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Serbian nationalism

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Vojvodina, pro-Milošević demonstrators that included 500 Kosovo Serbs and local Serbs demonstrated at the provincial capital, accusing the leadership in Vojvodina of supporting separatism and for being "traitors". In August 1988, meetings by supporters of the Anti-Bureaucratic Revolution were held in many locations in Serbia and Montenegro, with increasingly violent nature, with calls being heard such as "Give us arms!", "We want weapons!", "Long live Serbia—death to Albanians!", and "Montenegro is Serbia!". In the same month, Milošević began efforts designed to destabilize the governments in Montenegro and Bosnia-Herzegovina to allow him to install his followers in those republics. By 1989, Milošević and his supporters controlled Central Serbia along with the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, supporters in the leadership of Montenegro, and agents of the Serbian security service were pursuing efforts to destabilize the government in Bosnia & Herzegovina. In 1989, Serbian media began to speak of "the alleged imperilment of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina", as tensions between Serbs and Bosnian Muslims and Croats increased over Serbs' support for Milošević. Efforts to spread the cult of personality of Milošević into the republic of Macedonia began in 1989 with slogans, graffiti, and songs glorifying Milošević spreading in the republic. Furthermore, Milošević proposed a law to restore land titles held by Serbs in the interwar period that effectively provided a legal basis for large numbers of Serbs to move to Kosovo and Macedonia to regain those lands while displacing the Albanian residents there. Beginning in 1989, Milošević had given support to Croatian Serbs who were vouching for the creation of an autonomous province for Croatia's Serbs that was opposed by Croatia's communist authorities. In the late 1980s Milošević allowed the mobilization of Serb nationalist organizations to go unhindered by actions from the Serbian government, with Chetniks holding demonstrations, and the Serbian government embraced the
290: 24: 646:. The Serbian government along with a clique of pro-Milošević members of the Yugoslav army and its general staff, secretly adopted the RAM or "frame" plan that involved the partition of Croatia and Bosnia to give large amounts of territory to the local Serbs that would remain united with Serbia, effectively a Greater Serbia. Armaments and military equipment were placed in strategic positions throughout Croatia and Bosnia for use by the Serbs, and local Serbs were trained as police and paramilitary soldiers in preparation for war. 242: 227: 616:
Labour. Serbia's specific endorsement of a Chamber of Citizens and a Chamber of Associated Labour faced opposition from the republics of Croatia and Slovenia as they saw the proposals as increasing Serbia's power and federal state control over the economy, which was the opposite of their intention to decrease federal state control over the economy. Slovenia staunchly opposed the Milošević government's plans and promoted its own reforms that would make Yugoslavia a decentralized
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Croatia and Slovenia denounced the actions by Milošević and began to demand that Yugoslavia be made a full multi-party confederal state. Milošević claimed that he opposed a confederal system but also declared that should a confederal system be created, the external borders of Serbia would be an "open
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However, amidst the rising nationalist sentiment in Serbia in 1987, Milošević became their major spokesperson in the communist establishment. Milošević supported the premises of the Memorandum that included promoting centralization of power in the federal Yugoslav government to decrease the powers of
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Milošević and his supporters appealed to nationalist and populist passion by speaking of Serbia's importance to the world and using aggressive and violent political rhetoric, in a Belgrade speech on 19 November 1988, he spoke of Serbia as facing battles against both internal and external enemies. In
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Milošević rejected the independence of Croatia in 1991, and even after the formation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), it too did not initially recognize Croatia's independence. Plans by Milošević to carve out territory from Croatia to the local Serbs had begun by June 1990, according to
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seceding in 1991, the Serbian government declared that Macedonia was an "artificial nation" and Serbia allied with Greece against the Republic of Macedonia, even suggesting a partition of the Republic of Macedonia between Serbia and Greece. Milošević demanded the self-determination of Serbs in the
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Interviews with government officials involved in political affairs between Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia have revealed that Milošević planned to arrest the Republic of Macedonia's political leadership and replace it with politicians loyal to Serbia, when the Republic of Macedonia was still
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The appearance of the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences represents nothing else but the darkest nationalism. It means the liquidation of the current socialist system of our country, that is the disintegration after which there is no survival for any nation or nationality. ...
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regardless of their religious affiliation or geographical origin. However, Karadžić acknowledged the right of some Štokavian-speaking peoples to call themselves names other than Serbs. German historian Michael Weithmann considers Karadžić's theory that all southern Slavs are Serbs as a "dangerous
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Milošević and the Serbian government supported a tricameral legislature, that would include a Chamber of Citizens to represent the population of Yugoslavia, a system that would give Serbs a majority; a Chamber of Provinces and Republics to represent regional affairs; and a Chamber of Associated
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discarded the Vidovdan Constitution, proclaimed a royal dictatorship, and officially renamed the country Kingdom of Yugoslavia. King Alexander pursued a policy of encouraging modern Yugoslav nationalism which caused dissatisfaction amongst Serbian nationalists who saw Yugoslav nationalism as a
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Yugoslavism and the decentralization of Yugoslavia. Upon Yugoslavia collapsing in the 1990s with multiple republics seeking secession, Serbian nationalists demanded that all Serbs in all the Yugoslav republics had the right to be united in a common state, ethnic conflict occurred between Serbs
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of 1986. The Memorandum claimed to promote solutions to restore Yugoslav unity, but it focused on fiercely condemning Titoist Yugoslavia of having economically subjugated Serbia to Croatia and Slovenia and accused ethnic Albanians of committing
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vision of Yugoslavia as opposed to a confederal or federal state as advocated by non-Serbs. The antagonism between a centralized Yugoslavia supported by Serbian nationalists and a decentralized Yugoslavia supported by
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in the 1960s was perceived as an attack on Serbian nationalism. After the ousting of Ranković, Serbian nationalist intellectuals increasingly began viewing Yugoslavia as a detrimental experience for the Serb nation.
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In 1920, the centralized vision of Yugoslavia as supported by Serbian nationalists was enacted in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes passed on Serbian national and religious holiday
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by Serbs against Ottoman rule that eventually led to the creation of an independent Serbian state in 1878. However, Serbian nationalists themselves cite the origins of the movement as being the
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was established. The new regime repressed nationalism of any culture that was deemed to be a threat to the state. Serbian nationalism then developed during the 1960s by intellectuals such as
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political and ideological idea in scientific shape" while Czech historian Jan Rychlik considers Karadžić to have been a "propagator of greater Serbian ideology".
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question", insinuating that his government would pursue creating an enlarged Serbian federal republic if Yugoslavia was decentralized. In 1989, the autonomy of
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is considered by some authors to be the father of Serbian nationalism. Karadžić created a linguistic definition of the Serbs that included all speakers of the
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opposed the centralized state and demanded decentralization and an autonomous Croatia within Yugoslavia, which was accepted by the Yugoslav government in the
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in the 1960s and the suppression of all ethnic nationalist sentiments led to a Serbian nationalist backlash and resurgence in the 1980s, that condemned post-
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to be under occupation, resulting in increasing antagonism between Serbia and Austria-Hungary from the late 19th century to the early 20th century.
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in 1389 between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire, the battle that holds important symbolic meaning to Serbian nationalists. The Serbian linguist
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Serbian nationalism escalated following the death of Tito in 1980. Serbian intellectuals began breaking a number of taboos—for example,
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on the floor of the Yugoslav parliament and the subsequent deterioration of parliamentary democracy in the country. In the aftermath
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Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives on Nationalism: New Directions in Cross-Cultural and Post-Communist Studies
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Tsarist Russia and Balkan nationalism: Russian influence in the internal affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia, 1879-1886
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establishing puppet states throughout occupied Yugoslavia. Serbian nationalism rose in a militant response by the
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the republics and autonomous provinces and a nationalist motto of "strong Serbia, strong Yugoslavia". During the
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abolished by constitutional reforms that transferred powers away from the provinces to the Serbian government.
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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
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Serbian nationalists claim that in Communist historiography, Serbs were transformed into oppressors, the
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Republic of Macedonia and did not recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia until 1996.
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The Past in Exile: Serbian Long-distance Nationalism and Identity in the Wake of the Third Balkan War
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which attacked the new Yugoslav nationalism under the motto of "Strong Serbdom, Strong Yugoslavia".
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of 1939. Serbian nationalists opposed the agreement on the grounds that it weakened the unity of
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Religion and Politics in Interwar Yugoslavia: Serbian Nationalism and East Orthodox Christianity
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adopted by Yugoslavia in 1921 consolidated the country as a centralized state under the Serbian
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Pantelić, Bratislav (2011). "Memories of a time forgotten: the myth of the perennial nation".
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The origins of Serbian nationalism date back to the 19th century, beginning with the 1804
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In the aftermath of World War II and the seizure of power by the Yugoslav Partisans,
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Serbian nationalism and the question of union with Croatia in the nineteenth century
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sought not only to unite all Serbs in one state, but that Serbia intended to be a
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Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
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Remaining Relevant after Communism: The Role of the Writer in Eastern Europe
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against Serbs in Kosovo. The Memorandum was harshly condemned by the ruling
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disavowal of Serbian nationalism. Serbian nationalists were outraged at the
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Culture of Power in Serbia: Nationalism and the Destruction of Alternatives
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Serbian Culture of Victimization and Nationalism in a Post-Cold War Europe
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Assertion that Serbs are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Serbs
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was another early proponent of Serbian nationalism and a proponent of a
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Sriram, Chandra Lekha; Martin-Ortega, Olga; Herman, Johanna (2010).
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The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: Nationalism and War in the Balkans
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was the main cause of unstable governance in Yugoslavia during the
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After Serbia was recognized as an independent state in 1878, both
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After 1878, Serbian nationalists merged their goals with those of
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South Slav nationalisms--textbooks and Yugoslav Union before 1914
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The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005
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and promotes the cultural and political unity of Serbs. It is an
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Piedmont that would unite all South Slavs in one state known as
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Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia
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Eriksen, Jens-Martin; Stjernfelt, Frederik (8 July 2005),
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PORTAL: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies
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Levine, Louis. 1914. "Pan-Slavism and European Politics."
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between Serb and Croat political leaders that created the
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rival of Tito during World War II as being an important "
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and the Serbian government considered their peoples in
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Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia
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War, Conflict and Human rights: Theory and Practice
1045: 1033: 980: 932: 662:of World War II branded as collaborationist as the 57:, originally arising in the context of the general 1419: 370:, in 1918. Serbian nationalists associated with a 1790: 3840: 1882: 1589:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 1566: 518:and challenged the state-sponsored policies of 495:against both the Axis forces and the communist 1793:"The Memorandum: Roots of Serbian nationalism" 1627: 666:, and the massacres of Serbs were downplayed. 265:on the Serbian national and religious holiday 85:when it contributed to the dissolution of the 1961: 1883:White, George W. (2000). "Serbia and Serbs". 435: 182:seeking unity with Serbia and other Yugoslav 166:variant of Serbian nationalism rising in the 1648: 1329: 162:, and others, resulting in a highly violent 1335: 559:as well as the government of Serbia led by 475:Yugoslavia was invaded and occupied by the 3819:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 3463:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 1968: 1954: 1782:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1461: 1063: 65:, under the influence of Serbian linguist 1713: 1697: 1679: 1417: 1323: 850:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 1848: 1811: 812:Alliance of Independent Social Democrats 765:There's no Going Back – Serbia Is Behind 463: 288: 175:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 77:which contributed to the decline of the 22: 1824:(2). 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Penn State Press. 1441:LeBor, Adam (2004). 870:Croatian nationalism 855:Albanian nationalism 512:communist Yugoslavia 346:was assassinated by 338:Unification or Death 296:(1870), painting by 250:, Serbian statesman. 150:resulted in violent 33:Church of Saint Sava 3849:Serbian nationalism 3780:American Indigenous 3413:Free Papua Movement 2823:Balkar and Karachay 2618:Southeastern Europe 2149:Indigenous Canadian 1480:Motyl, Alexander J. 1309:, pp. 140–143. 977:, pp. 470–472. 860:Bosnian nationalism 528:Aleksandar Ranković 455:Banovina of Croatia 235:, Serbian linguist. 104:, and emulated the 81:, during and after 43:Serbian nationalism 3869:Politics of Serbia 3854:National mysticism 3825:ethnic nationalism 3528:Welsh independence 3408:Free Aceh Movement 2640:in North Macedonia 2482:South-eastern Asia 1977:Ethnic nationalism 1830:10.1093/jdh/epm007 1721:Transitions Online 1602:online book review 1486:. Academic Press. 741:Leviathan Movement 565:Slobodan Milošević 497:Yugoslav Partisans 473: 459:Serb Cultural Club 306: 201:Serbian Revolution 195:Serbian Revolution 55:ethnic nationalism 40: 3836: 3835: 3579:Catalan Countries 3183: 3182: 3148: 3147: 3103: 3102: 2967: 2966: 2872: 2871: 2606: 2605: 2224: 2223: 2120: 2119: 1938:Media related to 1896:978-0-8476-9809-7 1662:978-3-8382-5815-7 1641:978-0-271-04368-5 1580:978-3-8258-9752-9 1531:978-0-415-45205-2 1454:978-0-300-10317-5 1433:978-0-8156-0602-4 1349:978-0-230-28584-2 1102:, pp. 85–87. 905:Gazimestan speech 572:Tito's policy of 536:Branko Petranović 437:Vidovdanski ustav 432:Видовдански устав 342:In 1914 Austrian 275:Štokavian dialect 3886: 3829: 3714:Republika Srpska 3523:Walloon Movement 3403:Flemish Movement 2976: 2975: 2881: 2880: 2785: 2784: 2615: 2614: 2233: 2232: 2129: 2128: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1970: 1963: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1937: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1900: 1879: 1866: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1832:. Archived from 1808: 1807: 1805: 1787: 1781: 1773: 1772:on 28 March 2012 1731: 1730: 1728: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1666: 1645: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1584: 1554: 1535: 1516: 1497: 1475: 1458: 1437: 1425: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1133: 1127: 1118: 1112: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1078:Ramet 2006, 322. 1076: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 978: 972: 963: 957: 915:Kosovo je Srbija 796:Republika Srpska 789:Tsar Lazar Guard 783:Nacionalni stroj 503:during the war. 493:Draža Mihailović 469:Draža Mihailović 439: 433: 302:Battle of Kosovo 294:Battle of Kosovo 263:Battle of Kosovo 244: 229: 213:History of Serbs 3894: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3814: 3806: 3758: 3694:Northern Epirus 3664:Ketuanan Melayu 3532: 3418:Future of Åland 3356: 3292:Native American 3189:Pan-nationalism 3179: 3144: 3108:Northern Europe 3099: 3033: 2992: 2972:Southern Europe 2963: 2922: 2868: 2847: 2811: 2776: 2703: 2602: 2571: 2523: 2477: 2392: 2319: 2220: 2189: 2168: 2159:Native American 2116: 2105:Southern Africa 2100: 2079: 2043: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1930: 1920: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1839: 1837: 1803: 1801: 1775: 1774: 1726: 1724: 1704: 1702: 1663: 1642: 1619: 1617: 1596:Falina, Maria. 1581: 1562: 1560:Further reading 1557: 1551: 1532: 1513: 1494: 1455: 1434: 1413: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1334: 1330: 1322: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1297:, pp. 140. 1293: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1270:, pp. 359. 1266: 1262: 1258:, pp. 339. 1254: 1250: 1246:, pp. 338. 1242: 1235: 1231:, pp. 349. 1227: 1223: 1219:, pp. 361. 1215: 1211: 1207:, pp. 355. 1203: 1192: 1188:, pp. 354. 1184: 1180: 1176:, pp. 351. 1172: 1165: 1161:, pp. 350. 1157: 1153: 1149:, pp. 119. 1145: 1136: 1132:, pp. 337. 1128: 1121: 1117:, 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2037: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1675:in JSTOR free 1672: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1552: 1550:0-226-86766-8 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512:0-253-34656-8 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1493:0-12-227230-7 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1415: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1326:, p. 72. 1325: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1282:, p. 70. 1281: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1066:, p. 59. 1065: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 976: 971: 969: 961: 956: 954: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 931: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 817: 816:parliamentary 813: 810: 807: 806:parliamentary 803: 800: 799: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 777:1389 Movement 775: 772: 771:Better Serbia 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 747:Serbian Right 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Land 3709:Pashtunistan 3559:Balawaristan 3332:South Slavic 3322:Scandinavian 2852:Volga Region 2698: 2466:in Sri Lanka 2324:Eastern Asia 2185:Puerto Rican 2000:North Africa 1984:Nationalisms 1885: 1878:(11): 69–77. 1876:Balkanistica 1875: 1854: 1850: 1838:. 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Index


Karađorđe
Church of Saint Sava
Belgrade
Serbs
nation
ethnic nationalism
rise of nationalism in the Balkans
Ottoman rule
Vuk Stefanović Karadžić
Ilija Garašanin
Balkan Wars
Ottoman Empire
World War I
Austro-Hungarian Empire
breakup of Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Wars
Yugoslavists
Piedmont
Risorgimento
Serbia
South Slavic
Yugoslavia
Vidovdan Constitution
Karađorđević
Croatian nationalists
Cvetković–Maček Agreement
Serbdom
World War II
ethnic conflict

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