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psychologists suggest that self-confident people are more willing to examine evidence that both supports and contradicts their attitudes. Meanwhile, people who are less self-confident and more defensive may prefer attitudinal information over information that challenges their perspectives. When individuals with low self-confidence receive feedback from others, they are averse to receiving information about their relative ability and negative informative feedback, and not averse to receiving positive feedback. If new information about an individual's performance is negative feedback, this may interact with a negative affective state (low self-confidence) causing the individual to become demoralized, which in turn induces a self-defeating attitude that increases the likelihood of failure in the future more than if they did not lack self-confidence. People may be more self-confident about what they believe if they consult sources of information that agree with their world views. People may deceive themselves about their positive qualities and the negative qualities of others so that they can display greater self-confidence than they might otherwise feel, thereby enabling them to advance socially and materially.
492:—the ability to cope better than one's opponents and remain focused under pressure. These traits enable athletes to "bounce back from adversity". When athletes confront stress while playing sports, their self-confidence decreases. However, feedback from their team members in the form of emotional and informational support reduces the extent to which stresses in sports reduce their self-confidence. At high levels of support, performance-related stress does not affect self-confidence. Among gymnasts, those who tend to talk to themselves in an instructional format tend to be more self-confident than those who do not. In a group, members' desire for success and confidence can also be related. Groups that had a higher desire for success did better in performance than groups with a weaker desire. The more frequently a group succeeded, the more interest they had in the activity and success.
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improving performance. Marketing researchers have found that the general self-confidence of a person is negatively correlated with their level of anxiety. Self-confidence increases a person's general well-being and one's motivation which often increases performance. It also increases one's ability to deal with stress and mental health. The more self-confident an individual is, the less likely they are to conform to the judgments of others. Higher confidence is correlated with individuals setting higher goals. When people face feelings of discontent because they do not accomplish a certain goal, people who have higher self-confidence may become even more persistent in accomplishing their goals, whereas those with low self-confidence are more prone to giving up quickly.
480:, as one study found a sample of overweight people in Australia and the US are less self-confident about their body's performance than people of average weight, and the difference is even greater for women than for men. Others found that if a newborn is separated from its mother upon delivery, the mother is less self-confident in her ability to raise that child than one who was not separated from her child. Furthermore, women who initially had low self-confidence are likely to experience a larger drop of self-confidence after separation from their children than women with relatively higher self-confidence. Heterosexual men who exhibit greater self-confidence relative to other men more easily attract single and partnered women.
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under their control, they are less likely to be confident about being successful in the future. If someone attributes their failure to a factor beyond their control, they are more likely to be confident about succeeding in the future. If a person believes they failed to achieve a goal because of a factor that was beyond their control, they are more likely to be more self-confident that they can achieve the goal in the future. One's self-confidence often increases as one satisfactorily completes particular activities. American social psychologist
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436:, African American students perform more poorly on exams (relative to White American students) if they must reveal their racial identities before the exam. A similar phenomenon has been found in female students' performance (relative to male students) on math tests. The opposite has been observed in Asian Americans, whose confidence becomes tied up in expectations that they will succeed by both parents and teachers and who claim others perceive them as excelling academically more than they are.
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460:, the researchers found that male overconfidence and male preference for competition contributed to higher male participation in a competitive tournament scheme, while risk and feedback aversion played a negligible role. Some scholars partly attribute the fact of women being less likely to persist in engineering college than men to women's diminished sense of self-confidence.
243:, ranging from a minimum score characterizing someone who is "timid and self-distrustful, shy, never makes decisions, self-effacing" to a maximum score characterizing someone who is "able to make decisions, absolutely confident and sure of his own decisions and opinions". Some researchers have measured self-confidence as a simple construct divided into
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as a group may be more self-confident than other children. If children are self-confident, they may be more likely to sacrifice immediate recreational time for possible rewards in the future, enhancing their self-regulatory capability. Successful performance of children in music increases feelings of
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People with high self-confidence are more likely to impress others, as others perceive them as more knowledgeable and more likely to make correct judgments. Despite this, a negative correlation is sometimes found between the level of their self-confidence and the accuracy of their claims. When people
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Various factors within and beyond an individual's control may affect their self-confidence. An individual's self-confidence can vary in different environments, such as at home or at school, and concerning different types of relationships and situations. When people attribute their success to a matter
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In general, students who perform well have increased confidence, which likely in turn encourages them to take greater responsibility to complete tasks. Teachers affect the self-confidence of their students depending on how they treat them. Students who perform better receive more positive evaluation
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Social psychologists have found self-confidence to be correlated with other psychological variables including saving money, influencing others, and being a responsible student. Self-confidence affects interest, enthusiasm, and self-regulation. Self-confidence is important for accomplishing goals and
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and others have emphasized the need to distinguish between self-confidence as a generalized personality characteristic and self-confidence concerning a specific task, ability, or challenge (i.e., self-efficacy). The term "self-confidence" typically refers to a general personality trait— in contrast,
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A person can possess self-confidence in their ability to complete a specific task (self-efficacy)—e.g. cook a good meal or write a good novel—even though they may lack general self-confidence, or conversely be self-confident though they lack the self-efficacy to achieve a particular task. These two
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argued in his paper "A Theory of Human
Motivation" that an individual is only motivated to acquire self-confidence (one component of "esteem") after achieving what they need for physiological survival, safety, and love and belonging. He claimed that satisfaction with self-esteem led to feelings of
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People prefer leaders with greater self-confidence over those with less self-confidence. Self-confident leaders tend to influence others through persuasion instead of resorting to coercive means. They are more likely to resolve issues by referring them to another qualified person or calling upon
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argued that a person's perceived confidence indicates capability. If people do not believe that they are capable of coping, they experience disruption which lowers their confidence about their performance. Salespeople who are high in self-confidence tend to set higher goals for themselves, which
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Whether a person, in making a decision, seeks out additional sources of information depends on their level of self-confidence specific to that area. As the complexity of a decision increases, a person is more likely to be influenced by another person and seek out additional information. Several
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Some methods measure self-esteem and self-confidence in various aspects or activities, such as speaking in public spaces, academic performance, physical appearance, romantic relationships, social interactions, and athletic ability. In sports, researchers have measured athletes' confidence about
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investors trade 45% more than their female counterparts, which they attribute to greater recklessness (though also self-confidence) of men, reducing men's net returns by 2.65 percentage points per year versus women's 1.72 percentage points. Women report lower self-confidence levels than men in
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Women who are either high or low in general self-confidence are more likely to be persuaded to change their opinion than women with medium self-confidence. However, when specific high confidence (self-efficacy) is high, generalized confidence plays less of a role. Men who have low generalized
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are uncertain and unknowledgeable about a topic, they are more likely to believe the testimony, and follow the advice of those that seem self-confident. However, expert psychological testimony on the factors that influence eyewitness memory appears to reduce juror reliance on self-confidence.
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wrote that a sudden negative change in one's circumstances, especially a loss of a job, could lead to decreased self-confidence, but more commonly if the jobless person believes the fault of his unemployment is his. They also noted how if individuals do not have a job long enough, they become
161:, psychologists praised self-confidence as greatly decreasing nervous tension, allaying fear, and ridding the battlefield of terror; they argued that soldiers who cultivated a strong and healthy body would also acquire greater self-confidence while fighting. At the height of the
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makes them more likely to stay employed, yield higher revenues, and generate higher customer service satisfaction. In certain fields of medical practice, patients experience a lack of self-confidence during the recovery period. This is commonly referred to as DSF or
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Male university students may be more confident than their female counterparts. In regards to inter-ethnic interaction and language learning, those who engage more with people of different ethnicity and language become more self-confident in interacting with them.
186:". As material standards of most people rapidly rose in developed countries after World War II and fulfilled their material needs, a plethora of widely cited academic research about confidence and related concepts like self-esteem and self-efficacy emerged.
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Ideas about the causes and effects of self-confidence have appeared in
English-language publications describing characteristics of a sacrilegious attitude toward God, the character of the British empire, and the culture of colonial-era American society.
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components: anxiety as an affective aspect and self-evaluations of proficiency as a cognitive component. Other researchers have used body language proxies, rather than self-reports, to measure self-confidence by having examiners measure on a scale of
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More self-confident women may receive high-performance evaluations but not be as well-liked as men who engage in the same behaviour. Confident women may be considered a better job candidate than both men and women who behaved modestly. Male
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Heine, S.J.; Kitayama, S.; Lehman, D.R.; Takata, T.; Ide, E.; Leung, C.; Matsumoto, H. (2001). "Divergent consequences of success and failure in japan and north
America: an investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves".
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bureaucratic procedures, which avoid personal involvement. Others suggest that self-confidence does not affect leadership style but is only correlated with years of supervisory experience and self-perceptions of power.
776:
Judge, Timothy A.; Erez, Amir; Bono, Joyce E.; Thoresen, Carl J. (1 September 2002). "Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?".
358:, researchers have found that people may consciously overreport their levels of self-esteem. Inaccurate self-evaluation is commonly observed in healthy populations. In the extreme, large differences between one's
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self-confidence, increasing motivation for study. By adolescence, youth who have little contact with friends tend to have low self-confidence. In adolescents, low self-confidence may be a predictor of loneliness.
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wrote, "Believe what is in the line of your needs, for only by such belief is the need fulfilled... Have faith that you can successfully make it, and your feet are nerved to its accomplishment".
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Cervone, Daniel; Kopp, Deborah A.; Schaumann, Linda; Scott, Walter D. (1 September 1994). "Mood, self-efficacy, and performance standards: Lower moods induce higher standards for performance".
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reports and have greater self-confidence. Characteristically low-achieving students report less confidence, while characteristically high-performing students report higher self-confidence.
4791:
Peters, Heather J.; Williams, Jean M. (1 September 2006). "Moving
Cultural Background to the Foreground: An Investigation of Self-Talk, Performance, and Persistence Following Feedback".
308:
found that self-confidence in an individual's ability may only rise or fall when that individual can compare themselves to others who are roughly similar, in a competitive environment.
488:
Self-confidence is one of the most influential factors in how well an athlete performs in a competition. In particular, "robust self-confidence beliefs" are correlated with aspects of
1368:
Lopez, F.G.; Gormley, B. (2002). "Stability and change in adult attachment style over the first-year college transition: Relations to self-confidence, coping, and distress patterns".
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3785:
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Beattie, Stuart; Hardy, Lew; Savage, Jennifer; Woodman, Tim; Callow, Nichola (1 March 2011). "Development and validation of a trait measure of robustness of self-confidence".
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and one's actual behaviour are a hallmark of several disorders that have important implications for understanding treatment-seeking and compliance. Overconfidence supports
54:
is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future. Self-confidence is not the same as
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appeared less self-confident in giving a speech than those who viewed commercials with women taking on more masculine roles. Such self-confidence may also be related to
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and populations tend to become overconfident, as long as benefits from contested resources are sufficiently large compared with the cost of competition". In studies of
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Keller, Johannes; Dauenheimer, Dirk (1 March 2003). "Stereotype Threat in the
Classroom: Dejection Mediates the Disrupting Threat Effect on Women's Math Performance".
427:
in school settings can boost confidence in students at earlier ages. These include participation in games or sports, visual and performing arts, and public speaking.
4754:
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The utility of self-confidence may vary by culture. Some find Asians perform better when they lack confidence, especially when compared to North
Americans.
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conversion of objective evidence into subjective estimates, where noise is defined as the mixing of memories during the observing and remembering process.
66:, as those without it may fail because they lack it, and those with it may succeed because they have it rather than because of an innate ability or skill.
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of the 1920s, psychologists associated self-confidence in men with remaining at home and taking care of the family when they were not working. During the
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self-confidence are more easily persuaded than men of high generalized self-confidence.
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4297:"Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships"
4246:"The great struggles of life: Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary psychology"
1442:
1117:
Bénabou, Roland; Tirole, Jean (2005). Agarwal, Bina; Vercelli, Alessandro (eds.).
6148:
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739:"Concept Analysis: Confidence/Self-confidence: Concept Analysis: Self-confidence"
577:
457:
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359:
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2661:"Abnormalities of confidence in psychiatry: an overview and future perspectives"
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4149:
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3294:
Goodstadt, B.; Kipnis, D. (1970). "Situational influence on the use of power".
2928:
2899:
2610:"Roles of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Self-evaluation"
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In children, self-confidence emerges differently than in adults. For example,
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1487:(2nd ed.). Buckingham, England: Open University Press. pp. 127–169.
1426:
1343:
1278:
1202:
1093:
1037:
992:
798:
601: – Distortion to enhance self-esteem, or to see oneself overly favorably
509:
404:
367:
145:
59:
6034:
5958:
4122:
3994:
2627:
2037:
1996:
1193:
1176:
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557: – Extreme pride or overconfidence, often in combination with arrogance
472:
One study found that women who viewed commercials with women in traditional
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762:
565:
518:, also known as Confidence game – Attempt to defraud a person or group
473:
465:
240:
4227:
4085:
3686:
3567:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199604)33:2<163::aid-pits10>3.0.co;2-c
3160:
3079:
3047:
2559:"The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a measure of Self-Esteem"
2428:
2294:
1570:
1101:
723:
5746:
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4939:
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1613:
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327:
from the Latin for lack of self-confidence. This can be the case after a
261:
158:
55:
2557:
Timko, Alix; England, Erica; Herbert, James; Foreman, Evan (Fall 2010).
2519:
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3849:
3235:
3206:
2574:
2061:
Compte, O.; Postlewaite, A. (2004). "Confidence-enhanced performance".
2004:
1943:
1749:
949:
910:
830:
Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival of Religion in New England
586:
477:
411:
363:
339:
58:, which is an evaluation of one's worth. Self-confidence is related to
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715:
265:
244:
5979:
3038:
1935:
1725:
925:
902:
702:
Zellner, M. (1970). "Self-esteem, reception, and influenceability".
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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3488:
2868:
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2854:
Mobius, M. M.; Niederle, M.; Niehaus, P.; Rosenblat, T. S. (2011).
2390:
592:
338:, Martin Hilbert argues that confidence bias can be explained by a
277:
6179:
6041:
2502:
1898:
1730:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
930:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
6155:
6141:
6074:
6007:
5972:
5900:
5656:
5579:
5549:
5502:
5462:
5387:
5345:
5060:
4883:
1654:
Festinger, L. (1954). "A theory of social comparison processes".
613: – Excessive concern for one's own appearance, or importance
604:
6014:
5935:
3084:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
239:
One of the earliest measures of self-confidence used a 12-point
6123:
6115:
5986:
5965:
5914:
5893:
5736:
5467:
5126:
4898:
3273:
Kipnis, D.; Lane, W. (1962). "Self-confidence and leadership".
610:
554:
328:
43:
4205:
3966:"Do women shy away from competition? Do men compete too much?"
2853:
2406:
27:
State of trusting that a belief or course of action is correct
6000:
5942:
5821:
5813:
5609:
5569:
5407:
5269:
4833:
4666:"The group level of aspiration and external social pressures"
2484:
Johnson, Dominic D.P.; Fowler, James H. (14 September 2011).
1890:
Learning, Remembering, Believing: Enhancing Human Performance
1174:
1006:
Maslow, A. H. (1 July 1943). "A theory of human motivation".
827:
3487:
Zimmerman, Barry J.; Kitsantas, Anastasia (1 October 2005).
3361:
2856:"Managing Self-Confidence: Theory and Experimental Evidence"
548: – Positive effect from the perceived value of a person
6171:
6163:
5621:
5544:
5382:
4471:
2658:
377:
5095:
2556:
1294:
1232:
The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology
298:
182:
self-confidence that, once attained, led to a desire for "
5741:
4715:
2885:
2791:
Albarracín, Dolores; Mitchell, Amy L. (1 December 2004).
1455:
595: – Degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm
4434:
2978:
Hippel, William von; Trivers, Robert (1 February 2011).
495:
366:
thinking, such as frequently occurs in individuals with
2607:
2275:
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
859:
This Vicissitude of Motion and Rest, Which We Call Life
582:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
550:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
520:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
5948:
4342:
5785:
5762:
775:
3587:
2329:
1482:
535:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2307:
970:
415:Photo captioned "Bashful" in a 1916–1917 yearbook,
4135:
3963:
3486:
2790:
2710:
2608:Beer, J.; Lombardo M; Bhanji J. (September 2010).
2308:Brown, S.P.; Cron, W.L.; Slocum Jr., J.W. (1988).
1808:
32:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
4162:
3707:
3213:
2060:
1887:Druckman, Daniel; Bjork, Robert A., eds. (1994).
1769:
1767:
1627:Snyder, C. R.; Lopez, Shane J. (1 January 2009).
1256:
1225:
1223:
6198:
4753:
2980:"The evolution and psychology of self-deception"
2949:. Vol. 19. Academic Press. pp. 41–80.
2435:
390:
3784:
3293:
2945:Frey, Dieter (1986). Berkowitz, Leonard (ed.).
1921:
1726:"Psychological Notes on the Motives for Thrift"
1061:
4790:
3880:
3552:
3138:
2233:
2194:
2030:Psychology, Rationality and Economic Behaviour
1959:
1893:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
1764:
1321:
1220:
1119:Psychology, Rationality and Economic Behaviour
6177:
6161:
5111:
4849:
4670:Organizational Behavior and Human Performance
4620:
3664:
3184:
2977:
2914:
2483:
2154:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
2151:
2020:
1886:
1811:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
1116:
4719:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4663:
4377:
4304:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4208:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4138:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4056:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4029:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3667:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3451:
3111:
2917:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2888:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2240:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2201:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1367:
1297:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1181:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
842:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
779:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
704:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
589: – Excessive preoccupation with oneself
527: – Cognitive bias about one's own skill
6113:
6090:
6081:
6072:
4560:
4525:
4294:
4098:
3525:
2332:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
2272:
1972:
1845:
1626:
1591:
1394:
871:
322:
291:"self-efficacy" is defined by psychologist
5218:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
5118:
5104:
4856:
4842:
4026:
3872:. University of California Press. p.
3710:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
3590:International Journal of Science Education
3526:Smith, Eliot R.; Mackie, Diane M. (2007).
3272:
3024:
2947:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
2797:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2717:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
211:. The reason given is: There is a lack of
4689:
4664:Zander, Alvin; Ulberg, Cyrus (May 1971).
4589:
4360:
4112:
4067:
3984:
3787:Journal of Language and Social Psychology
3323:
3141:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
3046:
2867:
2824:
2736:
2684:
2635:
2501:
2380:
2366:
2234:Bandura, Albert; Cervone, Daniel (1983).
2195:Bandura, Albert; Cervone, Daniel (1983).
2074:
2023:"Self-confidence and personal motivation"
1986:
1723:
1653:
1408:
1230:Fenton, Norman (1928). "The Only Child".
1192:
1126:
1075:
1019:
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
4349:Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
3827:
3373:International Journal of Music Education
3077:
1500:Personality and Social Psychology Review
856:
410:
398:
378:Perceptions of self-confidence in others
174:apathetic and lose all self-confidence.
5265:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
3758:
3416:
2711:Albarracín, D.; Mitchell, A.L. (2004).
2441:
2100:
1153:
923:
701:
299:Factors correlated with self-confidence
14:
6199:
4768:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
4053:
4014:Women in Engineering ProActive Network
3370:
3263:
3254:
2125:The Social Psychology of Everyday Life
2121:
1773:
1630:Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology
1548:
1229:
1157:Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control
1005:
828:Edwards, J., & Wesley, J. (1742).
260:5 the subject's body language such as
5099:
4837:
3964:Niederle, M.; Vesterlund, L. (2007).
3917:
3865:
3107:
3105:
3027:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
2849:
2847:
2753:
1851:
1688:
1363:
1361:
1290:
1288:
736:
496:Self-confidence in different cultures
350:write that "overconfidence maximizes
4243:
3419:Journal of Clinical Child Psychology
2944:
1497:
1154:Bandura, Albert (15 February 1997).
888:
697:
695:
193:
73:
50:that a person or thing is reliable.
5250:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
4793:Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
4437:Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
3641:"Importance of Cultural Activities"
3638:
3493:Contemporary Educational Psychology
24:
5040:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
4425:
4295:Schmitt, D.P.; Buss, D.M. (2001).
3973:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
3932:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1954.tb01870.x
3895:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1957.tb01529.x
3187:Journal of Organizational Behavior
3114:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
3102:
2844:
2768:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1961.tb01666.x
1358:
1285:
1271:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1983.tb00542.x
891:The American Journal of Psychology
624:
25:
6228:
4976:Narcissistic personality disorder
4570:European Journal of Sport Science
4561:Freeman, Paul; Rees, Tim (2010).
2615:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
2486:"The evolution of overconfidence"
2122:Argyle, Michael (15 April 2013).
692:
169:, academics Philip Eisenberg and
5082:
5081:
3266:Men and women in the corporation
2021:Bénabou, R.; Tirole, J. (2005).
1470:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.09.008
1458:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
1370:Journal of Counseling Psychology
755:10.1111/j.1744-6198.2011.00230.x
443:
198:
78:
4706:
4657:
4614:
4554:
4519:
4333:
4234:
4199:
4156:
4129:
4092:
4047:
4020:
4001:
3957:
3869:Documents of Gestalt Psychology
3856:
3821:
3778:
3752:
3701:
3658:
3632:
3581:
3546:
3519:
3480:
3445:
3410:
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2400:
2320:
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2014:
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1915:
1880:
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1620:
1585:
1542:
1491:
1476:
1449:
1388:
1315:
1250:
1052:
999:
964:
875:Democracy in America: Volume II
872:Tocqueville, Alexis de (1899).
574: – Pseudoscientific belief
177:In 1943, American psychologist
5203:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
4863:
4623:Cognitive Therapy and Research
4101:Quarterly Journal of Economics
3505:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.05.003
1975:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1244:10.1080/08856559.1928.10532171
926:"Alcohol and Social Case Work"
917:
882:
865:
850:
821:
769:
730:
13:
1:
3296:Journal of Applied Psychology
3275:Journal of Applied Psychology
2984:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
2955:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60212-9
1924:Journal of Marketing Research
1776:Academy of Management Journal
1724:Thorndike, Edward L. (1920).
617:
568: – Concept in psychology
391:Variation in different groups
5852:
5843:
5820:
4872:Similar personality concepts
4682:10.1016/0030-5073(71)90023-7
3830:The Public Opinion Quarterly
3080:"Testifying with confidence"
2860:NBER Working Paper No. 17014
2369:Journal of Consumer Research
2287:10.1016/0005-7916(87)90069-3
2063:The American Economic Review
1854:Academy of Management Review
1606:10.1016/0306-4603(77)90030-2
580: – Human emotional need
7:
5949:
5786:
5763:
5125:
5049:Related psychology concepts
4756:Annual Review of Psychology
4392:10.1080/0264041031000101809
4343:Craft, L.L.; Magyar, T.M.;
3610:10.1080/0950069032000052207
2252:10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017
2213:10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017
2101:Hobfoll, Stevan E. (1988).
1633:. Oxford University Press.
1485:Predicting health behaviour
1336:10.1177/1073191195002003006
832:. S. Kneeland and T. Green.
542: – Subtype of delusion
503:
483:
234:
189:
108:the claims made and adding
34:Confidence (disambiguation)
10:
6233:
4731:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.599
4474:Journal of Sports Sciences
4380:Journal of Sports Sciences
4316:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.894
4150:10.1037/0022-3514.44.2.322
4078:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.629
3759:Lee, J.; Zhou, M. (2014).
3679:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
2929:10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.901
2900:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.499
1742:10.1177/000271622008700133
1668:10.1177/001872675400700202
1563:10.1037/0033-295x.92.4.548
1397:Journal of Sports Sciences
1382:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.355
1309:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.203
942:10.1177/000271621807700116
878:. Washington Square Press.
791:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.693
469:supervising subordinates.
425:Extracurricular activities
69:
31:
6133:
6051:
5878:
5805:
5755:
5278:
5176:
5133:
5079:
5048:
4998:Manipulation (psychology)
4968:
4927:
4871:
4805:10.1080/10413200600830315
4582:10.1080/17461390903049998
4486:10.1080/02640410701310958
4449:10.1080/10413200591010085
4041:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.48
3799:10.1177/0261927X960153003
3555:Psychology in the Schools
3431:10.1080/15374418409533169
3338:10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2
3259:. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey.
3126:10.1037/1076-8971.1.4.817
2996:10.1017/S0140525X10001354
2677:10.1038/s41398-019-0602-7
1419:10.1080/02640410600982279
1086:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
924:Wheeler, Mary P. (1918).
430:In a phenomenon known as
207:This section needs to be
144:In 1890, the philosopher
3722:10.1177/0146167202250218
3385:10.1177/0255761410370658
3326:Educational Psychologist
3268:. New York: Basic Books.
2809:10.1177/0146167204271180
2729:10.1177/0146167204271180
2665:Translational Psychiatry
2563:The Psychological Record
2442:Hilbert, Martin (2012).
2344:10.1177/0092070306287126
2314:The Journal of Marketing
2107:. Taylor & Francis.
2085:10.1257/0002828043052204
1962:American Economic Review
1866:10.5465/amr.1987.4306538
1512:10.1177/1088868308321721
737:Perry, Patricia (2011).
151:Principles of Psychology
64:self-fulfilling prophecy
4969:Pathological narcissism
4123:10.1162/003355301556400
3995:10.1162/qjec.122.3.1067
3639:Gurukul, Vishwashanti.
2628:10.1162/jocn.2009.21359
2038:10.1057/9780230522343_2
1997:10.1162/003355301556347
1194:10.1111/1529-1006.01431
1137:10.1057/9780230522343_2
417:Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
6178:
6162:
6114:
6091:
6082:
6073:
4528:The Sport Psychologist
3920:Journal of Personality
3883:Journal of Personality
3466:10.1006/jado.2002.0475
3454:Journal of Adolescence
3199:10.1002/job.4030150508
3153:10.1006/jesp.1997.1326
2756:Journal of Personality
2451:Psychological Bulletin
973:Psychological Bulletin
419:
323:
5667:Righteous indignation
4935:Collective narcissism
4914:Narcissus (mythology)
4253:American Psychologist
3078:Slovenko, R. (1999).
2104:The Ecology of Stress
1691:American Psychologist
525:Dunning–Kruger effect
414:
399:Children and students
344:Dominic D. P. Johnson
336:overconfidence effect
94:. This section lacks
5185:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
4993:Malignant narcissism
4540:10.1123/tsp.22.3.316
4371:10.1123/jsep.25.1.44
3866:Henle, Mary (1961).
3532:. Psychology Press.
3257:Power and Discontent
3228:10.1287/orsc.4.4.577
3216:Organization Science
1551:Psychological Review
1064:Psychological Review
1008:Psychological Review
857:Freiburg, R (1742).
658:Cambridge Dictionary
356:implicit self-esteem
324:defectum sui fiducia
6217:Positive psychology
5255:Theological virtues
5158:Positive psychology
4919:Superiority complex
4282:on 14 February 2019
4244:Buss, D.M. (2009).
3602:2003IJSEd..25.1081Z
3264:Kanter, R. (1977).
3255:Gamson, W. (1968).
2520:10.1038/nature10384
2512:2011Natur.477..317J
1594:Addictive Behaviors
540:Grandiose delusions
163:temperance movement
5687:Self-transcendence
5279:Individual virtues
5223:Nine Noble Virtues
5152:Nicomachean Ethics
4894:Healthy narcissism
4635:10.1007/BF01173634
4177:10.1007/BF00288018
3645:www.mitgurukul.com
2589:on 26 January 2020
2575:10.1007/BF03395739
420:
352:individual fitness
274:facial expressions
184:self-actualization
89:possibly contains
42:is the feeling of
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
5341:Conscientiousness
5208:Epistemic virtues
5093:
5092:
3539:978-1-84169-408-5
3529:Social Psychology
2803:(12): 1565–1584.
2723:(12): 1565–1584.
2496:(7364): 317–320.
2421:10.1159/000213573
2047:978-1-349-52144-9
1908:978-0-309-04993-1
1640:978-0-19-518724-3
1259:Language Learning
1167:978-0-7167-2850-4
599:Self-serving bias
572:Law of attraction
433:stereotype threat
232:
231:
138:
137:
130:
96:secondary sources
91:original research
16:(Redirected from
6224:
6183:
6167:
6119:
6096:
6087:
6078:
5954:
5857:
5848:
5825:
5791:
5768:
5753:
5752:
5682:Self-cultivation
5235:Prussian virtues
5198:Cardinal virtues
5120:
5113:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5085:
5084:
4945:In the workplace
4904:Machiavellianism
4858:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4787:
4750:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4593:
4567:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4468:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4374:
4364:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4275:. Archived from
4265:10.1037/a0013207
4250:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4220:10.1037/h0034497
4203:
4197:
4196:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4071:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3979:(3): 1067–1101.
3970:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3914:
3877:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3596:(9): 1081–1094.
3585:
3579:
3578:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3367:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3308:10.1037/h0029265
3290:
3287:10.1037/h0044720
3269:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3210:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2911:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2851:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2787:
2750:
2740:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2622:(9): 2108–2119.
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2585:. Archived from
2554:
2548:
2547:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2463:10.1037/a0025940
2448:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:10.1.1.1032.3637
2363:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2246:(5): 1017–1028.
2231:
2225:
2224:
2207:(5): 1017–1028.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2166:10.1037/h0046408
2149:
2143:
2139:
2118:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2069:(5): 1536–1557.
2058:
2052:
2051:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2008:
1990:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1823:10.1037/h0062924
1806:
1800:
1799:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1703:10.1037/h0042851
1686:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1600:(2–3): 129–134.
1589:
1583:
1582:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1412:
1403:(9): 1057–1065.
1392:
1386:
1385:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1196:
1171:
1150:
1130:
1113:
1079:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1030:10.1037/h0054346
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
985:10.1037/h0063426
968:
962:
961:
921:
915:
914:
886:
880:
879:
869:
863:
862:
861:. The Spectator.
854:
848:
847:
841:
833:
825:
819:
818:
773:
767:
766:
734:
728:
727:
716:10.1037/h0029201
699:
690:
687:
685:
683:
668:
666:
664:
649:
647:
645:
628:
583:
551:
536:
521:
516:Confidence trick
490:mental toughness
326:
259:
255:
227:
224:
218:
202:
201:
194:
167:Great Depression
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
110:inline citations
82:
81:
74:
21:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6186:
6129:
6047:
5874:
5801:
5751:
5274:
5260:Three Treasures
5177:Virtue families
5172:
5146:Moral character
5129:
5124:
5094:
5089:
5075:
5044:
4964:
4923:
4909:Messiah complex
4867:
4862:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4711:
4707:
4662:
4658:
4619:
4615:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4362:10.1.1.459.4342
4338:
4334:
4330:
4299:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4204:
4200:
4161:
4157:
4134:
4130:
4114:10.1.1.295.7095
4097:
4093:
4069:10.1.1.453.3587
4052:
4048:
4025:
4021:
4006:
4002:
3986:10.1.1.151.4864
3968:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3861:
3857:
3826:
3822:
3783:
3779:
3768:New Diversities
3763:
3757:
3753:
3706:
3702:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3637:
3633:
3586:
3582:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3524:
3520:
3485:
3481:
3450:
3446:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3357:
3353:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3180:
3176:
3137:
3133:
3110:
3103:
3076:
3072:
3039:10.1002/bdm.460
3023:
3019:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2881:
2877:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2706:
2702:
2657:
2653:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2555:
2551:
2482:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2325:
2321:
2306:
2302:
2271:
2267:
2232:
2228:
2193:
2189:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2115:
2096:
2092:
2076:10.1.1.318.7105
2059:
2055:
2048:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1988:10.1.1.334.9951
1955:
1951:
1936:10.2307/3150690
1920:
1916:
1909:
1885:
1881:
1850:
1846:
1807:
1803:
1772:
1765:
1722:
1718:
1687:
1683:
1656:Human Relations
1652:
1648:
1641:
1625:
1621:
1590:
1586:
1547:
1543:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1454:
1450:
1410:10.1.1.329.9348
1393:
1389:
1366:
1359:
1320:
1316:
1293:
1286:
1255:
1251:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1168:
1147:
1077:10.1.1.411.2919
1057:
1053:
1021:10.1.1.334.7586
1004:
1000:
969:
965:
922:
918:
903:10.2307/1413607
887:
883:
870:
866:
855:
851:
835:
834:
826:
822:
774:
770:
735:
731:
700:
693:
681:
679:
671:
662:
660:
652:
643:
641:
640:. 24 March 2024
638:Merriam-Webster
632:
629:
625:
620:
581:
578:Low self-esteem
549:
534:
519:
506:
498:
486:
458:Lise Vesterlund
454:Muriel Niederle
446:
401:
393:
380:
360:self-perception
348:James H. Fowler
301:
257:
253:
237:
228:
222:
219:
216:
203:
199:
192:
171:Paul Lazarsfeld
134:
123:
117:
114:
99:
83:
79:
72:
52:Self-confidence
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Self-confidence
15:
12:
11:
5:
6230:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6175:
6168:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6120:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6063:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5817:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:Accountability
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5188:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4799:(3): 240–253.
4788:
4762:(1): 403–425.
4751:
4725:(4): 599–615.
4712:
4705:
4676:(3): 362–378.
4656:
4629:(2): 135–141.
4613:
4553:
4534:(3): 316–335.
4518:
4515:
4514:
4469:
4443:(3): 209–227.
4431:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4386:(6): 443–457.
4375:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4310:(6): 894–917.
4292:
4259:(2): 140–148.
4240:
4233:
4214:(3): 369–378.
4198:
4171:(1–2): 75–86.
4155:
4144:(2): 322–333.
4128:
4091:
4062:(3): 629–645.
4046:
4019:
4000:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3926:(4): 504–518.
3915:
3889:(3): 306–316.
3878:
3862:
3855:
3842:10.1086/267266
3836:(3): 453–466.
3820:
3793:(3): 246–264.
3777:
3751:
3716:(3): 371–381.
3700:
3673:(5): 797–811.
3657:
3631:
3580:
3561:(2): 163–175.
3545:
3538:
3518:
3499:(4): 397–417.
3479:
3460:(3): 327–339.
3444:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3379:(3): 269–289.
3368:
3358:
3351:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3302:(3): 201–207.
3291:
3281:(4): 291–295.
3270:
3261:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3222:(4): 577–594.
3211:
3193:(5): 439–452.
3181:
3174:
3147:(4): 345–366.
3131:
3120:(4): 817–845.
3101:
3090:(1): 127–131.
3070:
3048:10211.3/187361
3017:
2970:
2963:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2923:(5): 901–914.
2912:
2894:(3): 499–512.
2882:
2875:
2869:10.3386/w17014
2843:
2840:
2839:
2788:
2762:(3): 334–349.
2751:
2707:
2700:
2651:
2600:
2549:
2476:
2457:(2): 211–237.
2434:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:10.1086/208792
2364:
2326:
2319:
2300:
2265:
2226:
2187:
2160:(3): 629–636.
2144:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2097:
2090:
2053:
2046:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1970:
1956:
1949:
1930:(2): 268–274.
1914:
1907:
1879:
1860:(1): 169–171.
1844:
1801:
1782:(4): 709–725.
1763:
1716:
1697:(5): 319–328.
1681:
1662:(2): 117–140.
1646:
1639:
1619:
1584:
1557:(4): 548–573.
1541:
1506:(4): 311–329.
1490:
1475:
1464:(2): 184–191.
1448:
1387:
1376:(3): 355–364.
1357:
1330:(3): 255–278.
1314:
1303:(3): 203–210.
1284:
1265:(3): 273–291.
1249:
1238:(4): 546–556.
1219:
1216:
1215:
1172:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1128:10.1.1.179.119
1114:
1058:
1051:
1014:(4): 370–396.
998:
979:(6): 358–390.
963:
916:
897:(3): 315–348.
881:
864:
849:
820:
785:(3): 693–710.
768:
749:(4): 218–230.
729:
691:
689:
688:
677:Dictionary.com
669:
650:
622:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
575:
569:
563:
561:Icarus complex
558:
552:
543:
537:
531:Emotional bias
528:
522:
513:
505:
502:
497:
494:
485:
482:
445:
442:
400:
397:
392:
389:
379:
376:
318:Albert Bandura
306:Leon Festinger
300:
297:
293:Albert Bandura
288:Abraham Maslow
236:
233:
230:
229:
213:modern sources
206:
204:
197:
191:
188:
179:Abraham Maslow
136:
135:
86:
84:
77:
71:
68:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6229:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Sportsmanship
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Righteousness
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Nonattachment
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Seven virtues
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5192:Brahmavihārās
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5168:Virtue ethics
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:About virtues
5132:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5088:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:mortification
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:Narcissistic
5003:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Me generation
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4691:2027.42/33663
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2964:9780120152193
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2137:
2135:9781134961733
2131:
2128:. Routledge.
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2114:9780891168454
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:(3): 307–319.
1967:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1899:10.17226/2303
1896:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:. Macmillan.
1159:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1146:9781349521449
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
877:
876:
868:
860:
853:
845:
839:
831:
824:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Nursing Forum
740:
733:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
696:
678:
674:
670:
659:
655:
651:
639:
635:
631:
630:
627:
623:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
553:
547:
544:
541:
538:
532:
529:
526:
523:
517:
514:
511:
510:Assertiveness
508:
507:
501:
493:
491:
481:
479:
475:
470:
467:
461:
459:
455:
450:
444:Men and women
441:
437:
435:
434:
428:
426:
418:
413:
409:
406:
405:only children
396:
388:
384:
375:
371:
369:
368:schizophrenia
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
325:
319:
313:
309:
307:
296:
294:
289:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
250:
246:
242:
226:
214:
210:
205:
196:
195:
187:
185:
180:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
152:
147:
146:William James
142:
132:
129:
121:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
92:
87:This section
85:
76:
75:
67:
65:
61:
60:self-efficacy
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
19:
6170:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6122:
6106:
6099:
6065:
6058:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5941:
5934:
5929:Brahmacharya
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5867:
5860:
5835:
5828:
5812:
5794:
5778:
5771:
5727:Tranquillity
5677:Self-control
5647:Renunciation
5605:Philanthropy
5600:Perspicacity
5560:Magnificence
5513:Intelligence
5493:Impartiality
5413:Faithfulness
5301:Authenticity
5227:
5213:Five virtues
5190:
5183:
5163:Trait theory
5150:
5056:Compensation
4796:
4792:
4759:
4755:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4576:(1): 59–67.
4573:
4569:
4556:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4480:(1): 83–95.
4477:
4473:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4383:
4379:
4355:(1): 44–65.
4352:
4348:
4345:Becker, B.J.
4335:
4307:
4303:
4284:. Retrieved
4277:the original
4256:
4252:
4236:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4013:
4003:
3976:
3972:
3959:
3923:
3919:
3886:
3882:
3868:
3858:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3771:
3767:
3754:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3644:
3634:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3528:
3521:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3425:(1): 50–55.
3422:
3418:
3412:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3299:
3295:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3219:
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3190:
3186:
3177:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3117:
3113:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3033:(1): 39–57.
3030:
3026:
3020:
2987:
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2973:
2946:
2940:
2920:
2916:
2891:
2887:
2878:
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2759:
2755:
2720:
2716:
2703:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2619:
2613:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:the original
2566:
2562:
2552:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2415:(1): 38–44.
2412:
2408:
2402:
2375:(1): 49–54.
2372:
2368:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2303:
2281:(1): 33–40.
2278:
2274:
2268:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2124:
2103:
2093:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2029:
2016:
1981:(1): 55–79.
1978:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1889:
1882:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1817:(1): 73–80.
1814:
1810:
1804:
1779:
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1733:
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1694:
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1684:
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1327:
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1184:
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1156:
1118:
1067:
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1054:
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1007:
1001:
976:
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929:
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894:
890:
884:
874:
867:
858:
852:
829:
823:
782:
778:
771:
746:
742:
732:
710:(1): 87–93.
707:
703:
680:. Retrieved
676:
673:"Confidence"
661:. Retrieved
657:
654:"Confidence"
642:. Retrieved
637:
634:"Confidence"
626:
566:Inner critic
499:
487:
474:gender roles
471:
466:common stock
462:
451:
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438:
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115:
88:
51:
39:
38:
29:
5747:Workmanship
5637:Punctuality
5555:Magnanimity
5478:Hospitality
5428:Forgiveness
5373:Discernment
5331:Cleanliness
5071:Grandiosity
5066:Entitlement
4940:Don Juanism
4889:God complex
4591:10871/16326
4107:: 261–292.
3332:(1): 3–17.
2990:(1): 1–16.
2409:Gerontology
1736:: 212–218.
1187:(1): 1–44.
1070:(1): 4–27.
936:: 154–159.
546:Haughtiness
262:eye contact
159:World War I
56:self-esteem
6212:Narcissism
6201:Categories
6060:Auctoritas
5908:Aparigraha
5887:Adhiṭṭhāna
5869:Sophrosyne
5837:Eutrapelia
5722:Temperance
5702:Solidarity
5692:Simplicity
5652:Resilience
5627:Politeness
5595:Patriotism
5575:Moderation
5448:Good faith
5438:Generosity
5398:Equanimity
5378:Discipline
5336:Compassion
5033:withdrawal
4988:Dark triad
4950:Leadership
4928:In society
4865:Narcissism
4286:26 January
3774:(1): 7–22.
2671:(1): 268.
2593:26 January
2569:(4): 679.
2338:(4): 576.
1324:Assessment
618:References
587:Narcissism
478:body image
364:delusional
223:March 2024
118:March 2024
102:improve it
40:Confidence
6108:Humanitas
5854:Phronesis
5845:Philotimo
5697:Sincerity
5662:Reverence
5530:Judgement
5518:Emotional
5508:Integrity
5498:Innocence
5453:Gratitude
5433:Frugality
5423:Foresight
5403:Etiquette
5393:Endurance
5368:Diligence
5291:Alertness
5240:Scout Law
5141:Endowment
4821:145178557
4813:1041-3200
4776:0066-4308
4700:0030-5073
4643:0147-5916
4608:143561743
4600:1746-1391
4494:0264-0414
4465:145484578
4457:1041-3200
4400:0264-0414
4357:CiteSeerX
4193:145751588
4185:0360-0025
4165:Sex Roles
4109:CiteSeerX
4064:CiteSeerX
4035:: 48–59.
3981:CiteSeerX
3940:1467-6494
3903:1467-6494
3815:145666109
3807:0261-927X
3730:0146-1672
3618:0950-0693
3575:1520-6807
3513:145715728
3439:0047-228X
3393:0255-7614
3346:0046-1520
3065:145763938
3057:1099-0771
3004:1469-1825
2908:1939-1315
2817:0146-1672
2776:1467-6494
2528:1476-4687
2503:0909.4043
2377:CiteSeerX
2360:168139940
2352:0092-0703
2260:1939-1315
2221:0022-3514
2071:CiteSeerX
2032:: 19–57.
1983:CiteSeerX
1874:0363-7425
1831:0096-851X
1788:0001-4273
1758:145103629
1711:1935-990X
1536:206682425
1520:1088-8683
1427:0264-0414
1405:CiteSeerX
1352:144758626
1344:1073-1911
1279:1467-9922
1203:1529-1006
1123:CiteSeerX
1094:1939-1471
1072:CiteSeerX
1038:1939-1471
1016:CiteSeerX
993:1939-1455
958:143016895
838:cite book
799:1939-1315
266:fidgeting
249:cognitive
245:affective
106:verifying
6207:Emotions
6101:Gravitas
6084:Dignitas
5830:Ataraxia
5712:Sympathy
5642:Religion
5632:Prudence
5590:Patience
5565:Meekness
5540:Kindness
5488:Humility
5483:Humanity
5418:Fidelity
5363:Courtesy
5326:Chivalry
5321:Chastity
5311:Charisma
5306:Calmness
5296:Altruism
5087:Category
5013:neurosis
4879:Egomania
4784:12172000
4739:11642348
4651:39561309
4548:44199464
4510:23040478
4502:17852671
4408:12846532
4324:11414373
4273:19203146
3948:13163818
3911:13439514
3746:38999448
3738:15273014
3626:17385637
3474:12128043
3169:28783168
3096:10212032
3012:21288379
2835:15536240
2784:13689584
2747:15536240
2695:31636252
2646:19925187
2583:55255465
2536:21921915
2471:22122235
2316:: 88–98.
2182:35785090
2174:13286010
1839:14907250
1676:18918768
1528:18812499
1435:17497407
1211:26151640
1046:53326433
815:18551901
807:12219863
763:22029765
682:31 March
663:31 March
644:31 March
593:Security
504:See also
484:Athletes
278:gestures
235:Measures
190:Research
6156:Sadaqah
6142:Ganbaru
6075:Decorum
6067:Caritas
6022:Śraddhā
6008:Shaucha
5973:Kshanti
5901:Akrodha
5756:Chinese
5657:Respect
5580:Modesty
5550:Loyalty
5535:Justice
5503:Insight
5463:Honesty
5458:Heroism
5388:Empathy
5346:Courage
5316:Charity
5229:Pāramīs
5127:Virtues
5061:Empathy
5018:elation
4981:history
4960:Parents
4884:Egotism
4747:3745951
4228:4710108
4086:9523410
3850:2747017
3695:4665022
3687:7473032
3598:Bibcode
3401:5662260
3236:2635081
3207:2488215
3161:9247369
2826:4803283
2738:4803283
2686:6803712
2637:4159715
2544:4384687
2508:Bibcode
2429:8034202
2295:3558850
2005:2696443
1944:3150690
1750:1014401
1579:6499506
1571:3903815
1110:8194189
1102:7878162
950:1014456
911:1413607
724:4393678
605:Shyness
334:On the
270:posture
209:updated
148:in his
100:Please
70:History
6124:Virtus
6116:Pietas
6035:Upekṣā
6028:Saddhā
5994:Prajñā
5987:Muditā
5966:Kshama
5959:Karuṇā
5922:Asteya
5915:Ārjava
5894:Ahimsa
5879:Indian
5862:Sophia
5737:Wisdom
5615:Filial
5523:Social
5468:Honour
5028:supply
5008:injury
4899:Hubris
4819:
4811:
4782:
4774:
4745:
4737:
4698:
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1709:
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1637:
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1612:
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1534:
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1164:
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1125:
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1092:
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1036:
1018:
991:
956:
948:
909:
813:
805:
797:
761:
722:
611:Vanity
555:Hubris
329:stroke
276:, and
258:
254:
44:belief
6180:Virtù
6134:Other
6093:Fides
6052:Latin
6042:Vīrya
6001:Satya
5980:Mettā
5943:Dhṛti
5822:Arete
5814:Agape
5806:Greek
5732:Trust
5717:Taste
5610:Piety
5570:Mercy
5443:Glory
5408:Faith
5356:Moral
5351:Civil
5270:Yamas
4817:S2CID
4743:S2CID
4647:S2CID
4604:S2CID
4566:(PDF)
4544:S2CID
4506:S2CID
4461:S2CID
4412:S2CID
4300:(PDF)
4280:(PDF)
4249:(PDF)
4189:S2CID
3969:(PDF)
3846:JSTOR
3811:S2CID
3764:(PDF)
3742:S2CID
3691:S2CID
3622:S2CID
3509:S2CID
3397:S2CID
3232:JSTOR
3203:JSTOR
3165:S2CID
3061:S2CID
2579:S2CID
2540:S2CID
2498:arXiv
2447:(PDF)
2356:S2CID
2178:S2CID
2026:(PDF)
2001:JSTOR
1940:JSTOR
1792:JSTOR
1754:S2CID
1746:JSTOR
1672:S2CID
1575:S2CID
1532:S2CID
1439:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1106:S2CID
1042:S2CID
954:S2CID
946:JSTOR
907:JSTOR
811:S2CID
340:noisy
241:scale
157:With
48:trust
6172:Sisu
6164:Seny
6149:Giri
6015:Sevā
5936:Dāna
5773:Jing
5622:Pity
5545:Love
5473:Hope
5383:Duty
4809:ISSN
4780:PMID
4772:ISSN
4735:PMID
4696:ISSN
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4320:PMID
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4224:PMID
4181:ISSN
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3614:ISSN
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2524:ISSN
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2425:PMID
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2217:ISSN
2170:PMID
2130:ISBN
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1162:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1098:PMID
1090:ISSN
1034:ISSN
989:ISSN
844:link
803:PMID
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759:PMID
720:PMID
684:2024
665:2024
646:2024
456:and
346:and
247:and
5951:Hrī
5788:Ren
5742:Wit
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4727:doi
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4678:doi
4631:doi
4586:hdl
4578:doi
4536:doi
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4388:doi
4367:doi
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4216:doi
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4146:doi
4119:doi
4105:116
4074:doi
4037:doi
3991:doi
3977:122
3928:doi
3891:doi
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3606:doi
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3427:doi
3381:doi
3334:doi
3304:doi
3283:doi
3224:doi
3195:doi
3149:doi
3122:doi
3043:hdl
3035:doi
2992:doi
2951:doi
2925:doi
2896:doi
2864:doi
2821:PMC
2805:doi
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2733:PMC
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2681:PMC
2673:doi
2632:PMC
2624:doi
2571:doi
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1979:116
1932:doi
1895:doi
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