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86:
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36:
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maternal line, Hawwār, whose forefather was al-Muṣawwir, son of al-Muthannā, son of Kalā‘, son of Ayman, son of Sa‘īd, son of Ḥimyar. According to a legend, his and his tribe’s abode was in Hejaz, but they left it in search of lost camels, so that crossed the Nile and reached the
Maghrib, where al-Muṣawwir married Tāzikāy, the mother of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ.
366:
He then traced the origin of the Ṣanhādja and Lamṭa tribes to their common male ancestor Lamṭ, son of Za‘zā‘, who was from the children (min awlād) of Ḥimyar, and thus attributed to both of them the South
Arabian roots. The similar origin is also ascribed to the “brother” of Ṣanhādj and Lamṭ by
226:
dialects (they occupied all the northern part of the region of the
Constantincis, between the Awrās/Aures and the sea, that is the region containing the towns of Īkd̲j̲ān, Seṭīf, Bāg̲h̲āya, Ngaus/Niḳāwus, Tiguist/Tikist, Mīla, Constantine, Skīkda, D̲j̲id̲j̲ellī, Bellezma). This confederation
197:
and others defined the
Sanhaja as a grouping made up of three separate confederations, not as a single confederation. The distinction is usually made with a diacritical point placed above or below that is present in the Arabic text and often lost in English.
439:
The
Sanhaja tribes would remain in roles as either exploited semi-sedentary agriculturalists and fishermen, or higher up on the social ladder, as religious (Marabout or Zawiya) tribes. Though often
382:
159:
confederations. Many tribes in
Algeria, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its
424:
in the middle of the 11th century. This confederacy subsequently established
Morocco, and conquered western Algeria and Al-Andalus (part of present-day Spain).
282:, Anifa, Charta, Mandala. The Gezoula-Heskoura are defined as the brothers of the Aznag (from Teskee) as opposed to being part of the Aznag confederation. The
290:
are defined as Znaga according to
Agnosti, Lemta by al-Yaqubi. This confederation is located primarily around the Western Sahara, Mauritania and Senegal. The
783:
1280:
762:
1165:
1103:
1113:
355:
397:
Sanhaja
Berbers were a large part of the Berber population. From the 9th century, Sanhaja tribes were established in the Middle Atlas range, in the
1260:
401:
and on the
Atlantic coast of Morocco as well as large parts of the Sanhaja, such as the Kutâma, were settled in central and eastern parts Algeria (
351:
1270:
968:
563:(the southernmost Sanhaja tribe) origin, inhabit southwestern Mauritania and parts of northern Senegal. However, they are a small population.
350:
origins by Arab historians (which the Sanhadja likely adopted themselves for political legitimacy), but other genealogical sources and modern
443:
in culture and language, they are believed to be descended from Sanhaja Berber population present in the area before the arrival of the Arab
394:
After the arrival of the religion of Islam, the Sanhaja spread out to the borders of the Sudan as far as the Senegal River and the Niger.
1098:
993:
931:
420:(pilgrimage to Mecca) invited the theologian Ibn Yasin to preach among their tribes. Ibn Yasin united the tribes in the alliance of the
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conquering all North African countries and parts of the Middle East. The Sanhaja dynasties of the Zirids and Hammâdids controlled
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447:
tribes in the 12th century, which was finally subjected to domination by Arab-descended warrior castes in the 17th century
1425:
875:
853:
72:
1430:
903:
727:
1333:
354:
reveal this supposed origin to likely be a myth, given the predominant Berber Y haplogroup is E, and the
46:
1375:
821:
787:
325:, as a result of the later Zenati integration into this branch of the Sanhaja under the Almohads). The
668:
556:
mountains, eastern Morocco, northern Morocco (Rif), western Algeria, Kabylia and Kabyle territories.
322:
317:. This confederation is located primarily in the area of the Moroccan Atlas' Shilha speakers. Some
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54:
17:
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until the 12th century and established their rule in all of the countries in the Maghreb region.
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405:, Setif, Algiers, Msila) and also in northern Niger. The Kutama created the empire of the
8:
752:
African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92
682:
African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century, Volume 1: Pg 92
274:
Aznag/Iẓnagen (زناگة, Znaga) is a confederation of: Lemta, Massufa, Warith/Banū Warit,
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1360:
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Dance group of Sanhaja from the western Sahara at the National Folklore Festival at
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126:
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314:
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223:
110:
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The descendants of the Sanhaja and their languages are still found today in the
628:"Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale"
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448:
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616:. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: The American University. p. 14.
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1300:
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211:
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Anastasia V Stepanova, Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja
1245:
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Map of the Sanhaja de Srayr tribes and their respective territories in the
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In the mid-11th century, a group of Sanhaja chieftains returning from the
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West Africa, Islam and the Arab World: Studies in Honor of Basil Davidson
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669:"L'Athenaeum Francais (Copies), 1852 - 1856 | Archives at Yale"
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89:
Distribution of Berber-speaking groups today. The pink areas depict
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Genealogy and knowledge in Muslim societies: Understanding the past
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https://archive.org/download/Hassouni_241/MafakhirBerber.pdf
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presents one example of the Himyarite myth as following:
706:"Origin of the Berber Tribal Confederation of Ṣanhādja"
675:
1412:
763:An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11
693:An Atlas of African History by J. D. Fage: Pg 11
49:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
524:) are thought to be a romanized distortion of
520:with the additional feminine plural circumfix
478:with the additional masculine singular prefix
897:
866:Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (1980),
868:The Western Saharans. Background to Conflict
704:Stepanova, Anastasia V. (5 September 2018).
605:
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435:realm at its greatest extent, c. 1120.
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73:Learn how and when to remove this message
539:
426:
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202:Danhāǧa/Sanhaja is a confederation of:
84:
861:Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara
280:Gudāla/Djudalla/Gazzula/Geuzula/Gaetuli
166:Other names for the population include
14:
1413:
807:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
609:
559:The Zenaga, a group believed to be of
490:with the additional feminine singular
342:Berber tribes such as the Sanhadja or
151:tribal confederations, along with the
885:
505:with the additional masculine plural
214:mountains, including some areas like
97:to the West, Mauritania and Senegal;
294:stem from the Lamtuna confederation.
29:
27:Medieval Berber tribal confederation
114:
24:
831:
356:predominant Arab Y haplogroup is J
271:originate from this confederation.
25:
1447:
227:includes the Massissenses of the
848:, George Allen & Unwin Ltd (
297:Ṣanhāja is a confederation of:
34:
1436:Ethnic groups in Western Sahara
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776:
767:
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454:According to Mercer, the words
147:) were once one of the largest
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661:
650:
634:
630:. Impr. du Gouvernement. 1856.
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535:
321:today have these tribe names (
13:
1:
859:Anthony G. Pazzanita (2006),
593:
333:stem from this confederation.
231:, which we identify with the
870:, Barnes & Noble Books (
7:
911:
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239:, on the right bank of the
10:
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610:Nelson, Harold D. (1985).
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337:
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1426:Berber peoples and tribes
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233:Msisna/Imsissen/Masinissa
613:Morocco, a country study
189:
1431:History of North Africa
837:John O. Hunwick (ed.),
728:"Le Royaume de Tigidda"
549:
462:(from the Berber root
436:
391:
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102:
947:Koidamousii/Ucutumani
824:, Library of Congress
543:
430:
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346:are often attributed
222:that no longer speak
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844:John Mercer (1976),
732:www.ingall-niger.org
265:Kingdom of Ait Abbas
101:to the East, Niger.
1393:Kabyle nationalism
734:. 26 December 2017
550:
470:, giving the noun
437:
392:
103:
53:You can assist by
1408:
1407:
1281:Sanhajas de Srayr
863:, Scarecrow Press
284:Tebo/Tebou/Toubou
276:Lamtuna/Ilemteyen
257:Taifa of Alpuente
253:Fatimid Caliphate
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16:(Redirected from
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1351:Arabized Berbers
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786:. Archived from
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358:. The historian
261:Taifa of Granada
249:Hammadid Dynasty
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127:Berber languages
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1043:Quinquegentiani
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832:Further reading
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822:"Sanhaja tribe"
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784:"Archived copy"
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646:. January 2014.
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269:Kingdom of Kuku
229:Quinquegentiani
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1346:Arab-Berbers
1327:Latin script
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792:. Retrieved
788:the original
778:
773:Nelson 15-16
769:
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747:
736:. Retrieved
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554:Middle Atlas
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286:speakers of
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69:
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47:copy editing
45:may require
44:
1376:Netherlands
1251:Berber Jews
536:Present day
220:Constantine
195:Ibn Khaldun
139:, and also
93:languages:
1415:Categories
1193:Banu Ifran
1089:Barghawata
999:Mauretania
979:Marmaridae
942:Garamantes
794:2010-08-23
738:2022-02-21
716:(2): 2–13.
594:References
422:Almoravids
311:Barghawata
292:Almoravids
55:editing it
1388:Berberism
1266:Mozabites
1099:Fendelawa
1026:Masaesyli
1016:Nasamones
1011:Musulamii
994:Makanitae
989:Bakouatae
932:Banioubae
841:Paperback
507:circumfix
492:circumfix
433:Almoravid
388:Marrakech
360:Al-Idrīsī
348:Himyarite
303:G̲h̲umāra
224:Taqbaylit
121:or زناگة
99:Tetserret
63:July 2024
1334:Religion
1276:Riffians
1261:Matmatas
1236:Ghomaras
1231:Chenouas
1203:Maghrawa
1124:Guanches
1057:Medieval
1031:Massylii
1006:Meshwesh
974:Machlyes
952:Leuathae
803:cite web
588:Reguibat
567:See also
518:Tiẓnajen
514:Tiẓnagen
441:Arabized
411:Ifriqiya
407:Fatimids
370:—
327:Almohads
319:Riffians
237:Massylii
180:Sanhâdja
18:Sanhajah
1421:Sanhaja
1361:Belgium
1306:Zayanes
1301:Tuaregs
1271:Nafusis
1256:Kabyles
1241:Hawwara
1226:Chaouis
1221:Brabers
1181:Lamtuna
1176:Sanhaja
1171:Nafzawa
1166:Matmata
1159:Hintata
1154:Masmuda
1149:Madyuna
1134:Hawwara
1129:Haskura
1114:Ghiatta
1109:Gazoula
1104:Ghumara
1084:Bahlula
1074:Awregha
1064:Adjissa
1036:Numidia
1021:Numidae
937:Gaetuli
927:Bavares
920:Ancient
913:Berbers
573:Masmuda
530:Sanhaja
503:Iẓnajen
499:Iẓnagen
488:Taẓnajt
484:Taẓnagt
403:Kabylia
378:History
338:Origins
307:Hintata
299:Maṣmūda
235:of the
216:Algiers
210:of the
184:Senhaja
176:Sanhája
163:form.
157:Masmuda
145:Iẓnajen
137:Iẓnagen
119:Ṣanhaja
107:Sanhaja
1371:France
1366:Canada
1322:Script
1296:Teknas
1286:Shilha
1246:Jerbis
1214:Modern
1198:Jarawa
1188:Zanata
1144:Luwata
1139:Kutama
1119:Godala
1079:Azdeja
1069:Awerba
1048:Psylli
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526:Zenata
522:ti--en
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315:Shilha
243:. The
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123:Znaga
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957:Libu
872:ISBN
850:ISBN
809:link
528:and
468:ẓnaj
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288:Tebu
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546:Rif
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