205:
1713:
281:. However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguistic, and that the records of the "Santa Cruz Costanoan" language in fact represent several diverse dialects. A report from 1952 identified four different distinct forms of Costanoan and a more recent report from 2009 states, "No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact."
187:
238:
Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area, but it was renamed to
Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages. 'Awaswas' is derived from
284:
The Ohlone language group is broken into branches with the most related languages grouped together. Awaswas has been grouped in both the northern and southern branches with different research disagreeing on the best fitting classification. Some branches within the Ohlone language group have been
249:
602:
575:
840:
480:
458:
17:
1744:
302:
833:
754:
429:
867:
318:
561:
546:
531:
1717:
826:
646:
610:
232:
1749:
659:
1625:
309:
Tribal
Chairman Valentin Lopez stated that "his great-great-grandmother was the last of the Awaswas speakers."
744:
713:
266:
583:
369:
285:
described as being as similar to each other as different local dialects of
Italian, while others, such as
1686:
1581:
1425:
1121:
1108:
235:. The last speaker of Awaswas died in the 19th century, and the language has been extinct ever since.
1739:
1361:
624:
524:
A Time of Little Choice: The
Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1910
1499:
1430:
161:
401:"Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today"
849:
723:
598:
1461:
453:
1694:
1237:
1197:
1141:
1127:
972:
1386:
1300:
1294:
1282:
1134:
1115:
270:
993:
986:
556:. Santa Cruz County History Journal, Number 5. Santa Cruz, CA: Museum of Art & History.
1288:
1268:
903:
639:
262:
958:
370:"California Indian Linguistic Records: The Mission Indian Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart"
8:
1676:
1275:
948:
539:
The
Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide
90:
31:
1419:
979:
965:
1613:
1560:
1412:
1368:
1261:
1223:
1209:
1188:
1084:
1022:
782:
278:
209:
1400:
177:
1630:
1477:
1448:
1435:
1406:
1394:
1354:
1344:
1307:
1162:
1101:
1095:
1029:
797:
557:
542:
527:
508:
435:
425:
274:
400:
1671:
1661:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1608:
1576:
1570:
1554:
1518:
1487:
1441:
1330:
1230:
1147:
1005:
936:
922:
764:
739:
688:
224:
100:
70:
341:
1666:
1618:
1493:
1455:
1375:
1324:
1255:
1203:
1157:
1075:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1036:
1015:
911:
876:
807:
802:
792:
787:
777:
749:
632:
290:
286:
95:
82:
1565:
1534:
1506:
1319:
1313:
1250:
1216:
1152:
1090:
929:
892:
885:
673:
228:
134:
1733:
1528:
1243:
1175:
1168:
916:
708:
698:
693:
683:
678:
439:
204:
53:
293:, and Awaswas "were as closely related as French, Spanish, and Portuguese."
1466:
419:
141:
818:
554:
A Gathering of Voices: The Native
Peoples of the Central California Coast
297:
248:
603:"Papers of John P. Harrington, Part 2, Northern and Central California"
63:
654:
703:
170:
154:
186:
303:
399:
Milliken, Randall; Shoup, Laurence H.; Oritz, Beverly R. (2009).
718:
655:
383:(1). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
481:"Healing ceremonies recall California Mission heritage"
240:
541:. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1997.
398:
319:Ohlone tribes and villages in Santa Cruz Mountains
526:Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995.
277:. Awaswas became the main language spoken at the
1731:
459:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
834:
640:
424:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
848:
478:
841:
827:
647:
633:
252:Area where the Utian languages were spoken
185:
247:
203:
14:
1732:
597:
367:
822:
628:
517:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin
513:Handbook of the Indians of California
417:
405:Government Documents and Publications
336:
334:
245:, meaning 'north-people from there'.
394:
392:
390:
363:
361:
227:. It was historically spoken by the
519:No. 78. (map of villages, page 465)
265:and along the coast of present-day
24:
1745:Extinct languages of North America
331:
25:
1761:
568:
387:
358:
1712:
1711:
607:Open Language Archives Community
660:Indigenous people of California
233:indigenous people of California
472:
446:
411:
13:
1:
714:Verona Band of Alameda County
501:
191:Map of Ohlone varieties with
18:Santa Cruz Costanoan language
7:
724:List of tribes and villages
580:California Language Archive
421:California Indian languages
368:Heizer, R. F., ed. (1952).
346:California Language Archive
312:
10:
1766:
861:indicate extinct languages
479:Donna Jones (2012-12-21).
256:
29:
1707:
1685:
1654:
1601:
1594:
1544:
1516:
1475:
1385:
1342:
1187:
1074:
1003:
946:
902:
875:
866:
856:
763:
732:
666:
552:Yamane, Linda, ed. 2002.
261:The Awaswas lived in the
184:
168:
152:
147:
131:
123:
79:
69:
59:
49:
44:
39:
324:
30:Not to be confused with
850:Languages of California
377:Anthropological Records
241:
27:Extinct Ohlone language
1750:Santa Cruz, California
1695:American Sign Language
745:Traditional narratives
418:Golla, Victor (2011).
253:
213:
1301:Southern Sierra Miwok
1295:Northern Sierra Miwok
750:Hunting and gathering
251:
207:
1289:Central Sierra Miwok
263:Santa Cruz Mountains
1626:Californian Spanish
522:Milliken, Randall.
515:. Washington, D.C:
485:Santa Cruz Sentinel
32:Santa Cruz language
1614:California English
1545:Language isolates
1238:TuleāKaweah Yokuts
1224:Kings River Yokuts
1210:Buena Vista Yokuts
599:Harrington, John P
537:Teixeira, Lauren.
509:Kroeber, Alfred L.
279:Mission Santa Cruz
254:
223:, is one of eight
214:
210:Mission Santa Cruz
1727:
1726:
1703:
1702:
1590:
1589:
1122:Southeastern Pomo
1109:Northeastern Pomo
816:
815:
431:978-0-520-26667-4
269:from present-day
267:Santa Cruz County
212:, reconstruction.
202:
201:
16:(Redirected from
1757:
1740:Ohlone languages
1715:
1714:
1609:American English
1599:
1598:
1582:Plains Sign Talk
1547:and unclassified
1362:New River Shasta
873:
872:
843:
836:
829:
820:
819:
649:
642:
635:
626:
625:
621:
619:
618:
609:. Archived from
594:
592:
591:
582:. Archived from
495:
494:
492:
491:
476:
470:
469:
467:
466:
450:
444:
443:
415:
409:
408:
396:
385:
384:
374:
365:
356:
355:
353:
352:
338:
308:
305:
244:
225:Ohlone languages
197:
195:
189:
180:
157:
137:
85:
37:
36:
21:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1699:
1681:
1650:
1619:Chicano English
1586:
1580:
1546:
1540:
1512:
1500:Southern Patwin
1471:
1431:Northern Paiute
1420:LuiseƱo-JuaneƱo
1381:
1338:
1183:
1070:
999:
942:
898:
862:
852:
847:
817:
812:
759:
755:Native American
728:
662:
653:
616:
614:
589:
587:
574:
571:
566:
504:
499:
498:
489:
487:
477:
473:
464:
462:
452:
451:
447:
432:
416:
412:
397:
388:
372:
366:
359:
350:
348:
340:
339:
332:
327:
315:
300:
259:
198:
193:
192:
176:
162:Northern Ohlone
153:
138:
133:
119:
86:
83:Language family
81:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1595:Non-Indigenous
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1217:Gashowu Yokuts
1213:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
954:
952:
944:
943:
941:
940:
933:
926:
919:
914:
908:
906:
900:
899:
897:
896:
889:
881:
879:
870:
864:
863:
857:
854:
853:
846:
845:
838:
831:
823:
814:
813:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
736:
734:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
668:
664:
663:
652:
651:
644:
637:
629:
623:
622:
595:
570:
569:External links
567:
565:
564:
550:
535:
520:
505:
503:
500:
497:
496:
471:
445:
430:
410:
386:
357:
329:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
314:
311:
258:
255:
229:Awaswas people
208:Chapel of the
200:
199:
190:
182:
181:
174:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
148:Language codes
145:
144:
139:
135:Writing system
132:
129:
128:
127:four varieties
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1687:Sign language
1684:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:Indo-European
1600:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:Valley Yokuts
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:Klamath-Modoc
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1142:Southern Pomo
1139:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1128:Northern Pomo
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
982:
981:
977:
975:
974:
970:
968:
967:
963:
961:
960:
956:
955:
953:
951:
950:
945:
939:
938:
934:
932:
931:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
905:
901:
895:
894:
890:
888:
887:
883:
882:
880:
878:
874:
871:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
844:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
824:
821:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
766:
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
735:
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
631:
630:
627:
613:on 2014-04-09
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
586:on 2013-04-25
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
563:
562:0-940283-11-5
559:
555:
551:
548:
547:0-87919-141-4
544:
540:
536:
533:
532:0-87919-132-5
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
507:
506:
486:
482:
475:
461:
460:
455:
449:
441:
437:
433:
427:
423:
422:
414:
406:
402:
395:
393:
391:
382:
378:
371:
364:
362:
347:
343:
337:
335:
330:
320:
317:
316:
310:
306:
299:
294:
292:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
250:
246:
243:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
211:
206:
196: Awaswas
188:
183:
179:
175:
173:
172:
167:
163:
160:(included in
159:
156:
151:
146:
143:
140:
136:
130:
126:
122:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
54:United States
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1716:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1553:
1533:
1527:
1517:
1505:
1498:
1486:
1476:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1418:
1411:
1399:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1343:
1329:
1312:
1293:
1283:Plains Miwok
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1196:
1174:
1167:
1140:
1135:Central Pomo
1133:
1126:
1116:Eastern Pomo
1114:
1107:
1100:
1083:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1004:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
947:
935:
928:
921:
891:
884:
858:
772:
658:(Costanoan)
615:. Retrieved
611:the original
606:
588:. Retrieved
584:the original
579:
553:
538:
534:(alk. paper)
523:
516:
512:
488:. Retrieved
484:
474:
463:. Retrieved
457:
448:
420:
413:
404:
380:
376:
349:. Retrieved
345:
295:
283:
260:
237:
220:
216:
215:
169:
108:
75:19th century
1462:TĆ¼batulabal
1387:Uto Aztecan
1269:Coast Miwok
301: [
298:Amah Mutsun
1734:Categories
1677:Vietnamese
1276:Lake Miwok
973:PurisimeƱo
904:Athabaskan
868:Indigenous
617:2012-07-28
590:2012-07-28
502:References
490:2012-12-23
465:2012-07-28
351:2024-09-02
221:Santa Cruz
64:California
45:Santa Cruz
1561:Chimariko
1413:Kitanemuk
1369:Okwanuchu
1262:Bay Miwok
1231:Palewyami
1085:Chimariko
1030:Ramaytush
1023:Chochenyo
994:VentureƱo
987:BarbareƱo
949:Chumashan
798:Ramaytush
783:Chochenyo
765:Languages
704:Ramaytush
689:Chochenyo
576:"Awaswas"
454:"Awaswas"
440:668191602
342:"Awaswas"
296:In 2012,
271:Davenport
242:Źawas-was
239:the term
171:Glottolog
155:ISO 639-3
91:Yok-Utian
1718:Category
1631:Armenian
1449:Tataviam
1436:Panamint
1407:Kawaiisu
1395:Cahuilla
1355:Konomihu
1189:Penutian
1163:Kumeyaay
1102:Atsugewi
1096:Achomawi
959:ObispeƱo
740:Religion
407:: 17ā36.
313:See also
304:Wikidata
178:sant1428
124:Dialects
105:Northern
1672:Tagalog
1662:Chinese
1646:Russian
1641:Punjabi
1636:Persian
1577:Takelma
1571:Salinan
1555:Esselen
1488:Nomlaki
1478:Wintuan
1442:Serrano
1345:Shastan
1331:Nisenan
1308:Maiduan
1148:Kashaya
1044:Awaswas
980:IneseƱo
966:CruzeƱo
937:Wailaki
923:Mattole
859:Italics
773:Awaswas
733:Culture
674:Awaswas
257:History
217:Awaswas
109:Awaswas
71:Extinct
40:Awaswas
1667:Korean
1519:Yukian
1494:Patwin
1456:Tongva
1401:CupeƱo
1376:Shasta
1325:Konkow
1204:Yokuts
1158:Mojave
1065:Chalon
1058:Rumsen
1051:Mutsun
1037:Tamyen
1016:Karkin
1006:Ohlone
912:Tolowa
808:Tamyen
803:Rumsen
793:Mutsun
788:Karkin
778:Chalon
719:Yelamu
709:Tamyen
699:Mutsun
694:Karkin
684:Chalon
679:Rumsen
667:Groups
656:Ohlone
560:
545:
530:
511:1925.
438:
428:
291:Mutsun
287:Rumsen
194:
101:Ohlone
60:Region
1655:Asian
1566:Karuk
1535:Wappo
1507:Wintu
1320:Maidu
1314:Chico
1256:Miwok
1251:Wintu
1153:Washo
1091:Karuk
1076:Hokan
930:Cahto
893:Yurok
886:Wiyot
877:Algic
373:(PDF)
325:Notes
307:]
275:Aptos
231:, an
219:, or
142:Latin
96:Utian
1529:Yuki
1426:Mono
1176:Yahi
1169:Yana
917:Hupa
558:ISBN
543:ISBN
528:ISBN
436:OCLC
426:ISBN
1467:Ute
273:to
1736::
1574:,
1568:,
1564:,
1558:,
1532:,
605:.
601:.
578:.
483:.
456:.
434:.
403:.
389:^
381:15
379:.
375:.
360:^
344:.
333:^
289:,
842:e
835:t
828:v
648:e
641:t
634:v
620:.
593:.
549:.
493:.
468:.
442:.
354:.
164:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)