairs, Тrud, Sirma. 2005. Archived from 5629: 5625: 4856: 4133: 3473:

History of the years 976–986 (K istorii 976–986 godov, К истории 976–986 годов)

3263: 2412: 1918: 1807: 1795: 1745: 1637: 1633: 1324: 1276: 1252:

and many Bulgarian governors, including Krakra, surrendered to the Byzantines.

1225: 1181: 1020: 869: 853: 759: 694: 680:, which were laid in a specially built church of the same name on an island in 578: 546: 434: 419: 411: 276: 5729: 5338:

Naoum Kaychev, On Unifying Around Our Common History - Tsar Samuil Erga Omnes

2939:

Die Fragmente des Toparcha Goticus (Anonymus Tauricus aus dem 10. Jahrhundert)

2239: 2062: 786:. During the battle, Thessaloniki's governor, Gregorios, perished and his son 283:

penned a poem offering a punning comparison between the Bulgarian Emperor and

6450: 5770: 5706: 4898: 2039: 1998: 1902: 1791: 1787: 1783: 984: 280: 5906: 5743: 5709:(2006). "Chapter XIII. (972–1014). Heroic agony. Tsar Roman, Tsar Samuil.". 5609: 5350:Пробив в историческата комисия: Цар Самуил е владетел на българско царство, 5085:

D. Hupchick, The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, Springer, 2002,

4094: 3701: 3452:, J.A.Cramer (ed.), 4 Vols (Oxford, 1839–1841), Vol 4, pp. 271–273, 282–283. 3371: 3326: 2946: 2662: 1857:. After the area was taken in 1913 after five centuries Ottoman rule by the 1794:

and also stars in the Greek novel "At the Times of the Bulgarian-Slayer" by

1644: 6232: 6171: 4941: 4460: 4173: 4171: 4059: 3912: 3059: 1872:

Practically Serbia did not exist at that time. It became independent under

1771: 1726: 1257: 1215:

to pursue the surviving Bulgarians, but the Byzantines were defeated in an

1112: 1104: 1063: 917: 771: 714:"Even if the sun would have come down, I would have never thought that the 657: 645: 490: 261: 5924: 5647: 2552:"The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. First Bulgarian Empire – Samuil" 1042:

Map of Bulgaria in its largest extension during Samuel's reign circa 1000.

6276: 5586: 5569: 4312: 3212:

Soveti i rasskazy Kekavmena. Sochinenie vizantiiskogo polkovodtsa XI veka

1914: 1722: 1292: 1059: 1012: 849: 791: 681: 669: 482: 447:, died in 970. In the same year "the sons of the count" (the Cometopuli) 4838:, Christopher Montague Woodhouse, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002, 4168: 1686:

There is another version of Samuel's origin: the 11th-century historian

1172: 5055:

Kazhdan, Alexander; Brand, Charles M. (1991). "Samuel of Bulgaria". In

3259:

Untersuchungen zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte der bulgarischen Kometopulen

3201:, eds. B. Wassilewsky and P. Jernstedt, St Petersburg, 1896, pp. 65–66. 3192: 3165: 2766: 2043: 2002: 1934: 1862: 1799: 1779: 1196: 1096: 1092: 976: 633: 582: 510: 429:

The Rus' invaded Byzantine Thrace in 970, but suffered a defeat in the

2555: 1698:

but ended up joining them. This version is supported by the historian

1111:, in 1004. The Bulgarian army was camping on the opposite side of the 6039: 5976: 5392:Катерина Блажевска, Бугарски историчари ликуваат: Ова е прва победа! 2407: 1349: 1115:. After finding a ford and crossing the river, Basil II attacked and 901: 486: 5820:. Vol. 2. Београд–Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог. 5808:. Vol. 1. Београд-Никшић: Историјски институт, Манастир Острог. 4809:

The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world

3421:, J.A.Cramer (ed.), 4 Vols (Oxford, 1839–1841), Vol 4, pp. 271, 282. 1873: 767: 541: 2415:-Cedr. II, 455, 13), but this could be a mere coincidence of names. 2402: 2012: 1890: 893: 721: 661: 624: 591: 586: 550: 522: 506: 502: 494: 241: 2891:Й. Иванов, „Български старини из Македония“, София, 1970, стр. 550 2689:

Southeastern Europe in the early Middle Ages. Florin Curta. p. 241

2038:

Nevertheless, on a meeting in Sofia in June 2017, Prime Ministers

1885:. The "Macedonian" emperors of that period were Basil II, called " 1176:

The death of Emperor Samuel. Miniature from the Manasses Chronicle

794:

and entered the Peloponnese, devastating everything on their way.

6381: 6074: 4425:"S. Runciman - A history of the First Bulgarian empire - Preface" 4221: 2397: 2241:

in Bulgarian; the third edition is from 1994 published in Sofia,

1763: 1299: 1016: 996: 957: 905: 728:. The arrows of the Moesians broke the spears of the Avzonians." 689: 673: 529:. Samuel ruled northwestern Bulgaria from the strong fortress of 517:. Aaron ruled from Sredets, and was to defend the main road from 444: 383: 288: 225: 216: 118: 4937:

Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992

4132:(in Bulgarian). Sofia, Veliko Tarnovo: VMRO Rusa. Archived from 2699:

Adontz, Nicholas (1938). "Samuel l'Armenien, roi des Bulgares".

1953:

Some historians of the same school, such as the Serbian scholar

1256:, Ivan Vladislav's eldest son, fled with two of his brothers to 605:

However, another theory suggests that Aaron participated in the

5635: 5486:(1994). "Bulgarian epic endeavours for independence 968–1018". 2017: 1930: 1882: 1838: 1730: 1718: 1691: 1344:, led an attempt to restore the Bulgarian Empire after a major 1328: 1320: 1272: 1185: 1128: 1124: 1119:

Samuel's unsuspecting army, using the same tactics employed at

1108: 1000: 944: 921: 878: 874: 865: 852:

and Bulgaria. Samuel possibly received his imperial crown from

763: 715: 574:

until the enemy was scattered and Bulgarian rule was restored.

571: 567: 526: 518: 514: 367: 300: 296: 292: 249: 5931:

On Unifying Around Our Common History – Tsar Samuil Erga Omnes

5325:Вместо напредък Скопие се върна при цар Самуил (Oбзор, видео) 5065:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1838. 5604:(in Serbian). Belgrade: Institute of Byzantine Studies SANU. 5514:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 188–200. 3954:

Des origines au milieu du XIe siècle, Archives de l'Athos XIV

2622:, Stephen Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby, CUP Archive, 1968, 1767: 1652: 1123:. The Byzantines continued east and besieged the fortress of 1055: 1051: 925: 897: 779: 755: 702: 698: 558: 530: 353: 304: 4183: 2388:

One theory is that from 972/976 to 997 Samuel co-ruled with

952:

fell in love with the Byzantine noble captive Ashot, son of

6084: 5599: 4328: 1978: 841: 725: 211: 5796:Летопис Попа Дукљанина (Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja) 5568:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). 4352:(in Bulgarian). Radio Bulgaria. 2007-03-05. Archived from 4268:(in Bulgarian). "Focus" Agency. 2007-02-15. Archived from 1243:

of the Byzantine Empire, at the death of Basil II in 1025.

5772:

John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057

3116:(in Russian). London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 20–21. 2523:

John Kyriotes Geometres, a tenth century Byzantine writer

5552:

The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest

5303:"Цар Самуил легитимен претставник на Бугарското царство" 4812:, Loring M. Danforth, Princeton University Press, 1997, 4350:"The appearance of Tsar Samuel is resurrected in Moscow" 4089:(in Bulgarian). Vol. 2. Sofia: Hemus. p. 102. 983:

In 1001, Basil II sent a large army under the patrician

4878:

on rather shaky historical and philological foundations

3651: 3649: 2600:, Edward Gibbon, J. B. Bury, Wildside Press LLC, 2004, 1143:

in 1005, securing the title of patrician for his sons.

1008:

unsuccessful and he was captured again and imprisoned.

549:

returns in triumph in Constantinople with the captured

3907:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. p. 557. 2619:

A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966

940:

allowed Samuel to install vassal monarchs in Croatia.

778:

Byzantines conquered some areas; in 995, however, the

224:

from 997 to 6 October 1014. From 977 to 997, he was a

4867:, Chapter 9: The encouragement of Macedonian culture. 4054:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. p. 71. 4008: 4006: 4004: 3889: 3887: 3643:

and Samuel had received imperial recognition by Rome.

3038:(in Russian). London: Variorum Reprints. p. 21. 2354:, Warren Treadgold, Stanford University Press, 1997, 1311:, and was the daughter of the magnate of Dyrrhachium 888:

The wedding of Ashot and Samuel's daughter Miroslava.

864:

In 998, Samuel launched a major campaign against the

315:. Because of this, his realm is sometimes called the 264:

on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic

5421: 5131: 4309:"Τα οστά του Σαμουήλ, η ανταλλαγή και το παρασκήνιο" 4228:, Paris, 1859. Translation in German, Leipzig, 1907. 3678: 3676: 3661: 3646: 3606: 2001:

are still held mainly in North Macedonia, where the

6497:

Burials at the Church of St Achillios (Lake Prespa)

1748:, to rest with the remains of Emperors Kaloyan and 16:

Tsar of the First Bulgarian Empire from 997 to 1014

4001: 3884: 1291:The remains of the Basilica of Agios Achillios in 762:. In the south, the Bulgarians marched throughout 5876:Отрывок из Иоанна Скилицы о битве у горы Беласица 5713:(in Bulgarian). Sofia, Plovdiv: Тrud, Zhanet 45. 5529:Lalkov, Milcho (1997). "Tsar Samuil (997–1014)". 4728:History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century 3673: 2305:. Lisbonne: Livraria Bertrand, 1965, pp. 347–407. 2236:History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages 2027:and that the designation “Bulgaria” was used for 1845:Samuel's empire had its heartlands in the modern 6492:Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars 6448: 4507: 4505: 4073:V. Gorina (Moscow State University)- in Russian 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 1849:, west and southwest of the city of Ohrid, this 980:Samuel was forced to defend rather than attack. 718:arrows were stronger than the Avzonian spears. 5413:(1965). "Samuel l'Armenien, Roi des Bulgares". 4519: 4517: 4293:and Macedonian Digest, Edition 40 – April 2009 2092: 892:The Bulgarian troops proceeded to pass through 859: 766:and in the west they seized the area of modern 509:, which would be an outpost for attacks on the 5594:Samuil and the Bulgarian epopee (in Bulgarian) 5554:. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1976. 4146:Themes in the Byzantine Empire under Basil II 4049: 1086:Victory of the Byzantines over the Bulgarians. 1077: 701:. Eventually, the Bulgarian troops burned the 5992: 5799:. Београд–Загреб: Српска краљевска академија. 5600:Pirivatrić, Srđan; Božidar Ferјančić (1997). 5596:, Sofia – Veliko Tarnovo, 2002 5443:Pouvoir et contestations a Byzance (963–1210) 4502: 3994: 3992: 2826: 2814:12. The decline of the First Bulgarian Empire 2756:), Исторически преглед, № 2, 1966, стр. 91–94 2078: 1632:The sarkophaguses of Bulgarian Tsars Samuil, 324: 5684:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 5654: 5508:(1991) . "Bulgaria after Symeon, 927–1018". 5054: 4514: 4084: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3450:Manuscriptis Bibliothecae Regiae Parisiensis 3419:Manuscriptis Bibliothecae Regiae Parisiensis 2301:. "Samuel l'Armenien, Roi des Bulgares", in 1897:, originating from the territory of today's 970: 368:Rus' invasion and the deposition of Boris II 5574:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. 4551: 4549: 4203:"V. Zlatarski – Istorija 1 B – Priturka 15" 3635:two centuries later, the Bulgarian Emperor 3588: 1282: 644:Bulgarians ambush and kill the governor of 311:'s rule, and made the city the seat of the 5999: 5985: 5669:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5657:L'epopee byzantine a la fin du X-me siecle 5455:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3989: 3339:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3316: 2759: 2675:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2351:History of the Byzantine state and society 2085: 2071: 1733:, was embroidered on his funeral garment. 1352:or became governors of various provinces. 348:Samuel was the fourth and youngest son of 252:and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of 42:Facial reconstruction based on his remains 36: 5775:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5727: 5677: 5417:(in French). Lisbonne: Livraria Bertrand. 5380:Macedonian Medieval Epic Annoys Bulgaria 4440:"The Volunteers at Shipka (in Bulgarian)" 4255:Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", pp. 387–390. 4237:Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", pp. 347–407. 4129:Emperor Samuil and the "Bulgarian epopee" 3801: 3716:Basil II and the government of the empire 3691: 3685: 3448:John Geometres: Anecdota Graeca, E Codd. 2900: 2818:12. Zalezat na Parvoto Balgarsko Tsarstvo 2735:uprising and were unsettling the Bulgars' 2006:contemporaries "Macedonians", but simply 1992: 1107:valley and reached a key Bulgarian city, 5812: 5620: 5602:Samuil's state: appearance and character 5482: 5149: 4724: 4546: 4040:Пириватрич, Самуиловата държава, p. 136. 3470: 2936: 2821:12. Залезът на Първото българско царство 2808: 2806: 2597:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 2454:"Britannica Online – Samuel of Bulgaria" 1832: 1729:of the House of Cometopuli, two perched 1677: 1661: 1643: 1627: 1298: 1286: 1260:, before they too surrendered. Thus the 1234: 1171: 1163: 1081: 1037: 883: 796: 639: 540: 377: 328: 210:: Самоилъ; died 6 October 1014) was the 5881:Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers (PDF) 5768: 5631:A history of the First Bulgarian Empire 5440: 5422:Andreev, Jordan; Milcho Lalkov (1996). 5371:Aftermath, pp. 223–252, (228) Springer. 4485:"Towards the Motherland (in Bulgarian)" 3624: 2641:A History of the First Bulgarian Empire 1153: 770:(medieval Dyrrhachium or Drach) on the 463:rulers of the western Bulgarian lands. 6449: 6006: 5803: 5705: 5615:Excerpt from the Bulgarian translation 5589:, rev. ed., Rutgers Univ. Press, 1969. 5528: 5466:History and civilization for 11. grade 5409: 4731:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4326: 4125: 3902: 3830:Skyl. – Cedr., ibid., II, pp. 452–453. 3357:. Migne, Patrol. gr., t. 106, col. 934 3159: 3136: 3000: 2848: 2839:Bozhilov, Gyuzelev, 1999, pp. 314–315. 2698: 2652: 2546: 2544: 2517: 2515: 1346:uprising in 1040 – 1041 1271:In the extreme northwest, the duke of 868:to prevent an alliance between Prince 497:. The centres of his possessions were 232:, the second surviving son of Emperor 5980: 5824: 5789: 5137: 4398: 3667: 3655: 3612: 3576:The legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer 3177: 3110: 3032: 2803: 2487:The legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer 2423: 2421: 2066: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1552: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1433: 1399: 1389: 1382: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 612: 536: 466:In 973, the Cometopuli (described by 398:, granddaughter of Byzantine Emperor 201: 184: 6472:Bulgarian people of Armenian descent 5504: 5048: 5019:, Самуилова држава: обим и карактер. 4962:Chapter 5: Merging Tribal Histories. 3083:Adontz. "Samuel l'Armenien", p. 353. 1717:Samuel's grave was found in 1965 by 4622:, A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, 3408:, Исторijа Византиje), pp. 397–398. 3321:(in Russian). Москва. p. 209. 2541: 2512: 1027: 801:The Bulgarian defeat at Spercheios. 745:After the defeat, the rebellion of 13: 5933:, respublica.edu.mk, 7. april 2021 5062:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 4835:The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949 4291:The Coat of Arms of Emperor Samuel 4107:Cecaumenes. Strategion, pp. 65–66. 3696:(in Bulgarian). pp. 144–149. 3694:Collection in memory of Аl. Burmov 3639:pointed out that his predecessors 2657:(in German). München. p. 28. 2418: 1924: 1824:Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations 14: 6508: 5920:Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja 5845: 5382:17.02.2014, Balkan Insight (BIRN) 5017:Samuilova država: obim i karakter 4307:Σταύρος Τζίμας (7 October 2014). 3773:), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 125. 3520:Yahya, PO 23 (1932), pp. 430–431. 2746:For the origins of Emperor Samuel 1820:Historiography in North Macedonia 1295:, where Samuel's grave was found. 1192:, "key") to bar the enemy's way. 916:and advanced northwest as far as 382:The Byzantines seize the capital 374:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria 337: 5738:]. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. 5564: 5386: 5374: 5364: 5344: 5332: 5319: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5234: 5217: 5200: 5183: 5166: 5143: 5114: 5096: 5079: 5031: 5022: 5009: 5000: 4983: 4966: 4946: 4929: 4912: 4891: 4870: 4849: 4823: 4795: 4773: 4752: 4718: 4698: 4674: 4651: 4633: 4611: 4593: 4575: 4558: 4529: 4477: 4452: 4431: 4417: 4392: 4367: 4342: 4320: 4298: 4283: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4215: 4195: 4189: 4177: 4159: 4140: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4078: 4066: 4043: 4034: 4024: 4015: 3980: 3959: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3896: 3875: 3870:Legenda Saneti Gerhardi episcopi 3863: 3854: 3849:Legenda Saneti Gerhardi episcopi 3842: 3833: 3824: 3821:Zonaras, ibid., IV, pp. 118–119. 3815: 908:in support of the rebel princes 598:, survived because Samuel's son 5864:Яхъя Антиохийский, Летопись 1–6 3792: 3783: 3755: 3746:Imperator Vasiliy Bolgaroboytsa 3742:Emperor Basil the Bulgar-slayer 3734: 3721: 3708: 3618: 3597: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3492: 3479: 3464: 3455: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3411: 3394: 3385: 3360: 3347: 3310: 3301: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3251: 3238: 3217: 3204: 3186: 3150: 3130: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3052: 3026: 3013: 2994: 2985: 2981:(in Russian). pp. 175–176. 2971: 2962: 2953: 2930: 2909: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2842: 2785: 2772: 2738: 2728: 2723:Who is who in Medieval Bulgaria 2707: 2692: 2683: 2646: 2633: 2611: 2589: 2569: 2528: 2509:, Brookline, 1987, pp. 140–142. 2499: 2479: 2466: 2289: 2287:; also Ostrogorsky, Treadgold, 1813: 1756:Samuel's face was reconstructed 936:and returned to Bulgaria. This 291:(with the notable exception of 5583:History of the Byzantine State 4524:History of the Byzantine State 4180:, Samuel Kometopulos (#26983). 4050:Fol, Al.; et al. (1983). 3967:History of the Byzantine state 3750:Император Василий Болгаробойца 3402:History of the Byzantine state 3285:Stephen of Taron, pp. 185–186. 3225:History of the Byzantine state 2715:History of the Bulgarian state 2505:Sullivan. D. F., ed. and tr., 2446: 2382: 2365: 2342: 2325: 2308: 2295:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 2277: 2260: 1268:, with Skopje as its capital. 1209:overwhelmed the Bulgarian army 848:, thereby benefiting both the 564:Bulgarian uprising broke there 1: 5488:Bulgaria: illustrated history 5468:(in Bulgarian). Trud, Sirma. 5441:Cheynet, Jean-Claude (1990). 5424:The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars 4031:през средновековието), p. 66. 3763:The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars 2905:(in Russian). pp. 66–68. 2253: 2234:The work of Vasil Zlatarski, 738:battle of the Gates of Trajan 619:Battle of the Gates of Trajan 607:battle of the Gates of Trajan 6482:11th-century Bulgarian tsars 6477:10th-century Bulgarian tsars 5291:05 јануари 2019, Канал 5 ТВ. 4526:(Rutgers, 1969), p. 301-302. 4331:(in Bulgarian). e-vestnik.bg 4327:Dobrev, Petar (2007-04-18). 2525:, Madison 1938, pp. 140–141. 2474:Making of Orthodox Byzantium 2191: 2031:. This was newly introduced 1736:His remains are kept in the 860:War against Serbs and Croats 433:. The new Byzantine Emperor 333:Bulgarian territory ca. 960. 299:. He moved the capital from 270:Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict 7: 5769:Wortley, John, ed. (2010). 5757:The Bulgarians and Bulgaria 5585:. tr. (from the German) by 5394:16.08.2022, Deutsche Welle. 5340:ResPublica, 07 April, 2021. 4085:Duichev, Ivan (1943–1946). 3629:(in Bulgarian) (38): 22–23. 3594:Andreev, 1999, pp. 331–334. 3368:"Roman Emperors – Basil II" 3214:, Moscow, 1972, pp. 250–252 2750:Za proizhoda na tsar Samuil 2058: 1828: 1738:Museum of Byzantine Culture 1078:Further Byzantine successes 846:Patriarch of Constantinople 10: 6513: 5728:Zlatarski, Vasil (1971) . 5402: 4725:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 4317:; Retrieved 7 October 2014 3767:Balgarskite hanove i tsare 2854:(in Russian) (1): 130–132. 2754:За произхода на цар Самуил 2538:, Paris 1896, pp. 643–644. 2285:The Early Medieval Balkans 1817: 1640:in Agios Achilios, Greece. 1157: 1031: 813: 616: 371: 341: 325:The rise of the Cometopuli 6405: 6370: 6202: 6153: 6014: 5965: 5948: 5940: 5689:Stanford University Press 5267:в-к Дневник, 23 фев 2019. 3771:Българските ханове и царе 3529:Stephen of Taron, p. 198. 3475:(in Russian). p. 83. 2405:and becoming a Byzantine 2103: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1495: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1380: 1307:Samuel's wife was called 1229: 975:The beginning of the new 971:Advance of the Byzantines 928:, then northeast through 203:[samɔˈiɫ/sɐmuˈiɫ] 194: 177: 149: 139: 129: 117: 101: 91: 75: 65: 55: 47: 35: 26: 21: 5907:Basil II (A.D. 976–1025) 5829:. Leiden/Boston: Brill. 5825:Panov, Mitko B. (2019). 5804:Кунчер, Драгана (2009). 5687:. Stanford, California: 5426:(in Bulgarian). Abagar. 5415:Études Arméno-Byzantines 5279:Труд онлайн; 10.12.2018 5150:B. Panov, Mitko (2022). 3903:Ivanov, Jordan (1970) . 3391:Al-Rudrawari, pp. 28–35. 2901:Levchenko, М. V (1951). 2713:According to Zlatarski ( 2653:Prokić, Božidar (1906). 2401:title of patrician from 2303:Études Arméno-Byzantines 2204:ъ can be transliterated 2161:Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars 2156:Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars 1742:SS. Forty Martyrs Church 1651:overlooking the city of 1283:Family, grave and legacy 1213:Theophylactus Botaniates 1099:and plundered the area. 1034:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars 318:Western Bulgarian Empire 4399:Talev, Dimitar (1998). 4165:Zlatarski, pp. 742–744. 4126:Pavlov, Plamen (2002). 3998:Златарски, pp. 689–690. 3943:Zlatarski, pp. 685–687. 3925:Skylitzes, pp. 454–455. 3881:Venedikov, pp. 151–152. 3839:Skylitzes, pp. 452–454. 3511:Zlatarski, pp. 651–652. 3461:Zlatarski, pp. 645–647. 3307:Skylitzes, pp. 436–438. 3156:Skylitzes, pp. 435–436. 3092:Skylitzes, pp. 434–435. 2873:Skylitzes, pp. 334–335. 2171:Medieval Bulgarian Army 2166:Croatian-Bulgarian Wars 2003:official state doctrine 1851:earlier cultural center 1168:The battle of Kleidion. 1058:, the grandson of duke 833:John Kyriotes Geometres 734:John Kyriotes Geometres 553:and icons from Preslav. 5925:Map of Europe in 1000. 5892:The Battle of Kleidion 5856:Летопис попа Дуклянина 5640:George Bell & Sons 5626:"The end of an empire" 5327:24chasa.bg, 04.12.2020 4226:L'histoire universelle 3556:Skylitzes, pp. 449–450 3317:Gilferding, А (1868). 2927:), София 2005, p. 195. 2283:Spelled thus in Fine, 2029:ideological propaganda 1993:North Macedonia's view 1955:Dragutin Anastasijević 1855:First Bulgarian Empire 1842: 1837:Monument of Samuil in 1683: 1675: 1659: 1641: 1304: 1296: 1262:First Bulgarian Empire 1244: 1201:defeated near the city 1177: 1169: 1141:Eustathios Daphnomeles 1087: 1043: 889: 829: 802: 784:battle of Thessaloniki 730: 653: 554: 545:The Byzantine Emperor 431:Battle of Arcadiopolis 387: 334: 313:Bulgarian Patriarchate 222:First Bulgarian Empire 86:First Bulgarian Empire 6409:(1878–1908) and 5818:Gesta Regum Sclavorum 5806:Gesta Regum Sclavorum 5566:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 4224:(Stepanos de Taron). 4148:Themes under Basil II 3729:Samuel and his estate 3267:89 (1975), pp. 65–98. 2937:Westberg, F (1951) . 2703:(in French) (39): 37. 2297:. In French, compare 2186:Armenians in Bulgaria 1975:breakup of Yugoslavia 1881:the region of modern 1836: 1681: 1665: 1647: 1631: 1302: 1290: 1238: 1175: 1167: 1085: 1041: 1024:eventually executed. 887: 825: 800: 712: 643: 544: 474:) sent envoys to the 468:Thietmar of Merseburg 381: 332: 295:) as far as southern 6467:Bulgarian Christians 5711:Bulgarian Chronicles 5506:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 3471:Vasilyevskiy, V. G. 3111:Rozen, V. R (1972). 3033:Rozen, V. R (1972). 2968:Petrov, pp. 133–134. 2507:The life of St Nikon 2429:"Samuil of Bulgaria" 1944:Simeon I of Bulgaria 1704:Samuel's Inscription 1323:, who was wedded to 1224:("Bulgar-slayer" in 1154:Disaster at Kleidion 1048:Carpathian Mountains 991:to the north of the 938:Croato-Bulgarian War 896:, taking control of 808:battle of Spercheios 390:During the reign of 51:997 – 6 October 1014 6371:Rebels against the 6154:Rebels against the 5951:Emperor of Bulgaria 5659:(in French). Paris. 5579:Ostrogorsky, George 5548:Lang, David Marshal 5445:(in French). Paris. 3986:Gilferding, p. 250. 3798:Ibidem. II, р. 452. 3718:, vii, pp. 264–265. 2778:Ioannes Scylitzes. 2390:Roman I of Bulgaria 2033:administrative term 1948:Peter I of Bulgaria 1893:relatives from the 1847:region of Macedonia 1709:The Arab historian 1672:Old Church Slavonic 954:Gregorios Taronites 752:Gregorios Taronites 707:Trajan's Gates Pass 505:. Moses ruled from 400:Romanos I Lekapenos 234:Peter I of Bulgaria 230:Roman I of Bulgaria 208:Old Church Slavonic 144:Ripsimia of Armenia 6487:Cometopuli dynasty 6312:Theodore Svetoslav 6008:Bulgarian monarchs 5912:2015-03-13 at the 5904:Catherine Holmes, 5898:2001-07-13 at the 5888:Synopsis Historion 5531:Rulers of Bulgaria 5484:Dimitrov, Bozhidar 5357:2022-08-15 at the 5352:Dir.bg. 15.08.2022 5057:Kazhdan, Alexander 4192:, Kosara (#24095). 4153:2013-10-19 at the 4116:Zlatarski, p. 699. 4021:Daulaurier, p. 37. 4012:Skylitzes, p. 457. 3975:Исторijа Византиje 3971:Istorija Vizantije 3952:Actes d'Iviron I. 3934:Skylitzes, p. 455. 3893:Skylitzes, p. 454. 3860:Venedikov, p. 150. 3789:Skylitzes, p. 452. 3682:Skylitzes, p. 451. 3485:Ioannes Geometer. 3439:Skylitzes, p. 446. 3406:Istorija Vizantije 3353:Ioannis Geometrae 3233:Исторijа Византиje 3229:Istorija Vizantije 3183:Skylitzes, p. 436. 2864:Zlatarski, p. 615. 2852:Byzantinobulgarica 2639:Stephen Runciman, 2181:Bitola inscription 2176:Cometopuli dynasty 1939:George Ostrogorsky 1895:Macedonian dynasty 1843: 1684: 1682:Monument in Sofia. 1676: 1668:Bitola inscription 1660: 1642: 1493:Samuel of Bulgaria 1305: 1297: 1245: 1205:Nicephorus Xiphias 1178: 1170: 1160:Battle of Kleidion 1088: 1044: 989:Nikephoros Xiphias 943:Samuel's relative 900:and journeying to 890: 803: 720:... And when you, 654: 613:Co-rule with Roman 555: 537:War with Byzantium 476:Holy Roman Emperor 388: 344:Cometopuli dynasty 335: 266:battle of Kleidion 154:Bulgarian Orthodox 6444: 6443: 6414:(1908–1946) 6265:Constantine I Tih 6206:(1185–1422) 6193:Constantine Bodin 5975: 5974: 5966:Succeeded by 5963: 5782:978-0-521-76705-7 5679:Treadgold, Warren 5490:. Sofia: Borina. 5229:978-0-521-61637-9 4458:Pencho Slaveikov 3633:Pope Innocent III 3565:Skylitzes, p. 450 3547:Skylitzes, p. 449 3123:978-0-902089-39-6 3045:978-0-902089-39-6 2558:on April 17, 2008 2534:Schlumberger, G, 2320:978-608-203-024-1 2151: 2150: 1859:Kingdom of Serbia 1776:Livingston Island 1649:Samuel's Fortress 1626: 1625: 1266:Theme of Bulgaria 650:Gregory Taronites 440:Roman of Bulgaria 186:[sɐmuˈiɫ] 159: 158: 6504: 6389:Ivan Shishman II 6322:Michael Asen III 6317:George Terter II 6018:(680–1018) 6001: 5994: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5957: 5941:Preceded by 5938: 5937: 5886:John Skylitzes, 5874: 5862: 5854: 5840: 5821: 5809: 5800: 5786: 5765: 5747: 5724: 5702: 5674: 5668: 5660: 5651: 5622:Runciman, Steven 5613: 5575: 5544: 5525: 5501: 5479: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5437: 5418: 5411:Adontz, Nicholas 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5244:. Archived from 5238: 5232: 5221: 5215: 5204: 5198: 5187: 5181: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5118: 5112: 5111:, pp. 29–50; 48. 5100: 5094: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5052: 5046: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4987: 4981: 4970: 4964: 4950: 4944: 4933: 4927: 4916: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4874: 4868: 4853: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4799: 4793: 4777: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4722: 4716: 4702: 4696: 4678: 4672: 4655: 4649: 4637: 4631: 4615: 4609: 4597: 4591: 4579: 4573: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4512: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4487:. Archived from 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4377:. Archived from 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4324: 4318: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4136:on May 25, 2009. 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 3999: 3996: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3965:Ostrogorsky, G. 3963: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3759: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3644: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3574:Stephenson, P., 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3400:Ostrogorsky, G. 3398: 3392: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3370:. Archived from 3364: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3236: 3223:Ostrogorsky, G. 3221: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3142:(in Bulgarian). 3134: 3128: 3127: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3005:(in Bulgarian). 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2934: 2928: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2824: 2810: 2801: 2789: 2783: 2782:. 2, pp. 346–347 2776: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2666: 2650: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2615: 2609: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2554:. Archived from 2548: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2519: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2485:Stephenson, P., 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2431:. Archived from 2425: 2416: 2386: 2380: 2369: 2363: 2346: 2340: 2329: 2323: 2312: 2306: 2299:Adontz, Nicholas 2281: 2275: 2264: 2098: 2087: 2080: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2049:Tsar of Bulgaria 1983:Srđan Pirivatrić 1913:Bulgarians. The 1804:Pencho Slaveykov 1750:Michael Shishman 1711:Yahya of Antioch 1688:Stepanos Asoghik 1620:Unknown daughter 1615:Unknown daughter 1355: 1354: 1231: 1127:. Its governor, 1028:War with Hungary 993:Balkan Mountains 835: 741: 678:Saint Achilleios 525:, and to attack 238:Byzantine Empire 205: 200: 196: 188: 183: 179: 40: 29:Tsar of Bulgaria 19: 18: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6410: 6401: 6366: 6337:Michael Asen IV 6292:George Terter I 6277:Michael Asen II 6271:Jacob Svetoslav 6248:Kaliman Asen II 6198: 6149: 6010: 6005: 5971: 5956: 5954: 5946: 5936: 5914:Wayback Machine 5900:Wayback Machine 5872: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5814:Живковић, Тибор 5783: 5750: 5721: 5699: 5662: 5661: 5541: 5522: 5498: 5476: 5448: 5447: 5434: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5359:Wayback Machine 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5222: 5218: 5205: 5201: 5188: 5184: 5171: 5167: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5119: 5115: 5101: 5097: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5053: 5049: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4934: 4930: 4917: 4913: 4896: 4892: 4875: 4871: 4854: 4850: 4828: 4824: 4800: 4796: 4778: 4774: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4723: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4679: 4675: 4656: 4652: 4638: 4634: 4616: 4612: 4598: 4594: 4580: 4576: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4494: 4492: 4491:on July 5, 2008 4483: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4467: 4465:(in Bulgarian)" 4459: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4332: 4325: 4321: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4288: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155:Wayback Machine 4145: 4141: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977:), pp. 404–405. 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3760: 3756: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3709: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3647: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3500:Byzantine State 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3332: 3331: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3296:Three Treatises 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3239: 3235:), pp. 391–393. 3222: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3014: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959:Petrov, p. 133. 2958: 2954: 2935: 2931: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2827: 2811: 2804: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2712: 2708: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2668: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2616: 2612: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2387: 2383: 2370: 2366: 2347: 2343: 2330: 2326: 2313: 2309: 2282: 2278: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2212:, or sometimes 2194: 2152: 2147: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2061: 1999:fringe theories 1995: 1971:Macedonian Tsar 1927: 1925:Yugoslav agenda 1899:European Turkey 1867:North Macedonia 1831: 1826: 1816: 1700:Nicholas Adontz 1657:North Macedonia 1601: 1385: 1376: 1342:Peter II Delyan 1334:Ashot Taronites 1313:John Chryselios 1285: 1182:Strumitsa River 1162: 1156: 1137:John Chryselios 1080: 1036: 1030: 973: 862: 837: 831: 816: 743: 732: 719: 695:draught animals 621: 615: 539: 392:Emperor Peter I 376: 370: 346: 340: 327: 198: 181: 110: 80: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6510: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6377: 6375: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6362:Constantine II 6359: 6354: 6349: 6347:Ivan Sratsimir 6344: 6339: 6334: 6332:Ivan Alexander 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6243:Michael Asen I 6240: 6238:Kaliman Asen I 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6160: 6158: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6145:Ivan Vladislav 6142: 6140:Gavril Radomir 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6012: 6011: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5969:Gavril Radomir 5967: 5964: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5934: 5929:Naum Kaychev: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5902: 5883: 5878: 5870: 5858: 5849: 5847: 5846:External links 5844: 5842: 5841: 5835: 5822: 5810: 5801: 5793:, ed. (1928). 5787: 5781: 5766: 5764:on 2005-11-10. 5748: 5725: 5719: 5707:Tsanev, Stefan 5703: 5697: 5675: 5652: 5618: 5597: 5590: 5576: 5562: 5545: 5539: 5526: 5520: 5502: 5496: 5480: 5474: 5461: 5438: 5432: 5419: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5363: 5343: 5331: 5318: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5233: 5216: 5199: 5182: 5165: 5156:Studia Ceranea 5142: 5130: 5113: 5095: 5078: 5071: 5047: 5030: 5021: 5008: 4999: 4982: 4965: 4945: 4928: 4911: 4890: 4869: 4857:Serbianization 4848: 4822: 4794: 4772: 4751: 4741: 4717: 4697: 4673: 4650: 4632: 4610: 4592: 4574: 4557: 4545: 4528: 4513: 4501: 4476: 4451: 4430: 4416: 4409: 4391: 4366: 4341: 4319: 4297: 4282: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4214: 4194: 4182: 4167: 4158: 4139: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4077: 4065: 4042: 4033: 4023: 4014: 4000: 3988: 3979: 3958: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3895: 3883: 3874: 3872:, pp. 492–493. 3862: 3853: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3812:Prokić, p. 30. 3800: 3791: 3782: 3754: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3684: 3672: 3670:, p. 334. 3660: 3658:, p. 331. 3645: 3617: 3615:, p. 330. 3605: 3596: 3587: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3491: 3478: 3463: 3454: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3410: 3393: 3384: 3359: 3346: 3309: 3300: 3298:, pp. 242–243. 3287: 3278: 3269: 3264:Handes Amsorya 3250: 3244:Leo Diaconus, 3237: 3216: 3203: 3185: 3176: 3158: 3149: 3146:(54): 219–225. 3129: 3122: 3114:Антиохийскаго) 3103: 3101:Prokić, p. 28. 3094: 3085: 3076: 3074:Petrov, p. 134 3067: 3051: 3044: 3036:Антиохийскаго) 3025: 3021:Untersuchungen 3012: 2993: 2984: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2929: 2908: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2841: 2825: 2802: 2784: 2771: 2758: 2737: 2727: 2706: 2691: 2682: 2645: 2643:, pp. 217–218. 2632: 2610: 2588: 2568: 2540: 2527: 2511: 2498: 2478: 2476:, pp. 387–388. 2465: 2445: 2417: 2381: 2364: 2341: 2324: 2307: 2276: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2229: 2224:(as below) or 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2108:Trajan's Gates 2104: 2101: 2100: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2057: 1994: 1991: 1987:Tibor Živković 1967:Serbian rulers 1963:distinct state 1926: 1923: 1919:Serbianisation 1830: 1827: 1815: 1812: 1808:Atanas Dalchev 1796:Penelope Delta 1746:Veliko Tarnovo 1638:Ivan Vladislav 1634:Gavril Radomir 1624: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1325:Jovan Vladimir 1303:Prespa Fortess 1284: 1281: 1230:Βουλγαροκτόνος 1222:Boulgaroktonos 1158:Main article: 1155: 1152: 1079: 1076: 1050:as far as the 1032:Main article: 1029: 1026: 972: 969: 870:Jovan Vladimir 861: 858: 854:Pope Gregory V 824: 815: 812: 711: 617:Main article: 614: 611: 600:Gavril Radomir 596:Ivan Vladislav 581:, rebelled in 579:Bardas Scleros 547:John Tzimiskes 538: 535: 472:the Bulgarians 435:John Tzimiskes 412:Constantinople 396:Maria Lakapina 372:Main article: 369: 366: 350:count Nicholas 339: 338:The Cometopuli 336: 326: 323: 285:Halley's comet 277:Constantinople 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 108:Gavril Radomir 105: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 79:6 October 1014 77: 73: 72: 70:Gavril Radomir 67: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6509: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6352:Ivan Shishman 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6287:Ivan Asen III 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204:Second Empire 6201: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5945: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5720:954-528-610-5 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5698:0-8047-2630-2 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5560:0-89158-530-3 5557: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5540:954-474-098-8 5536: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5521:0-472-08149-7 5517: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5497:954-500-044-9 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5475:954-9926-72-9 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5433:954-427-216-X 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5308: 5307:Фактор Портал 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5248:on 2017-12-17 5247: 5243: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5196: 5195:9781000610383 5192: 5186: 5179: 5178:9789004349070 5175: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5140:, p. 88. 5139: 5134: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5074: 5072:0-19-504652-8 5068: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4940:, p. 123, at 4939: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4899:David Fromkin 4894: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4844:1-85065-492-1 4841: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4818:0-691-04356-6 4815: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4628:0-521-07459-2 4625: 4621: 4620: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4410:954-584-238-5 4406: 4402: 4395: 4381:on 2009-08-06 4380: 4376: 4370: 4356:on 2007-08-08 4355: 4351: 4345: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4272:on 2007-10-11 4271: 4267: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4037: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3779:954-427-216-X 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3740:R. V. Rozen, 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3603:Rozen, p. 43. 3600: 3591: 3585: 3584:0-521-81530-4 3581: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3538:Rozen, p. 34. 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3502:, pp. 303–308 3501: 3498:Ostrogorsky, 3495: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3467: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3436: 3430:Rozen, p. 27. 3427: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3388: 3374:on 2015-03-13 3373: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3355:Carmina varia 3350: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3282: 3276:Rozen, p. 21. 3273: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3241: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3210:Litavrin, G. 3207: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3180: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3009:(2): 169–170. 3008: 3004: 2997: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915:Nikolov, G., 2912: 2904: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2853: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744:Blagoeva, B. 2741: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2719:pp. 544, 562. 2716: 2710: 2702: 2695: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2628:0-521-09531-X 2625: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2607: 2606:0-8095-9240-1 2603: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2578: 2577:"About Ohrid" 2572: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2495:0-521-81530-4 2492: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2455: 2449: 2435:on 2007-02-21 2434: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2247:954-430-299-9 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 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Empire 5959: 5949: 5905: 5891: 5887: 5873:(in Russian) 5861:(in Russian) 5853:(in Russian) 5826: 5817: 5805: 5795: 5791:Шишић, Фердо 5771: 5762:the original 5756: 5735: 5730: 5710: 5683: 5656: 5630: 5601: 5582: 5570: 5551: 5530: 5510: 5487: 5465: 5442: 5423: 5414: 5388: 5376: 5366: 5346: 5334: 5321: 5310:. 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After the 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959:Serbian past 1958: 1952: 1928: 1911: 1886: 1871: 1844: 1814:Nomenclature 1772:Samuel Point 1760: 1754: 1735: 1727:coat of arms 1716: 1708: 1685: 1338: 1306: 1270: 1258:Mount Tomorr 1246: 1240: 1221: 1194: 1189: 1179: 1145: 1133: 1113:Vardar River 1101: 1089: 1068: 1064:Transylvania 1045: 1010: 982: 974: 962:Grand Prince 942: 910:Krešimir III 891: 863: 838: 832: 830: 826: 817: 804: 776: 772:Adriatic Sea 744: 733: 731: 713: 686: 658:Thessaloniki 655: 646:Thessalonica 630: 622: 604: 576: 556: 491:Thessaloniki 471: 465: 460: 428: 389: 361: 347: 316: 274: 262:heart attack 246: 215: 169: 165: 161: 160: 27: 6457:1014 deaths 6426:Ferdinand I 6421:Alexander I 6357:Ivan Asen V 6259:Rostislav I 6218:Ivan Asen I 5592:Pavlov P., 5587:Joan Hussey 4980:, p. 50–51. 4463:Tsar Samuil 4437:Ivan Vazov 3198:Strategikon 3171:Strategikon 2765:"They (the 2411:in Abydus ( 2322:. стр. 1296 2010:and rarely 1935:Yugoslavian 1915:Balkan Wars 1889:", and his 1723:Lake Prespa 1670:written in 1293:Lake Prespa 850:See of Rome 792:Thermopylae 682:Lake Prespa 670:Peloponnese 660:, but also 483:Quedlinburg 420:Kievan Rus' 56:Predecessor 6451:Categories 6253:Mitso Asen 6165:Presian II 6156:Byzantines 5962:since 976) 5836:900439429X 5312:2020-09-23 5252:2017-10-19 5212:3319562061 5162:: 739–750. 5138:Panov 2019 5126:0521770173 5109:900434473X 5091:0312299133 5043:1443888435 4995:1137439033 4978:1786730731 4958:0857737686 4924:0801494931 4907:0820479039 4886:0191528722 4865:0208008217 4790:0472081497 4768:0814747302 4742:0521274591 4713:1444314831 4689:0275976483 4666:0199209197 4646:3034301960 4606:9004206507 4588:0810862956 4570:1134598475 4541:1317791789 4495:2008-09-10 4470:2008-09-10 4445:2008-09-10 4403:. Аbagar. 4385:2008-09-10 4360:2007-04-28 4335:2007-04-28 4314:Καθημερινή 4305:(in Greek) 4276:2007-04-28 4208:2008-09-10 3727:Antoljak, 3668:Шишић 1928 3656:Шишић 1928 3613:Шишић 1928 3378:2008-03-23 3257:W. Seibt, 3193:Kekaumenos 3166:Kekaumenos 2798:9004352996 2767:Cometopuli 2701:Mar BCLSMP 2582:2008-05-23 2562:2008-05-23 2521:Argoe, K. 2459:2008-05-23 2439:2008-05-23 2377:0190253223 2362:, p. 871. 2360:0804726302 2272:0521815398 2254:References 2118:Spercheios 2044:Zoran Zaev 2008:Bulgarians 1937:historian 1863:Yugoslavia 1818:See also: 1800:Ivan Vazov 1780:Antarctica 1386:of Armenia 1197:Nestoritsa 1121:Spercheios 1097:Adrianople 1093:Greek fire 977:millennium 806:it in the 583:Asia Minor 519:Adrianople 513:coast and 470:simply as 424:Sviatoslav 362:Cometopuli 342:See also: 199:pronounced 191:Macedonian 182:pronounced 124:Cometopuli 6436:Simeon II 6431:Boris III 6100:Presian I 6040:Kormisosh 5665:cite book 5533:. Kibea. 5451:cite book 5214:, p. 314. 5197:, p. 236. 5180:, p. 109. 5045:, p. 345. 4997:, p. 313. 4888:, p. 206. 4630:, p. 169. 4572:, p. 172. 3851:, p. 489. 3752:), p. 34. 3578:, p. 17, 3335:cite book 3248:, p. 171. 3174:pp. 65–66 3065:(803–814) 2800:, p. 156. 2671:cite book 2608:, p. 142. 2489:, p. 16, 2472:Whittow, 2413:Skylitzes 2408:strategos 2337:0583-4961 2290:opp. cit. 2274:, p. 242. 2226:bulgarski 2222:balgarski 2218:български 2202:Bulgarian 2192:Footnotes 2143:Strumitsa 1891:Byzantine 1861:, (later 1810:as well. 1696:Macedonia 1609:Miroslava 1350:strategos 1317:Miroslava 1072:Stephen I 1005:Nikulitsa 950:Miroslava 902:Dubrovnik 634:castrated 507:Strumitsa 487:tetrarchy 358:Macedonia 220:) of the 174:Bulgarian 112:Miroslava 66:Successor 6373:Ottomans 6213:Peter II 6125:Boris II 6115:Simeon I 6110:Vladimir 5960:de facto 5955:997–1014 5910:Archived 5896:Archived 5816:(2009). 5744:67080314 5681:(1997). 5624:(1930). 5610:41476117 5355:Archived 5231:, p. 15. 5128:, p. 78. 5093:, p. 53. 4846:, p. 67. 4715:, p. 48. 4648:, p. 48. 4608:, p. 35. 4590:, p. iii 4543:, p. 36. 4151:Archived 4095:80070403 3714:Holmes, 3702:23538214 3417:E Codd. 3327:79291155 3294:Dennis, 3246:Historia 3023:, p. 90. 2947:74302950 2780:Historia 2717:, I, 2, 2663:11193528 2630:, p. 140 2403:Basil II 2379:, p. 82. 2216:, as in 2138:Kleidion 2059:See also 1965:and its 1961:of that 1907:Bulgaria 1829:Overview 1384:Ripsimia 1377:Nicholas 1190:Kleidion 1117:defeated 1019:rivers. 894:Dalmatia 722:Phaethon 668:and the 662:Thessaly 625:Boris II 592:Dupnitsa 587:Basil II 551:Boris II 523:Belgrade 503:Kastoria 495:Thessaly 461:de facto 279:, where 242:Basil II 150:Religion 134:Nicholas 6412:Kingdom 6382:Fruzhin 6302:Ivan II 6297:Smilets 6223:Kaloyan 6186:Alusian 6179:Tihomir 6120:Peter I 6105:Boris I 6095:Malamir 6090:Omurtag 6075:Telerig 6025:Asparuh 5403:Sources 5059:(ed.). 4926:, p. 33 4770:, p. 1. 4670:p. 192. 4222:Asoghik 4060:8553856 3913:3736478 3637:Kaloyan 3487:Carmina 3019:Seibt, 2812:Delev, 2398:Antioch 2025:epitaph 2013:Misians 1931:Russian 1879:part of 1853:of the 1764:Petrich 1731:parrots 1602:Radomir 1254:Presian 1241:themata 1017:Maritsa 997:Preslav 958:Magyars 914:Gojslav 906:Croatia 814:Emperor 736:on the 716:Moesian 690:Ihtiman 674:Larissa 648:, duke 445:Preslav 422:Prince 384:Preslav 309:Boris I 289:Balkans 258:Hungary 254:Croatia 226:general 217:Emperor 119:Dynasty 92:Spouses 6282:Ivaylo 6135:Samuel 6080:Kardam 6050:Telets 6030:Tervel 5833: 5779: 5742: 5717: 5695: 5648:832687 5646: 5636:London 5608: 5558: 5537: 5518: 5494: 5472: 5430: 5227: 5210: 5193: 5176: 5124: 5107: 5089: 5069: 5041: 4993: 4976: 4956: 4922: 4905: 4884: 4863: 4842: 4816: 4788: 4766: 4739: 4711: 4687: 4664: 4644: 4626: 4604: 4586: 4568: 4539: 4407: 4093: 4058: 3911: 3777: 3700: 3627:Гсуифф 3582: 3325: 3140:Гсуифф 3120: 3042: 3003:Гсуифф 2945: 2796: 2661: 2626: 2604: 2493: 2394:Annals 2375: 2358: 2335: 2318: 2270: 2245: 2123:Skopie 2095:Samuil 2018:Moesia 1997:These 1933:-born 1883:Thrace 1874:Časlav 1839:Skopje 1806:, and 1692:Derjan 1600:Gavril 1499:Agatha 1329:Duklja 1321:Kosara 1309:Agatha 1277:Sermon 1273:Syrmia 1217:ambush 1188:(also 1186:Klyuch 1129:Krakra 1125:Pernik 1109:Skopje 1105:Morava 1021:Edessa 1001:Pliska 945:Kosara 930:Bosnia 922:Trogir 879:Prespa 875:Ulcinj 866:Duklja 768:Durrës 764:Epirus 760:Servia 699:horses 666:Hellas 572:Danube 568:Crimea 527:Thrace 515:Serres 511:Aegean 499:Prespa 479:Otto I 301:Skopje 297:Greece 293:Thrace 250:Duklja 228:under 178:Самуил 170:Samuil 166:Samoil 164:(also 162:Samuel 140:Mother 130:Father 96:Agatha 82:Prespa 22:Samuel 6462:Ohrid 6307:Chaka 6228:Boril 6130:Roman 6070:Pagan 6065:Toktu 6055:Sabin 6045:Vineh 6035:Sevar 5944:Roman 5734:[ 4693:p. 89 3641:Peter 2128:Kreta 1768:Ohrid 1719:Greek 1653:Ohrid 1480:Moses 1473:David 1375:Count 1250:Maria 1226:Greek 1148:Kreta 1056:Ahtum 1052:Tisza 1013:Mesta 934:Raška 926:Zadar 918:Split 898:Kotor 788:Ashot 780:Arabs 756:Veria 703:siege 559:Vlach 531:Vidin 457:Aaron 453:Moses 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