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924:, "o the communities fortunate enough to have a saint's remains in its church, the benefits in terms of revenue and status were enormous, and competition to acquire relics and to promote the local saint's virtues over those of neighboring communities was keen." Local clergy promoted their own patron saints in an effort to secure their own market share. On occasion guards had to watch over mortally ill holy men and women to prevent the unauthorized dismemberment of their corpses as soon as they died. Geary also suggests that the danger of someone murdering an aging holy man in order to acquire his relics was a legitimate concern.
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1596:) and to welcome and awe the large crowds of pilgrims who came to seek their help. Romanesque buildings developed passageways behind the altar to allow for the creation of several smaller chapels designed to house relics. From the exterior, this collection of small rooms is seen as a cluster of delicate, curved roofs at one end of the church, a distinctive feature of many Romanesque churches. Gothic churches featured lofty, recessed porches which provided space for statuary and the display of relics.
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2149:, there is, according to some scholars, an erroneous perception which persists both among some modern Muslims and Western observers opining that "the Islamic experience is marginal, because of the perceived absence of relics in Islam." It is, however, evident that "the historical reality of relics in Islam" was very different, and that the classical Islamic thinkers posed various reasons for why the veneration of the relics of prophets and saints was permissible.
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676:. These were initially not regular churches, but "covered cemeteries" crammed with graves, wherein was celebrated funerary and memorial services. It may have been thought that when the souls of the martyrs went to heaven on resurrection day they would be accompanied by those interred nearby, who would thus gain favour with God.
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famously remarked that there were enough pieces of the True Cross to build a ship from. A study in 1870 found that, put together, the claimed relics of the cross at that much later time weighed less than 1.7 kg. By the middle of the 16th century, the number of relics in
Christian churches became
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of 1563 enjoined bishops to instruct their flocks that "the holy bodies of holy martyrs ... are to be venerated by the faithful, for through these many benefits are bestowed by God on men". The
Council further insisted that "in the invocation of saints, the veneration of relics and the sacred use of
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are containers used to protect and display relics. While frequently taking the form of caskets, they have many other forms including simulations of the relic encased within (e.g., a gilded depiction of an arm for a relic consisting of arm bones). Since the relics themselves were considered valuable,
1361:, or secondary relics) were, however, scarce and did not provide most believers with ready access to proximity to the holy. The growth in the production and popularity of reproducible contact relics in the fifth and sixth centuries testifies to the need felt for more widespread access to the divine.
1364:
These contact relics usually involved the placing of readily available objects, such as pieces of cloth, clay tablets, or water then bottled for believers, in contact with a relic. Alternatively, such objects could be dipped into water which had been in contact with the relic (such as the bone of a
1154:
In 2017, the
Congregation for the Causes of Saints abolished the relics of the third degree, introducing a two-stage scale of classification of relics: significant (insigni) and non-significant (non insigni) relics. The first are the bodies or their significant parts, as well as the entire contents
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items directly associated with the events of Christ's life (manger, cross, etc.) or the physical remains of a saint (a bone, a hair, skull, a limb, etc.). Traditionally, a martyr's relics are often more prized than the relics of other saints. Parts of the saint that were significant to that saint's
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As holy relics attracted pilgrims and these religious tourists needed to be housed, fed, and provided with souvenirs, relics became a source of income not only for the destinations that held them, but for the abbeys, churches, and towns en route. Relics were prized as they were portable. They could
550:
And Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the
Moabites used to invade the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha; and as soon as the man touched the bones of
917:
be possessed, inventoried, bequeathed, stolen, counterfeited, and smuggled. They could add value to an established site or confer significance on a new location. Offerings made at a site of pilgrimage were an important source of revenue for the community who received them on behalf of the saint.
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saint). These relics, a firmly embedded part of veneration by this period, increased the availability of access to the divine but were not infinitely reproducible (an original relic was required), and still usually required believers to undertake pilgrimage or have contact with somebody who had.
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where he died. If a saint travelled often, then the bones of his feet may be prized. Catholic teaching prohibits relics to be divided up into small, unrecognizable parts if they are to be used in liturgy (i.e., as in an altar; see the rubrics listed in Rite of
Dedication of a Church and an
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A stupa is a building created specifically for the relics. Many
Buddhist temples have stupas and historically, the placement of relics in a stupa often became the initial structure around which the whole temple would be based. Today, many stupas also hold the cremated remains or
608:. Dom Bernardo Cignitti, O.S.B., wrote, "he remains of certain dead are surrounded with special care and veneration. This is because the mortal remains of the deceased are associated in some manner with the holiness of their souls which await reunion with their bodies in the
3608:"Sectis corum corporibus, integra et indivisa gratia perseverat" appearing in Sermon on the Martyrs (de Martyribus), ch. 8, in, The Cure of Pagan Maladies (Cure of the Pagan Diseases; Cure for Hellenic Maladies; Cure of Greek Maladies; Cure of Pagan Ills). , (ante A.D. 449)
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in 1170. After Becket's death, his successor and the
Canterbury chapter quickly used his relics to promote the cult of the as-yet-uncanonized martyr. The motivations included the assertion of the Church's independence against rulers, a desire to have an English (indeed
792:. These miracle tales made relics much sought-after during the period. By the Late Middle Ages, the collecting of, and dealing in, relics had reached enormous proportions, and had spread from the church to royalty, and then to the nobility and merchant classes.
884:
By venerating relics through visitation, gifts, and providing services, medieval
Christians believed that they would acquire the protection and intercession of the sanctified dead. Relics of local saints drew visitors to sites like Saint Frideswide's in
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Ivory was widely used in the Middle Ages for reliquaries, its pure white color an indication of the holy status of its contents. These objects constituted a major form of artistic production across Europe and
Byzantium throughout the Middle Ages.
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in 354, but, partly perhaps because
Constantinople lacked the many saintly graves of Rome, they soon became common in the Eastern Empire, though still prohibited in the West. The Eastern capital was therefore able to acquire the remains of Saints
1575:
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As with the relics of Theseus, the bones are sometimes described in literary sources as gigantic, an indication of the hero's "larger than life" status. On the basis of their reported size, it has been conjectured that such bones were those of
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enormous, and there was practically no possibility to distinguish the authentic from the falsification, since both of them had been in the temples for centuries and were objects for worship. In 1543, John Calvin wrote about fake relics in his
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is also the term for something that has survived the passage of time, especially an object or custom whose original culture has disappeared, but also an object cherished for historical or memorial value (such as a keepsake or heirloom).
972:) saint of European reputation, and the desire to promote Canterbury as a destination for pilgrimage. In the first years after Becket's death, donations at the shrine accounted for twenty-eight percent of the cathedral's total revenues.
927:
Relics were used to cure the sick, to seek intercession for relief from famine or plague, to take solemn oaths, and to pressure warring factions to make peace in the presence of the sacred. Courts held relics since Merovingian times. St
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erected great basilicas over the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul. A distinction of these sites was the presence of holy relics. Over the course of the Middle Ages, other religious structures acquired relics and became destinations for
1584:, where bones of numerous saints, authenticated by the church's hierarchs, were stored, and pieces of them were prayerfully separated with hammer and chisel to be sent to the dioceses that needed to place them into new antimensions.
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ordered that "the false names of martyrs and the uncertain memorials of saints should not be venerated." The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) of the Catholic Church condemned abuses such as counterfeit relics and exaggerated claims.
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one of the most impressive collections in Christendom. An active market developed and relics entered into commerce along the same trade routes followed by other portable commodities. Matthew Brown likens a ninth-century Italian
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began to be built over the site of the burial. Since it was considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to the remains of saints, several large "funerary halls" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, including
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declared, "We do not worship, we do not adore, for fear that we should bow down to the creature rather than to the Creator, but we venerate the relics of the martyrs in order the better to adore Him whose martyrs they are."
3371:. Volume VIII: "History Of The Reformation, 1517–1648". Third Book. The Reformation in French Switzerland, or The Calvinistic Movement. / Chapter XV. Theological Controversies. / § 122. Against the Worship of Relics. 1543.
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contained oil collected from lamps burning before the major sites of Christ's life, and some reliquaries had holes for oil to be poured in and out again. Many people call the cloth touched to the bones of saints
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830, are housed. Santiago de Compostela remains a significant pilgrimage site, with around 200,000 pilgrims, both secular and Christian, completing the numerous pilgrimage routes to the cathedral in 2012 alone.
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1125:, book, etc. Again, an item more important in the saint's life is thus a more important relic. Sometimes a second-class relic is a part of an item that the saint wore (a shirt, a glove, etc.) and is known as
663:
In the early Church the disturbance of the remains of martyrs and other saints was not practiced. They were allowed to remain in their often unidentified resting places such as in cemeteries and the
1011:, in which he described the state of affairs with relics in Catholic churches. Calvin says that the saints have two or three or more bodies with arms and legs, and even a few extra limbs and heads.
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In the absence of real ways of assessing authenticity, relic-collectors became prey to the unscrupulous, and some extremely high prices were paid. Forgeries proliferated from the very beginning.
2133:
Islam throughout the classical and medieval periods, with "the ubiquity of relics and ritual practices associated with them" becoming a mainstay of "the devotional life of the Muslims ... the
1175:
844:, the first with its familiar meaning of "sacred" or "holy", and the second as "the mystic potency emanating from the person or thing that is sacred... In a practical way the second word
628:, said, "Saints' relics help people overcome the abstract and make a connection with the holy ... Saints do not perform miracles. Only God performs miracles, but saints are intercessors."
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is an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains or personal effects of a saint or other person preserved for the purpose of
847:... describes the uncanny, mysterious power emanating from the supernatural and affecting the natural... These points of contact and yielding are the miracles we continually hear of."
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that homage or respect is not really paid to an inanimate object, but to the holy person, the veneration of a holy person is itself honour paid to God. The Council decreed that every
1444:, the remains of the departed faithful are referred to as "relics", and are treated with honour and respect. For this reason, the bodies of Orthodox Christians are traditionally not
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1165:. However, the Catholic Church permitted the sale of third-class relics. Relics may not be placed upon the altar for public veneration, as that is reserved for the display of the
1158:
The sale or disposal by other means of "sacred relics" (meaning first and second class) without the permission of the Apostolic See is now strictly forbidden by canon 1190 of the
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strictly refers to pieces of clothing that were touched to the body or tombs of the apostles. It is a term that is used only for such; it is not a synonym for a third-class relic.
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travelled to the shrine when he had contracted a serious illness. Later, as bishop of Tours, Gregory wrote extensively about miracles attributed to the intercession of St Martin.
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has little resemblance to the English usage of "relic". In most cases, "artifact", "archaeological site", "monument", or just plain "archaeology" would be a better translation.
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any object that has been in contact with a first- or second-class relic. Most third-class relics are small pieces of cloth, though in the first millennium oil was popular; the
767:
for those on earth. A number of cures and miracles have been attributed to relics, not because of their own power, but because of the holiness of the saint they represent.
616:(d. 1274) pointed out that it was natural that people should treasure what is associated with the dead, much like the personal effects of a relative. In an interview with
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in new churches often necessitates continuous division of relics. An account of this process can be found in a treatise of the pre-revolutionary Russian church historian
1512:
is not the same as incorruption). Sometimes even when the flesh does decay the bones themselves will manifest signs of sanctity. They may be honey-coloured or give off a
1030:, or by the local Bishop where the saint lived. Without such authentication, relics are not to be used for public veneration. The Congregation for Saints, as part of the
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Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York
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Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York
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The veneration of the relics of the saints is of great importance in Orthodoxy, and very often churches will display the relics of saints prominently. In a number of
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1034:, holds the authority to verify relics in which documentation is lost or missing. The documents and reliquaries of authenticated relics are usually affixed with a
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319:. The accidental exposure of the bones brought a disaster upon the town of Libretha, whence the people of Dion had transferred the relics to their own keeping.
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Historian and philosopher of art Hans Belting observed that in medieval painting, images explained the relic and served as a testament to its authenticity. In
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The Buddha's relics are used to show people that enlightenment is possible, to remind them that the Buddha was a real person, and to also promote good virtue.
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searched for the bones of Orestes and brought them home, without which they had been told they could not expect victory in their war against the neighboring
900:
Believers would make pilgrimages to places believed to have been sanctified by the physical presence of Christ or prominent saints, such as the site of the
710:, the inhabitants of these cities were ready to fight for his body, which the people of Tours managed to secure by stealth. Tours became the chief point of
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Many churches were built along pilgrimage routes. A number in Europe were either founded or rebuilt specifically to enshrine relics, (such as San Marco in
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1558:(Eucharist) without it. Occasionally, in cases of fixed altars, the relics are built in the altar table itself and sealed with a special mixture called
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of the urn with the ashes preserved after cremation. The second includes small fragments of the bodies, as well as objects used by saints and blesseds.
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1102:'s right forearm is especially important because of his status as a ruler. A famous theologian's head may be his most important relic; the head of St.
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can be found in churches around the globe. Most contain only a fragment of the arm that allegedly touched Christ's side wound after the Resurrection.
1580:. According to Romansky, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church operated a special office, located in the Church of Philip the Apostle in the
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and various sages are venerated. After the Buddha's death, his remains were divided into eight portions. Afterward, these relics were enshrined in
315:, his place of death and a major religious center. These too were regarded as having oracular power, which might be accessed through dreaming in a
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1078:
In Catholic theology, sacred relics must not be worshipped, because only God is worshipped and adored. Instead, the veneration given to them was "
3450:"The High-Status Late Medieval Skull Shaped Relic in Turku Cathedral, Finland – a study of its origin with oxygen and strontium isotope analyses"
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171:. Other venerable objects associated with the hero were more likely to be on display in sanctuaries, such as spears, shields, or other weaponry;
702:, and centered at a great church built just outside the walls of Tours. When Saint Martin died on November 8, 397, at a village halfway between
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2862:: John Murray. p. 356 – via National Institute of Informatics - Digital Silk Road Project, Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books.
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has been recited next to these relics uninterruptedly since they were brought to the Topkapı Palace, but Muslims do not worship these relics.
1654:
1504:(canonization) of new saints. Sometimes, one of the signs of sanctification is the condition of the relics of the saint. Some saints will be
1062:
Second-class relics of Venerable Maria Teresa Spinelli, Venerable Santo of St. Dominic and Venerable Giovanni of St. William (Ex Indumentis)
834:, Ernest Brehaut analyzed the Romano-Christian concepts that gave relics such a powerful draw. He distinguished Gregory's constant usage of
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contains four important relics: the nappy and loin cloth of Jesus, the dress of Mary and the decapitation cloth of John the Baptist. The
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Kochuparampil, Jose (2007). "Theology of 'Rāzē: The Mysteries of the Church in the East Syriac Tradition". In Maniyattu, Pauly (ed.).
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with its contents, but the upheavals of the barbarian invasions relaxed the rules, as remains needed to be relocated to safer places.
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The bones were not regarded as holding a particular power derived from the hero, with some exceptions, such as the divine shoulder of
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1819:
264:, whose cult was oracular and healing. Plutarch narrates transferrals similar to that of Theseus for the bodies of the historical
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475:. A year after his death in 1987, his physical body was moved from France and placed in a stupa in one of his monasteries near
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already denounced impostors who wandered around disguised as monks, making a profit from the sale of spurious relics. In his
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and other marvels were attributed to relics beginning in the early centuries of the church. These became popular during the
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Smith, Judith M. H., "Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c.700–1200)", Raleigh Lecture on History 2010
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2302:("Commander of the Faithful"). Prior to this, the last time it had been removed had been when the city was struck by a
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were one of the most highly sought-after of such relics; many churches claimed to possess a piece of it, so many that
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Fiore, Davide; Human variation of a relic (original title: Variazione Umana di una reliquia); StreetLib, Italy; 2017
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Most of the trusts can be seen in the museum, but the most important of them can only be seen during the month of
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says that the Athenians were likewise instructed by the oracle to locate and steal the relics of Theseus from the
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were supposed to have been stolen or removed from their original resting place and reburied. On the advice of the
3385:"Instruction for Conducting Diocesan or Eparchial Inquiries in the Causes of Saints (Rome 2007) – Authentication"
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Rome became a major destination for Christian pilgrims as it was easier to access for European pilgrims than the
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Brown, Peter; Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity; University of Chicago Press; 1982
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Ekelund, Robert B.; Tollison, Robert D.; Anderson, Gary M.; Herbert, Robert F.; Davidson, Audrey B. (1996).
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should contain a relic, making it clear that this was already the norm, as it remains to the present day in
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and at the same time remains true to scriptural teaching (vis. 2 Kings 13:20–21) as understood by Orthodox
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The importance of relics in the Byzantine world can be seen from the veneration given to the pieces of the
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While various relics are preserved by different Muslim communities, the most important are those known as
206:. Miracles and healing were not regularly attributed to them; rather, their presence was meant to serve a
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1975:
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was a popular destination for English pilgrims, who traveled to witness the miracle-working relics of St
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565:, written sometime from 150 to 160 AD. With regard to relics that are objects, an often cited passage is
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upon him (i.e., granting him permission to celebrate the Sacred Mysteries). The antimens is kept on the
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One of the earliest sources that purports to show the efficacy of relics is found in 2 Kings 13:20–21:
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1603:, Belting argued that the cult of relics helped to stimulate the rise of painting in medieval Europe.
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4.14; Joseph Falaky Nagy, "Hierarchy, Heroes, and Heads: Indo-European Structures in Greek Myth", in
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Some relics believed to be original remains of the body of the Buddha still survive, including the
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in Greece, all of the relics the monastery possesses are displayed and venerated each evening at
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images, every superstition shall be removed and all filthy lucre abolished." There are also many
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churches. The veneration of the relics of the saints reflects a belief that the saints in heaven
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2059:, relics are less common than in other religions since the physical remains of most saints are
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1520:. The absence of such manifestations is not necessarily a sign that the person is not a Saint.
1169:(host or prosphora and Eucharistic wine after consecration in the sacrament of the Eucharist).
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they were enshrined in containers crafted of or covered with gold, silver, gems, and enamel.
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Due to the existence of counterfeit relics, the Church began to regulate the use of relics.
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2343:, that is of historical and cultural value. However, this has some issues since the term
2280:. The Sacred Cloak is kept locked away, taken out only at times of great crisis. In 1996
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The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East
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and accompanied by a certificate of authentication, signed and sealed by someone in the
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reported that the bones of Orpheus were kept in a stone vase displayed on a pillar near
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3633:"Wax Embedding as a Method for Preservation of Body Relics Used by the Orthodox Church"
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to the new church, carried three times around the new structure and then placed in the
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The practice of venerating relics seems to have been taken for granted by writers like
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The relics of saints (traditionally, always those of a martyr) are also sewn into the
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of prominent Buddhists. In rare cases, the whole body is conserved, as in the case of
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3497:"Instruction "Relics in the Church: Authenticity and Conservation" (8 December 2017)"
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30:"Sacred Relics" redirects here. For the religious objects in the Topkapı Palace, see
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Vauchez, Andre; Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages; Cambridge University Press; 1997
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might claim to possess, without necessarily displaying, the remains of a venerated
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3731:. American Schools of Oriental Research. March 7, 1974 – via Google Books.
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Mangan, Charles. "Church Teaching on Relics", Catholic Education Resource Center
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declaring that "Grace remains entire with every part." In the West, a decree of
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to visit monastic fairs of northern Europe much like a contemporary art dealer.
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2409:
2173:
1805:
1767:
1501:
1382:
1373:
1358:
1335:
1232:
1205:
1127:
1035:
969:
952:
784:
531:
507:
3301:
3054:
1760:
1689:
of Jesus are claimed by many churches around the world. The same applies to
3986:
Relics and Reliquaries Collection, University of Dayton Special Collections
3985:
2619:
2547:
2138:
1775:
1611:
1432:
by living the mystical life of the Church, and especially by receiving the
1425:
1398:
1386:
1236:
1083:
764:
312:
160:
89:
2457:
1909:
Palace. His other relics were discovered in a Bulgarian monastery in 2010.
1041:
651:; the folded papers on the left and right contain bone fragments of Saint
2281:
2265:
1987:
1779:
1694:
1543:
1456:
1441:
1402:
1394:
1031:
1001:
989:
933:
779:
775:
696:
684:
345:
281:
273:
131:
3940:
Mayr, Markus (Hg); Von goldenen Gebeinen; Studienverlag, Innsbruck, 2001
2751:"Catholic News - Saints' Relics Help People Make Connection to the Holy"
84:
as a tangible memorial. Relics are an important aspect of some forms of
54:
3991:
Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv
3937:
Mayr, Markus; Geld, Macht und Reliquien; Studienverlag, Innsbruck, 2000
3278:
Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe
2849:
2796:
Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv
2017:
2013:
1979:
1887:'s reign yielded no bones, giving rise to the belief that his body was
1790:
1698:
1686:
1663:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1468:
1437:
1409:
1390:
1342:
1327:
1299:
1252:
1079:
1019:
997:
948:
865:
644:
601:
476:
261:
253:
81:
3012:
631:
3462:
3449:
2567:
2559:
2514:
2273:
2237:
2146:
2134:
2060:
2028:
1690:
1623:
1480:
1452:
1445:
1107:
1023:
981:
929:
905:
856:
499:
329:
277:
116:
97:
46:
41:
4033:
Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe
3478:
A Comprehensive Collection of Information about the Catholic Church
1393:, and the division of bodies also began, the 5th century theologian
1357:, and pieces of the body or clothing of saints. Such relics (called
941:
named Deusdona, with access to the Roman catacombs, as crossing the
359:
2340:
2261:
2181:
2142:
2115:
2103:
2078:
2070:
2056:
2027:) relics are exposed in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in
2003:
1983:
1930:
1566:
1490:
1460:
1331:
1118:
1090:
Until 2017, the Catholic Church divided relics into three classes:
707:
445:
437:
433:
425:
242:
172:
85:
58:
2107:
1018:
required the authentication of relics if they were to be publicly
555:
Also cited is the veneration of relics from the martyr and bishop
2778:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 13 March 2014
2336:
2285:
2277:
2233:
2223:
2100:
2063:. The veneration of corporal relics may have originated with the
1880:
1546:
which is given to a priest by his bishop as a means of bestowing
1479:) of relics in the Orthodox Church is clearly distinguished from
1377:
1307:
1291:
816:
771:
593:
494:
480:
468:
296:
269:
246:
226:
222:
211:
136:
3099:
Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c. 700–1200)
2490:
The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone
2125:
became an incredibly important part of devotional piety in both
2111:
1416:. As a natural outgrowth of the concept in Orthodox theology of
420:
2859:
2141:." With the latter-day influence of the reformist movements of
1944:
1851:
1738:
1726:
1616:
1593:
1528:
1485:
1260:
1213:
1122:
938:
886:
667:. These places were always outside the walls of the city, but
640:
574:
573:'s handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing power. In the
349:
304:
300:
234:
199:
188:
120:
3889:. HarperCollins. First Perennial edition (2004), p. 38 and n.
3868:
Josef W. Meri, "Relics of Piety and Power in Medieval Islam",
3851:
Josef W. Meri, "Relics of Piety and Power in Medieval Islam",
3825:
When a Goddess Dies: Worshipping Ma Anandamayi after Her Death
3032:
1868:
St Matthew the Evangelist's relics are purported to be in the
1763:, Germany, by popes Zachary and Stephen II in the 8th century.
1117:
items that the saint owned or frequently used, for example, a
256:
was also supposed to protect Athens from enemy attack, and in
3070:"The Business of Bones: Relic Trafficking in the Middle Ages"
3013:"The pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in Pictures"
2887:
2291:
2217:
2205:
2126:
2122:
1955:
1915:
are contained in the Basilica of St Andrew in Patras, Greece.
1843:
1517:
1509:
1464:
1421:
894:
890:
824:
752:
703:
625:
621:
535:
453:
429:
238:
156:
105:
93:
3959:
Relics in the Church of St Charles Borromeo, Wrocław, Poland
3341:"Traite des reliques" Кальвина, его происхождение и значение
3205:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–192,
2988:"An Ancient Religious Pilgrimage That Now Draws The Secular"
1974:' relics are largely kept in a gilded chest and bust in the
1958:, with her body in Santa Maria sopra Minerva Church in Rome.
3847:
3845:
3764:"The Tomb of the Holy Great Martyr George from Lodd, Lydda"
3586:
Sensational Religion: Sensory Cultures in Material Practice
3036:
Sacred trust : the medieval church as an economic firm
2501:
Susan E. Alcock, "Tomb Cult and the Post-Classical Polis",
2130:
942:
699:
164:
3743:"St John the Baptist's bones 'found in Bulgarian monastery
3665:
What are holy relics and how their division is carried out
1500:
The examination of the relics is an important step in the
2199:
1965:
1280:
Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
3842:
3196:"Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics"
3167:
Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages
3039:. Robert B. Ekelund. New York: Oxford University Press.
2339:" but can be extended to anything, including object and
1875:
St John the Evangelist's tomb is purported to be in the
893:. Instead of having to travel to be near to a venerated
3660:Что такое святые мощи и как совершается их раздробление
1042:
Classifications and prohibitions in the Catholic Church
483:
may view his body through a glass window in the stupa.
1929:' relics are contained in the Church of the Jacobins,
1428:—indeed, all Orthodox Christians are considered to be
872:
in Spain, in which the supposed relics of the apostle
284:
at Macedon, were treated with the deepest veneration.
3194:
Geary, Patrick (1986-04-30), Appadurai, Arjun (ed.),
2646:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), pp. 210–212.
2344:
2322:
1527:. The consecrating bishop will place the relics on a
3403:
2659:
Pausanias 9.30.4–5, as cited and discussed by Nagy,
2297:
2289:
2255:
2073:, and burial practices became more common after the
1106:
was removed by the monks at the Cistercian abbey at
1098:
life are more prized relics. For instance, King St.
736:, it is consumed by a couple getting married in the
585:
6:56, those who touched Jesus' garment were healed.
897:, relics of the saint could be venerated locally.
3964:World tour of the relics of St. Therese of Lisieux
3795:Fiestas y creencias en Canarias en la Edad Moderna
3379:
3377:
111:, meaning "remains", and a form of the Latin verb
3995:Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594),
3679:"Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity"
2790:Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594),
2471:
2469:
2467:
2077:. One prominent example is the preserved body of
4041:
3170:(Revised ed.). Princeton University Press.
1818:St Paul's relics are allegedly contained in the
3374:
2492:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. xii.
1897:'s skull, or parts of it, are venerated at the
1412:of relics continues to be of importance in the
714:in Gaul, a place for the healing of the sick.
3954:The First-class Relics of St. Maximilian Kolbe
3876:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 98
3859:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 97
3631:Tomov, Nikola; Dzhangozov, Januarius (Yanko).
2909:
2907:
2905:
2464:
2268:. According to local history, it was given to
2243:
2187:Muslims believe that these treasures include:
2081:in a separate shrine inside Srirangam Temple.
1554:(altar), and it is forbidden to celebrate the
551:Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet.
27:Object of religious significance from the past
2872:
2786:
2784:
2335:), a common Chinese word that usually means "
2328:
2321:"Cultural relic" is a common translation for
1996:'s skull is contained in a reliquary bust in
1539:(altar) as part of the consecration service.
336:and its scriptures offer no support of this.
2963:
2961:
2959:
2650:also depict the head of Orpheus prophesying.
2591:587–588, as cited by Fainlight and Littman,
1861:St Mark the Evangelist's relics are held at
1811:St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican contains
1455:, particularly those on the semi-autonomous
3630:
2913:
2902:
2848:
2809:"Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs 49"
2766:
2764:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2250:Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed
2023:Nun Maria Droste zu Vischering's (known as
1778:in the same church contains the remains of
1709:. Famous examples are the Holy Nail in the
1615:Reliquaries in the Church of San Pedro, in
388:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
303:, where it was enshrined and visited as an
3028:
3026:
2781:
2475:Gunnel Ekroth, "Heroes and Hero-Cult", in
2288:, took it out, displayed it to a crowd of
1954:'s head is stored in San Domenico church,
1883:in Turkey. The opening of his tomb during
123:that houses one or more religious relics.
3914:Relics: What They Are and Why They Matter
3461:
3327:Mémoire sur les instruments de la Passion
2956:
2890:: Ephrem's Publications. p. 264, 267
2521:1.46, as cited by Fainlight and Littman,
2152:
1982:, Netherlands. Some of his relics are in
1634:
408:Learn how and when to remove this message
299:was supposed to have been transported to
126:
3791:
3689:
3621:; p. 73; Burns & Oates, London, 1962
3559:
3447:
3091:
3089:
2761:
2720:
2172:, more than 600 pieces treasured in the
2094:
1668:
1653:
1638:
1610:
1317:
1290:
1065:
1057:
1045:
850:
806:
630:
493:
419:
130:
64:
40:
3828:. Oxford University Press. p. 71.
3657:Romansky, Nikolay (Николай Романский),
3579:
3391:. Congregation for the Causes of Saints
3274:
3268:
3189:
3187:
3023:
2743:
2693:
2691:
2689:
1820:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Wall
1782:, who was locally venerated as a saint.
53:(St. Yves or St. Ives) (1253–1303), in
14:
4042:
3818:
3573:
2709:
2488:Ruth Fainlight and Robert J. Littman,
2296:(religious scholars) and was declared
1717:, the Holy Lance that was part of the
647:: the bone fragment in middle is from
4023:Butterfield, Andrew. "What Remains",
3671:
3546:"Catholic Relics: Third Class Relics"
3238:
3193:
3163:
3157:
3095:
3086:
3067:
2985:
2876:East Syriac Theology: An Introduction
1838:the Evangelist's body is held at the
1748:is kept in a purpose-built chapel in
1719:Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire
504:Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary
332:were venerated, but the tradition of
183:; and clothing. The sanctuary of the
3910:
3656:
3184:
3119:10.5871/bacad/9780197265277.003.0006
3113:(published 2012). pp. 143–167.
2686:
1658:Detail of the Girdle of Mary in the
1565:The necessity of provide relics for
1424:are considered to be transformed by
1286:
386:adding citations to reliable sources
353:
3792:González, Manuel Hernández (2007).
3640:Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica
1830:Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
1828:' relics are reputedly held at the
1401:only allowed the moving of a whole
1278:, declared a saint in 2014, in the
747:in 787 drew on the teaching of St.
115:, to "leave behind, or abandon". A
24:
3904:
3107:Proceedings of the British Academy
2940:
2914:Butterfield, Andrew (2011-07-28).
2806:
2309:
1785:The Girdle of Mary is kept in the
1368:The earliest recorded removal, or
911:
778:. They were collected in books of
25:
4071:
3947:
3683:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
3369:"History of the Christian Church"
3244:
2973:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
2376:The Translation of Father Torturo
2006:'s remains were enshrined in the
1052:Servant of God Alfredo F. Verzosa
830:In his introduction to Gregory's
728:–a mixture made with the dust of
679:Some early Christians attributed
2813:Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity
2121:The veneration of the relics of
1523:Relics play a major role in the
1267:
1244:
1224:
1193:
1174:
732:'s tomb–for healing. Within the
579:Jesus healing the bleeding woman
461:relic of the tooth of the Buddha
358:
4001:(on the 6th century meaning of
3879:
3862:
3812:
3785:
3774:from the original on 2021-08-16
3756:
3735:
3721:
3703:
3650:
3624:
3611:
3602:
3538:
3513:
3489:
3470:
3441:
3428:
3358:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3257:from the original on 2022-02-05
3146:from the original on 2022-02-23
3061:
3005:
2979:
2969:"Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe"
2866:
2842:
2800:
2675:
2666:
2653:
2625:
2503:American Journal of Archaeology
2479:(Blackwell, 2010), pp. 110–111.
1939:'s relics are enshrined in the
1372:of saintly remains was that of
975:
489:
3711:"Relics of St Paul discovered"
2898:– via Malankara Library.
2598:
2577:
2553:
2528:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2442:
2164:Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)
2157:
2069:movement or the appearance of
1606:
889:, and San Nicola Peregrino in
456:wherever Buddhism was spread.
191:claimed to display the egg of
179:; furniture such as chairs or
32:Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)
13:
1:
3969:Keeping Relics in Perspective
3741:Squires, Nick (August 2010).
3685:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3588:. Yale UP. pp. 205–214.
2975:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2477:A Companion to Greek Religion
2435:
2415:Relics associated with Buddha
2352:
1804:contains the remnants of the
1420:, the physical bodies of the
1022:. They had to be sealed in a
877:
307:. The 2nd-century geographer
295:The head of the poet-prophet
70:Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm
3729:"The Biblical Archaeologist"
3584:. In Sally M. Promey (ed.).
3211:10.1017/cbo9780511819582.008
2648:Ancient Greek vase paintings
2420:Relics associated with Jesus
1901:in France, at the Church of
1854:; and a rib, at his tomb in
1463:. As with the veneration of
1208:, containing the remains of
1188:, Rome, a second-class relic
802:relics associated with Jesus
100:, and many other religions.
7:
3917:. Charlotte NC: TAN Books.
3911:Cruz, Joan Carroll (2015).
3887:The Sewing Circles of Herat
3567:"Venerating Relics at Mass"
3096:Smith, Julia M. H. (2010).
2393:
2345:
2323:
2298:
2290:
2256:
2244:Sacred Cloak of the Prophet
2050:
1976:Basilica of Saint Servatius
734:Assyrian Church of the East
635:A relic from the shrine of
339:
328:, the bones of the Persian
10:
4076:
3582:"Conversations in Museums"
3523:. Holy See. Archived from
3164:Geary, Patrick J. (2011).
2618:, English translations at
2247:
2161:
2088:
1846:, Italy; his head, in the
1707:Instruments of the Passion
674:Old Saint Peter's Basilica
569:19:11–12, which says that
541:
343:
252:The body of the legendary
29:
3715:Independent Catholic News
3476:The Catholic Source Book
3347:, №01 (1942) / Ежегодник
3281:. Yale University Press.
3275:Freeman, Charles (2011).
3203:The Social Life of Things
2829:European Research Council
2776:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2425:Shrine of the Three Kings
2329:
2228:Forearm and hand of Yahya
2099:Footprint of the Islamic
1941:Basilica of Saint Francis
1798:Shrine of the Three Kings
1675:Shrine of the Three Kings
1587:
1516:. Some relics will exude
1355:girdle worn by the Virgin
1074:(Reliqua Tertiae classis)
1050:First-class relic of the
210:function, as the tomb of
3885:Lamb, Christina (2002).
3448:Lahtinen, Maria (2022).
3068:Manns, D. (2015-04-13).
2644:Approaches to Greek Myth
2365:, Dedalus Ltd, UK 1994.
2110:(funerary mausoleum) in
2084:
2040:Church of the Conception
2025:Mary of the Divine Heart
1918:Reliquary arms of Saint
1525:consecration of a church
1218:Diocletianic Persecution
1072:Saint Therese of Lisieux
957:Archbishop of Canterbury
790:Caesarius of Heisterbach
745:Second Council of Nicaea
637:Saint Boniface of Dokkum
557:Saint Polycarp of Smyrna
272:. The bones or ashes of
3580:Clifton, James (2014).
3302:"Of the Works of Monks"
3111:Oxford University Press
2953:, Archdiocese of Boston
2284:, leader of the Afghan
1937:Saint Francis of Assisi
1903:San Silvestre in Capite
1840:Abbey of Santa Giustina
1757:Sandals of Jesus Christ
1414:Eastern Orthodox Church
1202:St. Raphael's Cathedral
1028:Congregation for Saints
961:assassinated by knights
3411:"AmericanCatholic.Org"
3345:Сборник «Средние века»
2703:July 17, 2012, at the
2544:Loeb Classical Library
2195:'s beard and footprint
2153:Relics of the prophets
2118:
2044:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
1746:Seamless robe of Jesus
1711:Iron Crown of Lombardy
1681:
1666:
1651:
1645:Seamless robe of Jesus
1635:List of claimed relics
1620:
1345:. Many great works of
1338:
1315:
1131:("from the clothing").
1075:
1063:
1055:
870:Santiago de Compostela
827:
722:Nestorian Christianity
660:
553:
538:
441:
266:Demetrius I of Macedon
260:, that of the prophet
148:
127:In classical antiquity
73:
62:
36:Relic (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
3997:History of the Franks
3438:, i, P.L., XXII, 907.
2825:University of Reading
2792:History of the Franks
2587:8.134 and Aeschylus,
2540:Bill Thayer's edition
2450:"Definition of relic"
2382:, Prime Books, 2005.
2178:Topkapı Palace Museum
2098:
2008:Abbey of Saint-Hubert
1885:Constantine the Great
1672:
1657:
1642:
1614:
1601:Likeness and Presence
1324:Sabbas the Sanctified
1321:
1294:
1276:Pope St. John Paul II
1186:San Pietro in Vincoli
1070:Third-class relic of
1069:
1061:
1049:
874:James, son of Zebedee
861:Constantine the Great
851:Relics and pilgrimage
832:History of the Franks
810:
687:of saints, including
634:
618:Catholic News Service
562:Martyrdom of Polycarp
548:
497:
423:
290:prehistoric creatures
143:in honor of Oedipus (
134:
72:, 12th century, Irish
68:
44:
3454:Internet Archaeology
2986:Beardsley, Eleanor.
2821:University of Warsaw
2817:University of Oxford
2672:Dindorf, p. 67.
2589:Seven Against Thebes
1877:Basilica of St. John
1870:Cathedral of Salerno
1787:Basilica of Our Lady
1731:Holy Thorn Reliquary
1660:Basilica of Our Lady
1235:in the cathedral of
1115:Second-class relics:
712:Christian pilgrimage
695:was very popular in
657:Bernard of Clairvaux
382:improve this section
317:ritual of incubation
214:was said to protect
3619:Early Christian Art
3521:"Code of Canon Law"
3315:Traité Des Reliques
2770:Thurston, Herbert.
2430:Translation (relic)
2106:, preserved in the
1905:in Rome and at the
1889:assumed into heaven
1848:St. Vitus Cathedral
1440:). In the Orthodox
1135:Third-class relics:
1095:First-class relics:
986:Admonitio Generalis
821:St. Joseph's Church
738:Mystery of Crowning
436:, Pakistan, now in
424:Buddha relics from
49:and skull of Saint
3979:2009-05-13 at the
3974:A Place for Relics
3874:Relics and Remains
3857:Relics and Remains
3798:. Ediciones IDEA.
3017:Camino de Santiago
2947:"Relics of Saints"
2640:Life of Apollonius
2505:95 (1991), p. 447.
2119:
2091:Relics of Muhammad
2016:'s remains are in
1964:'s arm is kept in
1952:Catherine of Siena
1920:Thomas the Apostle
1913:St Andrew's relics
1863:St Mark's Basilica
1682:
1667:
1652:
1621:
1339:
1316:
1182:St. Peter's chains
1100:Stephen of Hungary
1076:
1064:
1056:
1008:Treatise on Relics
828:
730:Thomas the Apostle
661:
653:Benedict of Nursia
539:
442:
325:Chronicon Paschale
149:
145:Apulian red-figure
74:
63:
3617:Eduard Syndicus;
3415:American Catholic
3288:978-0-300-16659-0
3220:978-0-521-32351-2
3177:978-1-4008-2020-7
3109:. Vol. 181.
2755:American Catholic
2170:The Sacred Trusts
2034:The shin of Pope
1802:Cologne Cathedral
1679:Cologne Cathedral
1334:Monastery in the
1287:Eastern Orthodoxy
1167:Blessed Sacrament
1162:Code of Canon Law
665:catacombs of Rome
606:Gregory Nazianzen
581:and again in the
510:, with relics of
418:
417:
410:
322:According to the
104:derives from the
16:(Redirected from
4067:
3928:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3870:Past and Present
3866:
3860:
3853:Past and Present
3849:
3840:
3839:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:10.11141/ia.59.8
3445:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3372:
3362:
3356:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3245:Brown, Matthew.
3242:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3223:, archived from
3200:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3104:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2965:
2954:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2920:The New Republic
2911:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2881:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2804:
2798:
2788:
2779:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2735:. Archived from
2729:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2695:
2684:
2682:2 Kings 13:20–21
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2629:
2623:
2602:
2596:
2593:The Theban Plays
2581:
2575:
2557:
2551:
2532:
2526:
2523:The Theban Plays
2512:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2456:. Archived from
2446:
2405:Hazratbal Shrine
2348:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2304:cholera epidemic
2301:
2299:Amir-ul Momineen
2295:
2259:
2193:Prophet Muhammad
2075:Muslim invasions
2014:Saint Willibrord
1899:Amiens Cathedral
1895:John the Baptist
1772:Aachen Cathedral
1759:were donated to
1579:
1571:Nikolay Romansky
1533:cross procession
1495:Sacred Tradition
1434:Sacred Mysteries
1347:Byzantine enamel
1322:Relics of Saint
1271:
1257:Decani Monastery
1248:
1228:
1197:
1178:
879:
797:Council of Trent
788:or the works of
718:Gregory of Tours
689:Gregory of Tours
685:dust from graves
598:Gregory of Nyssa
571:Paul the Apostle
559:recorded in the
448:, relics of the
440:, Myanmar (2005)
413:
406:
402:
399:
393:
362:
354:
270:Phocion the Good
51:Ivo of Kermartin
21:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4040:
4039:
4027:, July 28, 2011
3981:Wayback Machine
3950:
3925:
3907:
3905:Further reading
3902:
3901:
3884:
3880:
3867:
3863:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3820:Aymard, Orianne
3817:
3813:
3806:
3790:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3717:. 28 June 2009.
3709:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3655:
3651:
3646:(1–2): 122–125.
3635:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3475:
3471:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3389:Vatican Website
3383:
3382:
3375:
3363:
3359:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3230:
3228:
3221:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3129:
3102:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3066:
3062:
3047:
3031:
3024:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2984:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2951:Boston Catholic
2945:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2912:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2858:. Vol. 2.
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2807:Tycner, Marta.
2805:
2801:
2789:
2782:
2769:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2705:Wayback Machine
2696:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2630:
2626:
2603:
2599:
2582:
2578:
2558:
2554:
2546:translation at
2533:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2460:on May 6, 2021.
2448:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2400:Catacomb saints
2396:
2380:Brendan Connell
2355:
2312:
2310:Cultural relics
2252:
2246:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2093:
2087:
2053:
2038:is kept in the
2036:Saint Clement I
1998:Liège Cathedral
1986:, Belgium, and
1972:Saint Servatius
1907:Munich Residenz
1750:Trier Cathedral
1715:Monza Cathedral
1649:Trier Cathedral
1637:
1609:
1590:
1573:
1304:Sioni Cathedral
1296:Grapevine cross
1289:
1282:
1272:
1263:
1249:
1240:
1229:
1220:
1210:Saint Cessianus
1198:
1189:
1184:, preserved in
1179:
1044:
978:
914:
912:Economic effect
853:
693:Martin of Tours
544:
492:
473:Dudjom Rinpoche
414:
403:
397:
394:
379:
363:
352:
344:Main articles:
342:
167:as a part of a
141:Greek hero cult
129:
76:In religion, a
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Secondary relic
15:
12:
11:
5:
4073:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4015:
4010:
3988:
3983:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3948:External links
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3878:
3861:
3841:
3835:978-0199368631
3834:
3811:
3804:
3784:
3770:. 2010-04-21.
3755:
3734:
3720:
3702:
3688:
3670:
3649:
3623:
3610:
3601:
3594:
3572:
3558:
3537:
3512:
3501:www.vatican.va
3488:
3469:
3440:
3427:
3402:
3373:
3357:
3338:Radtsig, N. I.
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3287:
3267:
3251:www.artnet.com
3247:"Dust to Dust"
3237:
3219:
3183:
3176:
3156:
3127:
3085:
3060:
3045:
3022:
3004:
2978:
2955:
2939:
2916:"What Remains"
2901:
2865:
2841:
2799:
2780:
2760:
2742:
2739:on 2016-03-01.
2719:
2708:
2685:
2674:
2665:
2652:
2624:
2597:
2576:
2552:
2527:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2463:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2373:
2363:Eça de Queiroz
2354:
2351:
2311:
2308:
2306:in the 1930s.
2276:, the Emir of
2248:Main article:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2162:Main article:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2086:
2083:
2079:Swami Ramanuja
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2032:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1969:
1959:
1948:
1934:
1927:Thomas Aquinas
1923:
1916:
1910:
1892:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1856:Thebes, Greece
1833:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1793:, Netherlands.
1783:
1764:
1753:
1742:
1735:British Museum
1723:Hofburg Palace
1685:Relics of the
1636:
1633:
1608:
1605:
1589:
1586:
1582:Moscow Kremlin
1556:Divine Liturgy
1359:contact relics
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1200:Main Altar of
1199:
1192:
1190:
1180:
1173:
1152:
1151:
1139:Monza ampullae
1132:
1112:
1104:Thomas Aquinas
1043:
1040:
996:Pieces of the
977:
974:
970:Norman English
955:, the sainted
913:
910:
902:Holy Sepulchre
852:
849:
813:Francis Xavier
770:Many tales of
749:John Damascene
691:. The cult of
681:healing powers
649:Saint Boniface
614:Thomas Aquinas
583:Gospel of Mark
543:
540:
491:
488:
463:in Sri Lanka.
416:
415:
366:
364:
357:
341:
338:
334:Zoroastrianism
231:Delphic Oracle
153:ancient Greece
128:
125:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4072:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3924:9780895558596
3920:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:0-06-050527-3
3892:
3888:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3805:9788483821077
3801:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3751:The Telegraph
3748:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3605:
3597:
3595:9780300187359
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3562:
3548:. 27 May 2019
3547:
3541:
3527:on 2013-03-03
3526:
3522:
3516:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3484:0-15-950653-0
3481:
3473:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3365:Philip Schaff
3361:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3227:on 2014-03-14
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3128:9780197265277
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3074:Atlas Obscura
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3046:0-19-510337-8
3042:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2794:, Books I–X,
2793:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Relick Sunday
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2388:0-8095-0043-4
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:0-946626-94-4
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Privy Chamber
2171:
2165:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:Saint Lambert
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:Saint Peter's
1810:
1807:
1806:biblical Magi
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:Marienschrein
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:mummification
1507:
1503:
1502:glorification
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:service books
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1374:Saint Babylas
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1336:Kidron Valley
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:Relic of the
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:St. Demetrius
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Dubuque, Iowa
1203:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:ex indumentis
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
983:
973:
971:
966:
965:King Henry II
962:
958:
954:
953:Thomas Becket
950:
946:
944:
940:
935:
932:acquired for
931:
925:
923:
922:Patrick Geary
920:According to
918:
909:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
882:
876:, discovered
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
848:
846:
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2020:, Luxemburg.
2004:Saint Hubert
1962:Saint George
1776:Karlsschrein
1695:Holy Sponges
1629:
1622:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1567:antimensions
1564:
1541:
1522:
1499:
1484:
1476:
1450:
1426:divine grace
1407:
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1351:staurothekes
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1237:Thessalonika
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1157:
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1089:
1084:Saint Jerome
1077:
1054:(Ex Ossibus)
1013:
1006:
995:
985:
979:
976:Counterfeits
947:
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560:
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112:
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75:
3999:, Books I–X
3697:"Reliquary"
3436:Ad Riparium
3325:de Fleury,
2850:Yule, Henry
2583:Herodotus,
2566:1032–1034;
2564:Heracleides
2282:Mullah Omar
2266:Afghanistan
2158:In Istanbul
2031:, Portugal.
1988:Quedlinburg
1780:Charlemagne
1703:Holy Thorns
1699:Holy Lances
1624:Reliquaries
1607:Reliquaries
1574: [
1544:antimension
1514:sweet aroma
1457:Mount Athos
1453:monasteries
1403:sarcophagus
1395:Theodoretus
1370:translation
1216:during the
1032:Roman Curia
1002:John Calvin
990:Charlemagne
934:Charlemagne
780:hagiography
776:Middle Ages
697:Merovingian
532:St. Stephen
516:St. Matthew
282:Perdiccas I
274:Aesculapius
185:Leucippides
177:figureheads
175:, ships or
4044:Categories
3872:103.5, in
3855:103.5, in
3778:2022-04-18
3552:2019-11-07
3531:2013-03-04
3506:2022-05-07
3395:23 October
3261:2022-04-18
3231:2022-04-18
3150:2022-04-18
3079:2022-04-18
2933:2022-04-18
2604:Plutarch,
2534:Plutarch,
2436:References
2353:In fiction
2270:Ahmad Shah
2210:Turban of
2191:Hair from
2089:See also:
2018:Echternach
2010:, Belgium.
2000:, Belgium.
1990:, Germany.
1980:Maastricht
1865:in Venice.
1822:, in Rome.
1791:Maastricht
1761:Prüm Abbey
1729:, and the
1705:and other
1691:Holy Nails
1687:True Cross
1664:Maastricht
1560:wax-mastic
1552:Holy Table
1537:Holy Table
1483:(λατρεια,
1475:; δουλια,
1469:veneration
1438:Sacraments
1430:sanctified
1410:veneration
1399:Theodosius
1343:True Cross
1328:Catholicon
1300:Saint Nino
1253:True Cross
1231:Relics of
1148:ex brandea
1144:ex brandea
998:True Cross
949:Canterbury
866:pilgrimage
669:martyriums
645:Warfhuizen
604:, and St.
602:Chrysostom
534:and other
528:St. Thomas
520:St. Philip
477:Boudhanath
398:March 2014
262:Amphiaraus
254:Eurystheus
113:relinquere
82:veneration
4055:Sainthood
3137:0068-1202
2928:0028-6583
2894:5 October
2834:5 October
2606:Demetrius
2595:, p. xii.
2585:Histories
2572:Eumenides
2568:Aeschylus
2560:Euripides
2525:, p. xii.
2519:Histories
2515:Herodotus
2359:The Relic
2274:Mured Beg
2254:A cloak (
2216:Staff of
2204:Sword of
2198:Sword of
2147:Wahhabism
2135:Near East
2029:Ermesinde
1933:, France.
1548:faculties
1506:incorrupt
1481:adoration
1274:Relic of
1108:Fossanova
1024:reliquary
1020:venerated
1016:Canon Law
982:Augustine
930:Angilbert
906:Jerusalem
857:Holy Land
765:intercede
590:Augustine
524:St. Simon
512:St. James
500:reliquary
479:, Nepal.
369:does not
330:Zoroaster
309:Pausanias
280:, and of
278:Epidaurus
247:Dolopians
169:hero cult
161:sanctuary
117:reliquary
109:reliquiae
98:shamanism
47:reliquary
3977:Archived
3822:(2014).
3772:Archived
3434:Jerome,
3313:Calvin,
3255:Archived
3141:Archived
3055:34943197
2997:20 April
2852:(1903).
2772:"Relics"
2733:"Relics"
2701:Archived
2663:pp. 212.
2661:op. cit.
2638:5.3 and
2636:Heroicus
2394:See also
2341:monument
2262:Kandahar
2182:Istanbul
2143:Salafism
2116:Istanbul
2104:Muhammad
2071:Buddhism
2061:cremated
2057:Hinduism
2051:Hinduism
2046:, Spain.
1984:Tongeren
1947:, Italy.
1931:Toulouse
1872:, Italy.
1832:, Spain.
1826:St James
1491:idolatry
1461:Compline
1446:embalmed
1332:Mar Saba
1239:, Greece
1214:martyred
1212:, a boy
1119:crucifix
1036:wax seal
988:of 789,
959:who was
772:miracles
761:Orthodox
757:Catholic
708:Poitiers
481:Pilgrims
446:Buddhism
438:Mandalay
434:Peshawar
426:Kanishka
340:Buddhism
243:Plutarch
235:Spartans
208:tutelary
202:held at
173:chariots
86:Buddhism
61:, France
59:Brittany
55:Tréguier
4003:sanctus
2992:NPR.org
2613:Phocion
2542:of the
2536:Theseus
2337:antique
2286:Taliban
2278:Bokhara
2234:Ramadan
2224:Abraham
2222:Pot of
2176:of the
2101:prophet
2066:śramaṇa
1881:Ephesus
1836:St Luke
1815:relics.
1733:in the
1721:in the
1619:, Spain
1418:theosis
1383:Timothy
1378:Antioch
1326:in the
1312:Georgia
1308:Tbilisi
1146:". But
1111:Altar).
836:sanctus
817:humerus
683:to the
639:in the
594:Ambrose
542:History
506:in the
469:ringsel
390:removed
375:sources
297:Orpheus
239:Tegeans
227:Theseus
223:Orestes
212:Oedipus
204:Olympia
181:tripods
137:amphora
4050:Relics
4007:virtus
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2454:Lexico
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2257:kherqa
2238:Qur'an
2236:. The
2212:Joseph
2123:saints
1950:Saint
1945:Assisi
1925:Saint
1852:Prague
1739:London
1727:Vienna
1617:Ayerbe
1594:Venice
1588:In art
1529:diskos
1486:latria
1467:, the
1422:saints
1387:Andrew
1261:Serbia
1123:rosary
939:deacon
887:Oxford
841:virtus
726:hanānā
600:, St.
592:, St.
575:gospel
536:saints
454:stupas
450:Buddha
350:Cetiya
346:Śarīra
305:oracle
301:Lesbos
258:Thebes
233:, the
216:Athens
200:Pelops
189:Sparta
121:shrine
3667:]
3663:[
3636:(PDF)
3353:Nauka
3199:(PDF)
3144:(PDF)
3103:(PDF)
2888:India
2880:(PDF)
2616:37–38
2346:wenwu
2324:wenwu
2315:Relic
2292:ulema
2218:Moses
2206:David
2127:Sunni
2108:türbe
2085:Islam
1956:Siena
1844:Padua
1578:]
1518:myrrh
1477:dulia
1473:Greek
1465:icons
1160:1983
1080:dulia
895:saint
891:Trani
825:Macau
753:altar
704:Tours
626:Italy
622:Padua
430:stupa
119:is a
106:Latin
102:Relic
94:Islam
78:relic
4005:and
3993:to:
3919:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3830:ISBN
3800:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3480:ISBN
3422:2015
3397:2019
3283:ISBN
3215:ISBN
3172:ISBN
3133:ISSN
3123:ISBN
3051:OCLC
3041:ISBN
2999:2015
2924:ISSN
2896:2022
2836:2022
2611:and
2538:36,
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2145:and
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2129:and
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