Second Schleswig War

1247:, had given a speech saying: "I am satisfied with all reasonable men in Europe, including those in France and Russia, in desiring that the independence, the integrity and rights of Denmark may be maintained. We are convinced-I am convinced at least-that if any violent attempt were made to overthrow those rights and interfere with that independence, those who made the attempt, would in the result, that it would not be Denmark alone with they would have to contend with. Palmerston's speech led to exaggerated hopes in Denmark of British intervention should the Schleswig-Holstein question come to war. However, the small size of the British Army limited the United Kingdom's ability to intervene in Schleswig-Holstein together with the continual tensions with the United States required that Britain act in conjunction with another major European power such as Russia or France. Palmerston's speech was, in short, a bluff. 1000:, the people of Schleswig spoke Danish and Frisian, and as late as the 18th century many rural areas of southern Schleswig still spoke Danish. In the early 19th century, the northern and middle parts of Schleswig spoke Danish, but the language in the southern half had shifted to German. German culture was dominant among the clergy and nobility; Danish had a lower social status and was spoken mainly by the rural population. For centuries, while the rule of the king was absolute, these conditions had created few tensions. When liberal and egalitarian ideas spread and nationalist currents emerged about 1820, identification was mixed between Danish and German: the German elites in Schleswig wished to be a part of Germany, while the Danes wanted Schleswig to be more firmly integrated into Denmark proper. Furthermore, there was a grievance about tolls charged by Denmark on ships passing through the 2202: 1658: 1898: 1571: 946: 2085: 1059: 350: 338: 1206:

states and the one most committed to more or less upholding the status quo established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. After the Crimean War, Russia was now a revisionist power out to challenge the European status quo, and any developments likely to change the European power structure were now welcome in St. Petersburg. Furthermore, the Crimean War and its aftermath made it extremely unlikely that Russia would work together with Britain or France, which established a room for maneuver for Prussia that did not exist in 1848–1850. Tsar Alexander II saw the possibility of a stronger Prussia as a way of weakening France. During the

1262:"The compacts of 1815 have ceased to be in force". Accordingly, Napoleon invited 20 European leaders to a congress in Paris to discuss revisions in the European power structure. Although the projected congress of Paris never occurred, Napoleon's gambit in openly rejecting the decisions of the Congress of Vienna led him to be perceived as a leader out to restore the French-dominated Europe of his namesake, and made it extremely unlikely that the other European powers would co-operate with France. Napoleon took a pro-Prussian line with regard to the Schleswig-Holstein question, seeing Prussian ambitions as helpful to his own plans. 291: 2457:

that Bismarck had created was a pariah. In the Weimar Republic, German conservatives used the memory of Bismarck as a larger-than-life figure as a way to delegitimate the Weimar Republic as being "against the spirit of Bismarck". In the German conservative narrative, the November Revolution of 1918 was portrayed not only as the alleged "stab-in-the-back" that had caused Germany's defeat in the First World War at the supposed moment when Germany was on the brink of winning the war, but also a rejection of Bismarck's legacy. The fact that the people who founded the Weimar Republic were liberals, Social Democrats and the

1279:, giving more power to the most affluent members of society, with the result that both Schleswig and Holstein were politically dominated by a predominantly German class of landowners. Thus two systems of government co-existed within the same state: a constitutional monarchy in Denmark, and absolutism in Schleswig and Holstein. The three units were governed by one cabinet, comprising liberal Danish ministers, who urged economic and social reforms, and conservative ministers, who opposed political reform. This caused a deadlock for practical lawmaking. Moreover, Danish opponents of this so-called Unitary State ( 170: 1906: 2031: 2134: 2213: 1181:

as a man who was very clever in resolving apparently intractable problems while being very committed to upholding the existing system, and it was for this reason the king had appointed him minister-president, believing that he was the best man to resolve the crisis. Bismarck's "blood and iron" speech in which he stated that the problems of Germany would be solved by "blood and iron" instead of talks was an effort to win over the support of the liberals for his policy of increased taxes to pay for higher military spending. The

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of forcing the defenders into a decisive battle, and give the defenders the opportunity to swiftly mass and counter-attack weak enemy positions, besieging forces, or divided forces by shifting weight by sea transport. The political dimension of this strategy was to draw out the war and hence give time and opportunity for the "great powers" to intervene diplomatically—it was assumed that such an intervention would be to the advantage of Denmark. This strategy had been successful in the First Schleswig War.

2288: 1020: 380: 368: 316: 1266:, the French ambassador in Berlin, told Bismarck in 1863 that France would support Prussia annexing the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein provided that France received compensation by being allowed to annex parts of the Rhineland. Palmerston's rejection of having Britain attending the projected Congress of Paris was taken as a slight by Napoleon III, who notably refused British appeals during the war to co-operate against Prussia. 38: 4154: 2469:("the Leader"), a ruthless dictator who would do what was necessary to make Germany recognized as a powerful state. The way that Bismarck had imposed illegal taxes in 1862 which made it possible for Prussia to defeat Denmark in 1864 was presented in the "Bismarck cult" narrative as an example of the sort of leader that Germany needed who would break the law if necessary for the greater good of the Prussian-German state.. 159: 1055:, linking the North Sea to the Baltic Sea, to be controlled by a relatively weak power such as Denmark in order to allow their respective navies to either enter the Baltic, in the case of Britain, or exit the Baltic, in the case of Russia. During the First Schleswig war in 1848–49, Russia had threatened twice to enter the war on the side of Denmark, which proved to be the deciding factor in the outcome of the war. 1793: 1841: 1937:. An invasion of Denmark itself had not been part of the original programme of the allies. Bismarck determined to use this circumstance to revise the whole situation. He urged upon Austria the necessity for a strong policy, to settle, comprehensively, the question of the duchies and the wider question of the German Confederation; Austria reluctantly consented to press the war. 2443:. The Second Schleswig war marked the beginning of the decline of Prussian liberalism as the British historian Brian Bond noted that German liberals otherwise opposed to Bismarck were "extremely susceptible to the appeal of national unity achieved by force of arms". The victory of Prussia over Denmark was also the victory of the Prussian state over the liberal-dominated 2448:

Prussian liberals generally ceased to oppose Bismarck and instead became his supporters. In particular, the way that Bismarck had imposed illegal taxes-which had once made him unpopular-was seen as a sign of his greatness, and Bismarck came to be celebrated for violating the 1850 constitution. In this way, Bismarck ended the liberal challenge to the Prussian state.

1378:, but eventually the Germans appeared in force in the Danevirke's rear, compelling the Danish high command to order the line abandoned. As this decision was taken in violation of direct orders from the Danish government and in opposition to public opinion in Denmark, General de Meza was relieved of his command and replaced by the more loyal 2057:. After six hours of artillery preparations, 10,000 Prussian soldiers stormed Dybbøl fort at 10:00 am. The Danish 8th Brigade counterattacked bravely, but was defeated, with 1,700 Danish casualties. (18 April is a military memorial day in Denmark commemorating this defeat, including a ceremony on Dybbøl fort hill.) 1833:. The march was actually longer than 20 mi because soldiers had to walk from their positions to Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein first.) They also had to fight rearguard against pursuing Prussians and Austrians. Some men in sight of Flensburg and thankful for the coming rest were ordered to stop or go back to man 1770:, abandoned the Dannevirke that night to avoid being surrounded and withdrew his army to Flensburg. The retreat caused the deaths and capture of 600 men. Ten soldiers froze to death and were counted as a part of the casualties that night. The hasty retreat also forced the Danes to abandon their important heavy 2456:

wrote sadly in 1935 from his exile in France that by the beginning of the 20th century the German middle class had become so "Bismarckian" in their political views that "a lethal atmosphere" had been created to such an extent that anyone who had any views that were even remotely critical of the state

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The problem with the Danevirke line was that perhaps it was relatively strong against a frontal assault but leaned on bodies of water or marshes at both ends. In early 1864, these waters and marshes froze solid in a hard winter letting the Germans bypass the Danevirke. The first attempt to bypass the

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However, unrealistic expectations of the potency of the Danish army and incompetence at the political level had overruled the army command's wishes to defend Jutland according to the above plan, and instead favoured a frontal defense of Jutland on or near the historical defense (and legendary border)

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In Copenhagen, the Palace and most of the administration (unlike most liberal politicians) supported a strict adherence to the status quo. The same applied to foreign powers, such as Great Britain, France and Russia, who would not accept a weakened Denmark in favour of Germany, nor a Prussia that had

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was manifestly illegal and unconstitutional, and made him unpopular. The liberals in Prussia also tended to be German nationalists who supported including the two duchies of Schleswig-Holstein into a projected unified German state, and Bismarck saw launching a war in the name of German nationalism as

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were making a bold bid to be co-equals along with the king in governing Prussia by asserting their "power of the purse" over the military. The kings of the House of Hohenzollern always jealously guarded their prerogatives to have sole control of the military, and King Wilhelm I was completely against

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The peace treaty that had ended the war in 1851 stipulated that the duchy of Schleswig should be treated the same as the duchy of Holstein regarding its relations with the Kingdom of Denmark. However, during the revisions of the 1848 constitution in the late 1850s and early 1860s, Holstein refused to

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The status of the war within Danish history is reflected in the fact, that it is normally referred to simply as '1864', the year the war was fought. The defeat marked the end of the Danish-German composite state, the formation of the Danish nation-state, and the creation of modern-day Denmark. It is

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But the political level did not appreciate the gravity of the situation, insisting on maintaining military presence in Schleswig and at the same time refused more modest German demands of peace. Hence the army was ordered to defend the Dybbøl position "to the last man", and consequently the siege of

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in the south designed to support the strategy of defending the peninsula of Jutland along the north–south axis using naval supremacy to move the army north–south and hence trap an invading army in futile marches between these flank positions. This would deny the (assumed superior) invader the chance

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vote for the Army Law taxes without making any concessions over the king's control of the military. Bismarck had a reputation of a someone who was a gruff bully who liked to push other people around, but also a man of considerable charm and grace when he wanted to be. Finally, Bismarck was perceived

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In short, the Danes considered Schleswig to be an integral part of Denmark and wished to make this clear by enacting a new constitution that excluded Holstein, while the Germans thought that Schleswig was inseparable from Holstein: If the Danish crown wished to treat the two Duchies differently, the

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without a fight, which in the 19th century played a big role in Danish national mythology due to its long history, caused a substantial psychological shock in Denmark and, as a result, de Meza had to resign from supreme command. Denmark never again ruled the Dannevirke. The Austrians, under general

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to Britain had led to acute Anglo-American tensions with many Americans perceiving Britain to be supporting the Confederacy. The continual mistrust between Washington and London posed constraints on British foreign policy and limited London's options during the Second Schleswig War with much of the

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as the puppet emperor of Mexico. Britain was opposed to the French project in Mexico, causing much Anglo-French tension, making it unlikely that France and Britain would work together with regard to the Schleswig-Holstein question. On 15 November 1863, Napoleon had given a speech in Paris stating:

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Moscow. It was northwards in a north gale with driven snow, and most of the soldiers had had no rest for the last four days and nights. The march was burdened with artillery guns and supply carts and had to be as slow as its slowest component. Men and horses had trouble standing. Horses could not

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The enemy sharpshooters immediately got reinforcement of a whole battalion, which advanced in a column with a music band which blew a storm-march, the battalion's commander followed on a horse, and after that the battalion's standard. Captain Stockfleth ordered his men to fire on the band and the

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In the First Schleswig War, the possibility of Russian intervention on the side of Denmark had proved decisive in deciding the outcome of the war. The Crimean War had changed the entire posture of Russian foreign policy. Before the Crimean War, Russia had been the most reactionary of the European

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The Germans, on the other hand, referred to medieval history: Already in 1326 and 1448, the Danish kings had accepted the almost complete independence of Schleswig from the Danish Crown. The Germans argued that the duchy had therefore not been part of Denmark proper for 400 years, but instead was

2465:"-was used to present the Weimar Republic as an illegitimate state that should not exist. Central to the conservative "Bismarck cult" narrative was the theme that democratic parliamentary government such as existed under the Weimar Republic was weak and ineffective, and what Germany needed was a 2447:

who caught up in the national euphoria of the victory over Denmark meekly submitted to Bismarck and voted to retroactively legalize the illegal taxes that Bismarck had imposed. The nationalism of the German liberals turned out to be stronger than their liberalism, and as a result of the 1864 war

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battalion's commander and the standard-bearer. After that the storm-march sounded not so beautiful now that that lacked quite a few voices. The battalion commander's horse was shot under him. He grasped the standard when the standard-bearer fell, and now it went forward again with great strength.

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On 14 January 1864, Austria and Prussia declared that they would take action against Denmark without regard to decisions of the German Confederation. On 16 January 1864, Bismarck issued an ultimatum to Denmark demanding that the November Constitution should be abolished within 48 hours. This was

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Following the loss, Christian IX went behind the backs of the Danish government to contact the Prussians, offering that the whole of Denmark could join the German Confederation, if Denmark could stay united with Schleswig and Holstein. This proposal was rejected by Bismarck, who feared that the

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The Danish army then occupied another fortified line called "the old Dybbøl". This position did not bar the entrance to Jutland but only the tip of a peninsula jutting into the Baltic Sea. There is little doubt that the command of the army did not believe that they could successfully repulse a

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Domestically, Bismarck had been under great pressure since a constitutional crisis in 1862, and he was hoping to gain public support among Prussian liberals by achieving the "liberation" of Schleswig. The decision to not settle for the occupation of the German Duchy of Holstein, but to invade

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Britain was the power most committed to supporting Denmark, but while Britain had the world's most powerful navy, the relatively small size of the all-volunteer British Army led London to need a continental ally to provide the necessary military force on land. The Crimean War had so poisoned

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At the same time, liberal German politicians came to power in Schleswig and Holstein; their goal was to unify the two duchies, to gain independence from the Danish king and to join the German Confederation as a sovereign state. The objectives of the Danish and German liberals were therefore

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carry or pull their loads properly because of the snow and ice; riders had to dismount and lead their horses. Artillery guns and carts overturned. The column of men and horses and vehicles seemed endless. The army had to march from the Danevirke to Flensburg, which took about 14–18 hours. (

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Schleswig, was taken by the Prussian and Austrian governments alone. The other members of the German Confederation did not agree, and it was even discussed to declare war on the two great powers. However, due to the military superiority of the Prussians and Austrians, this did not happen.

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After years of growing tension, the adoption of the Constitution of Denmark in 1848 had complicated matters further, as many Danes wished for the new liberal constitution to apply to all Danes, including those in Schleswig. The constitutions of Holstein and Schleswig were dominated by the

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The Prussian army had 37 battalions, 29 squadrons and 110 guns, approximately 38,400 men. The Austrian army had 20 battalions, 10 squadrons and 48 guns, approximately 23,000 men. During the war the Prussian army was strengthened with 64 guns and 20,000 men. The supreme commander for the

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south of Kolding. As a result of the peace settlement, the land area of the Danish monarchy decreased by 40% and the total population reduced from 2.6 million to 1.6 million (about 38.5%). The Danish frontier had retreated about 250 km as measured from the furthest corner of the

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against Denmark. The German position was considerably more favorable than it had been thirteen years before, when Prussia had to give in due to the risk of military intervention by Britain, France and Russia on behalf of Denmark: France had colonial problems, not least with Britain.

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sent observers to evaluate their work. Both Red Cross societies established hospitals and provided impartial care to wounded soldiers, and were covered in newspapers internationally. The war drew attention to the nascent Red Cross movement and drew volunteers to the movement.

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acquired Holstein with the important naval harbour of Kiel that controlled the entrance to the Baltic. After Prussia had therefore been forced to withdraw its support from the insurgents in Schleswig and Holstein in 1851, the Danes were able to defeat the rebels in the

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This action caused outrage among the duchies' German population and a resolution was passed by the German Confederation at the initiative of Bismarck, calling for the occupation of Holstein by Confederate forces. The Danish government abandoned Holstein and pulled the

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deposed the "union constitution" of the Danish monarchy concerning Holstein and Lauenburg, which were members of the Confederation. The two duchies were henceforth without any constitution, while the union constitution still applied to Schleswig and Denmark proper.

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blockaded the South, causing the so-called "cotton famine" that gravely damaged the British economy. Though Britain had found an alternative source of cotton in the form of Egypt, the "cotton famine" and the efforts of blockade runners to smuggle cotton out of the

1882:. A hard fight, where large parts of 1st Regiment were taken prisoner, stopped the Austrians, and the retreat could continue. However, the Danes lost more than 500 men there. After a short rest and some food and drink in Flensburg, the 8th Brigade had to march to 2396:. This is still (but waning in time as the children of the conscripted men are dying out) a cause of resentment among many families in the southern parts of Jutland and the direct reason why a German offer of a joint centenary anniversary in 1966 was rejected. 2192:. With this all of Jutland, the Danish mainland, was occupied by the Germans. Now the Danish islands were also endangered, and the Danish government again had to accept armistice and peace negotiations, now however under clearly more difficult conditions. 1303:

As the heirless King Frederik VII grew older, Denmark's successive National-Liberal cabinets became increasingly focused on maintaining control of Schleswig following the King's demise. The King died in 1863 at a particularly critical time; work on the

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After his death in 1898, Bismarck came to be the subject of an immense personality cult in Germany, being portrayed as a super-human larger-than-life figure, the "great redeemer" who had finally achieved German unification. The German diplomat Count

1485:. On 28 November, the German Diet removed the Danish delegate for the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg pending resolution of the succession issue and the naming of a new delegate from a government recognized by the Diet. On 24 December 1863, 2365:

movement focused henceforth on literature and language rather than political unification. Likewise, the war proved to be a diplomatic setback for the British government, whose attempts to mediate the conflict and deter Prussia were rebuffed.

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22 March: A fresh agreement was signed between the powers, under which the compacts of 1852 were declared to be no longer valid, and the position of the duchies within the Danish monarchy as a whole was to be made the subject of a friendly

1332:. This order to retreat without combat caused adverse comments among some Danish private soldiers, but the military circumstances made it wise to shorten the frontier that needed to be defended. Also, as the administrations of Holstein and 2330:

in 1866 confirmed Denmark's cession of the two duchies, but promised a plebiscite to decide whether north Schleswig wished to return to Danish rule. This provision was unilaterally set aside by a resolution of Prussia and Austria in 1878.

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At the start of the war, the Danish army consisted of about 38,000 men in four divisions. The 8th Brigade consisted of the 9th and 20th regiments (approximately 1,600 soldiers each), mainly soldiers from the middle and west and north of

2373:. It became clear that, against the might of Germany, Denmark could not assert her survival with her own arms; this played a crucial role in the "adjustment policy" and later "Cooperation policy" during the Nazi-German occupation in 1369:

in the south. Hence resources had been put into the Danevirke line and not into the flank positions, which stayed akin to battlefield fortifications rather than modern fortifications capable of withstanding a modern bombardment.

1751:, but was stopped here and remained fighting in one place until it turned dark. They sent a company to drive away the enemy from Vedelspang, but could not press further on than to towards the north part of the exercise ground. 1295:. However, in 1852, they had to commit themselves to treat Schleswig constitutionally no different from Holstein. This contradicted the objective of the Danish liberals to fully reintegrate Schleswig into Denmark. In 1858, the 1101:

To understand the Danish resolve in this question one must understand that the Danes regarded Schleswig as an ancient core region of Denmark. The southern part of Schleswig contains the ruins of the old Danish Viking "capital"

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well-prepared German siege and consequent assault on the Dybbøl position, and assumed that the political level would let the army be evacuated by sea and then fight the war on the principles of the north–south axis strategy.

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to vote for the taxes that the war minister, General von Roon, had insisted were absolutely necessary to pay for a program of military modernization had caused a profound political crisis. In effect, the liberal-dominated

613: 1837:. Many men were missing at the roll call, and the army thought that many Schleswigian soldiers had deserted during the march and went home. However, most of them came in that morning or the next morning. 1283:) feared that Holstein's presence in the government and simultaneous membership of the German Confederation would lead to increased German interference with Schleswig, and even in purely Danish affairs. 882:(1848–1852), it was fought for control of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg. Succession disputes concerning the duchies arose when the Danish king died without an heir acceptable to the 832: 1747:

rampart in front of Bustrup. In Bustrup the shooting was heard about 2:00 p.m. 2nd Battalion occupied the rampart and covered the withdrawing squads. The enemy pressed intensely in the east towards

710: 1240:, the British army in India was vastly increased. The fact that much of the British army was garrisoning India and Canada led to a shortage of British troops being free for operations in Europe. 4222: 1176:

voting for the taxes to pay for military modernization. The diplomat Bismarck had been appointed minister-president largely because the king believed that he was a man capable of having the

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a way to bring around the liberals into supporting the Prussian state, all the more so as a war would demonstrate the value of a stronger Prussian Army and thus justify the illegal taxes.

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The preliminaries of a peace treaty were signed on 1 August 1864: the King of Denmark renounced all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia.

1878:(about eight kilometers south of Flensburg) pursuing Austrians caught up with the Danish rear party, which consisted of the 1st and 11th regiments. The Danes were commanded by Colonel 2554:

short story "Nr. 13" references are made to the war. "Is this," he said, "the Danish courage I have heard so much of? It isn't a German in there; and if it was, we are five to one."

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incompatible, which in 1848 ultimately led to war. In Germany, many people viewed the conflict of Schleswig as a war of liberation, while most Danes considered it German aggression.

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acknowledge the revision, creating a crisis in which the parliament in Copenhagen ratified the revision but Holstein did not. In 1863, Frederik VII died, and the new Danish monarch,

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seen as a national trauma that gave birth to an existential angst and it has been claimed that the defeat is central to any grasp of Danish identity, culture, history, and politics.

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kingdoms; the remaining Angles are believed to have assimilated with the Danes, indeed the Angles and the Danes seem to have had a very close relationship as attested by the shared

1253:, the emperor of the French, was widely considered to be a reckless and dangerous adventurer, a man who was widely mistrusted by all the other powers. In 1861, Napoleon had France 2244:. Denmark was also forced to surrender the enclaves in western Schleswig that were legally part of Denmark proper and not part of Schleswig, but was allowed to keep the island of 1126:

of the early English and Danes. Thus, to suggest that the region did no longer fully belong to Denmark was seen as a great provocation to the Danes' ancestral claim to Schleswig.

1218:"). Alexander tended to favor a pro-Prussian line provided that Bismarck gave assurances that Prussia would not annex Denmark proper, and limit its ambitions to the two duchies. 3125: 1336:

were members of the German Confederation, not pulling back might have caused a severe political crisis and perhaps war with Great Britain, a guarantor of the London Protocol.

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Bismarck's triumph in the Schleswig War succeeded in winning the support of the Prussian liberals for his government. In the aftermath of the 1864 war, the liberal-dominated

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In the Prussian forces' first clash of arms since reorganization, their effectiveness proved clear, something the Austrians ignored to their cost 18 months later in the

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ethnic strife in Schleswig between Danes and Germans would then stay unresolved. Christian IX's negotiations were not publicly known until published in the 2010 book

755: 655: 2299:, and contributed to a perception in the German states that Prussia was the only state that could defend the other German states against external aggression. (See 536: 2370: 546: 1723:. The company commanders Daue and Steinmann under Major Schack's command increased its main position near Vedelspang while the Stockfleth Company stood between 977:

into the Danish kingdom, while liberal proponents of German unification expressed the wish to include the Danish-ruled duchies of Holstein and Schleswig in a

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24 June: Seeing that the truce was ending, Austria and Prussia arrived at a new agreement, that the war was to completely separate the duchies from Denmark.

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The regiment's losses in this fighting: Dead, 1 corporal 1 undercorporal 7 privates; wounded, 2 corporals 3 undercorporals 18 privates; missing 11 privates.

2010:(also known as the Battle of Rügen), a Prussian naval force attempted to break the Danish naval blockade of Schleswig and Holstein, but was pushed back to 1890:. Soldiers packed the ship and could not lie down to rest. Furthermore, some had to stay outside on the deck and were nearly frozen. Other units stayed in 1185:

refused to vote for the requested taxes. Bismarck solved the crisis simply by ordering the Prussian state to collect the taxes without the consent of the

1587:. About 36,000 men defended the Dannevirke, a job which it was said would have needed 50,000 men to do properly. The 1st Regiment had been changed from a 1075:, ordered that the new constitution should apply to Schleswig and Denmark, but not to Holstein. This was a clear breach of the 1851 peace treaty and the 690: 665: 2369:

The war also shocked Denmark out of any idea of using war as a political tool. Danish forces were not involved in war outside their frontiers until the

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29 June: The Danish garrison from Dybbøl had taken refuge on the island of Als. Prussians crossed from the mainland on boats on the evening of 29 June.

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was never properly used during this evacuation and the Danish army only evacuated what men and horses could carry or pull by road, leaving behind much

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of the nineteenth century. The war began on 1 February 1864, when Prussian and Austrian forces crossed the border into the Danish fief Schleswig.

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Austrian veterans from the Second Schleswig War of 1864; photograph taken in 1914 from an excursion they took to Vejle in Denmark the same year.

1210:, Napoleon III had taken a strongly pro-Polish line, which increased the already considerable mistrust and dislike of France in St. Petersburg ( 490: 1434:, taking two or three days, if not hindered by storm or sea-ice. There was a good railway system in the duchies, but not further north than 2201: 1627: 2380:

From a Danish perspective, perhaps the most grievous consequence of the defeat was that thousands of Danes living in the ceded lands were

1098:, which underlined its great power status within the German union, while Britain was upset that Denmark had violated the London Protocol. 961:(1848–51), when the Germans in both territories failed in their attempt to become a united, sovereign and independent state: at the time, 2152:. The Prussians carried the Danish entrenchments and captured the island under heavy fire. This was the last major engagement of the war. 2113:

12 May: The conference in London led to a ceasefire, which soon broke down, as they could not agree on a clear fixing of the boundaries;

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Anglo-Russian relations that it proved impossible for London and St. Petersburg to work together during the crisis. Additionally, in the

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as part of the Allied Powers' peace settlement with Germany, and this request was granted by the Allies. As a result of the plebiscite,

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has gone down in Danish history as one of the worst experiences that Danish soldiers have been exposed to. Some of them compared it to

1502: 1474: 1305: 1244: 1197:, a claim that he privately admitted to being nonsensical. Bismarck's actions in having collecting taxes without the permission of the 1150:, had been appointed to that position in 1862 with orders from the king to resolve a crisis caused by the unwillingness of the liberal 887: 606: 1312:, felt compelled to sign the draft constitution on 18 November 1863, expressing grave concern. In doing so, the new king violated the 4187: 3940: 1743:. The Stockfleth Company's main position, coming from Vedelspang, had advanced to Kongshøi, and Kastede the same distance behind the 483: 1657: 1453:

were all connected by a road paved with crushed rock, this being the route the army took. The same road continued from Flensburg to

2518:, published in 1889. The book has been translated into many languages, including English, and is considered to be an example of an 2494: 1524: 102: 1562:

politically impossible, particularly given the short deadline, and the demand was consequently rejected by the Danish government.

2915: 1856:, the 9th and 20th regiments of the 8th Brigade lost 600 men dead, injured and captured. On that day ten Danish soldiers died of 1596: 1554:) that the Danes were relying on as defence to guard the flanks of the Dannevirke, were frozen hard and could be crossed easily. 74: 17: 1933:, in the excitement of a cavalry skirmish, crossed the north frontier of Schleswig into Denmark proper and occupied the town of 1789:, most importantly heavy artillery. Some hours later, the Prussians and Austrians discovered the retreat and started to pursue. 1719:

On 3 February the Regiment's 1st Battalion occupied the Brigade's forward post line while its 2 Battalion stood as a reserve in

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for the joint affairs of Denmark and Schleswig had just been completed, with the draft awaiting his signature. The new monarch,

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fortification; its first sections were built around 400–500 AD, possibly to protect Denmark from migrating tribes during the

55: 3574: 1980:, the Danish 8th Brigade's 20th Regiment was involved in a bigger skirmish: the regiment's first Company were captured near 81: 3643: 1254: 586: 3613: 3834: 3582: 2664: 1138:

only solution was, in their eyes, to get rid of Danish rule altogether. Both sides thus saw the other as the aggressor.

4227: 3710: 3512: 3446: 2581: 1477:" establishing a shared law of succession and a common parliament for both Schleswig and Denmark. This was seen by the 715: 88: 3465: 3408: 3348: 1897: 1236:

British Army being stationed in what is now Canada to guard against a possible American invasion. Finally, after the

1151: 1035:, a cadet branch of the Danish royal family, but the average Dane considered them too German and preferred the rival 121: 3158:

Contested Cultural Heritage – Contested Space. Discourses on the Museum Landscape in the Danish-German Border Region

4202: 4197: 4192: 3970: 2439:

ended up submitting to Bismarck over the issue of the taxes that Bismarck had collected without the consent of the

700: 1894:; some reportedly were so exhausted on arrival that they laid on the ground in heaps three or four deep to sleep. 1530:

In January the situation remained tense but there was no fighting; Danish forces controlled the north bank of the

4133: 3975: 3636: 70: 2539:, when protagonists Davies and Carruthers encounter the (then present) German victory monument during a stop at 3960: 3855: 3045: 2275:

after this war, they received no cheering or other public acclaim, unlike on their victorious return after the

59: 3379: 2117:

the duchy of Schleswig was seen as possible. War continued. Prussians from beside Dybbøl bombarded Sønderborg.

4177: 3985: 3743: 3164:. Current Issues in European Cultural Studies. p. 198 – via Linköping University Electronic Press. 2181: 1826: 1317: 1232: 953:

In 1848, Denmark received its first liberal constitution. At the same time, and partly as a consequence, the

945: 680: 1570: 740: 735: 650: 2084: 3980: 3924: 2393: 2253: 2155:

30 June: The Prince's Life Regiment was the last unit of the Danish army to leave Schleswig and Holstein.

2107: 1666: 1193:

and the king were deadlocked then the state had the right to collect taxes without the permission of the

856: 571: 526: 3945: 1801: 4217: 4207: 4015: 3753: 3726: 3060: 2519: 2412: 1605: 973:. However, the movement continued throughout the 1850s and 1860s as Denmark attempted to integrate the 770: 354: 3322: 1852:, about 10 kilometers north of Schleswig, pursuing Austrians reached them, and in heavy fighting near 1263: 4050: 3965: 3875: 2072: 1821: 725: 3705: 1735:. The 9th Regiment found its place about 1:30 p.m. and attacked an enemy unit which was coming from 320: 4182: 4128: 4005: 2303:.) Prussia and Austria took over the respective administration of Schleswig and Holstein under the 2007: 1940:

The Austrian army decided to stop at the north frontier of Schleswig. Some Prussians moved against

1767: 1237: 1058: 1028: 962: 566: 556: 521: 384: 2334:

The French control over the power arrangements in Germany, enjoyed by France for centuries (since

1711:

A Danish military report dated 11 February 1864 describes incidents near Königshügel/Kongshøj and

989:

from 1815. Schleswig was a Danish fief and was linguistically mixed between German and Danish and

95: 4212: 4071: 3950: 3884: 3826: 2532: 2527: 2320: 2221: 2061: 1470: 1309: 1072: 1040: 906: 791: 775: 531: 372: 48: 3864: 3420:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

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in 1863. Both Denmark and Prussia had already established national Red Cross societies, and the

2165:

3 July: A Danish force commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Beck attacks a Prussian force at

1879: 797: 4020: 3995: 3906: 3659: 2327: 2300: 1482: 1313: 1258: 1076: 990: 957:

movement of the large German majority in Holstein and southern Schleswig was suppressed in the

899: 720: 645: 145: 3606: 1134:) from the German duchy of Holstein, something the Danish king had promised as early as 1460. 4000: 2586: 2408: 2404: 2043:

2 April: Prussian artillery began bombarding Danish fortifications at Dybbøl and the town of

1905: 1114:. Before the Danes took possession of the area, around 500 AD, Schleswig was the home of the 169: 2006:

17 March: The Prussian army drove back the Danish outposts in front of Dybbøl. In the naval

4123: 4045: 4025: 4010: 3846: 3731: 2568: 2424: 2385: 2358: 2114: 2030: 1875: 1575: 1478: 1296: 1276: 1080: 1032: 986: 883: 872: 750: 541: 4102: 1328:

back to the border between Schleswig and Holstein. Most of it fortified itself behind the

8: 4066: 3990: 3915: 3902: 3023: 2604: 2296: 2276: 1834: 1678: 1292: 1215: 1044: 958: 879: 780: 2536: 2054: 1797: 765: 561: 182: 4091: 3778: 3695: 3690: 3685: 2599: 2490: 2489:

The Second Schleswig War was the first war to be fought after the establishment of the

2453: 2335: 2304: 2261: 2237: 2233: 2133: 1923: 1609: 1490: 1227: 1223: 1158:

to vote for increased taxes to pay for increased military spending. The refusal of the

1155: 974: 970: 930: 910: 891: 864: 760: 349: 337: 296: 268: 256: 4035: 3955: 3798: 3700: 3556: 3537: 3508: 3482: 3461: 3442: 3423: 3404: 3328: 3301: 3005: 2995: 2972: 2962: 2212: 2000: 1830: 1547: 1494: 1486: 1325: 1147: 1091: 1063: 922: 685: 670: 342: 260: 3176:

The Tory World: Deep History and the Tory Theme in British Foreign Policy, 1679–2014

2361:

promise to send troops, Sweden-Norway refused to aid Denmark. Consequently, the pan-

2145:

25 June: The conference in London broke up without having arrived at any conclusion.

2102:

became supreme commander of the Austro-Prussian allied army and conquered Jutland.

705: 3816: 3807: 3156: 3080: 2591: 2559: 2174: 1647: 1366: 1207: 1111: 802: 581: 2919: 1758:

Fredericia 11 February 1864, Scholten, Oberstlieutenant and Regimentscommandeur.,

1704: 4118: 4097: 4084: 3678: 3673: 3476: 3064: 2668: 2420: 2351: 2339: 2338:), was lost, precipitating the rise of Germany that eventually culminated in the 2316: 2241: 2166: 1995:

15 March: Prussian siege artillery began to bombard the Danish fortifications at

1926:, marched north from Flensburg, while the Prussians advanced east on Sønderborg. 1619: 1461:

and this was the route later taken by the Prussian army when it invaded Jutland.

1095: 934: 868: 836: 823: 730: 695: 640: 551: 308: 272: 3102: 1501:, against Holstein). Supported by the German soldiers and by loyal Holsteiners, 4158: 4113: 4077: 3591:

Danish Navy History – Account of Danish naval operations during the war of 1864

2416: 1748: 1539: 1115: 1052: 1048: 1001: 926: 264: 234: 2662: 2034:

German illustration of Prussian troops storming the fortifications at Dybbøl (

1728: 4171: 4109: 3758: 3623: 3618: 3009: 2976: 2400: 2149: 2089: 1910: 1724: 1712: 1690: 1674: 1602: 1379: 576: 191: 3560: 2540: 2287: 2044: 2011: 1883: 1654:

inlet, but in six hours could not take the Danish positions, and retreated.

1630:, and war became inevitable. The Austrians attacked towards the refortified 1493:

troops marched into Holstein on behalf of the Confederation (as part as the

1446: 1043:

as the new sovereign. Prince Christian had served on the Danish side in the

4030: 3748: 3324:

Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector

2511: 2477: 2374: 2362: 1968:

after fierce house-to-house combat. The Danish units involved retreated to

1948:. On 22 February 1864, Prussian troops attacked the Danish forward line at 1868: 1809: 1685:. The Danish 6th Brigade had an important part. The battle was fought in a 1250: 2216:

Map of the territorial changes, without the royal Danish enclaves (German)

1985: 1505:, a claimant to both duchies, took control of the government of Holstein. 4040: 3628: 2551: 2507: 2389: 2381: 1857: 1535: 1531: 1119: 1085: 997: 3598: 1759: 1634:

frontally while the Prussian forces struck the Danish fortifications at

1430:

from Copenhagen would have gone by rail to Korsør and thence by ship to

1407: 598: 3737: 2544: 2272: 2121: 2065: 1977: 1973: 1961:

8 March: Bismarck pushed the Austrians into moving into Denmark proper.

1887: 1740: 1693:

and Kongshøj and Saksarmen on 3 February 1864 is described as follows:

1551: 1454: 1411: 1349: 1013: 1005: 475: 3788: 3458:

The Bismarck Myth Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor

2992:

Bismarck's first war : the campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864

2959:

Bismarck's first war : the campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864

1981: 1766:

On 5 February 1864, the Danish commander-in-chief, Lieutenant General

1019: 1012:. To avoid that expense, Prussia and Austria planned to construct the 4139: 2225: 2205:

Medal 1864 showing the high commanders of the German side in this war

1918: 1829:

is at the east end of the Danevirke and is 20 mi from Flensburg

1786: 1782: 1771: 1744: 1686: 1682: 1643: 1631: 1623: 1588: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1362: 1333: 1329: 1211: 1107: 1009: 954: 221: 2572:

is a veteran of the Second Schleswig War, who emigrates to America.

2265: 2170: 1996: 1949: 1891: 1813: 1450: 1415: 1403: 1353: 1189:

by claiming there was "a hole in the constitution" by saying if the

37: 2245: 2229: 1853: 1817: 1635: 1592: 1375: 1345: 966: 914: 230: 2916:"Militærmusikalske minder fra de slesvigske krige 1848–50 og 1864" 1689:

at −10 °C (14 °F). Danish fighting against Austrians at

1458: 1423: 3534:

Bismarck's First War: The Campaign of Schleswig and Jutland, 1864

2189: 1969: 1941: 1934: 1778: 1736: 1732: 1720: 1615: 1584: 1419: 1399: 1118:, of which many migrated to Britain, where they later formed the 982: 918: 895: 860: 379: 367: 315: 225: 3103:"Hemmeligt arkiv: Kongen tilbød Danmark til tyskerne efter 1864" 2248:(which had been administered as part of Schleswig), the town of 1792: 158: 2307:

of 14 August 1865. About 200,000 Danes came under German rule.

2256: 2185: 1930: 1864: 1840: 1651: 1639: 1543: 1103: 1988:

bridge is now. The rest of Fredericia's garrison retreated to

1016:, which could not be built as long as Denmark ruled Holstein. 4223:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

1965: 1945: 1849: 1650:

town), trying to bypass the Danevirke by crossing the frozen

1439: 1123: 3439:

Threats and Promises. The Pursuit of International Influence

3057: 2047:. By 18 April 1864, the Prussians fired about 65,000 shells. 898:, which was viewed by the German side as a violation of the 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2461:-all groups whom Bismarck had denounced as "enemies of the 2249: 985:, had been a German fief before 1806 and was a part of the 3255: 3253: 1901:

Danish Infantry Regiment repels attack by Austrian hussars

1525:

History of Schleswig-Holstein § Bismarck and Holstein

3226: 2485:), adopted in 1850 and replaced in 1870 by the Red Cross. 1989: 1534:

and German forces the south bank. All the inland waters (

3614:

Holstein regiment moves out of the fortress in Rendsburg

2825: 2823: 2673: 3583:

Danish Military History – Article about the war of 1864

3265: 3250: 3238: 3181: 2777: 2371:

1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

3422:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 3277: 3214: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2840: 2838: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2767: 2765: 2750: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2177:. This is the last battle in the Second Schleswig War. 2064:, on direct order from the Minister of War, abandoned 1031:. The Germans of Holstein and Schleswig supported the 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 2820: 2699: 2697: 2510:

wrote about the war and its effects on the island of

2319:, who had been given access to the royal archives by 3377: 2918:(in Danish). 8. Regiments Musikkorps. Archived from 2789: 2050:

4 April: Danes repelled a Prussian attack on Dybbøl.

1269: 2887: 2850: 2835: 2801: 2762: 2738: 2709: 2403:'s defeat in 1918, the Danish government asked the 1661:

Austrian illustration of the battle for Königshügel

62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3193: 2939: 2937: 2694: 2623:Other names by which the war is known include the 2252:and its surrounding land, and eight parishes from 2021:28 March: Dybbøl was again attacked, but in vain. 1731:as well as the Riise Company behind the dam near 1677:on 3 February 1864, Austrian forces commanded by 1626:on 1 February 1864 against the resistance of the 4169: 3349:"Denmark's new TV drama entertains and educates" 1094:had succeeded in obtaining cooperation from the 1023:Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg before the war 3327:. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 64. 2934: 2060:25 April: The Danish army commanded by General 1871:on 6 February 1864, defeating the Danes there. 2472: 1952:, pushing them back to the main defence line. 1320:, Otto von Bismarck, a justification for war. 1141: 27:War between Denmark, Prussia, and Austria 1864 3644: 3553:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1818–1918 3403:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1426:to the northwest. Any reinforcements for the 1393: 614: 491: 2947:, Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2006, pp. 46–47 1628:Federal Assembly of the German Confederation 1344:There were so-called "flank positions" near 855:, was the second military conflict over the 3555:. London: Folio Society. pp. 142–155. 3117: 1027:Much of the dispute focused on the heir of 905:The war ended on 30 October 1864, with the 886:. The war started after the passing of the 3658: 3651: 3637: 3417: 2688: 2658: 2656: 2415:in the disputed Schleswig region based on 621: 607: 498: 484: 3619:Detailed map of area round Schleswig town 3474: 3148: 2829: 2088:Danish illustration showing the Austrian 628: 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 3575:Danish Military History – Schleswig Wars 3455: 3378:Peter Yding Brunbech (3 November 2014). 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3154: 3123: 2989: 2956: 2495:International Committee of the Red Cross 2476: 2350:The war is generally considered to be a 2286: 2211: 2200: 2132: 2083: 2075:discussed the political issues involved. 2029: 1904: 1896: 1839: 1791: 1656: 1569: 1057: 1018: 944: 909:and Denmark's cession of the Duchies of 505: 3441:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. 3300:(in Danish). Tøjhusmuseet. p. 63. 3046:da:2. Slesvigske Krig#Afsluttende kampe 2653: 1984:, on the mainland near where the (old) 1464: 711:Eric of Pommeranias First Schleswig War 14: 4170: 3550: 3528: 3502: 3187: 3178:. Taylor & Francis (2016), p. 191. 2795: 2783: 2771: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2184:signed his name in the church book at 1339: 1243:In July 1863, British prime minister, 3632: 3436: 3320: 3298:Faner og estandarter i den danske hær 2902: 2881: 2869: 2844: 2814: 2703: 2501: 2430: 2345: 981:. Holstein was completely ethnically 949:Military clashes in Schleswig/Slesvig 602: 479: 3401:War and Society in Europe, 1870–1970 3398: 3208: 2637:Schleswig-Holstein War of Succession 2392:and suffered huge casualties on the 2120:26 May: Prussian artillery fires on 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 3505:Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman 2196: 1929:On 18 February 1864, some Prussian 1886:, where they were taken by ship to 24: 3711:States of the German Confederation 3522: 3132:. Copenhagan: Carlsberg Foundation 2582:Wars and battles involving Prussia 2563:depicts the Second Schleswig War. 2068:, which was besieged by Austrians. 1608:. The Austrian troops were led by 1523:For further political events, see 1214:lists this as a prime example of " 1047:(1848–1851). Both Britain and the 25: 4239: 3607:Danish to English auto-translator 3568: 3296:Petersen, Karsten Skjold (2016). 3124:Glenthøj, Rasmus (8 April 2019). 2271:When the Danish army returned to 2224:, 30 October 1864, Denmark ceded 1863:The Prussians crossed the frozen 1673:, translated 'King's Hill') near 1270:Constitutional crisis (1848–1863) 1146:The Prussian minister-president, 210:1 February – 30 October 1864 4188:1864 in the German Confederation 4152: 2100:Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia 1402:in 1864 in Denmark north of the 965:was also duke of the duchies of 701:Danish-Hanseatic War (1361-1370) 378: 366: 348: 336: 314: 301: 289: 212:(8 months and 29 days) 168: 157: 36: 3341: 3314: 3289: 3168: 3155:Greßhake, Florian (June 2011). 3095: 3069: 3051: 3038: 3016: 2983: 2950: 2908: 1924:Ludwig Karl Wilhelm von Gablenz 1348:(North), the fortified city of 847:), also sometimes known as the 47:needs additional citations for 3386:(in Danish). Aarhus University 2617: 2180:14 July: The Prussian general 1168:making any concessions to the 1041:Prince Christian of Glücksburg 716:Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) 13: 1: 3986:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust 3624:Map of east part of Danevirke 3599:The Danish army's 8th Brigade 3371: 3126:"The Long Shadow of a Defeat" 2566:The protagonist of the movie 2182:Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein 2173:in the north of Jutland. See 1827:Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein 1681:pushed the Danes back to the 1233:Confederate States of America 940: 888:November Constitution of 1863 3418:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 2646: 2282: 1208:Polish Uprising of 1863–1864 1029:King Frederik VII of Denmark 963:King Frederik VII of Denmark 7: 4134:Schleswig–Holstein question 3981:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann 3507:. New York: Vintage Books. 3481:. Simon & Schuster UK. 3460:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3382:[The War in 1864]. 3058:Historiecenter Dybbøl Banke 2945:Der Deutsche Bund 1815–1866 2575: 2473:Effects on humanitarian aid 2264:to the new frontier on the 1601:Prussian-Austrian army was 1565: 1481:as a violation of the 1852 1445:Schleswig city, Flensburg, 1318:Prussian minister-president 1142:The international situation 857:Schleswig-Holstein Question 661:Invasion of Bishop Valdemar 10: 4244: 4016:Karl August von Hardenberg 3754:North German Confederation 3727:Confederation of the Rhine 2557:The 2014 Danish TV series 1610:General Ludwig von Gablenz 1606:Friedrich Graf von Wrangel 1546:, and the marshes east of 1522: 1518: 1469:On 18 November 1863, King 1394:Communications in the area 913:(except for the island of 355:Friedrich Graf von Wrangel 4228:William I, German Emperor 4149: 4059: 3933: 3767: 3744:German Empire (1848–1849) 3719: 3666: 3551:Taylor, A. J. P. (1954). 3456:Gerwarth, Robert (2005). 2990:Michael., Embree (2006). 2957:Michael., Embree (2006). 2427:was returned to Denmark. 2073:London Conference of 1864 1964:Austrian forces captured 1508: 1079:and gave Prussia and the 828:Den anden slesvigske krig 741:Northern Seven Years' War 636: 517: 429: 393: 326: 282: 202: 151: 143: 138: 4129:Greater Austria proposal 3063:28 February 2009 at the 2610: 2071:25 April – 25 June: The 2025: 1955: 1768:Christian Julius De Meza 1238:Indian Mutiny of 1857–58 736:Italian War of 1542–1546 400:At the outbreak of war: 385:Christian Julius de Meza 4203:19th century in Prussia 4198:19th century in Germany 4193:19th century in Denmark 4072:Austro-Prussian rivalry 3885:"Blood and Iron" speech 3856:Greater Poland uprising 3827:Frankfurter Wachensturm 3503:Taylor, A.J.P. (1967). 3321:Dromi, Shai M. (2020). 2667:12 October 2007 at the 2531:(1903), Irish novelist 2528:The Riddle of the Sands 2159: 2128: 2062:Niels Christian Lunding 1513: 1471:Christian IX of Denmark 1314:London Protocol of 1852 1264:Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys 1130:"forever inseparable" ( 1077:London Protocol of 1852 841:Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg 245:Austro-Prussian Victory 18:Second War of Schleswig 4085:Das Lied der Deutschen 4021:Klemens von Metternich 3996:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 3706:Kingdom of Württemberg 3660:Unification of Germany 3475:Kissinger, H. (2012). 3130:www.carlsbergfondet.dk 2486: 2301:Unification of Germany 2292: 2217: 2206: 2138: 2096: 2079: 2039: 1914: 1902: 1845: 1844:The storming of Dybbøl 1805: 1764: 1709: 1667:Battle for Königshügel 1662: 1579: 1473:signed the so-called " 1418:, and one in northern 1067: 1024: 950: 840: 827: 726:Swedish Liberation War 411:Later reinforcements: 327:Commanders and leaders 146:unification of Germany 71:"Second Schleswig War" 4001:Johann Gustav Droysen 3971:Frederick William III 3174:Black, Jeremy (ed.). 2587:Berlin Victory Column 2547:yachting expedition. 2480: 2411:of 1919 to include a 2409:Versailles Conference 2290: 2215: 2204: 2136: 2087: 2033: 1908: 1900: 1843: 1802:Jørgen Valentin Sonne 1795: 1717: 1695: 1660: 1573: 1475:November constitution 1374:position failed near 1306:November Constitution 1066:in Schleswig-Holstein 1061: 1033:House of Augustenburg 1022: 948: 863:fought troops of the 792:Occupation of Denmark 630:Dano-German Conflicts 587:North Frisian Islands 430:Casualties and losses 4178:Second Schleswig War 4124:German reunification 4046:Wilhelm von Humboldt 4011:John, King of Saxony 3976:Frederick William IV 3925:Treaty of Versailles 3894:Second Schleswig War 3865:Punctation of Olmütz 3847:Frankfurt Parliament 3732:German Confederation 3437:Davis, John (2000). 3399:Bond, Brian (1998). 3384:danmarkshistorien.dk 2994:. Solihull: Helion. 2961:. Solihull: Helion. 2481:The Infirmary Flag ( 2386:Imperial German Army 2188:at the north tip of 2137:Partition Plans 1864 1876:Battle of Sankelmark 1622:troops crossed into 1595:on 1 December 1863. 1479:German Confederation 1465:Change in Danish law 1297:German Confederation 1259:Archduke Maximillian 1172:in exchange for the 1081:German Confederation 987:German Confederation 894:more closely to the 884:German Confederation 873:German Confederation 820:Second Schleswig War 786:Second Schleswig War 509:Second Schleswig War 139:Second Schleswig War 56:improve this article 3991:Heinrich von Gagern 3916:Franco-Prussian War 3903:Austro-Prussian War 3026:. 29 September 2014 2625:Danish-Prussian War 2605:First Schleswig War 2297:Austro-Prussian War 2277:First Schleswig War 2108:Battle of Helgoland 1808:This withdrawal to 1679:General Gondrecourt 1365:, near the city of 1340:The Danish strategy 1293:First Schleswig War 1216:strategic frivolity 1045:First Schleswig War 959:First Schleswig War 880:First Schleswig War 781:First Schleswig War 229:Pre-war actions in 4159:Germany portal 4092:Die Wacht am Rhein 3876:Dresden Conference 3779:Congress of Vienna 3696:Kingdom of Prussia 3691:Kingdom of Hanover 3686:Kingdom of Bavaria 2600:American Civil War 2502:In popular culture 2491:Red Cross movement 2487: 2431:Effects on Germany 2346:Effects on Denmark 2336:Cardinal Richelieu 2321:Queen Margrethe II 2305:Gastein Convention 2293: 2262:Duchy of Lauenburg 2218: 2207: 2139: 2097: 2040: 1999:from positions at 1915: 1903: 1846: 1806: 1781:from the south to 1663: 1580: 1228:United States Navy 1224:American Civil War 1156:Landtag of Prussia 1132:up ewich ungedeelt 1068: 1025: 975:Duchy of Schleswig 951: 892:Duchy of Schleswig 865:Kingdom of Prussia 761:Great Northern War 651:harald's Rebellion 4218:Otto von Bismarck 4208:Conflicts in 1864 4165: 4164: 4103:Lützow Free Corps 4036:Otto von Bismarck 3956:Eduard von Simson 3799:Wartburg Festival 3701:Kingdom of Saxony 3543:978-1-874622-77-2 3488:978-1-4711-0449-7 3429:978-0-7864-7470-7 3353:The Local Denmark 3334:978-0-226-68010-1 3307:978-87-7602-344-7 3235:, pp. 20–21. 3190:, pp. 59–60. 3001:978-1-906033-03-3 2968:978-1-906033-03-3 2922:on 16 August 2007 2884:, pp. 55–56. 2786:, pp. 58–59. 2759:, pp. 56–57. 2735:, pp. 54–55. 2629:German-Danish War 2008:Battle of Jasmund 1831:as the crow flies 1495:federal execution 1310:King Christian IX 1148:Otto von Bismarck 1092:Otto von Bismarck 1073:King Christian IX 1064:Otto von Bismarck 1037:Glücksburg branch 917:, which remained 890:, which tied the 871:representing the 853:Prusso-Danish War 849:Dano-Prussian War 845:German Danish War 813: 812: 751:Thirty Years' War 691:Rebellion of 1326 595: 594: 474: 473: 343:Otto von Bismarck 278: 277: 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 4235: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4106: 3922: 3913: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3837: 3823: 3817:Hambach Festival 3814: 3808:Carlsbad Decrees 3805: 3796: 3785: 3776: 3682: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3603: 3595: 3587: 3579: 3564: 3547: 3518: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3471: 3452: 3433: 3414: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3355:. 2 October 2014 3345: 3339: 3338: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3105:. 18 August 2010 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3079:. Archived from 3077:"Demokratikanon" 3073: 3067: 3055: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3024:"Bornholm besat" 3020: 3014: 3013: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2848: 2842: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2707: 2701: 2692: 2686: 2671: 2660: 2640: 2621: 2533:Erskine Childers 2222:Treaty of Vienna 2197:August and after 2175:Battle of Lundby 2055:Battle of Dybbøl 2036:Düppeler Schanze 1917:The loss of the 1913:by the Prussians 1909:The storming of 1798:Battle of Dybbøl 1762: 1707: 1578:in February 1864 1574:The fighting at 1112:age of migration 907:Treaty of Vienna 835: 746:Campaign of 1559 631: 623: 616: 609: 600: 599: 512: 510: 500: 493: 486: 477: 476: 383: 382: 371: 370: 353: 352: 341: 340: 319: 318: 307: 305: 304: 295: 293: 292: 204: 203: 183:Battle of Dybbøl 172: 161: 136: 135: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 21: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4183:1864 in Denmark 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4119:German question 4100: 4098:Flag of Germany 4067:Alsace–Lorraine 4055: 3941:Baron von Stein 3929: 3920: 3911: 3907:Peace of Prague 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3835: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3783: 3774: 3763: 3715: 3679:Austria-Hungary 3676: 3674:Austrian Empire 3662: 3657: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3544: 3530:Embree, Michael 3525: 3523:Further reading 3515: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3468: 3449: 3430: 3411: 3389: 3387: 3380:"Krigen i 1864" 3374: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274:, pp. 3–4. 3270: 3266: 3262:, pp. 1–3. 3258: 3251: 3247:, pp. 1–2. 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3083:on 4 March 2016 3075: 3074: 3070: 3065:Wayback Machine 3056: 3052: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3002: 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513: 508: 506: 504: 466: 463:Captured: 7,000 447: 424: 415:20,000 soldiers 404:61,000 soldiers 389: 377: 365: 359: 347: 335: 313: 302: 300: 299: 290: 288: 251: 237: 228: 211: 198: 197: 196: 195: 186: 175: 174: 173: 164: 163: 162: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4241: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4213:Schleswig Wars 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4163: 4162: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4114:Lesser Germany 4107: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4078:Burschenschaft 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3966:Franz Joseph I 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 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2078: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2058: 2053:18 April: The 2051: 2048: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018:understanding. 2015: 2004: 1993: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1755: 1749:Haddebyer Noor 1700: 1567: 1564: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503:Frederick VIII 1466: 1463: 1395: 1392: 1390:Dybbøl began. 1352:(center), and 1341: 1338: 1277:Estates system 1271: 1268: 1143: 1140: 1053:Danish straits 1049:Russian Empire 1002:Danish straits 942: 939: 927:Saxe-Lauenburg 896:Danish kingdom 811: 810: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 637: 634: 633: 626: 625: 618: 611: 603: 593: 592: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 518: 515: 514: 503: 502: 495: 488: 480: 472: 471: 465: 464: 461: 460:Wounded: 3,159 458: 454: 452: 446: 445: 442: 441:Wounded: 2,393 439: 435: 432: 431: 427: 426: 421: 420: 419: 416: 409: 408: 405: 396: 395: 391: 390: 388: 387: 375: 362: 360: 358: 357: 345: 332: 329: 328: 324: 323: 311: 285: 284: 280: 279: 276: 275: 255:Denmark loses 253: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 220: 218: 214: 213: 208: 200: 199: 177: 176: 167: 166: 165: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149: 148: 141: 140: 134: 133: 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4240: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4160: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4110:Pan-Germanism 4108: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4006:Archduke John 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3932: 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3284:Gerwarth 2005 3280: 3273: 3272:Gerwarth 2005 3268: 3261: 3260:Gerwarth 2005 3256: 3254: 3246: 3245:Gerwarth 2005 3241: 3234: 3233:Gerwarth 2005 3229: 3223:, p. 20. 3222: 3221:Gerwarth 2005 3217: 3211:, p. 21. 3210: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3144: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3104: 3098: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3025: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2905:, p. 57. 2904: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2872:, p. 58. 2871: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2847:, p. 56. 2846: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2817:, p. 55. 2816: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2798:, p. 60. 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2774:, p. 58. 2773: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2706:, p. 49. 2705: 2700: 2698: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2606: 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1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1316:and gave the 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1255:invade Mexico 1252: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 991:North Frisian 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 947: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 825: 821: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 793: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 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R. James 2508:Herman Bang 2390:World War I 2382:conscripted 1858:hypothermia 1835:checkpoints 1729:Alten Mühle 1536:Eider River 1532:Eider River 1326:Danish Army 1152:lower house 1120:Anglo-Saxon 1086:casus belli 1051:wanted the 998:Middle Ages 996:Before the 527:Königshügel 457:Dead: 2,933 438:Dead: 1,275 250:Territorial 4172:Categories 3738:Zollverein 3536:. Helion. 3372:References 2903:Davis 2000 2882:Davis 2000 2870:Davis 2000 2845:Davis 2000 2815:Davis 2000 2704:Davis 2000 2635:, and the 2541:Sønderborg 2467:der Führer 2413:plebiscite 2399:After the 2273:Copenhagen 2066:Fredericia 2045:Sønderborg 2012:Swinemünde 1978:Fredericia 1974:Vendsyssel 1919:Dannevirke 1888:Fredericia 1884:Sønderborg 1880:Max Müller 1741:Brekendorf 1725:Niederselk 1713:Vedelspang 1683:Dannevirke 1632:Dannevirke 1576:Sankelmark 1552:Rheider Au 1491:Hanoverian 1455:Fredericia 1447:Sønderborg 1412:Copenhagen 1350:Fredericia 1062:Statue of 1014:Kiel Canal 1006:Baltic Sea 941:Background 798:Weserübung 572:Heligoland 567:Fredericia 542:Sankelmark 82:newspapers 4140:Sonderweg 4051:Wilhelm I 4026:Ludwig II 3946:Charles I 3912:1870–1871 3872:1850-1851 3843:1848–1849 3784:1815–1848 3775:1814–1815 3478:Diplomacy 3209:Bond 1998 3109:28 August 3087:28 August 3030:28 August 3010:794490680 2977:794490680 2647:Footnotes 2543:on their 2384:into the 2283:Aftermath 2234:Lauenburg 2226:Schleswig 2169:south of 1986:Lillebælt 1787:artillery 1783:Flensburg 1772:artillery 1745:Danevirke 1705:This link 1687:snowstorm 1648:Schleswig 1644:Schwansen 1642:coast of 1624:Schleswig 1589:battalion 1436:Flensburg 1432:Flensburg 1428:Danevirke 1398:The only 1367:Schleswig 1363:Danevirke 1334:Lauenburg 1330:Danevirke 1281:Helstaten 1212:Kissinger 1108:Danevirke 1010:North Sea 971:Schleswig 911:Schleswig 878:Like the 833:‹See Tfd› 771:Stralsund 681:Bornhöved 532:Danevirke 425:100+ guns 265:Lauenburg 257:Schleswig 235:Lauenburg 222:Schleswig 194:, 30 June 3561:49987625 3532:(2005). 3136:30 March 3061:Archived 2926:11 March 2665:Archived 2576:See also 2407:and the 2357:Despite 2254:Tyrstrup 2230:Holstein 1818:Napoleon 1756:— 1701:— 1671:Kongshøj 1669:(Danish 1646:east of 1638:(on the 1620:Austrian 1616:Prussian 1593:regiment 1566:February 1408:Sjælland 1400:railways 1376:Missunde 1346:Ebeltoft 1106:and the 1008:and the 967:Holstein 923:Holstein 867:and the 407:158 guns 394:Strength 261:Holstein 231:Holstein 217:Location 4060:Related 3961:Franz I 3789:Vormärz 3677:(later 3359:9 March 2550:In the 2522:novel. 2459:Zentrum 2445:Landtag 2441:Landtag 2437:Landtag 2268:river. 2242:Austria 2238:Prussia 2220:In the 2190:Jutland 2095:burning 2001:Broager 1982:Snoghøj 1970:Horsens 1942:Kolding 1935:Kolding 1931:hussars 1874:In the 1779:railway 1737:Geltorf 1733:Haddeby 1721:Bustrup 1665:In the 1636:Mysunde 1585:Jutland 1519:January 1420:Jutland 1199:Landtag 1195:Landtag 1191:Landtag 1187:Landtag 1183:Landtag 1178:Landtag 1174:Landtag 1170:Landtag 1165:Landtag 1160:Landtag 1154:of the 935:Austria 931:Prussia 861:Denmark 756:Hamburg 686:Gransee 671:Stellau 666:Waschow 557:Jasmund 547:Jutland 522:Mysunde 418:64 guns 321:Denmark 309:Austria 297:Prussia 273:Austria 269:Prussia 252:changes 226:Jutland 96:scholar 3934:People 3923: 3914: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3786: 3777: 3768:Events 3720:Unions 3667:States 3559: 3540: 3511: 3494:29 May 3485: 3464: 3445: 3426: 3407: 3331: 3304: 3008: 2998: 2975: 2965: 2631:, the 2627:, the 2545:Baltic 2537:Dybbøl 2266:Kongeå 2257:Herred 2186:Skagen 2171:Ålborg 2167:Lundby 1997:Dybbøl 1950:Dybbøl 1892:Dybbøl 1865:Schlei 1854:Oversø 1814:Dybbøl 1804:, 1871 1760:report 1652:Schlei 1640:Schlei 1544:Schlei 1540:Treene 1509:Events 1451:Dybbøl 1449:, and 1416:Korsør 1404:Kongeå 1354:Dybbøl 1226:, the 1116:Angles 1104:Hedeby 983:German 919:Danish 837:German 824:Danish 803:Safari 766:Lübeck 646:Leuven 641:Asselt 582:Lundby 562:Dybbøl 537:Schlei 470:13,093 468:Total: 449:Total: 423:38,000 306: 294: 242:Result 188:Bottom 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 3162:(PDF) 3044:From 2611:Notes 2463:Reich 2026:April 1976:. In 1966:Vejle 1956:March 1946:Vejle 1869:Arnis 1848:Near 1591:to a 1548:Husum 1487:Saxon 1459:Århus 1440:Husum 1424:Århus 1422:from 1410:from 1124:sagas 1039:with 696:Visby 676:Mölln 552:Vejle 451:3,833 103:JSTOR 89:books 3921:1871 3899:1866 3890:1864 3881:1862 3861:1850 3852:1848 3836:1848 3822:1833 3813:1832 3804:1819 3795:1817 3557:OCLC 3538:ISBN 3509:ISBN 3496:2024 3483:ISBN 3462:ISBN 3443:ISBN 3424:ISBN 3405:ISBN 3392:2014 3361:2022 3329:ISBN 3302:ISBN 3138:2020 3111:2015 3089:2015 3032:2015 3006:OCLC 2996:ISBN 2973:OCLC 2963:ISBN 2928:2007 2593:1864 2560:1864 2516:Tine 2326:The 2250:Ribe 2240:and 2232:and 2160:July 2129:June 1944:and 1812:and 1796:The 1777:The 1739:and 1727:and 1691:Selk 1675:Selk 1618:and 1514:1864 1489:and 1457:and 1438:and 969:and 933:and 925:and 818:The 706:Åsle 271:and 263:and 233:and 224:and 207:Date 75:news 2512:Als 2419:'s 2388:in 2315:by 2246:Ærø 2236:to 2122:Als 2080:May 1990:Fyn 1911:Als 1867:at 1820:'s 1810:Als 1800:by 1414:to 929:to 921:), 915:Ærø 851:or 843:or 577:Als 267:to 179:Top 58:by 4174:: 4112:/ 3351:. 3252:^ 3195:^ 3140:. 3128:. 3004:. 2971:. 2936:^ 2889:^ 2852:^ 2837:^ 2822:^ 2803:^ 2764:^ 2711:^ 2696:^ 2675:^ 2655:^ 2377:. 2342:. 2323:. 2279:. 2228:, 1860:. 1774:. 1703:, 1612:. 1542:, 1538:, 1497:, 1442:. 1382:. 1083:a 993:. 937:. 902:. 875:. 839:: 830:; 826:: 259:, 190:: 181:: 4105:) 4101:( 3681:) 3652:e 3645:t 3638:v 3563:. 3546:. 3517:. 3498:. 3470:. 3451:. 3432:. 3413:. 3394:. 3363:. 3337:. 3310:. 3113:. 3091:. 3034:. 3012:. 2979:. 2930:. 2832:. 2639:. 2124:. 2110:. 2038:) 2014:. 2003:. 1992:. 1527:. 822:( 622:e 615:t 608:v 499:e 492:t 485:v 125:) 119:( 114:) 110:( 100:· 93:· 86:· 79:· 52:. 20:)

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Second Schleswig War

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