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this status was not inherited. In theory, any male child could study, pass the exams, and attain office. In practice, however, gentry families were more able to educate their sons and used their connections with local officials to protect their interests.
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trials and the class as a whole was abolished. Former members were stigmatized and faced persecution which reached its heights during the
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above farmers, artisans, and merchants below them in descending order, but this ideal fell short of describing society. Unlike a
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The art of gentleman scholars tended to idealize retreat into the beauties of nature and contemplation, an idea parallel to the
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led the way in attacking "bad gentry and local bullies" for collecting high rent and oppressing their tenants during the
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103:"local gentry", held a virtual monopoly on office holding, and overlapped with an unofficial elite of the wealthy. The
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185:. Financially desperate gentry married into merchant families which led to a breakdown of the old class structure.
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The imperial government and scholar-official system ended but the landlord-tenant system did not.
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or their families and descendants. Owning land was often their way of preserving wealth.
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The
Chinese Gentry: Studies on Their Role in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Society
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Members of the gentry were expected to be an example to their community as
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169:. They often retired to landed estates, where they lived on the rent from
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79:" in China was the elite who held privileged status through passing the
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265:"Viewing the Pass List", attributed to Qiu Ying (c. 1494–1552),
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222:. Many local landlords organized gangs to enforce their rule.
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came the end of the scholar-official as a legal group.
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365:, Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire, pp. 405–410
320:(Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 1991), p. 200
269:. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, 34.4 × 638 cm
226:promised agrarian reform and land redistribution.
233:was established, many landlords were executed by
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340:(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955).
119:which favored hereditary and largely military
241:. This persecution ended with the advent of
206:Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong
293:, the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia
123:. As a social class they included retired
299:, Chinese game of 'fighting the landlord'
173:. The sons of gentry aspired to pass the
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286:Society and culture of the Han dynasty
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356:"Civil Service Examinations (Keju)"
318:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China
177:and continue the family legacy. By
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200:20th century attacks on landlords
363:Berkeshire Encyclopedia of China
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190:abolition of the exam system
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354:Elman, Benjamin A. (2009),
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231:People's Republic of China
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192:and the overthrow of the
385:Social history of China
243:Chinese economic reform
99:"scholar gentry" or 鄉紳
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390:Social class in China
204:Further information:
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224:Communist organizers
95:縉紳), also called 士紳
239:Cultural Revolution
179:late imperial China
167:Confucian gentlemen
113:civil service exam
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38:gentry family, in
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336:Chang Chung-li ,
316:Brian Hook, ed.,
220:Republican period
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16:(Redirected from
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153:ranked the
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304:References
229:After the
216:Mao Zedong
135:See also:
297:Dou dizhu
188:With the
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125:mandarins
101:xiangshen
275:See also
348:Sources
97:shishen
93:jinshen
89:shenshi
75:", or "
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36:Shanxi
359:(PDF)
159:caste
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145:The
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