275:
266:(後輩/后辈) for juniors. For students, the term is usually xuézhǎng/xuéjiě (學長/姐, more common in Taiwan) or shīxiōng/shījiě (师兄/姐, Mainland China) for male and female senpai, respectively, and xuédì/xuémèi (學弟/妹, Taiwan) or shīdì/shīmèi (师弟/妹, Mainland China) for male and female kohai, respectively. The student terms are also used in the Taiwanese military and the police system, though the existence of this seniority system in parallel to the ranks is criticized.
822:
810:
344:) dominated the Japanese at the time, as respect for elders and ancestor worship that Chinese Confucianism taught were well accepted by the Japanese, and these influences have spread throughout daily life. Like other Chinese influences, the Japanese adopted these ideas selectively and in their own manner, so that the "loyalty" in Confucianism was taken as loyalty to a
92:
660:. The status, salary, and position of employees depend heavily of seniority, and veteran employees generally take the highest positions and receive higher salaries than their subordinates. Until the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, employment was guaranteed for life and thus such employees did not have to worry about losing their positions.
718:, the relation has become more superficial, and the age factor has begun to lose importance. The student body has diversified with Japanese students, who have spent a large part of their lives overseas and have returned to Japan, as well as foreign students without a mentality rooted in the Japanese hierarchical system.
627:
The main reason for these humble actions is that it is believed that team members can become good players only if they are submissive, obedient, and follow the orders of the trainer or captain, and thus become a humble, responsible, and cooperative citizen in the future. Relations in
Japanese schools
725:
in the early 1990s caused a high level of unemployment, including the laying off of high-ranked employees. Companies since then first began to consider employees' skills rather than age or length of service with the company, due to which many long-serving employees lost their positions over being
374:
relation. In this family system the father, as male head, had absolute power over the family and the eldest son inherited the family property. The father had power because he was the one to receive an education and was seen to have superior ethical knowledge. Since reverence for superiors was
375:
considered a virtue in
Japanese society, the wife and children had to obey it. In addition to the hereditary system, only the eldest son could receive his father's possessions, and neither the eldest daughter nor the younger children received anything from him.
687:, "upper seat"). During meetings, most employees do not give their opinions, but simply listen and concur with their superiors, although they can express opinions with the prior consent of the employees of greater rank and influence in the company.
603:
relation applies to its greatest extent in Japan is in schools. For example, in junior and senior high schools (especially in school clubs) third-year students (who are the oldest) demonstrate great power as
667:
relation is a cornerstone in interpersonal relations within the
Japanese business world; for example, at meetings the lower-level employee should sit in the seat closest to the door, called
726:
incapable of fulfilling expectations. Gradually many companies have had to restructure their salary and promotion systems, and seniority has thus lost some influence in
Japanese society.
612:
to have to perform basic tasks such as retrieving balls, cleaning playing fields, taking care of equipment, and even wash elder students' clothes. They must also bow to or salute their
135:
refers to the member of higher experience, hierarchy, level, or age in the organization who offers assistance, friendship, and counsel to a new or inexperienced member, known as the
454:, "respectful language"): Used to denote respect towards a superior with or of whom one speaks, including the actions, objects, characteristics, and people related to this person.
494:, "polite language"): Differs from the other two in that the deference is afforded only to the person being addressed, rather than those being spoken about. Use of the verb
396:, "family-head system"), in which the head of the household had the right to command his family and the eldest son inherited that position. These statutes were abolished in
698:, though misunderstandings arise due to lack of historical knowledge, and as the vertical social hierarchy of Japan does not exist in cultures such as those in the West.
643:
relation is weaker in universities, as students of a variety of ages attend the same classes; students show respect to older members primarily through polite language (
656:
system also prevails in
Japanese businesses. The social environment in Japanese businesses is regulated by two standards: the system of superiority and the system of
177:
teaching, as well as the morals and ethics that have arrived in Japan from ancient China and have spread throughout various aspects of
Japanese philosophy. The
162:
acts at the same time as a friend. This relation is similar to the interpersonal relation between tutor and tutored in
Eastern culture, but differs in that the
315:
Confucianism arrived from China between the 6th and 9th centuries, but the derived line of thought that brought about deep social changes in Japan was
39:
terms used to describe an informal hierarchical interpersonal relationship found in organizations, associations, clubs, businesses, and schools in
1554:
517:
have expressions (verbs, nouns, and special prefixes) particular to the type of language; for example, the ordinary
Japanese verb for "to do" is
1310:
710:
relation's deep roots in
Japanese society, there have been changes since the end of the 20th century in academic and business organizations.
188:
Over time this mechanism has allowed the transfer of experience and knowledge, as well as the expansion of acquaintances and the building of
761:
must apologize. In some cases, the relation is open to violence and bullying. Most
Japanese people—even those who criticize it—accept the
1001:[The elder brother system is not an authority, but a living fossil of authoritarianism that should have long since disappeared].
258:
Similar concept exists in the Chinese-speaking world, though the terms vary depending on the context. In business, the terms are usually
636:
are analogous to the teacher–student relation, in which the age and experience of the teacher must be respected and never questioned.
2722:
2030:
741:
were often pushy, and that the system results in students who are shy or afraid of standing out from the group. For example, some
2279:
386:
and reinforced the traditional family system, giving clear definitions of hierarchical values within the family. This was called
2063:
1497:
1477:
1456:
1402:
1228:
2777:
1547:
737:
relationship; to reluctant acquiescence; to antipathy. Those who criticize the system find it arbitrary and unfair, that
677:, "lower seat"), while the senior employee (sometimes the boss) sits next to some important guest in a position called
1522:
1429:
1379:
1299:
1255:
185:, and for one's elders, eliminating all forms of internal competition and reinforcing the unity of the organization.
2651:
17:
1624:
1587:
408:. These ideals nevertheless remained during the following years as a psychological influence in Japanese society.
628:
also place a stronger emphasis on the age than on the abilities of students. The rules of superiority between a
2752:
1730:
1540:
1448:
1207:
2057:
1596:
1578:
181:
relation is a vertical hierarchy (like a father–son relation) that emphasizes respect for authority, for the
2767:
2646:
2035:
421:
2693:
2439:
754:
722:
649:). Vertical seniority rules nevertheless prevail between teachers based on academic rank and experience.
364:
1514:
1421:
975:[The two sides of the strait are very different: terms in mainland China vs. terms in Taiwan].
800:
240:
and indicate a similar senior–junior relationship. Both the Japanese and Korean terms are based on the
2610:
1707:
2688:
1980:
370:) was also regulated by Confucian codes of conduct and had an influence on the establishment of the
274:
2772:
1318:
227:
2434:
1195:
The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai System in Feudal Japan
1291:
1239:
211:
by way of developing a sense of responsibility. This comradeship does not imply friendship; a
2683:
2618:
2251:
1850:
1747:
1467:
1334:
695:
131:
and vice versa, and establishes a bond determined by the date of entry into an organization.
100:
1266:
2757:
2135:
1443:
For Harmony and Strength: Japanese White-collar Organization in Anthropological Perspective
769:
aspect of society, straying from which would have inevitably negative social consequences.
657:
316:
189:
2195:
8:
2580:
2157:
2040:
1917:
1873:
1394:
788:
540:
Another rule in the hierarchical relation is the use of honorific suffixes of address. A
309:
155:
80:
2762:
2628:
1994:
778:
401:
320:
252:
241:
1532:
1656:
1647:
1619:
1518:
1493:
1473:
1452:
1441:
1425:
1398:
1375:
1342:
1295:
1274:
1251:
1224:
1203:
998:
783:
417:
182:
36:
2623:
2405:
2366:
1890:
1414:
349:
301:
44:
478:
the speaker shows respect to a superior by lowering or deprecating him or herself.
139:, who must demonstrate gratitude, respect, and occasionally personal loyalty. The
2535:
2371:
2076:
2014:
1859:
1601:
1564:
1508:
1487:
1218:
1193:
223:
382:
system was the Civil Code of 1898, which strengthened the rules of privilege of
192:. It also allows the development of beneficial experiences between both, as the
66:
54:
2482:
1671:
1605:
826:
2343:
2746:
2425:
2311:
2297:
2284:
2260:
2068:
1944:
1689:
1355:
1346:
1278:
288:
in 1911. Discipline training in school clubs historically has influenced the
2674:
2698:
2045:
814:
766:
405:
324:
305:
174:
116:
72:
1899:
972:
2703:
2589:
2499:
2400:
1935:
1273:. Vol. 21, no. 11. Active Interest Media. pp. 60–64, 107.
2233:
1738:
1629:
1099:
1087:
733:
system vary from appreciation for traditions and the benefits of a good
591:, which indicates the highest level of respect to the person spoken to.
2487:
2302:
2085:
1805:
1469:
Mind/Body Techniques for Asperger's Syndrome: The Way of the Pathfinder
1372:
Nihongo: Japonés para hispanohablantes: Gramática de la lengua japonesa
1065:
1063:
1061:
111:
2224:
416:
The seniority rules are reflected in various grammatical rules in the
2708:
2637:
2526:
2357:
2242:
1962:
1796:
1787:
1698:
1199:
941:
383:
285:
1075:
1058:
345:
2727:
2665:
2562:
2508:
2334:
1832:
1721:
304:. Three elements have had a significant impact on its development:
280:
2094:
821:
2713:
2656:
2571:
2554:
2545:
2453:
2352:
2292:
2204:
2175:
2005:
1823:
1814:
1765:
1756:
1610:
1356:"Impact of Japanese Traditional Cultures on Global IS Management"
328:
1881:
876:
874:
2462:
2376:
2325:
2316:
2184:
2166:
2105:
2019:
1953:
1926:
1908:
1712:
1680:
1638:
793:
1311:"Senpai & Kohai: In Japan, Experience is the Best Teacher"
1248:
The Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture
1029:
105:
2517:
2471:
2444:
2269:
2215:
2126:
2117:
1841:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1048:
1046:
1044:
871:
237:
40:
895:
893:
891:
889:
75:, but has developed a distinctive Japanese style. The term
1971:
1776:
397:
1489:
Patriarchy in East Asia: A Comparative Sociology of Gender
1466:
Rubio, Ron; Brody, Irene; Castrogiovanni, Anthony (2008),
1169:
1145:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1041:
1017:
714:
no longer show as much respect to the experience of their
886:
861:
859:
857:
844:
842:
1465:
1157:
947:
1562:
1111:
2728:
2714:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2638:
2629:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2489:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2426:
2406:
2392:
2386:
2377:
2358:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2303:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2205:
2196:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2127:
2118:
2106:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2047:
2020:
2006:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1722:
1713:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1611:
1588:
1579:
854:
839:
644:
482:
458:
442:
431:
420:. A person who speaks respectfully to a superior uses
362:
338:
91:
1369:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
953:
798:
929:
219:
may become friends, but such is not an expectation.
1370:Matsuura, Jun'ichi; Porta Fuentes, Lourdes (2002).
1242:
Sempai-Kōhai: Seniority Rules in Japanese Relations
917:
1440:
1413:
308:, the traditional Japanese family system, and the
2744:
123:The relationship is an interdependent one, as a
905:
1363:Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems
682:
672:
608:. It is common in school sports clubs for new
489:
465:
449:
425:
391:
356:
332:
150:s seniority and experience, and speaks to the
64:
52:
1548:
319:, which became the official doctrine of the
1341:. Active Interest Media. pp. 27, 122.
1237:
1151:
1139:
1052:
1035:
1023:
899:
694:relation is often found in the teaching of
559:s given name or surname, regardless if the
437:), which is divided into three categories:
71:, "junior") relationship has its roots in
1555:
1541:
1416:Gaijin Yokozuna: A Biography of Chad Rowan
1485:
1353:
880:
323:(1603–1867). The precepts of loyalty and
2723:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1506:
1285:
1191:
1120:
865:
848:
273:
90:
1388:
1264:
1238:Davies, Roger J.; Ikeno, Osamu (2002).
1216:
1175:
959:
935:
14:
2745:
1438:
948:Rubio, Brody & Castrogiovanni 2008
1536:
1411:
1332:
1265:Hassell, Randall G. (November 1983).
1163:
923:
470:, "humble language"): In contrast to
1308:
911:
170:must work in the same organization.
103:, in which the members of different
1510:An Introduction to Japanese Society
745:fear that if they outperform their
24:
1220:Women's Working Lives in East Asia
27:Japanese hierarchical relationship
25:
2789:
1391:Japanese Higher Education as Myth
1106:Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002
1094:Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002
1082:Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002
1070:Matsuura & Porta Fuentes 2002
820:
808:
579:; it is extremely unusual for a
378:The last factor influencing the
207:learns new experiences from the
1472:, Jessica Kingsley Publishers,
991:
965:
1731:Light skin in Japanese culture
1449:University of California Press
1315:Japan Intercultural Consulting
1184:
498:("to be") and the verb ending
411:
13:
1:
1597:Blood type personality theory
1563:Japanese social concepts and
1309:Kopp, Rochelle (2010-06-08).
1223:. Stanford University Press.
833:
594:
278:Demonstrating the use of the
251:(後輩/后辈), written in the same
2647:Japanese blue collar workers
1354:Matsumoto, Hideyuki (2005).
1192:Blomberg, Catharina (1994).
1005:(in Chinese). 23 August 2017
979:(in Chinese). 13 August 2018
355:The Japanese family system (
99:relation has spread through
79:can be considered a term in
7:
2729:
2715:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2639:
2630:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2490:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2427:
2407:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2359:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2304:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2206:
2197:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2128:
2119:
2107:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2048:
2021:
2007:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1779:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1723:
1714:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1612:
1589:
1580:
772:
645:
483:
459:
443:
432:
363:
339:
300:system is deeply rooted in
173:The relation originates in
10:
2794:
2778:Japanese words and phrases
1515:Cambridge University Press
1439:Rohlen, Thomas P. (1979).
1422:University of Hawaii Press
1389:McVeigh, Brian J. (2015).
1333:Lowry, Dave (March 2002).
1288:Japan: Profile of a Nation
269:
236:are written with the same
86:
2609:
2418:
2153:
2146:
1993:
1872:
1708:Japanese political values
1571:
1507:Sugimoto, Yoshio (2003).
1217:Brinton, Mary C. (2001).
701:
683:
673:
490:
466:
450:
426:
392:
357:
333:
65:
53:
1486:Sechiyama, Kaku (2013).
999:"學長學弟制不是權威，而是早該滅亡的威權活化石"
624:or treat them severely.
616:when congratulated, and
284:at a sports festival in
262:(前輩/前辈) for seniors and
2652:Japanese business terms
2624:Business card etiquette
2435:Japanese street fashion
1152:Davies & Ikeno 2002
1140:Davies & Ikeno 2002
1053:Davies & Ikeno 2002
1036:Davies & Ikeno 2002
1024:Davies & Ikeno 2002
900:Davies & Ikeno 2002
1374:(in Spanish). Herder.
1292:Kodansha International
749:in an activity, their
729:Attitudes towards the
567:similarly addresses a
293:
120:
2753:Confucianism in Japan
2684:Labor unions in Japan
1335:"Seniors and Juniors"
1250:. Tuttle Publishing.
883:, pp. 1480–1481.
696:Japanese martial arts
563:is male or female. A
292:system with students.
277:
115:levels are sorted by
101:Japanese martial arts
94:
1572:Sociocultural values
1412:Panek, Mark (2006).
1395:Taylor & Francis
973:"兩岸用語大不同 大陸用語VS台灣用語"
658:permanent employment
203:s knowledge and the
190:institutional memory
43:and expressions of
2768:Japanese honorifics
2689:Lifetime employment
2041:Japanese honorifics
1178:, pp. 220–224.
1166:, pp. 28, 122.
1108:, pp. 115–116.
1096:, pp. 263–265.
1038:, pp. 188–189.
789:Japanese honorifics
723:the economic bubble
690:Outside Japan, the
81:Japanese honorifics
2694:Management culture
2114:Sitting positions
1267:"The Japanese Way"
779:Etiquette in Japan
422:honorific language
402:surrender of Japan
321:Tokugawa shogunate
310:Civil Code of 1898
294:
253:Chinese characters
242:Chinese honorifics
238:Chinese characters
196:benefits from the
156:honorific language
121:
2740:
2739:
2605:
2604:
1650:Hara hachi bun me
1620:Celibacy syndrome
1499:978-90-04-23060-6
1479:978-1-84310-875-7
1458:978-0-520-03849-3
1404:978-1-317-46702-1
1286:Kodansha (1994).
1230:978-0-8047-4354-9
784:Honne and tatemae
418:Japanese language
406:World War II
47:worldwide. The
16:(Redirected from
2785:
2732:
2718:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2642:
2633:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2493:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2430:
2410:
2408:Yamato nadeshiko
2396:
2390:
2381:
2367:Net cafe refugee
2362:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2307:
2288:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2209:
2200:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2131:
2122:
2110:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2051:
2036:Honorific speech
2031:Dining etiquette
2024:
2010:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1782:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1726:
1717:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1615:
1592:
1583:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1503:
1482:
1462:
1446:
1435:
1419:
1408:
1385:
1366:
1360:
1350:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1305:
1282:
1261:
1234:
1213:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
884:
878:
869:
863:
852:
846:
825:
824:
813:
812:
811:
804:
721:The collapse of
686:
685:
676:
675:
648:
587:with the suffix
571:with the suffix
558:
548:with the suffix
502:are examples of
493:
492:
486:
469:
468:
462:
453:
452:
446:
435:
429:
428:
395:
394:
368:
360:
359:
342:
336:
335:
317:Neo-Confucianism
302:Japanese history
202:
183:chain of command
149:
70:
69:
59:, "senior") and
58:
57:
45:Japanese culture
33:Senpai and kōhai
21:
18:Senpai and kohai
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2773:Japanese values
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2601:
2414:
2372:Parasite single
2282:
2147:Types of people
2142:
2136:Other positions
2066:
2015:Bowing in Japan
1998:
1989:
1868:
1862:Yamato-damashii
1602:Brother complex
1567:
1561:
1531:
1525:
1500:
1480:
1459:
1432:
1405:
1382:
1358:
1324:
1322:
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982:
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971:
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946:
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898:
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872:
864:
855:
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836:
831:
819:
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807:
799:
775:
704:
597:
556:
414:
272:
200:
147:
89:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2791:
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2696:
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2654:
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2635:
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2621:
2615:
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2603:
2602:
2600:
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2598:
2597:
2587:
2578:
2569:
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2515:
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2442:
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2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2383:
2374:
2369:
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2355:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2124:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2074:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1735:Mental states
1733:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1674:Ichi-go ichi-e
1669:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1606:Sister complex
1599:
1594:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1513:(2 ed.).
1504:
1498:
1483:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1436:
1430:
1409:
1403:
1386:
1380:
1367:
1351:
1330:
1306:
1300:
1283:
1262:
1256:
1235:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1154:, p. 192.
1144:
1142:, p. 191.
1125:
1123:, p. 132.
1110:
1098:
1086:
1084:, p. 262.
1074:
1072:, p. 261.
1057:
1055:, p. 189.
1040:
1028:
1026:, p. 188.
1016:
990:
964:
962:, p. 159.
952:
940:
928:
926:, p. 135.
916:
904:
902:, p. 187.
885:
881:Matsumoto 2005
870:
868:, p. 310.
853:
851:, p. 203.
837:
835:
832:
830:
829:
817:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
774:
771:
703:
700:
599:One place the
596:
593:
583:to refer to a
508:
507:
479:
455:
413:
410:
404:at the end of
271:
268:
143:defers to the
88:
85:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2790:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
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2759:
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2678:
2673:
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2669:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Black company
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2579:
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2516:
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2329:
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2322:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2298:Herbivore men
2296:
2294:
2291:
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2286:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2266:
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2241:
2239:
2237:
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2201:
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2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:Shinoukoushou
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2132:
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2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1947:Mono no aware
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
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1907:
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1840:
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1813:
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1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1692:Ishin-denshin
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1675:
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1655:
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1637:
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1616:
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1539:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1524:0-521-82193-2
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1491:
1490:
1484:
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1475:
1471:
1470:
1464:
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1454:
1450:
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1444:
1437:
1433:
1431:0-8248-3043-1
1427:
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1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1381:84-254-2052-0
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1321:on 2010-10-14
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1301:4-7700-1892-4
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1257:0-8048-3295-1
1253:
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1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:Sugimoto 2003
1117:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1004:
1000:
994:
978:
974:
968:
961:
956:
950:, p. 37.
949:
944:
938:, p. 61.
937:
932:
925:
920:
913:
908:
901:
896:
894:
892:
890:
882:
877:
875:
867:
866:Kodansha 1994
862:
860:
858:
850:
849:Blomberg 1994
845:
843:
838:
828:
823:
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816:
806:
805:
802:
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276:
267:
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118:
114:
113:
108:
107:
102:
98:
93:
84:
82:
78:
74:
68:
62:
56:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2699:Nenko system
2611:Work culture
2401:Yakuza ranks
2385:
2278:
2062:
1999:social norms
1777:
1509:
1488:
1468:
1442:
1415:
1390:
1371:
1365:: 1477–1484.
1362:
1338:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1314:
1287:
1270:
1247:
1241:
1219:
1194:
1176:McVeigh 2015
1171:
1159:
1147:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1031:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:xinmedia.com
976:
967:
960:Brinton 2001
955:
943:
936:Hassell 1983
931:
919:
907:
767:common-sense
765:system as a
763:senpai–kōhai
762:
758:
757:, for which
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:senpai–kōhai
734:
731:senpai–kōhai
730:
728:
720:
715:
711:
708:senpai–kōhai
707:
706:Despite the
705:
692:senpai–kōhai
691:
689:
678:
668:
665:senpai–kōhai
664:
662:
654:senpai–kōhai
653:
651:
641:senpai–kōhai
640:
638:
633:
629:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:senpai–kōhai
600:
598:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
549:
545:
544:addresses a
541:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
503:
499:
495:
481:
475:
471:
457:
441:
430:
415:
400:, after the
387:
380:senpai–kōhai
379:
377:
372:senpai–kōhai
371:
361:
354:
337:
325:filial piety
314:
306:Confucianism
298:senpai–kōhai
297:
295:
290:senpai–kōhai
289:
279:
263:
259:
257:
248:
247:(先輩/先辈) and
244:
232:
228:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
193:
187:
179:senpai–kōhai
178:
172:
167:
163:
159:
151:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
110:
104:
97:senpai–kōhai
96:
76:
73:Confucianism
60:
48:
32:
31:
29:
2758:Dichotomies
2704:Office lady
2502:Netto-uyoku
2419:Subcultures
2346:Kyōiku mama
2283: [
2067: [
2058:Gift-giving
1185:Works cited
620:may punish
412:Terminology
346:feudal lord
127:requires a
117:belt colour
2747:Categories
2677:Kyariaūman
2440:Genderless
2305:Hikikomori
2088:Giri choco
1874:Aesthetics
1808:Omotenashi
1339:Black Belt
1325:2017-03-08
1271:Black Belt
1209:1873410131
1164:Lowry 2002
1009:28 October
983:28 October
924:Panek 2006
834:References
595:Prevalence
552:after the
2763:Etiquette
2709:Salaryman
2640:Ho-Ren-Sō
2529:Akiba-kei
2360:Otokonoko
2245:Burakumin
1995:Etiquette
1965:Wabi-sabi
1902:Jo-ha-kyū
1799:Nemawashi
1790:Mottainai
1701:Isagiyosa
1492:. Brill.
1347:0277-3066
1279:0277-3066
1200:Routledge
912:Kopp 2010
755:lose face
521:, but in
384:seniority
286:Hamamatsu
175:Confucian
2730:Zaibatsu
2668:Keiretsu
2565:Shotacon
2539:moe zoku
2511:Omorashi
2428:Bōsōzoku
2337:Jouhatsu
2263:Chūnibyō
2236:Bishōnen
1835:Tsundoku
1741:Fudōshin
1724:Kotodama
1632:Gekokujō
773:See also
646:teineigo
523:sonkeigo
511:Sonkeigo
504:teineigo
484:Teineigo
472:sonkeigo
444:Sonkeigo
388:koshusei
281:naginata
37:Japanese
2716:Shinise
2659:Karoshi
2574:Reki-jo
2557:Lolicon
2548:Fujoshi
2536:Figure
2488:Visual
2456:Ganguro
2293:Freeter
2227:Bishōjo
2207:Sukeban
2178:Shizoku
2046:Manual
2008:Aizuchi
1826:Sontaku
1817:Shuhari
1768:Zanshin
1759:Shoshin
1665:tatemae
1613:Bushido
1003:udn.com
827:Society
801:Portals
669:shimoza
573:-senpai
531:kenjōgo
529:and in
515:kenjōgo
476:kenjōgo
474:, with
460:Kenjōgo
350:Emperor
348:or the
329:tribute
270:History
260:qiánbèi
245:xianbei
229:seonbae
87:Concept
2595:fandom
2483:Lolita
2465:Gyaruo
2388:Senpai
2379:Sensei
2328:Ikemen
2319:Iemoto
2254:Chikan
2198:Banchō
2187:Heimin
2169:Kazoku
2108:Kamiza
2022:Dogeza
1956:Shibui
1929:Miyabi
1911:Kawaii
1750:Mushin
1715:Kaizen
1683:Ikigai
1641:Hansei
1565:values
1521:
1496:
1476:
1455:
1428:
1401:
1378:
1345:
1298:
1277:
1254:
1227:
1206:
794:Sensei
751:senpai
747:senpai
739:senpai
716:senpai
702:Issues
679:kamiza
632:and a
630:senpai
618:senpai
614:senpai
606:senpai
585:senpai
569:senpai
542:senpai
527:nasaru
264:hòubèi
249:houbei
226:terms
224:Korean
213:senpai
205:senpai
198:senpai
164:senpai
160:senpai
158:. The
154:using
152:senpai
145:senpai
133:Senpai
125:senpai
77:senpai
49:senpai
2631:Haken
2520:Otaku
2474:Kogal
2447:Gyaru
2394:kōhai
2287:]
2280:Ebune
2272:Denpa
2218:Bijin
2129:Seiza
2120:Agura
2097:Ninjō
2071:]
2049:keigo
1983:Yūgen
1844:Ukiyo
1659:Honne
1359:(PDF)
815:Japan
759:kōhai
753:will
743:kōhai
712:Kōhai
634:kōhai
622:kōhai
610:kōhai
589:-sama
581:kōhai
565:kōhai
561:kōhai
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