1036:, who would not gain these rights until 1661. The clerical estate was marginalised in Parliament by the Reformation, with the laymen who had acquired the monasteries sitting as "abbots" and "priors". Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567, but a small number of Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate. James VI attempted to revive the role of the bishops from about 1600. A further group appeared in the Parliament from the minority of James VI in the 1560s, with members of the Privy Council representing the king's interests, until they were excluded in 1641. James VI continued to manage parliament through the Lords of the Articles, who deliberated legislation before it reached the full parliament. He controlled the committee by filling it with royal officers as non-elected members, but was forced to limit this to eight from 1617.
818:
assembly to be confirmed. In the past, historians have been particularly critical of this body, claiming that it quickly came to be dominated by royal nominees, thus undermining the power of the full assembly. Recent research suggests that this was far from always being the case. Indeed, in March 1482, the committee was taken over by men shortly to be involved in a coup d'état against the King and his government. On other occasions the committee was so large that it could hardly have been easier to control than the full assembly. More generally, the committee was a pragmatic means to delegate the complicated drafting of acts to those members of parliament skilled in law and letters – not unlike a modern
1284:
then onwards all of the benches to the right of the throne were occupied by the more junior earls and lords of parliament, with the end section of these benches that was farthest from the throne occupied by the non-voting eldest sons and heirs of the nobles, where they could observe business with an eye to their future responsibilities. On the benches to the left of the throne sat the dukes, marquesses, senior earls, viscounts, and senior lords of parliament. On the benches facing the throne sat the burgh commissioners to the right and the shire commissioners to the left. In the middle of the chamber were three tables: on the table nearest the throne were placed the
65:
1317:
3823:
1032:, who were predominantly Protestant, and who claimed a right to sit in the Parliament under the provision of a failed shire election act of 1428. Their position in the parliament remained uncertain and their presence fluctuated until the 1428 act was revived in 1587 and provision made for the annual election of two commissioners from each shire (except Kinross and Clackmannan, which had one each). The property qualification for voters was for freeholders who held land from the crown of the value of 40s of auld extent. This excluded the growing class of
588:. After the reformation in 1559, ecclesiastical representation continued in parliament, with the archbishop of St Andrews and the bishops of Dunblane and Dunkeld providing a Catholic clerical presence until April 1567, alongside the Protestant bishops of Galloway, Orkney and Moray. Thereafter, only Protestant archbishops and bishops were allowed to sit in parliament, alongside those representing abbeys and priories. The clerical estate was abolished between 1639 and 1662, and then again from 1689 when bishops themselves were removed from the
221:
847:, but in the 17th century, even after the Restoration, parliament was able to remove the clergy's right to attend in 1689 and abolish the Lords of the Articles in 1690, thereby limiting royal power. Parliament's strength was such that the Crown turned to corruption and political management to undermine its autonomy in the latter period. Nonetheless, the period from 1690 to 1707 was one in which political "parties" and alliances were formed within parliament in a maturing atmosphere of rigorous debate. The disputes over the English
1009:
1250:
1064:
the lairds of each shire the right to send two commissioners to every parliament. These shire commissioners attended from 1592 onwards, although they shared one vote until 1638 when they secured a vote each. The number of burghs with the right to send commissioners to parliament increased quite markedly in the late 16th and early 17th centuries until, in the 1640s, they often constituted the largest single estate in
Parliament.
936:
873:
1329:
the ceremony was held wherever
Parliament met and involved a largely equestrian procession of the members of the Parliament, the officers of state, the Honours of Scotland, and the monarch (or the Lord High Commissioner) from the royal palace or castle to the Parliament’s place of assembly. From the beginning of the 16th-century the Riding of Parliament was usually held in
1376:, gathered on the forecourt of the Palace to wait upon the Lord High Commissioner. The nobles were all dressed in scarlet robes. Any member of the Parliament who failed to attend the Riding without a good reason for their absence were fined or even lost their voting rights in Parliament. Security was assured by the guards of the
839:, parliament was able to prevent him pursuing his policy of a union of the crowns with England, while the 15th-century Stewart monarchs were consistently influenced by a prolonged period of parliamentary strength. Reverses to this situation have been argued to have occurred in the late 16th and early 17th centuries under
1257:
The layout of the parliamentary chamber varied over the history of the parliament, due to the venue in which parliament met, the number of estates present and the total number of members in attendance. The arrangements became more settled following the opening of
Parliament House in 1639. The chamber
1063:
or not. This resulted in pressure from the Kirk to reform ecclesiastical representation in
Parliament. Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567 but Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate until their abolition in 1638 when Parliament became an entirely lay assembly. An act of 1587 granted
1328:
The Riding of
Parliament was an elaborate ceremonial event which formally marked the beginning and ending of a term of the Parliament of Scotland. A Riding was not held at the start of each session, but only at the downsitting (beginning) and rising (end) of Parliament. Dating from the 15th-century,
983:
on the condition that it be kept in a locked chest under the keepership of figures deeply out of favour with the King. In 1436, there was even an attempt made to arrest the King "in the name of the three estates". Between
October 1479 and March 1482, Parliament was conclusively out of the control of
792:
in
England. An act of 1428 which created a "common speaker" proved abortive, and the Lord Chancellor remained the presiding officer. Until 1603 the Lord Chancellor presided in the presence of the monarch, and their role was largely procedural, with debate conducted through him. In the absence of the
1457:. The members rode up the Royal Mile two by two, with each member attended by a certain number of servants (one for every burgh commissioner, two for shire commissioners, three for every lord and viscount, four for every earl, six with every marquess, and eight for each duke). Each noble also had a
1428:
riding either side of him. When the Lord High
Commissioner was ready, the Riding would begin, with the Lord Clerk Register holding the roll of Parliament and the Lord Lyon King of Arms calling the names of each member in the order in which they were to ride. The procession was headed by soldiers of
1283:
at the southern end of
Parliament Hall, below which, on chairs, sat the Lord Chancellor (the presiding officer) and the officers of state. On the benches to the right of the throne, at the end closest to the throne, sat the archbishops and bishops until the abolition of the episcopacy in 1689. From
834:
At various points in its history, the
Scottish Parliament was able to exert considerable influence over the Crown. This should not be viewed as a slow rise from parliamentary weakness in 1235 to strength in the 17th century, but rather a situation where in particular decades or sessions between the
817:
From the early 1450s until 1690, a great deal of the legislative business of the Scottish Parliament was usually carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the "Lords of the Articles". This was a committee chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full
1039:
In the second half of the sixteenth century, Parliament began to legislate on more and more matters and there was a marked increase in the amount of legislation it produced. During the reign of James VI, the Lords of the Articles came more under the influence of the crown. By 1612, they sometimes
992:, despite a royal siege of the Duke's castle, tried to prevent the King leading his army against the English (a powerful indication of the estates' lack of faith in their monarch), and appointed men to the Lords of the Articles and important offices who were shortly to remove the King from power.
674:
from the King's Council. It is perhaps first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, described as a "colloquium" and already with a political and judicial role. In 1296 we have the first mention of burgh representatives taking part in decision making. By the early 14th century, the attendance of
695:
and burgh commissioners – sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for taxation (although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the medieval period), but it also had a strong
1027:
Parliament played a major part in the Reformation crisis of the mid-sixteenth century. It had been used by James V to uphold Catholic orthodoxy and asserted its right to determine the nature of religion in the country, disregarding royal authority in 1560. The 1560 parliament included 100
1019:
Like many continental assemblies, the Scottish Parliament was being called less frequently by the early sixteenth century and might have been dispensed with by the crown had it not been for the series of minorities and regencies that dominated from 1513. The crown was also able to call a
1271:
maintained order within the chamber, and their authority extended from the outer bar to the inner bar, at the foot of the throne. The Constable had a small corps of guards, and the Marischal was attended by four macers who kept order on the floor of the chamber and guarded the Honours.
1221:" and bribery certainly played a prominent role. However, it was also driven by the same trends the Scots attempted to manage in the 1640s, worsened by the events of the 1690s; this was a time of economic hardship and famine in many parts of Europe, known in Scotland as the
1405:, from which he would rise and salute the members of the Parliament as they arrived in Parliament Square. The Earl Marischal, also wearing his robes and seated at the head of his guards at the door of Parliament House, received the members as they entered Parliament House.
708:. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making – but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament. The Scottish parliament met in a number of different locations throughout its history. In addition to
915:" (a phrase that replaced "community of the realm" at this time) in Parliament were certainly able to oppose the King when necessary. Most notably, Parliament repeatedly prevented David from accepting an English succession to the throne. During the reigns of
1540:, as colonel of the Life Guard, riding at the rear of the procession. The Lord High Commissioner was received at the door of Parliament House by the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marischal, both of whom led the Commissioner to the throne, followed by the
1184:, which effectively annulled all Parliamentary legislation since 1633. It generally supported Charles and initially did the same when James succeeded in 1685; when it refused to pass his measures, James suspended it and resorted to rule by decree.
1058:
Following the Reformation, laymen acquired the monasteries and those sitting as "abbots" and "priors" were now, effectively, part of the estate of nobles. The bishops continued to sit in Parliament regardless of whether they conformed to
1262:
in the kingdom, a court bar – the inner bar – was located before the throne for accused to present themselves. There was also an outer bar beyond which only members or invited individuals could pass onto the floor of the chamber. The
1203:, placed important limitations on royal power, including the abolition of the Lords of the Articles. It has been argued that unlike its English counterpart, the Scottish parliament never became a true centre of national identity. The
1292:, sceptre and sword of state), the presence of the Honours signifying crown acceptance of the power of Parliament. The Lord High Constable and the Earl Marischal were seated on either side of this table. At the middle table sat the
996:(1488–1513) realised that Parliament could often create more problems than it solved, and avoided meetings after 1509. This was a trend seen in other European nations as monarchical power grew stronger – for instance England under
1400:
lined both sides from the Netherbow Port to the Palace. Having carried out a thorough inspection of the Parliament House, the Lord High Constable, wearing his robes, was seated next to his guards on a chair at the Lady Steps of
946:
By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls into a "colloquium" with a political and judicial role. The attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and
923:, Parliament appears to have been held less often, and royal power in that period also declined, but the institution returned to prominence, and arguably enjoyed its greatest period of power over the Crown after the return of
1024:, which was quicker to assemble and could issue laws like parliament, making them invaluable in a crisis, but they could only deal with a specific issue and were more resistant to the giving of taxation rights to the crown.
892:, Scotland found itself without an adult monarch, and in this situation, Parliament seems to have become more prominent as a means to give added legitimacy to the Council of Guardians who ran the country. By the reign of
887:
Between 1235 and 1286, little can be told with certainty about Parliament's function, but it appears to have had a judicial and political role which was well established by the end of the century. With the death of
966:
After 1424, Parliament was often willing to defy the King – it was far from being simply a "rubber stamp" of royal decisions. During the 15th century, Parliament was called far more often than, for instance, the
627:) has also been identified. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be "the Three Estates".
1701:
955:. It acquired significant powers over particular issues, including consent for taxation, but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and other legislation, whether political,
1267:
was responsible for the outer security of Parliament House, including the doors and the keys to the chamber, and their authority extended to the outer bar before the actual floor of the chamber. The
3128:
Tanner, R. J. (2000). "I Arest You, Sir, in the Name of the Three Astattes in Perlement': the Scottish Parliament and Resistance to the Crown in the 15th century". In Thornton, T. (ed.).
1043:
During the 16th century, the composition of Parliament underwent a number of significant changes and it found itself sharing the stage with new national bodies. The emergence of the
1416:
of the Parliament), along with the other officers of state who were noblemen, would ride up from the Palace to Parliament House, with the Lord High Chancellor having his purse and
826:– while the right to confirm the act remained with the full assembly of three estates. The Lords of the Articles were abolished in 1690 as part of the revolutionary settlement.
3240:, The complete acts and proceedings of the Scottish Parliament, General Council and much other parliamentary material from 1235 to 1707. The publication arose from the work of
1476:
The earls were followed by four trumpeters, four pursuivants, six heralds and the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Following them were the Honours of Scotland, accompanied by the
1875:
The "fourth estate" argument is primarily favoured by Julian Goodare, and disputed by Keith Brown. A summary of the most recent research can be found in Brown and Mann,
4458:
835:
thirteenth and 17th century, parliament became particularly able to influence the Crown, while at other points that ability was more limited. As early as the reign of
1040:
seem to have been appointed by the Crown rather than Parliament, and as a result the independence of parliament was perceived by contemporaries to have been eroded.
1304:(the senior clerk of parliament), along with the six clerks of Session and Parliament. At the third table, nearest to the burgh and shire commissioners, sat the
904:
after 1309. During his reign some of the most important documents made by the King and community of the realm were made in Parliament—for instance the 1309–1310
5427:
3262:
4925:
1106:
However, the Scots were increasingly concerned at their loss of political and economic power since 1603. In an effort to mitigate this, during the 1642–1645
1276:
798:
624:
4940:
1352:
The final form of the Riding was determined by the Parliament in May 1703. The Riding began with the transportation of the Honours of Scotland from
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5215:
3413:
2416:
1131:
789:
5105:
4219:
4169:
3357:
5314:
4497:
4451:
17:
1103:
and Parliament. Control of the executive was taken from the Crown, many of the constitutional changes being copied by the English Parliament.
5020:
4710:
4241:
2965:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2956:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2947:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2938:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2929:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2920:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2911:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2893:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2875:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2857:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2839:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
3044:
MacDonald, Alan R. (1999). "Ecclesiastical Representation in Parliament in Post-Reformation Scotland: The Two Kingdoms Theory in Practice".
959:, social or economic. Much of the legislative business of the Scottish parliament was carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the
773:
332:
204:
5319:
5235:
5210:
5125:
5050:
4595:
4327:
3642:
3403:
805:
replaced the Lord Chancellor with a President of the Parliament chosen by the members. After the Restoration, the Lord Chancellor was made
5506:
4214:
3923:
3772:
1421:
1258:
was arranged in a square, non-confrontational layout where all the members looked in upon the throne. As parliament was also the highest
1233:
to achieve her great-grandfather's ambition of a unitary state. Parliament was dissolved, 45 Scots being added to the 513 members of the
351:, which could both carry out much business dealt with by parliament, but lacked the powers and ultimate authority of a full parliament.
5491:
5273:
4337:
3948:
3670:
1696:
1048:
896:(1292–96), Parliament was well established, and Balliol attempted to use it as a means to withstand the encroachments of his overlord,
5200:
5496:
5245:
4502:
4444:
1489:
5501:
5481:
5403:
4271:
3965:
3933:
1297:
5255:
4905:
3249:
3081:"An Introduction to the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland" (Based on a paper to Staff Development Conference for History Teachers,
4980:
4620:
4224:
3985:
3943:
3241:
1721:
1513:
1509:
659:
405:
kings. Parliament provided counsel and aid to successive monarchs, while also successfully opposing unpopular royal policies.
4945:
4860:
4700:
4367:
4281:
4194:
4036:
3938:
2637:
2319:
2168:
2095:
1686:
1505:
989:
348:
4870:
4487:
4136:
1425:
5344:
5329:
5205:
4915:
4825:
4655:
4261:
4246:
4178:
4162:
4051:
4000:
3560:
3350:
1497:
1218:
158:
1544:, while, amid the blowing of trumpets, the Honours of Scotland were laid on the table in the centre of Parliament Hall.
339:
and played an important role in the administration of justice, foreign policy, war, and the passing of a broad range of
5359:
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5268:
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5100:
4610:
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4204:
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1681:
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5240:
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4209:
3995:
3953:
3802:
3610:
3540:
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3212:
2447:
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1815:
1537:
1322:
Atlas Historique, ou Nouvelle Introduction à l'Histoire à la Chronologie & à la Géographie Ancienne & Moderne
1305:
1234:
819:
705:
600:. When no members of the First Estate remained, the Second Estate was then split, to retain the division into three.
1176:
An independent Parliament was restored in 1661, sometimes known as the "Drunken Parliament". The term was coined by
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5263:
5160:
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5060:
4910:
4800:
4785:
4645:
4276:
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3807:
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3620:
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1541:
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emerged as a favoured meeting place of the early colloquia and councils in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
387:
963:, chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed.
5466:
5390:
5170:
4895:
4755:
4680:
4352:
4342:
4236:
3970:
3765:
1665:
1377:
1264:
1188:
900:. With his deposition in 1296, Parliament temporarily became less prominent, but it was again held frequently by
1055:(1560) meant that rival representative assemblies could bring pressure to bear on parliament in specific areas.
809:
president of the parliament, his functions including the formulation of questions and putting them to the vote.
650:
or member of the lower nobility. Because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same
5413:
5408:
5293:
5115:
4960:
4920:
4590:
4555:
4286:
4266:
4155:
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3605:
3398:
3343:
3137:
1346:
1170:
968:
3176:— (October 2000). "Outside the Acts: Perceptions of the Scottish Parliament in Literary Sources before 1500".
971:– on average over once a year – a fact that both reflected and augmented its influence. It repeatedly opposed
700:, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, before c. 1500 by
5476:
5334:
5175:
5015:
5000:
4930:
4875:
4835:
4735:
4720:
4640:
4605:
4575:
4512:
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3257:
2312:
Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707, Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History
1671:
979:(1460–1488) in the 1470s and early 1480s. In 1431, Parliament granted a tax to James I for a campaign in the
1864:
Subverting Scotland's Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity 1689–1830
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appointing the Lord High Commissioner. The Commissioner was followed by the dukes and marquesses, with the
1533:
1389:
1230:
30:
This article is about the pre-1707 legislature. For the devolved legislative body established in 1999, see
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1711:
1691:
1409:
1342:
1208:
761:
701:
375:
344:
228:
151:
137:
1485:
397:
for royal decisions, modern research has found that the Parliament of Scotland played an active role in
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1115:
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showed that both sides were prepared to take considered yet considerable risks in their relationships.
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4540:
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3086:
1481:
1430:
1384:, who were lined up from the door of Parliament House to the Royal Mile. Citizens of Edinburgh, with
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1072:
905:
889:
781:
696:
influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political,
569:
355:
192:
3857:
3036:
401:. In the 15th and early 16th centuries Parliament was a powerful counter-weight to the power of the
5278:
5225:
5010:
4855:
4815:
4790:
4600:
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1127:
893:
521:
371:
301:
273:
5120:
1433:, followed by two trumpeters and two pursuivants. Parliament then proceeded in an agreed order by
975:(1424–1437) requests for taxation to pay an English ransom in the 1420s and was openly hostile to
4985:
4970:
4405:
4312:
4105:
4058:
1493:
1338:
1191:
ended a century of political dispute by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown. The
1158:
1154:
1153:
as king in 1649 but their attempt to put him on the English throne was defeated in the 1649–1651
1107:
394:
1316:
288:
from the 13th century until 1707. The parliament evolved during the early 13th century from the
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4830:
4347:
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2538:
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1177:
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597:
577:
69:
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3698:
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to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. The members of the Parliament, their servants and horses, the
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4780:
4685:
4675:
4535:
4256:
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1716:
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383:
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1393:
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997:
993:
901:
844:
836:
638:
414:
398:
312:
1211:, which sat in Westminster and largely continued English traditions without interruption.
1118:, a union of English and Scottish parliamentary leaders; opposed by English Royalists and
788:, the office never developed into a parliamentary office similar in nature to that of the
8:
5349:
5150:
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285:
198:
31:
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2410:
2362:"Debating Britain in 17th century Scotland: Multiple Monarchy and Scottish Sovereignty"
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505:
487:
379:
367:
328:
4147:
3246:
1770:
Mann, Alastair, "A Brief History of an Ancient Institution: The Scottish Parliament",
220:
4251:
4074:
3892:
3887:
3797:
3453:
3270:
3208:
3143:
3133:
3065:
2633:
2517:
2443:
2396:
2315:
2269:
2091:
1811:
1806:
Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man
1586:
1501:
1289:
1033:
549:
537:
289:
797:
in 1603, Parliament was presided over by the Lord Chancellor in the presence of the
5288:
4436:
4415:
4384:
4332:
4317:
4079:
3872:
3595:
3164:
3053:
2373:
2135:
1353:
1088:
676:
565:
533:
402:
182:
3335:
2175:
1226:
5385:
5165:
4362:
4322:
3837:
3723:
3253:
3116:
2174:. The Scottish Parliament History Workshop at Stirling University. Archived from
1652:
1556:
1477:
1417:
1222:
1166:
1139:
1119:
1008:
852:
713:
692:
561:
494:
374:
on 1 May 1707, the parliaments of Scotland and England were succeeded by the new
363:
3187:
The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488
343:. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, such as
300:, with the first identifiable parliament being held in 1235 during the reign of
5040:
4560:
3852:
3615:
1525:
1517:
1437:, with the most senior riding last – burgh commissioners, shire commissioners,
1381:
1268:
1238:
1143:
956:
856:
840:
769:
697:
655:
424:
265:
3750:
3168:
3057:
2475:
The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts
2139:
5460:
5442:
5429:
5380:
5190:
4522:
4468:
4372:
1702:
List of constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union
1676:
1293:
1249:
1060:
952:
912:
823:
88:
3147:
2335:
2053:
5375:
5230:
5145:
4307:
3155:— (October 2000). "The Lords of the Articles before 1540: a reassessment".
3120:
2377:
1552:
Other than Edinburgh, Parliament was also held at the following locations:
1466:
1214:
1047:
as the "parliament" of Scotland's trading towns and the development of the
939:
509:
393:
Long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body that acted merely as a
359:
3862:
4471:
3292:
1604:
1574:
1458:
1397:
1096:
876:
802:
733:
671:
340:
324:
281:
188:
126:
4479:
4400:
4084:
3483:
1568:
1369:
1345:. The final Riding of Parliament was held on 6 May 1703, following the
1334:
729:
721:
581:
448:
311:
institution, for most of its existence the Parliament consisted of the
308:
5130:
3703:
4665:
4630:
3463:
3443:
3438:
3267:
The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates
1640:
1373:
1330:
880:
745:
709:
232:
3104:
The Scottish Parliament in the 15th and 16th Centuries (Unpublished)
4890:
3877:
3847:
3550:
1610:
1598:
1562:
1450:
1442:
1123:
935:
741:
717:
647:
483:
475:
467:
336:
320:
3196:
The Scottish Parliament: its constitution and procedure, 1603–1707
3130:
Social Attitudes and Political Structures in the Fifteenth Century
4995:
4740:
4730:
3867:
3718:
3600:
3478:
3085:, 25 May 2000 by Dr. Alastair Mann, Scottish Parliament Project,
1634:
1616:
1521:
1320:
The Riding of Parliament c. 1685, from Nicholas de Gueudeville's
737:
688:
444:
2126:
Tanner, R. J. (2000). "The Lords of the Articles before 1540'".
1067:
The first printed edition of the legislation of the Parliament,
942:, Edinburgh. Usual meeting place of Parliament from 1438 to 1560
4795:
4775:
3635:
3510:
3500:
1622:
1592:
1462:
1385:
1365:
1280:
1029:
725:
452:
316:
293:
1126:
Charles to the English throne; their failure in the 1648–1649
768:
of the Parliament of Scotland, as was the case in the English
2983:. Vol. 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560. Edinburgh.
1470:
1259:
1180:
and he was put in trial for it. The restored body passed the
948:
680:
573:
491:
456:
2054:"Housing the Estates: Parliamentary Locations and Buildings"
872:
3008:
Parliament and Society in Scotland, 1560–1603 (Unpublished)
2992:. Vol. 3: Parliament in Context, 1235–1707. Edinburgh.
2067:
1454:
1446:
479:
471:
304:, when it already possessed a political and judicial role.
297:
2997:
Duncan, A. A. M. (1966). "Early Parliaments in Scotland".
1253:
Parliament Hall, the chamber of Parliament from 1639–1707.
2223:
2221:
2104:
1628:
1308:
who, though unable to vote, could provide legal advice.
4177:
3237:
1993:
R. Tanner, "The Lords of the Articles before 1542", in
1784:
1015:, common meeting place of Parliament from 1563 to 1639.
2279:
2218:
2632:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 91.
2268:(Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1974),
2233:
2193:
47:
4466:
2587:
2585:
1512:, the hereditary bearer of the Crown. Then came the
1071:, was published in Edinburgh in 1542 by the printer
625:
Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
3365:
2391:Mitchison, Rosalind, Fry, Peter Fry, Fiona (2002).
2390:
2088:
The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c. 1550–1651
2008:
Scotland's relations with England: a survey to 1707
1217:
famously claimed Union was brought about by Scots "
2431:
1803:
1157:. As a result, Scotland was incorporated into the
675:knights and freeholders had become important, and
27:Legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland (1235–1707)
2582:
419:The members were collectively referred to as the
5458:
2902:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2884:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2866:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2848:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2830:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2821:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2812:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2291:
2205:
1923:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
1785:"Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707"
1099:to power, with bishops being expelled from both
772:. As the Lord Chancellor was also the principal
3780:
3205:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
2266:Robert Baillie and the Second Scots Reformation
1122:, it was suspended in 1645. In 1647, the Scots
683:commissioners to his Parliament. Consisting of
2496:
2478:. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 48–52
2395:(2015 ed.). Routledge. pp. 223–224.
2258:
1810:(2nd ed.), London and New York: Longman,
327:. By the 1690s it comprised the nobility, the
4452:
4163:
3766:
3351:
2121:
2119:
335:. Parliament gave consent for the raising of
2511:
2415:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
636:was the closest equivalent of the office of
3101:
2987:
2978:
2512:Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015).
2110:
2073:
1801:
1461:, and the noble’s servants wore over their
1333:, with the procession travelling along the
1149:Following the execution the Scots accepted
670:The Scottish parliament evolved during the
53:
4459:
4445:
4170:
4156:
3773:
3759:
3358:
3344:
3073:Macdougall, N. A. T. (1989). "Chapter 7".
3072:
3015:Jackson, C. (1999). Burgess, Glenn (ed.).
2516:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 144–159.
2314:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
2116:
1697:List of acts of the Parliament of Scotland
1408:Half an hour before the Riding began, the
1388:, lined both sides of the Royal Mile from
3092:
3043:
2213:Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745
2085:
1744:
988:. It refused to forfeit his brother, the
611:: this has been argued to have created a
2429:
2336:"Records of the Parliaments of Scotland"
2309:
2010:Saltire Society; New edition (1994) p173
1887:
1885:
1866:Cambridge University Press (2003) p. 133
1802:Cowan, Ian B.; Easson, David E. (1976),
1315:
1248:
1007:
934:
871:
812:
431:), or "three communities of the realm" (
5512:1707 disestablishments in Great Britain
3202:
3014:
3005:
2627:
2514:The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy
2285:
2239:
2227:
2199:
2169:"WORKSHOP FIVE: "Images of Parliament""
1589:(1399, 1404, 1545, 1585, 1593 and 1596)
1311:
382:, the parliaments of Great Britain and
14:
5459:
3238:The Records of the Scottish Parliament
3184:
3175:
3154:
3127:
2996:
2990:The History of the Scottish Parliament
2981:The History of the Scottish Parliament
2471:
2366:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
2125:
1722:Records of the Parliaments of Scotland
1114:. One outcome was the creation of the
951:commissioners joined them to form the
654:, in contrast to the separate English
4440:
4151:
3754:
3339:
3221:
3193:
2612:
2359:
2253:The Government of Scotland, 1560–1625
1882:
1687:Convention of the Estates of Scotland
615:. During the 17th century, after the
244:Reflecting Parliament as it stood on
3269:, Dr Roland Tanner, Tuckwell Press,
3110:
3093:Nicholson, R. (1974). "Chapter 15".
3017:Restoration to Revolution: 1660–1690
2988:Brown, K. M.; Tanner, R. J. (2012).
2979:Brown, K. M.; Tanner, R. J. (2004).
2297:
1981:
607:was reorganised by the selection of
4180:Scotland in the early modern period
2604:
2543:Economic History Association EH.net
1422:Lord President of the Privy Council
1225:. Combined with the failure of the
572:and, at different periods, various
24:
5507:1707 disestablishments in Scotland
5360:South African Republic (1857–1902)
2615:History of the Scottish Parliament
2152:
2090:. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 14.
2021:History of the Scottish Parliament
1877:History of the Scottish Parliament
1759:History of the Scottish Parliament
1682:Commissioner (Scottish Parliament)
1306:senators of the College of Justice
1171:Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union
1110:, the Covenanters agreed the 1643
755:
25:
5523:
5492:Institutions of medieval Scotland
5345:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
3231:
3224:The Scottish Parliament 1639–1661
3046:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
2607:Bought and Sold for English Gold?
2536:
2155:Late Medieval Scottish Parliament
1595:(1341, 1347, 1350, 1359 and 1597)
1528:bearing the purse containing the
1244:
1237:and 16 to the 190 members of the
5497:Early modern history of Scotland
5279:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4926:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3821:
1542:Gentleman Usher of the White Rod
1219:bought and sold for English gold
1069:The New Actis and Constitutionis
927:from English captivity in 1424.
408:
388:Parliament of the United Kingdom
219:
63:
5502:1235 establishments in Scotland
5482:Defunct unicameral legislatures
5404:National bicameral legislatures
5391:List of legislatures by country
3366:National legislatures in Europe
3242:The Scottish Parliament Project
3095:Scotland, the Later Middle Ages
3010:(Thesis). Edinburgh University.
2972:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2790:
2774:
2758:
2742:
2726:
2710:
2694:
2678:
2662:
2646:
2621:
2617:. Vol. ii. p. passim.
2598:
2569:
2556:
2530:
2505:
2490:
2465:
2456:
2423:
2384:
2353:
2328:
2303:
2245:
2161:
2146:
2079:
2046:
2030:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1958:
1942:
1926:
1917:
1901:
1666:List of parliaments of Scotland
1082:
1003:
1000:, as well as France and Spain.
930:
911:By the reign of David II, the "
790:Speaker of the House of Commons
780:, the presiding officer of the
508:(representatives chosen by the
354:The Parliament of Scotland was
5315:Confederate States (1861–1862)
4498:Federated States of Micronesia
3263:Scotland's powerful parliament
3207:. Edinburgh University Press.
2472:McCrie, Charles Greig (1893).
1869:
1856:
1840:
1824:
1795:
1777:
1764:
1465:velvet coats with the noble’s
867:
209:election with limited suffrage
18:Scottish Parliament (pre-1707)
13:
1:
5335:Orange Free State (1854–1902)
3302:
3258:National Archives of Scotland
3106:(Thesis). Glasgow University.
1774:, Vol. I, No. 1 (June, 2013)
1772:Scottish Parliamentary Review
1732:
1672:A Satire of the Three Estates
1426:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
1087:Victory the same year in the
520:comprised the archbishops of
105:
4328:Seventeenth-century religion
4137:History of the British Isles
1547:
1516:, attended by his servants,
1420:carried before him, and the
7:
4380:Union with England Act 1707
3783:Scotland in the Middle Ages
3315:Parliament of Great Britain
3247:Scottish Parliament records
3113:The Parliaments of Scotland
3083:National Museum of Scotland
2086:MacDonald, Alan R. (2007).
1712:Parliament of Great Britain
1692:General Council of Scotland
1659:
1209:Parliament of Great Britain
1195:which offered the crown to
1189:deposition of James in 1689
603:From the 16th century, the
459:, and other senior clerics)
435:), until 1690 composed of:
376:Parliament of Great Britain
370:. With the creation of the
254:67 commissioners for burghs
252:83 commissioners for shires
138:Parliament of Great Britain
10:
5528:
5325:Irish Republic (1919–1922)
5320:Czechoslovakia (1948–1969)
4338:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3157:Scottish Historical Review
3019:. London. pp. 92–114.
2999:Scottish Historical Review
2128:Scottish Historical Review
1995:Scottish Historical Review
1480:of the Parliament and the
1116:Committee of Both Kingdoms
1112:Solemn League and Covenant
1045:Convention of Royal Burghs
862:
665:
623:of officers of state (see
412:
331:, the burghs, and various
29:
5399:
5368:
5302:
5254:
5216:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5074:
4521:
4478:
4393:
4295:
4187:
4129:
4098:
4067:
4019:
3916:
3830:
3819:
3790:
3732:
3689:
3651:
3371:
3310:
3297:
3289:
3282:
3169:10.3366/shr.2000.79.2.189
3087:University of St. Andrews
3058:10.1017/S0022046998008458
2539:"The Glorious Revolution"
2430:Woolrych, Austin (2002).
2140:10.3366/shr.2000.79.2.189
2111:Brown & Tanner (2004)
2074:Brown & Tanner (2004)
1893:Parliament: The Biography
1093:War of the Three Kingdoms
906:Declaration of the Clergy
243:
238:
227:
218:
213:
180:
175:
167:
149:
144:
132:
122:
114:
101:
96:
82:
77:
62:
41:
5236:Turks and Caicos Islands
4596:Central African Republic
3111:Rait, Robert S. (1924).
2497:Mackie; Lenman; Parker.
2310:Macinnes, A. I. (2007).
2019:Brown, Mann and Tanner,
1789:University of St Andrews
1737:
1128:Second English Civil War
829:
778:Keeper of the Great Seal
712:, meetings were held in
679:began regularly calling
372:Kingdom of Great Britain
5487:Historical legislatures
5051:Holy See (Vatican City)
3299:Parliament of Scotland
3102:O'Brien, I. E. (1980).
3006:Goodare, J. M. (1989).
2630:The Scots and the Union
1339:Palace of Holyroodhouse
1163:Cromwell's Act of Grace
1108:First English Civil War
1049:Kirk's General Assembly
428:
269:
54:
5467:Parliament of Scotland
5106:British Virgin Islands
3414:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2378:10.3366/jshs.2015.0138
1524:, and preceded by the
1514:Lord High Commissioner
1362:Lord Lyon King of Arms
1325:
1279:sat upon the elevated
1277:Lord High Commissioner
1254:
1075:under commission from
1016:
943:
884:
849:Act of Settlement 1701
799:Lord High Commissioner
704:and thereafter by the
646:of the time, namely a
358:in 1707 following the
349:Conventions of Estates
277:
262:Parliament of Scotland
70:Royal Arms of Scotland
48:
43:Parliament of Scotland
5414:National upper houses
5409:National lower houses
4941:São Tomé and Príncipe
4503:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4090:Scandinavian Scotland
4075:Lordship of the Isles
3222:Young, J. R. (1997).
3194:Terry, C. S. (1905).
2593:A History of Scotland
2577:A History of Scotland
2564:A History of Scotland
2499:A History of Scotland
2434:Britain in Revolution
2393:A History of Scotland
2360:Mason, Roger (2013).
2038:History of Parliament
1895:Volume 1, chapter 10
1717:Parliament of Ireland
1707:Parliament of England
1601:(1302, 1342 and 1362)
1473:embroidered on them.
1319:
1252:
1022:Convention of Estates
1011:
961:Lords of the Articles
938:
875:
813:Lords of the Articles
784:, and a judge of the
706:Convention of Estates
644:Parliament of England
596:and the accession of
592:, as a result of the
413:Further information:
386:merged to become the
366:between Scotland and
270:Pairlament o Scotland
55:Pairlament o Scotland
5477:Scottish parliaments
5443:55.94917°N 3.19056°W
4508:United Arab Emirates
4042:Wars of Independence
3252:9 April 2008 at the
3203:Wormald, J. (1991).
2628:Whatley, C. (2006).
1410:Lord High Chancellor
1312:Riding of Parliament
1229:in 1698, it allowed
1142:and officers of the
639:Member of Parliament
415:Estates of the realm
159:The Earl of Seafield
152:Lord High Chancellor
5472:Kingdom of Scotland
5439: /
5310:Artsakh (1991–2023)
5241:U.S. Virgin Islands
4358:Massacre of Glencoe
4353:Glorious Revolution
4032:Davidian Revolution
3652:States with limited
3324:Scottish Parliament
3284:Scottish Parliament
2501:. pp. 231–234.
1727:Scottish Parliament
1508:, on behalf of the
1439:lords of parliament
1431:Troop of Life Guard
1403:St Giles' Cathedral
1378:Lord High Constable
1358:Lord Clerk Register
1302:Lord Clerk Register
1286:Honours of Scotland
1275:The monarch or the
1265:Lord High Constable
1207:created a combined
1182:1661 Rescissory Act
1013:St Giles' Cathedral
898:Edward I of England
795:Union of the Crowns
617:Union of the Crowns
609:Shire Commissioners
594:Glorious Revolution
506:burgh commissioners
488:lords of parliament
286:Kingdom of Scotland
278:Pàrlamaid na h-Alba
250:2 officers of state
49:Pàrlamaid na h-Alba
32:Scottish Parliament
5448:55.94917; -3.19056
5355:Sikkim (1953–1975)
2796:Brown and Tanner,
2780:Brown and Tanner,
2764:Brown and Tanner,
2748:Brown and Tanner,
2732:Brown and Tanner,
2716:Brown and Tanner,
2700:Brown and Tanner,
2684:Brown and Tanner,
2668:Brown and Tanner,
2652:Brown and Tanner,
2157:. pp. passim.
2036:Brown and Tanner,
2006:Ferguson, William
1846:Brown and Tanner,
1830:Brown and Tanner,
1757:Brown and Tanner,
1581:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1326:
1298:Secretary of State
1255:
1205:1707 Acts of Union
1017:
969:English Parliament
944:
885:
855:, and the English
793:monarch after the
786:College of Justice
750:Berwick-upon-Tweed
633:Shire Commissioner
590:Church of Scotland
380:Acts of Union 1800
203:appointment as an
5422:
5421:
5246:Wallis and Futuna
5078:other territories
4434:
4433:
4145:
4144:
3803:Early Middle Ages
3748:
3747:
3334:
3333:
3311:Succeeded by
2639:978-0-7486-1685-5
2609:. p. passim.
2321:978-0-521-85079-7
2097:978-0-7546-5328-8
1984:, p. op. cit
1761:, i, Introduction
1587:Linlithgow Palace
1538:Marquess of Lorne
1414:presiding officer
1390:Parliament Square
1324:(Amsterdam, 1720)
1124:agreed to restore
1091:of the 1639–1652
902:King Robert Bruce
766:presiding officer
685:The Three Estates
528:, the bishops of
433:tres communitates
333:officers of state
258:
257:
197:inheritance of a
133:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
5519:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5201:Saint Barthélemy
5196:Pitcairn Islands
5136:French Polynesia
5126:Falkland Islands
4906:Papua New Guinea
4826:Marshall Islands
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4385:Jacobite risings
4318:Marian civil war
4181:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4130:Related articles
4027:Christianisation
3825:
3813:Late Middle Ages
3808:High Middle Ages
3784:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3690:Dependencies and
3626:Northern Ireland
3372:Sovereign states
3360:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3304:
3290:Preceded by
3280:
3279:
3227:
3218:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3178:Scottish Archive
3172:
3151:
3124:
3107:
3098:
3078:
3069:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2714:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2682:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2537:Quinn, Stephen.
2534:
2528:
2527:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2181:on 12 March 2017
2180:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2077:
2076:, pp. 1–28.
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2017:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1889:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1755:
1498:Earl of Crawford
1354:Edinburgh Castle
1347:election of 1702
1343:Parliament House
1235:House of Commons
1199:and her husband
820:select committee
774:Officer of State
693:tenants-in-chief
677:Robert the Bruce
660:House of Commons
495:tenants-in-chief
399:Scottish affairs
345:General Councils
229:Parliament House
223:
205:officer of state
140:
123:Preceded by
110:
107:
67:
57:
51:
39:
38:
21:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5457:
5456:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5395:
5386:Multicameralism
5364:
5298:
5274:Northern Cyprus
5250:
5077:
5070:
4981:Solomon Islands
4886:North Macedonia
4517:
4474:
4465:
4435:
4430:
4389:
4363:Seven ill years
4323:Union of Crowns
4291:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4146:
4141:
4125:
4094:
4063:
4015:
3912:
3826:
3817:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3749:
3744:
3728:
3691:
3685:
3671:Northern Cyprus
3653:
3647:
3546:North Macedonia
3367:
3364:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3254:Wayback Machine
3234:
3215:
3140:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3021:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:
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2834:
2829:
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2820:
2816:
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2807:
2795:
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2779:
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2763:
2759:
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2727:
2715:
2711:
2699:
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2679:
2667:
2663:
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2647:
2640:
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2622:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2510:
2506:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2438:. OUP. p.
2428:
2424:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2389:
2385:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:, pp. 1–2.
2263:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1662:
1653:Falkland Palace
1607:(1296 and 1596)
1550:
1510:Duke of Douglas
1314:
1247:
1223:Seven ill years
1167:Tender of Union
1155:Anglo-Scots War
1140:Rump Parliament
1138:by the English
1120:Oliver Cromwell
1085:
1073:Thomas Davidson
1006:
933:
870:
865:
853:Act of Security
851:, the Scottish
832:
815:
762:Lord Chancellor
758:
756:Lord Chancellor
702:General Council
668:
417:
411:
364:Treaty of Union
274:Scottish Gaelic
253:
251:
249:
247:
245:
208:
202:
196:
185:
163:
161:
154:
136:
108:
92:
91:
73:
58:
52:
45:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5525:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5330:Norfolk Island
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5111:Cayman Islands
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3740:European Union
3736:
3734:
3733:Other entities
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3692:other entities
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3621:United Kingdom
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Czech Republic
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3312:
3309:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3265:, abstract of
3260:
3244:
3233:
3232:External links
3230:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3200:
3191:
3189:. East Linton.
3182:
3173:
3163:(2): 189–212.
3152:
3138:
3125:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3079:
3070:
3041:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2789:
2773:
2757:
2741:
2725:
2709:
2693:
2677:
2661:
2645:
2638:
2620:
2597:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2529:
2523:978-1783270446
2522:
2504:
2489:
2464:
2455:
2448:
2422:
2402:978-1138174146
2401:
2383:
2352:
2327:
2320:
2302:
2290:
2288:, p. 158.
2286:Wormald (1991)
2278:
2257:
2244:
2240:Wormald (1991)
2232:
2230:, p. 157.
2228:Wormald (1991)
2217:
2204:
2200:Wormald (1991)
2192:
2160:
2153:Tanner, R. J.
2145:
2115:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2066:
2045:
2029:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1957:
1941:
1925:
1916:
1900:
1891:Bryant, Chris
1881:
1868:
1855:
1839:
1823:
1816:
1794:
1776:
1763:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1526:Earl of Morton
1506:Earl of Forfar
1486:Sword of State
1394:Netherbow Port
1382:Earl Marischal
1313:
1310:
1269:Earl Marischal
1246:
1245:Chamber layout
1243:
1239:House of Lords
1193:Claim of Right
1169:) and a brief
1144:New Model Army
1084:
1081:
1005:
1002:
990:Duke of Albany
957:ecclesiastical
932:
929:
869:
866:
864:
861:
857:Alien Act 1705
831:
828:
814:
811:
801:. In 1638 the
770:House of Lords
757:
754:
698:ecclesiastical
667:
664:
656:House of Lords
514:
513:
498:
460:
429:Thrie Estaitis
410:
407:
290:king's council
256:
255:
246:25 March 1707;
241:
240:
236:
235:
225:
224:
216:
215:
211:
210:
186:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
157:
155:
150:
147:
146:
142:
141:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
87:
86:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
68:
60:
59:
46:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5524:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5452:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:Tricameralism
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5284:South Ossetia
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5256:Non-UN states
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:New Caledonia
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:Faroe Islands
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Åland Islands
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5076:Dependent and
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Liechtenstein
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Guinea-Bissau
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4427:
4426:Privy Council
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4373:Darien scheme
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:Bishops' Wars
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4121:Privy Council
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:The Old North
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Faroe Islands
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:South Ossetia
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Liechtenstein
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3325:
3316:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3275:1-86232-174-4
3272:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3214:0-7486-0276-3
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2613:Brown; Mann.
2608:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2449:9780198200819
2445:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2341:
2340:www.rps.ac.uk
2337:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2274:0-520-02447-8
2271:
2267:
2264:F. N. McCoy,
2261:
2254:
2248:
2242:, p. 22.
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2202:, p. 21.
2201:
2196:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2113:, p. 50.
2112:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1897:Ane Auld Sang
1894:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1817:0-582-12069-1
1813:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:David Lyndsay
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:borne by the
1503:
1499:
1496:borne by the
1495:
1491:
1488:borne by the
1487:
1483:
1482:Privy Council
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:Lord Advocate
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:Darién scheme
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:(1653–1659).
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1061:Protestantism
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:Three Estates
950:
941:
937:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:three estates
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Alexander III
882:
878:
874:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
827:
825:
824:UK Parliament
821:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
782:Privy Council
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
635:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:fourth estate
610:
606:
605:second estate
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:second estate
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:Three Estates
416:
409:Three Estates
406:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:three estates
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
242:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
214:Meeting place
212:
206:
200:
194:
190:
187:
184:
183:Voting system
179:
174:
170:
166:
160:
156:
153:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
104:
100:
95:
90:
85:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5424:
5376:Bicameralism
5339:
5294:Transnistria
5221:Sint Maarten
5211:Saint Martin
5206:Saint Helena
5116:Cook Islands
4966:Sierra Leone
4946:Saudi Arabia
4586:Burkina Faso
4472:legislatures
4420:
4394:Institutions
4368:Colonisation
4343:Commonwealth
4308:Rough Wooing
4282:Witch trials
4195:Architecture
4115:
4099:Institutions
3924:Architecture
3831:Early Realms
3681:Transnistria
3643:Vatican City
3328:1999–present
3298:
3266:
3226:. Edinburgh.
3223:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3160:
3156:
3129:
3112:
3103:
3097:. Edinburgh.
3094:
3077:. Edinburgh.
3074:
3052:(1): 38–61.
3049:
3045:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2973:Bibliography
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2606:
2605:Whatley, C.
2600:
2592:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:
2532:
2513:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2474:
2467:
2458:
2433:
2425:
2392:
2386:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2339:
2330:
2311:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2235:
2212:
2207:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2163:
2154:
2148:
2131:
2127:
2106:
2087:
2081:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2048:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1980:Typified by
1976:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1862:Kidd, Colin
1858:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1805:
1797:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1670:
1551:
1475:
1467:coat of arms
1407:
1351:
1327:
1321:
1274:
1256:
1215:Robert Burns
1213:
1192:
1186:
1175:
1159:Protectorate
1148:
1105:
1095:brought the
1089:early stages
1086:
1083:17th century
1068:
1066:
1057:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1018:
1004:16th century
965:
945:
940:Old Tolbooth
931:15th century
910:
894:John Balliol
886:
833:
816:
806:
759:
684:
669:
637:
631:
629:
621:fifth estate
620:
612:
604:
602:
518:first estate
517:
515:
510:royal burghs
502:third estate
501:
463:
441:first estate
440:
432:
420:
418:
395:rubber stamp
392:
378:. Under the
360:ratification
353:
306:
302:Alexander II
261:
259:
72:(until 1603)
36:
5446: /
4871:New Zealand
4756:South Korea
4751:North Korea
4656:El Salvador
4531:Afghanistan
4348:Restoration
4313:Reformation
4303:Renaissance
4220:agriculture
4059:Renaissance
4037:Great Cause
3949:Agriculture
3908:Strathclyde
3719:Isle of Man
3654:recognition
3606:Switzerland
3541:Netherlands
3306: 1235
3293:Curia regis
3115:. Glasgow.
3033:|work=
2591:Mitchison,
2575:Mitchison,
2562:Mitchison,
2372:(1): 9–10.
2298:Rait (1924)
2211:Mitchison,
2134:: 189–212.
1605:Dunfermline
1575:Scone Abbey
1490:Earl of Mar
1484:, with the
1459:trainbearer
1398:foot guards
1370:pursuivants
1130:led to his
1097:Covenanters
1053:Reformation
868:Before 1400
803:Covenanters
734:Dunfermline
672:Middle Ages
582:archdeacons
449:archbishops
341:legislation
282:legislature
189:ennoblement
162:since 1705
127:Curia regis
109: 1235
102:Established
5461:Categories
5431:55°56′57″N
5303:Historical
5181:Montserrat
4961:Seychelles
4936:San Marino
4861:Mozambique
4856:Montenegro
4831:Mauritania
4801:Luxembourg
4766:Kyrgyzstan
4646:East Timor
4611:Costa Rica
4591:Cape Verde
4561:Bangladesh
4556:Azerbaijan
4469:unicameral
4421:Parliament
4262:Literature
4247:Government
4210:Demography
4116:Parliament
3986:Literature
3971:Government
3939:Demography
3576:San Marino
3536:Montenegro
3516:Luxembourg
3496:Kazakhstan
3399:Azerbaijan
3198:. Glasgow.
3185:— (2001).
3139:0750927054
3132:. Sutton.
2798:Parliament
2782:Parliament
2766:Parliament
2750:Parliament
2734:Parliament
2718:Parliament
2702:Parliament
2686:Parliament
2670:Parliament
2654:Parliament
2548:5 November
2462:Mason, p.8
1966:Parliament
1950:Parliament
1934:Parliament
1909:Parliament
1848:Parliament
1832:Parliament
1733:References
1647:Haddington
1569:St Andrews
1534:Queen Anne
1530:commission
1500:, and the
1451:marquesses
1396:, and the
1374:trumpeters
1364:, and the
1335:Royal Mile
1300:, and the
1178:John Welsh
1151:Charles II
1051:after the
921:Robert III
807:ex-officio
730:Linlithgow
722:St Andrews
598:William II
522:St Andrews
476:marquesses
323:, and the
309:unicameral
280:) was the
145:Leadership
118:1 May 1707
89:Unicameral
5434:3°11′26″W
5161:Hong Kong
5146:Greenland
5141:Gibraltar
4986:Sri Lanka
4971:Singapore
4896:Palestine
4876:Nicaragua
4836:Mauritius
4796:Lithuania
4701:Guatemala
4513:Venezuela
4467:National
4242:Geography
4232:Education
4205:Childhood
3966:Geography
3961:Education
3934:Childhood
3863:Dál Riata
3798:Sub-Roman
3709:Gibraltar
3511:Lithuania
3320:1707–1800
3066:162809645
3035:ignored (
3025:cite book
2595:, p. 314.
2579:, p. 128.
2566:, p. 253.
2482:17 August
2411:cite book
2251:Goodare,
2023:, i, ii,
1982:Rait 1924
1821:pp. 67–97
1641:Inverness
1583:, various
1577:, various
1571:, various
1565:, various
1559:, various
1548:Locations
1443:viscounts
1337:from the
1331:Edinburgh
1136:execution
998:Henry VII
986:James III
981:Highlands
977:James III
973:James I's
917:Robert II
881:Moot hill
845:Charles I
746:Inverness
710:Edinburgh
542:Caithness
484:viscounts
356:dissolved
248:75 nobles
239:Footnotes
233:Edinburgh
176:Elections
115:Disbanded
5340:Scotland
5264:Abkhazia
5156:Guernsey
5091:Anguilla
5006:Tanzania
4991:Suriname
4976:Slovakia
4916:Portugal
4851:Mongolia
4811:Maldives
4746:Kiribati
4721:Honduras
4641:Dominica
4636:Djibouti
4581:Bulgaria
4571:Botswana
4257:Language
4252:Identity
3996:Religion
3981:Language
3976:Identity
3903:Scotland
3878:Gododdin
3873:Galloway
3848:Bernicia
3843:Bamburgh
3714:Guernsey
3661:Abkhazia
3631:Scotland
3591:Slovenia
3586:Slovakia
3561:Portugal
3419:Bulgaria
3250:Archived
3148:47295967
3121:6673448M
3075:James IV
2255:, p. 46.
2215:, p. 15.
1964:Tanner,
1948:Tanner,
1932:Tanner,
1907:Tanner,
1660:See also
1611:Roxburgh
1599:Aberdeen
1563:Stirling
1463:liveries
1424:and the
1380:and the
994:James IV
879:and its
841:James VI
837:David II
764:was the
742:Aberdeen
718:Stirling
648:commoner
554:Galloway
546:Dunblane
530:Aberdeen
468:nobility
445:prelates
337:taxation
321:nobility
5369:Related
5231:Tokelau
5171:Madeira
5121:Curaçao
5056:Vietnam
5046:Vanuatu
5041:Ukraine
5021:Tunisia
4951:Senegal
4841:Moldova
4781:Lebanon
4731:Iceland
4726:Hungary
4686:Georgia
4676:Finland
4666:Estonia
4661:Eritrea
4651:Ecuador
4631:Denmark
4616:Croatia
4551:Armenia
4541:Andorra
4536:Albania
4523:Unitary
4488:Comoros
4480:Federal
4277:Warfare
4272:Society
4215:Economy
4080:Marches
4006:Warfare
4001:Society
3944:Economy
3868:Fortriu
3616:Ukraine
3566:Romania
3526:Moldova
3484:Ireland
3479:Iceland
3474:Hungary
3464:Germany
3459:Georgia
3449:Finland
3444:Estonia
3439:Denmark
3424:Croatia
3409:Belgium
3404:Belarus
3394:Austria
3389:Armenia
3384:Andorra
3379:Albania
2185:9 March
2059:6 March
1635:Glasgow
1617:Birgham
1522:footmen
1494:Sceptre
1392:to the
1366:heralds
1341:to the
1201:William
1077:James V
925:James I
863:History
822:of the
738:Glasgow
689:clerics
666:Origins
652:chamber
642:in the
550:Dunkeld
538:Brechin
526:Glasgow
466:of the
453:bishops
403:Stewart
384:Ireland
368:England
362:of the
294:bishops
284:of the
199:peerage
193:monarch
191:by the
97:History
5350:Sicily
5289:Taiwan
5269:Kosovo
5226:Tobago
5166:Jersey
5101:Azores
5066:Zambia
5036:Uganda
5031:Tuvalu
5026:Turkey
4996:Sweden
4956:Serbia
4901:Panama
4891:Norway
4846:Monaco
4806:Malawi
4776:Latvia
4761:Kuwait
4741:Israel
4716:Guyana
4706:Guinea
4696:Greece
4681:Gambia
4626:Cyprus
4576:Brunei
4546:Angola
4296:Events
4237:Family
4188:Topics
4068:Places
4052:Second
4020:Events
3917:Topics
3898:Rhinns
3893:Orkney
3724:Jersey
3666:Kosovo
3611:Turkey
3601:Sweden
3581:Serbia
3571:Russia
3556:Poland
3551:Norway
3531:Monaco
3501:Latvia
3469:Greece
3454:France
3429:Cyprus
3308:–1707
3273:
3211:
3146:
3136:
3119:
3064:
2802:passim
2786:passim
2770:passim
2754:passim
2738:passim
2722:passim
2706:passim
2690:passim
2674:passim
2658:passim
2636:
2520:
2446:
2399:
2345:7 July
2318:
2272:
2094:
2042:passim
2025:passim
1997:(2000)
1970:passim
1954:passim
1938:passim
1913:passim
1852:passim
1836:passim
1814:
1655:, 1599
1649:, 1548
1643:, 1428
1637:, 1384
1631:, 1315
1625:, 1294
1623:Lanark
1619:, 1290
1613:, 1255
1593:Dundee
1520:, and
1492:, the
1478:macers
1453:, and
1435:estate
1372:, and
1360:, the
1296:, the
1281:throne
1034:feuars
1030:lairds
776:, the
726:Dundee
691:, lay
584:, and
578:priors
574:abbots
566:Orkney
534:Argyll
457:abbots
329:shires
325:burghs
317:clergy
5176:Macau
5096:Aruba
5061:Yemen
5016:Tonga
5001:Syria
4931:Samoa
4921:Qatar
4881:Niger
4866:Nauru
4821:Malta
4786:Libya
4691:Ghana
4606:China
4566:Benin
4406:Court
4287:Women
4267:Music
4225:trade
4106:Court
4047:First
4011:Women
3991:Music
3954:Trade
3888:Moray
3883:Isles
3699:Åland
3636:Wales
3596:Spain
3521:Malta
3491:Italy
3161:LXXIX
3062:S2CID
3001:(45).
2179:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2040:, i,
1879:, ii.
1738:Notes
1675:, by
1557:Perth
1532:from
1518:pages
1502:Crown
1471:motto
1455:dukes
1447:earls
1412:(the
1290:Crown
1288:(the
1260:court
1161:(see
1132:trial
949:burgh
877:Scone
830:Crown
714:Perth
687:– of
681:burgh
586:deans
562:Moray
558:Isles
480:earls
472:dukes
425:Scots
298:earls
266:Scots
168:Seats
5191:Niue
5151:Guam
5011:Togo
4911:Peru
4816:Mali
4771:Laos
4736:Iran
4671:Fiji
4621:Cuba
4601:Chad
4493:Iraq
4416:Navy
4401:Army
3838:Alba
3791:Eras
3271:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3144:OCLC
3134:ISBN
3037:help
2634:ISBN
2550:2017
2518:ISBN
2484:2018
2444:ISBN
2417:link
2397:ISBN
2347:2021
2316:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2187:2017
2092:ISBN
2061:2017
1812:ISBN
1469:and
1429:the
1418:mace
1386:arms
1231:Anne
1197:Mary
1187:The
1165:and
1134:and
1101:kirk
919:and
843:and
760:The
748:and
658:and
619:, a
570:Ross
568:and
524:and
516:The
500:the
490:and
462:the
439:the
296:and
260:The
207:, or
83:Type
78:Type
4411:Law
4200:Art
4111:Law
3929:Art
3853:Cat
3165:doi
3054:doi
2440:223
2374:doi
2136:doi
1629:Ayr
504:of
492:lay
443:of
347:or
315:of
292:of
171:227
5463::
3858:Cé
3303:c.
3256:,
3159:.
3142:.
3117:OL
3089:).
3060:.
3050:50
3048:.
3029::
3027:}}
3023:{{
2800:,
2784:,
2768:,
2752:,
2736:,
2720:,
2704:,
2688:,
2672:,
2656:,
2611:;
2584:^
2541:.
2442:.
2413:}}
2409:{{
2370:35
2368:.
2364:.
2338:.
2220:^
2132:79
2130:.
2118:^
1968:,
1952:,
1936:,
1911:,
1884:^
1850:,
1834:,
1787:.
1746:^
1449:,
1445:,
1441:,
1368:,
1349:.
1241:.
1146:.
1079:.
908:.
752:.
744:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
716:,
662:.
630:A
580:,
576:,
564:,
560:,
556:,
552:,
548:,
544:,
540:,
536:,
532:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
455:,
451:,
427::
390:.
319:,
307:A
276::
272:;
268::
231:,
106:c.
4460:e
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4446:v
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3774:e
3767:t
3760:v
3359:e
3352:t
3345:v
3217:.
3180:.
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3167::
3150:.
3123:.
3068:.
3056::
3039:)
2642:.
2552:.
2526:.
2486:.
2452:.
2419:)
2405:.
2380:.
2376::
2349:.
2324:.
2300:.
2189:.
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2138::
2100:.
2063:.
2027:.
1791:.
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