775:
910:
1131:
1007:
1569:
1631:
1114:. Halil and Djevdet ordered the murder of Armenian and Syriac soldiers serving in the Ottoman army, and several hundred were killed. In several other massacres in Azerbaijan in early 1915, hundreds of Christians were killed and women were targeted for kidnapping and rape; seventy villages were destroyed. In May and June, Christians who had fled to the Caucasus returned to find their villages destroyed. Armenian and Assyrian volunteers attacked Muslims in revenge. After retreating from Persia, Ottoman forces—blaming Armenians and Assyrians for their defeat—took revenge against Ottoman Christians. Ottoman atrocities in Persia were widely covered by international media in mid-March 1915, prompting a
568:
33:
1332:. Reshid knew that his decision to extend the persecution to all Christians in Diyarbekir was against the central government's wishes, and he concealed relevant information from his communications. Unlike the government, Reshid and his Mardin deputy Bedri Bey classified all Aramaic-speaking Christians as Armenians: enemies of the CUP who must be eliminated. Reshid planned to replace Diyarbekir's Christians with selected, approved Muslim settlers to counterbalance the potentially-rebellious Kurds; in practice, however, the areas were resettled by Kurds and the genocide consolidated the province's Kurdish presence. Historian
1369:
665:
1795:
2011:
7520:
1360:... you are ordered to put an immediate end to these acts". No action was taken against Reshid for exterminating Syriac Christians or assassinating Ottoman officials who disagreed with the massacres, however, and in 1916 he was appointed governor of Ankara. Talaat's telegram may have been sent in response to German and Austrian opposition to the massacres, with no expectation of implementation. The perpetrators began separating Armenians and Syriacs in early July, only killing the former; however, the killing of Syriacs resumed in August and September.
1397:
convoys, the first of which left the city on 10 June. Those who refused to convert to Islam were murdered on the road to
Diyarbekir. Half of the second convoy, which departed on 12 June, had been massacred before messengers from Diyarbekir announced that the non-Armenians had been pardoned by the sultan; they were subsequently freed. Other convoys from Mardin were targeted for extermination from late June until October. The city's Syriac Orthodox made a deal with authorities and were spared, but the other Christian denominations were decimated.
1447:
404:
1393:
their families. Reshid appointed a new mayor and officials in Mardin, who organized a 500-man militia to kill. He also urged the central government to depose Hilmi, which it did on 8 June. He was replaced by the equally-resistant Shefik, whom Reshid also tried to depose. The cooperative
Ibrahim Bedri was appointed as an official and Reshid used him to carry out his orders, bypassing Shefik. Reshid also replaced Midyat governor Nuri Bey with the hardline Edib Bey in July 1915, after Nuri refused to cooperate with Reshid.
2023:
1616:, and the sacking of Urmia. Some remained in Persia, but there was another anti-Christian massacre on 24 May 1919. Historian Florence Hellot-Bellier says that the interethnic violence of 1918 and 1919 "demonstrate the degree of violence and resentment which had accumulated throughout all of these years of war and the break-up of the long-standing links between the inhabitants of the Urmia region". According to Gaunt, Assyrian "victims, when given the chance, turned without hesitation into perpetrators".
1067:
7509:
1646:
860:, Hamidiye irregulars, and Kurdish volunteers were unable to mount attacks on the Assyrian tribes on the highlands, confining their attacks to poorly-armed Christian villages in the plains. Refugees from the area told the Russian army that "nearly the entire male Christian population of Gawar and Bashkale" had been massacred. In May 1915, Ottoman forces retreating from Bashkale massacred hundreds of Armenian women and children before continuing to Siirt.
12239:
7531:
1534:
a truce (lobbied by the
Germans) which ended the resistance on favorable terms for the villagers. On 25 December 1915, the Ottoman government decreed that "instead of deporting all of the Syriac people", they were to be confined "in their present locations". Most of Tur Abdin was in ruins by this time, except for villages which resisted and families who found refuge in monasteries. Other Syriacs had fled south, into present-day Syria and Iraq.
8433:
1597:, probably at the instigation of Persian officials fearing Assyrian separatism, after they met to discuss an alliance. Assyrians went on a killing and looting spree; unable to find Simko, they murdered Persian officials and inhabitants. The Kurds responded by massacring Christians, regardless of denomination or ethnicity. Christians were massacred in Salmas in June and in Urmia in early July, and many Assyrian women were abducted.
1151:
1557:
8421:
1490:) on the road from Midyat to Djezire. Survivors fled to Azakh, since it was defensible. The villages were attacked from north to south, giving the attackers at Azakh (one of the southernmost villages) more time to prepare. The primarily Syriac Orthodox village refused to hand over Catholics and Protestants, as demanded by the authorities. Azakh was first attacked on 17 or 18 August, but the defenders
1835:, they raised their estimate to 275,000. The source of these numbers is unknown and, according to Gaunt, their accuracy has been impossible to verify and the Assyrian delegation had an incentive to exaggerate. Although more than 50 percent of the population was killed in some areas, Assyrian communities in present-day Syria and Iraq were left mainly intact. The Sayfo was less systematic than the
1045:. Ottoman authorities retaliated with the expulsion of several thousand Hakkari Assyrians to Persia. Resettled in farming villages, the Assyrians were armed by Russia. The Russian government was aware that the Assyrians and Armenians of Azerbaijan could not stop an Ottoman army, and was indifferent to the danger to which these communities would be exposed in an Ottoman invasion.
816:(which included Hakkari). In a planned Ottoman attack in Persia, the loyalty of the Hakkari Assyrians was doubted. Talaat ordered the deportation and resettlement of the Assyrians who lived near the Persian border with Muslims farther west. No more than twenty Assyrians would live in each resettlement, destroying their culture, language, and traditional way of life.
1095:, a village south of Dilman, by demanding that they register there, and arrested notable people in Dilman who were brought to the village for execution. Over two days in February, 700 to 800 people, including the entire male Christian population, was murdered in Haftevan. The killings were committed by the Ottoman army, led by Djevdet, and the local
880:, an Ottoman official sent from Mardin to win over the Assyrians for the Ottoman cause, in December 1914. Shefik promised protection and money in exchange for a written promise that the Assyrians would not side with Russia or permit their tribes to take up arms against the Ottoman government. The tribal chiefs considered the offer, but rejected it.
931:, the governor of Mosul, was given the power to invade Hakkari. Talaat ordered him to drive the Assyrians out and added, "We should not let them return to their homelands". The ethnic-cleansing operation was coordinated by Enver, Talaat, and military and civilian Ottoman authorities. To legalize the invasion, the districts of Julamerk, Gawar, and
726:(CUP) government decided to resettle the refugees in eastern Anatolia, on land confiscated from populations deemed disloyal to the empire. There was a direct connection between the deportation of the Christian population and the resettlement of Muslims in the depopulated areas. The goals of the population replacement were to
1770:, or the Khabur region. Despite its effort to court the Turkish nationalists, including denying that Syriac Orthodox had been persecuted during the war, the Syriac Orthodox patriarchate was expelled from Turkey in 1924. Unlike the Armenians, Jews, and Greeks, Assyrians were not recognized as a minority group in the 1923
461:. Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire lived in remote, mountainous areas, where they had settled to avoid state control. Although this remoteness enabled Assyrians to avoid military conscription and taxation, it also cemented internal differences and prevented the emergence of a collective identity similar to the
971:, with historic artifacts, was destroyed. Ottoman forces based in Julamerk and Mosul launched a joint attack on Tyari on 23 June. Haydar first attacked the Tyari villages of Ashita and Sarespido; later, an expeditionary force of three thousand Turks and Kurds attacked the mountain pass between Tyari and
1734:
A few thousand
Assyrians remained in Hakkari after 1915, and others returned after the war. Armed by the British, Agha Petros led a group of Assyrians from Tyari and Tkhuma who wanted to return in 1920; he was repulsed by Barwari chieftain Rashid Bek and the Turkish army. The remaining Assyrians were
1533:
of the
Ottoman request for German assistance in crushing the resistance. The Germans refused, fearing that the Ottomans would insinuate that the Germans initiated the anti-Christian atrocities. The defenders launched a surprise attack on Ottoman troops during the night of 13–14 November, which led to
1462:
considered resistance after hearing about massacres elsewhere, but the local Syriac
Orthodox community initially refused to support this. On 21 June, 100 men (mostly Armenians and Protestants) were arrested, tortured for confessions implicating others, and executed outside the city; this panicked the
1090:
There were no missionaries in the Salmas valley to protect
Christians, although some local Muslims tried to do so. In Dilman, the Persian governor offered shelter to 400 Christians; he was forced to surrender the men to Ottoman forces, however, who executed them in the town square. The Ottoman forces
997:
Outnumbered and outgunned, the
Assyrians retreated further into the high mountains without food and watched as their homes, farms, and herds were pillaged. They had no other option but fleeing to Persia, which most had done by September. Most of the men joined the Russian army, hoping to return home.
2062:
passed a resolution recognizing the
Assyrian genocide. The Sayfo is also recognized as a genocide in resolutions passed by Sweden (in 2010), Armenia (2015), the Netherlands (2015), and Germany (in 2016). Memorials in Armenia, Australia, Belgium, France, Greece, Sweden, Ukraine, and the United States
1223:
Only 400 people were deported from Siirt; the remainder were killed or kidnapped by
Muslims. The deportees (women and children, since the men had been executed) were forced to march west from Siirt towards Mardin or south towards Mosul, assaulted by police. As they passed through, their possessions,
1074:
Ottoman troops began attacking Christian villages during their February 1915 retreat, when they were turned back by a Russian counterattack. Facing losses which they blamed on Armenian volunteers and imagining a broad Armenian rebellion, Djevdet ordered massacres of Christian civilians to reduce the
1053:
was left intact. News of the atrocities spread quickly, leading many Armenians and Assyrians to flee to the Russian Caucasus. Those north of Urmia had more time to flee. According to several estimates, about 10,000 or 15,000 to 20,000 crossed the border into Russia. Assyrians who had volunteered for
2094:
Turkish Australians interviewed by researcher Adriaan Wolvaardt had identical attitudes towards the Sayfo and the Armenian genocide, rejecting both as unfounded. Wolvaardt wrote that bringing up the Sayfo was "viewed as a form of hate directed against Turks", some of whom had considered leaving the
1785:
those who had fled and confiscated their property. Despite their citizenship rights, many Assyrians who remained in Turkey had to re-purchase their property from Kurdish aghas or risk losing their Turkish citizenship. A substantial number of Assyrians continued to live in Tur Abdin until the 1980s.
1746:
The survivors lost access to their property, becoming landless agricultural laborers, or later, an urban underclass. The depopulated Christian villages were resettled by Kurds or Muslims from the Caucasus. During and after the genocide, more than 150 churches and monasteries were demolished. Others
1592:
From February to July 1918, the region was engulfed by ethnic violence. On 22 February, local Muslims and the Persian governor began an uprising against the Christian militias in Urmia. The better-organized Christians, led by Agha Petros, brutally crushed the uprising; hundreds (possibly thousands)
1584:
After their expulsion from Hakkari, the Assyrians and their herds were resettled by Russian occupation authorities near Khoy, Salmas and Urmia. Many died during the first winter due to lack of food, shelter, and medical care, and they were resented by local residents for worsening living standards.
1336:
says that in Diyarbekir, "most instances of massacre in which the militia engaged were directly ordered by" Reshid and "all Christian communities of Diyarbekir were equally hit by the genocide, although the Armenians were often particularly singled out for immediate destruction". The priest Jacques
1669:(near Baghdad) which held fifteen thousand Armenians and thirty-five thousand Assyrians in October 1918. Conditions at the camp were poor, and an estimated 7,000 Assyrians died there. Although the United Kingdom requested that Assyrian refugees be allowed to return, the Persian government refused.
1392:
to incite anti-Christian violence in April and May, and Feyzi bribed or persuaded the Deşi, Mışkiye, Kiki and Helecan chieftains to join him. Mardin police chief Memduh Bey arrested dozens of men in early June, using torture to extract confessions of treason and disloyalty and extorting money from
1146:
in Bitlis province was suppressed shortly before the outbreak of war in November 1914. The CUP government reversed its previous opposition to the Hamidiye regiments, recruiting them to put down the rebellion. As elsewhere, military requisitions became pillage; in February, labor-battalion recruits
1086:
missions. Although there was reluctance to attack the missionary compounds, many died of disease. Between February and May, when the Ottoman forces pulled out, there was a campaign of mass execution, looting, kidnapping, and extortion against Christians in Urmia. More than 100 men were arrested at
1014:
In 1903, Russia estimated that 31,700 Assyrians lived in Persia. Facing attacks from their Kurdish neighbors, the Assyrian villages in the Ottoman–Persian borderlands organized self-defense forces; by the outbreak of World War I, they were well armed. In 1914, before the declaration of war against
583:
Although the Kurds and Assyrians were well-integrated with each other, Gaunt writes that this integration "led straight into a world marked by violence, raiding, the kidnapping and rape of women, hostage taking, cattle stealing, robbery, plundering, the torching of villages and a state of chronic
1814:
and attempted to lobby for compensation for their war losses. Although it has been labeled "the Assyrian delegation" in historiography, it was neither an official delegation nor a cohesive entity. Many attendees demanded monetary reparations for their war losses and an independent state, and all
761:
on 3 August. After returning to Qudshanis, Mar Shimun sent letters urging his followers to "fulfill strictly all their duties to the Turks". The Assyrians in Hakkari (like many other Ottoman subjects) resisted conscription into the Ottoman army during the mobilization, and many fled to Persia in
2090:
In 2000, Turkish Syriac Orthodox priest Yusuf Akbulut was secretly recorded saying: "At that time it was not only the Armenians but also the Assyrians who were massacred on the grounds that they were Christians". The recording was given to Turkish prosecutors, who charged Akbulut with inciting
1383:
Christians in Mardin were largely untouched until May 1915. At the end of May, they heard about the abduction of Christian women and the murder of wealthy Christians elsewhere in Diyarbekir to steal their property. Extortion and violence began in Mardin district, despite the efforts of district
1396:
On the night of 26 May, militiamen were caught attempting to plant arms in a Syriac Catholic church in Mardin. Their intent was to cite the supposed discovery of an arms cache as evidence of a Christian rebellion to justify the planned massacres. Mardin's well-to-do Christians were deported in
2086:
the destruction of Assyrian communities in the Ottoman Empire cite military resistance by some Assyrians against the Ottoman government. According to Gaunt et al., "Under no circumstances are states allowed to annihilate an entire population simply because it refuses to comply with a hostile
1048:
On 1 January 1915, Russia abruptly withdrew its forces. Ottoman forces led by Djevdet, Kazim Karabekir, and Ömer Naji occupied Azerbaijan with no opposition. Immediately after the withdrawal of Russian forces, local Muslims committed pogroms against Christians; the Ottoman army also attacked
1034:, and marched in Urmia. Agha Petros later said that he had been promised by Russian officials that in exchange for their support, they would receive an independent state after the war. Ottoman irregulars in Van province crossed the Persian border, attacking Christian villages in Persia.
1220:, the massacre was planned as revenge for Ottoman defeats by Russia. De Nogales believed that Halil was trying to assassinate him, since the CUP had disposed of other witnesses. He left Siirt as quickly as he could, passing deportation columns of Syriac and Armenian women and children.
1308:, who were also persecuted by the government, aided the Christians. The killers in Diyarbekir were typically volunteers organized by local leaders, and the freelance perpetrators took a share of the loot. Some women and children were abducted into local Kurdish or Arab families.
1268:) were hanged for desertion. Syriacs who protested the executions were clubbed by police, and two died. In March, many non-Muslim soldiers were disarmed and transferred to road-building labor battalions. Harsh conditions, mistreatment, and individual murders led to many deaths.
365:, later the Syriac Orthodox Church, was persecuted by Roman rulers for theological differences but remained separate from the Church of the East. The schisms in Syriac Christianity were fueled by political divisions between empires and personal antagonism between clergymen.
1315:
kaza, west of Mardin, its Armenians were massacred in late May and June 1915. Syriacs were not killed, but many lost their property and some were deported to Mardin in August. In total, 178 Syriac towns and villages near Diyarbekir were wiped out and most of them razed.
803:
In August 1914, Assyrians in nine villages near the border were forced to flee to Persia and their villages were burned after they refused to join the Ottoman army. On 26 October 1914, a few days before the Ottoman Empire entered World War I, Ottoman interior minister
1427:
Armenians at the end of August. Some Armenian and Syriac Orthodox men were drafted to work in road construction or harvesting crops in place of those who had been killed. In August 1915, the harvest was over; the Armenians were killed, and the Syriacs were released.
828:
were arrested or killed, and Ottoman irregulars attacked Assyrian villages throughout Hakkari in retaliation for their refusal to follow the order. The Assyrians, unaware of the government's role in these events until December 1914, protested to the governor of Van.
1822:
was also an obstacle. The Assyrians recalled that the British had promised them an independent country in exchange for their support, although it is disputed if such a promise was ever made; many Assyrians felt betrayed that this desire was not fulfilled.
535:). Hakkari is very mountainous, with peaks reaching 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) and separated by steep gorges; many areas were only accessible by footpaths carved into the mountainsides. The Assyrian tribes sometimes fought each other on behalf of their
1224:
including their clothes, were stolen by local Kurds and Turks. Those unable to keep up were killed. Women considered attractive were abducted by police or Kurds, raped, and killed. One site of attacks and robbery by Kurds was the gorge of Wadi Wawela in
1521:. To justify the attack on Azakh, Ottoman officials claimed (with no evidence) that Armenian rebels had "cruelly massacred the Muslim population of the region". Scheubner, skeptical of the attack, forbade any Germans from participating. German general
819:
Gaunt cites this order as the beginning of the Sayfo. The government in Van reported that the order could not be implemented due to the lack of forces to carry it out, and by 5 November the expected Assyrian unrest did not materialize. Assyrians in
603:, the Ottoman state armed the Kurds with modern weapons to fight Russia. When the Kurds refused to return the weapons at the end of the war, Assyrians—relying on older weapons—were at a disadvantage and subject to increasing violence. The irregular
2054:, partially because its targets were divided among mutually-antagonistic churches and did not develop a collective identity. During the 1990s, before the first academic research on the Sayfo, Assyrian diaspora groups (inspired by campaigns for
1087:
the Lazarist compound, and dozens, including Mar Dinkha, bishop of Tergawer, were executed on 23 and 24 February. Near Urmia, the large Syriac village of Gulpashan was attacked; men were killed, and women and children were abducted and raped.
742:, which was loyal to himself. Its members, many of whom were convicted criminals released from prison for the task, operated as spies and saboteurs. The Ottoman Empire ordered a full mobilization for war on 24 July 1914, and concluded the
2087:
government order to vacate their ancestral homes". Assyrian idealization of their military leaders, including those who committed war crimes against Muslims, has also been cited as a reason why all Assyrians deserved their fate.
1283:
and district governors) refused to follow Reshid's orders, and were replaced in May and June 1915. Kurdish confederations were offered rewards to allow their Syriac clients to be killed. Government allies complied (including the
855:
in November 1914 and held both for a few days. After their recapture by the Ottomans, the towns' local Christians were punished as collaborators, out of proportion to any actual collaboration. Local Ottoman forces consisting of
1075:
potential future strength of volunteer units. Some local Kurdish tribes participated in the killings, but others protected Christian civilians. Some Assyrian villages also engaged in armed resistance when attacked. The Persian
1180:), including 15,000 Chaldeans and 20,000 Syriac Orthodox. Violence in Siirt began on 9 June with the arrest and execution of Armenian, Syriac Orthodox, and Chaldean clerics and notable residents, including the Chaldean bishop
184:, but the latter also ordered attacks on certain Assyrians. Motives for killing included a perceived lack of loyalty among some Assyrian communities to the Ottoman Empire and the desire to appropriate their land. At the 1919
2038:. Eyewitness accounts of the genocide were typically passed down orally, rather than in writing; memories were often passed down in lamentations. After large-scale migration to Western countries (where Assyrians had greater
887:, left Qudshanis the following month with 300 men. Early in 1915, the tribes of Hakkari were preparing to defend themselves from a large-scale attack; they decided to send women and children to the area around Chamba in
730:
the Balkan Muslims and end the perceived internal threat from the Christian populations. With local politicians predisposed to violence against non-Muslims, these factors helped generate the preconditions for genocide.
1807:
1026:
sentiments in the Ottoman–Persian border area, convincing the local Kurdish population to side with the Ottomans. In November, Persia declared its neutrality; however, it was not respected by the warring parties.
1585:
Assyrian men from Hakkari offered their services to the Russian military; although their knowledge of local terrain was useful, they were poorly disciplined. In 1917, Russia's withdrawal from the war after the
484:), was the only town in the Ottoman Empire with an Assyrian majority (Syriac Orthodox, Chaldeans, and Protestants). Syriac Orthodox Christians were concentrated in the hilly rural areas around Midyat, known as
1684:, which backfired when the British did not follow through with their repeated promises to resettle Assyrians in areas where they would be safer. After the end of the mandate, Assyrians were killed in the 1933
1015:
Russia, Ottoman forces crossed the border into Persia and destroyed Christian villages. Large-scale attacks in late September and October 1914 targeted many Assyrian villages, and the attackers neared Urmia.
975:. Although the Assyrians were victorious in most of the battles, they had unsustainable losses of lives and ammunition and lacked their invaders' German-manufactured rifles, machine guns, and artillery.
584:
unrest". Assyrian efforts to maintain their autonomy collided with the Ottoman Empire's nineteenth-century attempts at centralization and modernization to assert control over what had effectively been a
2091:
ethnic hatred. Assyrian diaspora activists mobilized in support of Akbulut, persuading several European members of parliament to attend his trial; after more than a year, he was acquitted and released.
188:, the Assyro-Chaldean delegation said that its losses were 250,000, about half the prewar population. The accuracy of this figure is unknown. They later revised their estimate to 275,000 dead at the
1082:
Many Christians did not have time to flee during the Russian withdrawal, and 20,000 to 25,000 refugees were stranded in Urmia. Nearly 18,000 Christians sought shelter in the city's Presbyterian and
1356:
also protested the violence against non-Armenians. Talaat Pasha telegraphed Reshid on 12 July 1915 that "measures adopted against the Armenians are absolutely not to be extended to other Christians
990:
assisted the Ottoman army and laid waste to Tkhuma, Tyari, Jilu, and Baz. During the campaign, Ottoman forces took no prisoners. Mar Shimun's brother, Hormuz, was arrested while he was studying in
684:
in Persia, and Russia looked to the Armenians, Kurds, and Assyrians living in the Ottoman Empire. Prior to the war, Russia controlled parts of northeastern Persia, including Azerbaijan and Tabriz.
894:
On 10 May, the Assyrian tribes met and declared war (or a general mobilization) against the Ottoman Empire. In June, Mar Shimun traveled to Persia to ask for Russian support. He met with General
11237:
1242:
and arrived on 25 June. His forces killed men, and the women and girls were enslaved by Turks and Kurds. The Syriac Orthodox Church estimated its Bitlis province losses at 8,500, primarily in
6937:(2018). "Longtemps méconnu par la communauté internationale: le génocide assyro-chaldéen de 1915" [Long ignored by the international community: the Assyro-Chaldean genocide of 1915].
1412:, Talaat's order to spare the Syriacs was ignored as Christians of all denominations (including many Syriac Orthodox Church members) were arrested in mid-August and murdered in a ravine. In
10674:
1420:, Syriac Orthodox leader Gabro Khaddo cooperated with the authorities, defused plans for armed resistance, and paid a large ransom in June 1915; almost all Syriacs were killed with the
6704:
Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2011). "Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of Assyrian–Syriac communities".
2079:
and written works. Non-Turkish music and poetry were suppressed, and the Syriac Orthodox Church discouraged discussion of the Sayfo for fear of reprisals from the Turkish government.
2058:) began to press for a similar formal acknowledgement. In parallel with the political campaign, Armenian genocide research began to include Assyrians as victims. In December 2007, the
1917:
estimated that 60,725 Syriac Orthodox, 10,010 Chaldeans, 3,450 Syriac Catholics, and 500 Protestants were killed, of 144,185 total Christian deaths in Diyarbekir. British Army officer
11698:
1735:
driven out again in 1924 by a Turkish army commanded by Kazim Karabekir, and the mountains were depopulated. In Siirt, Islamicized Syriacs (primarily women) were left behind. Their
1589:
dimmed prospects of a return to Hakkari. About 5,000 Assyrian and Armenian militia policed the area, but they frequently abused their power and killed Muslims without provocation.
1408:
by militia and Kurds from the Milli, Deşi, Mişkiye, and Helecan tribes. Looting continued for several days before the village was burned down (which could be seen from Mardin). In
1260:
The situation for Christians in Diyarbekir province worsened during the winter of 1914–1915; the Saint Ephraim church was vandalized, and four young men from the Syriac village of
1231:, northeast of Mardin. No deportees reached Mardin, and only 50 to 100 Chaldeans (of an original 7,000 to 8,000) reached Mosul. Three Assyrian villages in Siirt—Dentas, Piroze and
994:; in late June, Talaat tried to obtain the surrender of the Assyrian tribes by threatening Hormuz' life if Mar Shimun did not capitulate. The Assyrians refused, and he was killed.
7014:
6758:
6683:
607:
cavalry were formed in the 1880s from Kurdish tribes loyal to the government; their exemption from civil and military law enabled them to commit acts of violence with impunity.
1404:
on 1 July, killing men, women, and children indiscriminately in the church after raping the women. The next day, more than 1,000 Syriac Orthodox and Catholics were massacred in
1147:
began to disappear. In July and August 1915, 2,000 Chaldeans and Syriac Orthodox from Bitlis were among those who fled to the Caucasus when the Russian army retreated from Van.
1030:
Russia organized units of Assyrian and Armenian volunteers to bolster local Russian forces against Ottoman attack. Assyrians led by Agha Petros declared their support for the
967:
The joint encirclement operation was launched on 11 June. The Jilu tribe was attacked at the beginning of the campaign by several Kurdish tribes; the fourth-century church of
6856:
6269:
Hellot, Florence (2003). "La fin d'un monde: les assyro-chaldéens et la première guerre mondiale" [The end of a world: the Assyro-Chaldeans and the First World War].
1831:
Assyrian delegates at the Paris Peace Conference said that their losses were 250,000 in the Ottoman Empire and Persia, around half of the prewar population. In 1923, at the
676:
Before the war, Russia and the Ottoman Empire courted populations in each other's territory to wage guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines. The Ottoman Empire tried to enlist
1672:
In 1920, the camp in Baqubah was shut down and Assyrians hoping to return to Azerbaijan or Hakkari were sent northwards to Midan. About 4,500 Assyrians were resettled near
1818:
Although there was considerable sympathy for the Assyrians, none of their demands were met. The British and the French had other plans for the Middle East, and the rising
10002:
1458:, some Syriac Christians fought their attempted extermination. This was considered treason by Ottoman officials, who reported massacre victims as rebels. Christians in
9453:
1018:
Due to Ottoman attacks, thousands of Christians living along the border fled to Urmia. Others arrived in Persia after fleeing from the Ottoman side of the border. The
11758:
11102:
12308:
1600:
Christian militias in Azerbaijan were no match for the Ottoman army when it invaded in July 1918. Tens of thousands of Ottoman and Persian Assyrians fled south to
1199:) Serfiçeli Hilmi Bey and Siirt mayor Abdul Ressak were replaced because they did not support the killing. Forty local officials in Siirt organized the massacres.
12338:
9771:
1187:
After retreating from Persia, Djevdet led the siege of Van; he continued to Bitlis province in June with 8,000 soldiers, whom he called the "butcher battalion" (
774:
196:. Although several countries acknowledge that Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire were victims of a genocide, this assertion is rejected by the Turkish government.
11965:
11358:
1907:
1293:
1166:
998:
During the 1915 fighting, the Assyrians' only strategic objective was defensive; the Ottoman goal was to defeat the Assyrian tribes and prevent their return.
11893:
11746:
11213:
10010:
9744:
8341:
6926:
1311:
Thousands of Armenians and several hundred Syriacs (including all their clergymen) in Diyarbekir city were arrested, deported, and massacred in June. In the
260:
was organized by religion, Ottoman officials referred to populations by their religious affiliation rather than ethnicity. Therefore, according to historian
11837:
11181:
1054:
the Russian forces were separated from their families, who were often left behind. An estimated 15,000 Ottoman troops reached Urmia by 4 or 5 January, and
9366:
877:
1324:
Under Reshid's leadership, a systematic anti-Christian extermination was conducted in Diyarbekir province which included Syriacs and the province's few
10042:
1122:, a collection of eyewitness reports of Ottoman atrocities published by the British government in 1916, devoted 104 of its 684 pages to the Assyrians.
10757:
1815:
emphasized that Assyrians could not live under Muslim rule. Territory claimed by the Assyrians included parts of present-day Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
1348:
German diplomats noticed that the Ottoman deportations were targeting groups other than Armenians, leading to a complaint from the German government.
469:, Syriac Christians did not control a disproportionate part of Ottoman commerce and did not have significant populations in nearby hostile countries.
192:
in 1923. The Sayfo is less studied than the Armenian genocide. Efforts to have it recognized as a genocide began during the 1990s, spearheaded by the
12293:
11770:
9233:
6604:
6393:
8498:
11070:
10113:
7449:
7343:
1713:
909:
9432:
1486:
were massacred; others fled to the hills. A month earlier, local tribes and the Ramans began attacking Christian villages near Azakh (present-day
1275:
was appointed governor of Diyarbekir. Chosen for his record of anti-Armenian violence, Reshid brought thirty Special Organization members (mainly
11284:
10929:
10709:
10137:
9398:
9312:
9128:
6622:
Yalcin, Zeki (2009). "The Turkish Genocide against Christian Minorities during WW1 from the Perspective of Contemporary Scandinavian Observers".
2820:
711:
emphasizes the negative influence of European powers interfering in the Ottoman Empire under the premise of protecting Ottoman Christians. This
626:, despite Assyrian hopes that the new government would stop promoting anti-Christian Islamism. In 1908, 12,000 Assyrians were expelled from the
387:
split from the Church of the East and the Syriac Orthodox Church, respectively, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and entered into
12171:
11644:
11638:
11438:
11229:
10391:
9808:
9406:
2059:
940:
627:
7302:
841:
559:(northeast of Tur Abdin and northwest of Hakkari, less mountainous than Hakkari), but most Chaldeans lived farther south in present-day Iraq.
11941:
11857:
11825:
11632:
10295:
9623:
9509:
9208:
8470:
1654:
1297:
948:
10129:
1717:
488:, where they lived in almost 100 villages and worked in agriculture or crafts. Syriac Orthodox culture was centered in two monasteries near
12288:
11905:
11852:
11847:
11842:
9093:
6904:
6346:
6019:
928:
1467:
lines; local Arab and Kurdish tribes were recruited to attack the Christians. The town was pacified in early August after weeks of bloody
1289:
955:
from the east; Said Agha attacked a valley in Lower Tyari; Ismael Agha targeted Chamba in Upper Tyari, and the Upper Berwar emir attacked
12159:
11674:
1385:
11971:
11343:
11189:
11136:
10097:
8594:
1301:
1261:
1019:
968:
899:
9108:
11977:
11794:
10383:
9751:
9540:
9278:
9228:
8233:
7488:
7388:
5942:
688:
1130:
596:. During intertribal feuds, the bulk of the violence was directed at Christian villages under the protection of the opposing tribe.
12313:
9461:
9244:
6831:
1955:(including 15,000 Chaldeans and 20,000 Syriac Orthodox). The Syriac Orthodox Church estimated its losses at 8,500 in the province.
1216:, and the surrounding villages were destroyed by Kurds; many local Kurdish tribes were involved. According to Venezuelan mercenary
2042:) during the second half of the twentieth century, accounts began to be communicated more publicly by grandchildren of survivors.
1921:
estimated 96,000 Syriac Orthodox, 7,000 Chaldeans, 2,000 Syriac Catholics, and 1,200 Protestants out of 157,000 Christian deaths.
9525:
7666:
1405:
1337:
Rhétoré estimated that the Syriac Orthodox in Diyarbekir province lost 72 percent of their population, compared to 92 percent of
1304:
leadership protected Christians; this limited Reshid's genocide, and allowed pockets of resistance to survive in Tur Abdin. Some
10446:
9325:
1400:
All Christian denominations were treated the same in the Mardin district countryside. Militia and Kurds attacked the village of
1165:
Before the war, Siirt and the surrounding area were Christian enclaves populated largely by Chaldean Catholics. Catholic priest
11704:
10050:
7981:
7975:
7348:
2075:, however, it prefers to avoid the issue. After the 1915 genocide, the Turkish government initially silenced its discussion in
1811:
1799:
408:
185:
11752:
1938:, Assyrians were spared from deportation from Harput; Gaunt says that the Armenian genocide in Harput became a Christian one.
868:
Mar Shimun learned about the massacre of Assyrians in lowland areas, and believed that the highland tribes would be next. Via
300:), which, since the tenth century, has also meant 'extermination' or 'extinction'. Other terms used by some Assyrians include
11953:
11417:
11348:
10792:
9978:
9840:
9023:
7257:
7002:
6979:
6681:
Atto, Naures (2016). "What Could Not Be Written: A Study of the Oral Transmission of Sayfo Genocide Memory Among Assyrians".
6662:
6639:
6612:
6589:
6566:
6543:
6520:
6497:
6474:
6451:
6425:
6387:
6360:
6331:
6305:
6292:
Hellot-Bellier, Florence (2018). "The Increasing Violence and the Resistance of Assyrians in Urmia and Hakkari (1900–1915)".
6282:
6259:
6236:
6213:
6190:
6165:
6142:
6119:
6087:
6061:
6033:
6005:
5979:
5956:
5928:
5902:
5876:
5848:
1388:. Hilmi rejected Reshid's demands to arrest Christians in Mardin, saying that they posed no threat to the state. Reshid sent
739:
472:
There were no accurate estimates of the prewar Assyrian population, but Gaunt gives a possible figure of 500,000 to 600,000.
181:
12001:
707:, which contributed to increasing violence in the already conflict-ridden borderlands inhabited by the Assyrians. Historian
11221:
10741:
10342:
10262:
7442:
1871:, "perhaps 7,000 Persian Assyrians" were killed in 1915. A German observer estimated that 21,000 Christians were killed in
1832:
1750:
After 1923, local politicians went on an anti-Christian campaign which negatively impacted the Syriac communities (such as
1653:
During the journey to Hamadan, the Assyrians were harassed by Kurdish irregulars (probably at the instigation of Simko and
189:
778:
A map of southeastern Anatolia. Hakkari is the mountains on the center-right of the map, in the triangle roughly north of
634:. Due to increasing Kurdish attacks which Ottoman authorities did nothing to prevent, Patriarch of the Church of the East
12097:
11959:
11277:
10977:
10313:
10076:
9382:
8533:
8316:
7333:
6152:
Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War".
1786:
Some scholars have described the ongoing exclusion and harassment of Assyrians in Turkey as a continuation of the Sayfo.
1115:
520:
6814:
1762:) unaffected by the 1915 genocide. Many were forced to abandon their property and flee to Syria, eventually settling in
10018:
9582:
8779:
7993:
7338:
7095:
1203:
1119:
1076:
600:
593:
8945:
5920:
1630:
12328:
12303:
12273:
11881:
11862:
10058:
9477:
9078:
8726:
8463:
6555:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
6486:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
6225:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
6154:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
6131:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1918:
1839:; all Christians were killed in some places, but local officials spared Assyrians and targeted Armenians in others.
751:
7519:
1006:
453:
rather than ethnic groups: Süryaniler / Yakubiler (Syriac Orthodox or Jacobites), Nasturiler (Church of the East or
12298:
11935:
11152:
11110:
9223:
8375:
7012:
Lundgren, Svante (2023). "When the Assyrian Tragedy Became Seyfo: A Study of Swedish-Assyrian Politics of Memory".
6111:
5840:
6736:
1568:
12323:
12213:
12183:
11313:
10190:
10165:
8705:
8654:
7661:
7435:
7270:
7064:
1867:
Gaunt says that this number is probably an overestimate, and there is no reliable figure. According to historian
1514:
723:
138:. The empire's nineteenth-century centralization efforts led to increased violence and danger for the Assyrians.
7312:
1389:
161:
in mid-1915, driving them out by September despite the tribes mounting a coordinated military defense. Governor
12201:
11899:
11270:
11118:
10748:
10506:
9914:
9704:
9414:
9113:
8056:
8041:
8023:
7999:
7904:
7729:
7393:
7252:
1202:
During the month-long massacre, Christians were killed in the streets or their houses (which were looted). The
659:
619:
500:. Outside the core area of Syriac settlement, there were also sizable populations in villages and the towns of
376:
149:, Ottoman troops returning from Persia joined local Kurdish tribes to massacre the local Christian population (
142:
11323:
11025:
9003:
6791:[The ambiguous relations of France and the Assyro-Chaldeans in history. The mirages of "protection"].
12219:
12195:
11983:
11782:
10778:
9874:
9469:
9271:
9186:
9181:
9068:
7910:
7871:
7785:
7656:
7403:
7117:
6789:"Les relations ambiguës de la France et des Assyro-Chaldéens dans l'histoire. Les mirages de la "protection""
2055:
1530:
1522:
1210:, the chief of police, the mayor, and other prominent local residents. The killing in Siirt was committed by
655:
350:
11078:
10945:
6484:
Talay, Shabo (2017). "Sayfo, Firman, Qafle: The First World War from the Perspective of Syriac Christians".
6318:(2018). "The Ottoman Genocide of 1914–1918 against Aramaic-Speaking Christians in Comparative Perspective".
6248:
Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State
407:
The percent of the prewar population which was Assyrian, presented by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation to the
180:, although the Sayfo is considered to have been less systematic. Local actors played a larger role than the
173:. Ottoman Assyrians living farther south, in present-day Iraq and Syria, were not targeted in the genocide.
145:
from January to May 1915, during which massacres were committed by Ottoman forces and pro-Ottoman Kurds. In
12333:
12318:
12109:
12007:
11831:
10799:
10771:
9954:
9850:
9164:
8713:
8456:
8395:
8370:
8306:
8070:
1819:
1506:
747:
618:
also widened the divide between the Assyrians and the Muslim Kurds. Many Assyrians were killed in the 1895
104:
12033:
6371:
6202:
Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands
457:), and Keldaniler (Chaldean Catholic Church). Until the nineteenth century, these groups were part of the
12278:
11458:
11086:
10961:
10953:
10246:
9832:
9133:
9123:
9028:
8741:
8731:
8721:
8558:
8380:
8326:
8189:
7887:
7606:
7581:
7575:
7498:
7165:
6047:
1510:
1502:
1255:
1083:
743:
576:
528:
158:
123:
12047:
6129:
Donef, Racho (2017). "Sayfo and Denialism: A New Field of Activity for Agents of the Turkish Republic".
5989:
1206:
was destroyed, including its library of rare manuscripts. The massacre was organized by Bitlis governor
956:
883:
In January 1915, Kurds blocked the route from Qudshanis to the Assyrian tribes. The patriarch's sister,
279:
12268:
11001:
10198:
9083:
8746:
8736:
8624:
8390:
7612:
6507:
Talay, Shabo (2018). "Sayfo 1915: the Beginning of the End of Syriac Christianity in the Middle East".
6352:
6025:
5862:
2027:
1893:
estimated that 45,000 Assyrians from Hakkari fled to Persia, out of more than 70,000 prewar residents.
1560:
884:
791:
532:
462:
12013:
8035:
6106:
Altuğ, Seda (2021). "Culture of Dispossession in the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Turkish Republic".
12141:
12117:
12085:
11929:
11734:
11716:
11710:
11668:
11365:
11333:
10969:
10937:
10819:
10702:
9485:
9218:
8784:
8609:
8563:
6966:
Akdemir, Mary (2023). "Big Secrets, Small Villages: The Collective Memory of the Assyrian Genocide".
6839:
6409:
6372:"The League of Nations, A-Mandates and Minority Rights during the Mandate Period in Iraq (1920–1932)"
6043:
1593:
were killed. On 16 March, Mar Shimun and many of his bodyguards were killed by the Kurdish chieftain
1342:
1333:
715:
put the Ottoman Christians at risk of retaliatory attacks. In 1912 and 1913, the Ottoman loss in the
8920:
5891:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I
2807:
1889:
According to Gaunt, "This is a very high figure and should be treated with caution". Russian consul
1463:
Syriac Orthodox. Local people refused to hand over their arms, attacked government offices, and cut
902:(in the Salmas valley), who promised support. The patriarch and Agha Petros also met Russian consul
338:
varieties, and their ancestors converted to Christianity in the first centuries CE. The first major
312:(Turkish for 'order', as Assyrians believed that they were killed according to an official decree).
11947:
11531:
11506:
11448:
11328:
11297:
10667:
10658:
10359:
9728:
9264:
9238:
8794:
8774:
8764:
8311:
7849:
7600:
6651:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
6509:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
6320:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
6294:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
6205:
2072:
380:
368:
321:
127:
11126:
8895:
7508:
5864:
The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians
939:. The Ottoman army joined local Kurdish tribes against specific targets. Suto Agha of the Kurdish
567:
12224:
11728:
11650:
10688:
10681:
9664:
9203:
9176:
8789:
8769:
8644:
8493:
8400:
7934:
7922:
7795:
7694:
7196:
6182:
6053:
5868:
1912:
1665:
mountain pass. Dependent on the British for protection, they were resettled in a refugee camp in
1171:
669:
635:
446:
9154:
6876:
512:. Unlike the Syriac population of Tur Abdin, many of these Syriacs spoke non-Aramaic languages.
12177:
12153:
11869:
11453:
11426:
11397:
11392:
11318:
11197:
10785:
10734:
10624:
10367:
9898:
9784:
9159:
9138:
9053:
8155:
7767:
7569:
7563:
7471:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
6532:
The Christian Heritage of Iraq: Collected papers from the Christianity of Iraq I-V Seminar Days
6176:
2083:
1747:
were converted to mosques or other uses. Many manuscripts and cultural objects were destroyed.
1526:
1143:
450:
384:
242:
119:
32:
11033:
7671:
6576:
Wolvaardt, Adriaan (2014). "Inclusion and Exclusion: Diasporic Activism and Minority Groups".
1988:
Gaunt also lists Urfa as a place where the Assyrian population was not affected by the Sayfo.
757:
The Armenians refused. According to Gaunt, a similar offer was probably made to Mar Shimun in
12147:
11806:
11591:
11556:
11526:
11375:
11293:
11094:
10849:
10121:
9799:
9550:
9493:
9374:
8910:
8674:
8669:
8639:
7779:
7755:
7106:
6991:
The Genocide of the Christian Populations in the Ottoman Empire and its Aftermath (1908-1923)
6968:
The Genocide of the Christian Populations in the Ottoman Empire and its Aftermath (1908-1923)
6920:
5971:
5948:
2035:
2015:
1794:
1612:. The Ottoman invasion was followed by killings of Christians, including Chaldean archbishop
1296:
switched sides because the extermination of Christians did not threaten their interests. The
1031:
924:
623:
493:
17:
6223:
Gaunt, David (2017). "Sayfo Genocide: The Culmination of an Anatolian Culture of Violence".
1498:
12283:
12129:
12065:
11875:
11686:
11571:
11476:
11407:
11370:
11262:
11245:
11144:
10727:
10520:
10499:
9858:
9712:
9558:
9517:
9295:
9213:
8960:
8850:
8830:
8619:
8523:
8362:
8348:
8296:
8271:
8261:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8005:
7699:
7170:
1701:
1609:
1472:
1070:
A map of the Sayfo in Azerbaijan, with destroyed Christian towns, and refugee escape routes
8845:
7530:
5938:
1935:
1079:
protested the atrocities to the Ottoman government, but lacked the power to prevent them.
8:
12041:
12021:
11776:
11662:
11606:
11576:
11541:
11431:
11062:
10764:
10631:
10580:
10278:
10174:
10145:
10105:
10089:
9736:
9688:
9654:
9646:
9615:
9390:
9043:
8905:
8759:
8538:
8479:
8437:
8321:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8266:
8184:
7946:
7855:
7773:
7761:
7709:
7704:
7544:
7524:
7483:
7378:
7191:
7057:
6994:
6971:
6706:
6466:
1729:
1697:
1658:
1368:
991:
923:
In May, Assyrian warriors were part of the Russian force which was rushed to relieve the
700:
696:
692:
343:
9890:
9088:
6461:
Polatel, Mehmet (2019). "The State, Local Actors and Mass Violence in Bitlis Province".
1207:
1049:
Christian civilians. Over a dozen villages were sacked and, of the large villages, only
664:
12135:
12059:
12053:
11611:
11581:
11566:
11443:
10587:
10573:
10351:
10326:
10182:
10034:
9720:
9607:
9597:
9349:
9198:
9118:
9063:
8998:
8940:
8865:
8860:
8336:
8256:
8177:
8150:
7867:
7493:
7361:
7100:
7031:
6581:
6015:
1975:
Gaunt lists Adana as a place where the Assyrian population was untouched by the Sayfo.
1898:
1771:
1709:
1705:
1689:
1661:, and another 5,000 during an ambush by Ottoman forces and Kurdish irregulars near the
1586:
1338:
895:
604:
477:
354:
234:
166:
8965:
8950:
6832:"Diaspora coalition-building for genocide recognition: Armenians, Assyrians and Kurds"
6624:
Suryoye l-Suryoye: Ausgewählte Beiträge zur aramäischen Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur
1688:. After the massacre, France allowed 24,000 to 25,000 Assyrians to resettle along the
588:. The first mass violence targeting Assyrians was in the mid-1840s, when Kurdish emir
169:, including Syriac Christians, facing only sporadic armed resistance in some parts of
12189:
11917:
11819:
11692:
11536:
11486:
11481:
10889:
10552:
10478:
10399:
9986:
9866:
9824:
9696:
9680:
9358:
9300:
9033:
9013:
8935:
8870:
8754:
8659:
8614:
8589:
8548:
8503:
8331:
8301:
8128:
8079:
8065:
7916:
7719:
7383:
7231:
7122:
7090:
7035:
6998:
6975:
6896:
6806:
6775:
6658:
6635:
6608:
6585:
6562:
6539:
6516:
6493:
6470:
6463:
The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism
6447:
6421:
6383:
6356:
6341:
6327:
6301:
6278:
6255:
6232:
6209:
6186:
6161:
6138:
6115:
6083:
6079:
6057:
6029:
6001:
5994:
The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe
5975:
5952:
5924:
5898:
5872:
5844:
2051:
2039:
2010:
1872:
1836:
1625:
1476:
1437:
1217:
1135:
916:, looking northward across the gorge toward the crags of Supa Durig between Jilu and
331:
193:
177:
135:
100:
96:
10865:
9882:
9445:
9192:
9098:
8840:
2256:
2254:
1243:
906:
in Salmas shortly before 21 June, but the promised Russian help never materialized.
12207:
12123:
12103:
11923:
11586:
11511:
11338:
11009:
10897:
10695:
10651:
10566:
10287:
10270:
9970:
9962:
9946:
9672:
9574:
9566:
8915:
8573:
8276:
7861:
7714:
7686:
7592:
7555:
7354:
7236:
7023:
6946:
6888:
6848:
6796:
6767:
6715:
6692:
6379:
1491:
1441:
1188:
704:
585:
362:
9170:
9103:
8975:
8955:
8890:
8214:
6852:
6628:
Suryoye l-Suryoye: Selected Contributions to Aramaic Language, History and Culture
6021:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide
268:, the languages historically spoken by Assyrians, it has been known since 1915 as
12243:
12165:
12071:
11995:
11989:
11722:
11656:
11521:
11516:
11402:
11205:
10921:
10857:
10833:
10642:
10375:
10334:
10254:
9938:
9906:
9333:
9058:
9048:
8649:
8634:
8629:
8599:
8204:
8029:
7819:
7813:
7676:
7651:
7631:
7458:
7398:
6719:
6649:
Yuhanon, B. Beth (2018). "The Methods of Killing Used in the Assyrian Genocide".
2815:
2461:
2251:
1844:
Losses, according to the Assyro-Chaldean delegation at the Paris Peace Conference
1798:
The Assyro-Chaldean delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the
1685:
1372:
1349:
1329:
1195:). The arrival of these troops in Siirt led to more violence. District governor (
987:
913:
837:
763:
611:
524:
458:
392:
347:
327:
154:
92:
56:
8855:
6599:
Wozniak, Marta (2012). "Far from Aram-Nahrin: The Suryoye Diaspora Experience".
5837:
States of Dispossession: Violence and Precarious Coexistence in Southeast Turkey
5570:
1517:
and Ömer Naji were sent to crush the rebels, the latter diverted from attacking
1471:
which killed hundreds of Christians. Survivors fled east to the more-defensible
846:
787:
539:
allies. Church of the East settlement began in the east on the western shore of
11911:
11800:
11788:
11601:
11380:
11353:
10985:
10594:
10559:
10238:
10230:
10206:
9791:
9638:
9630:
9073:
9038:
9008:
8993:
8508:
8425:
8084:
8011:
7987:
7875:
7646:
7641:
7265:
7112:
7050:
6558:
6489:
6251:
6228:
6157:
6134:
5997:
5858:
5752:
2205:
2203:
1943:
1926:
1868:
1681:
1325:
1010:
Christians fleeing to the Caucasus after the Russian withdrawal in January 1915
979:
708:
639:
556:
388:
257:
146:
131:
108:
40:
8925:
8885:
8815:
8604:
5598:
2519:
2376:
2235:
118:
The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the
12262:
12091:
12077:
11887:
11616:
11596:
11491:
11017:
10881:
10873:
10841:
10407:
9994:
8568:
7928:
7535:
7513:
7290:
7201:
6934:
6900:
6810:
6788:
6779:
6654:
6631:
6535:
6512:
6323:
6315:
6297:
6071:
5912:
5894:
2803:
2535:
2219:
2133:
1961:
1890:
1782:
1781:, subject to harassment and abuse which drove them to emigrate. Turkish laws
1736:
1468:
1285:
1272:
1042:
936:
903:
497:
162:
8970:
8513:
8194:
7042:
6178:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
6049:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950
2200:
1608:
was garrisoned, on 18 July to escape Ottoman forces approaching Urmia under
1312:
1066:
876:, he contacted the Russian authorities. Shimun traveled to Bashkale to meet
11412:
11387:
10993:
10527:
10437:
8880:
8820:
8664:
8543:
7952:
7307:
7275:
7211:
2076:
1952:
1778:
1634:
1605:
1594:
1446:
1100:
805:
403:
358:
36:
9532:
8930:
7027:
6892:
6438:(2017). "Abduction, Rape and Genocide: Urmia's Assyrian Girls and Women".
1561:
Les Assyriens et les Assyro-Chaldéens sur les routes de l’exil, 1915–1935.
1176:
estimated that there were 60,000 Christians living in the Siirt district (
825:
11680:
11496:
10905:
10617:
10610:
10214:
9341:
8900:
8825:
8697:
8528:
8199:
7837:
7831:
7468:
7285:
7280:
6578:
Muslim Citizens in the West: Spaces and Agents of Inclusion and Exclusion
5886:
1980:
1880:
1662:
1276:
1235:—survived the Sayfo, existing until 1968 when their residents emigrated.
1118:
on 24 May by Russia, France, and the United Kingdom condemning them. The
952:
917:
888:
869:
857:
813:
809:
758:
735:
716:
712:
643:
572:
265:
261:
112:
88:
8875:
6950:
6696:
2071:
The Turkish government denies that the Sayfo was a genocide; unlike its
932:
253:
since 1952, although not all Syriac Orthodox reject Assyrian identity.
130:. Before World War I, they lived in mountainous and remote areas of the
11551:
11546:
10913:
10492:
10453:
10026:
9922:
9501:
8799:
8165:
8160:
7958:
7206:
6771:
6728:
1401:
1265:
1196:
1181:
852:
544:
540:
10222:
8448:
6801:
2611:
2034:
For Assyrians, the Sayfo is considered the greatest modern example of
2022:
986:
in Persia to request urgent assistance from the Russians. The Kurdish
12027:
11740:
10471:
10460:
9930:
9589:
8835:
8679:
8385:
8219:
8099:
7940:
7881:
7297:
7186:
6443:
6435:
6417:
3761:
1645:
1613:
1464:
1455:
1107:
1050:
589:
516:
485:
466:
454:
170:
150:
5968:
The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran: Pastoral Nationalism
1680:
in northern Iraq. They worked as soldiers for the British rulers of
746:
shortly thereafter. In August 1914, the CUP sent a delegation to an
176:
The Sayfo occurred concurrently with and was closely related to the
12238:
11764:
11501:
11238:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
10534:
10513:
10485:
10430:
9287:
8553:
8518:
8170:
8143:
8116:
8104:
8089:
7843:
7790:
7414:
7148:
6877:"Why did the Assyrian lobbying at the Paris Peace Conference fail?"
6753:
5468:
5444:
4624:
2095:
Sydney suburb of Fairfield after a Sayfo memorial was built there.
1767:
1759:
1740:
1693:
1501:, Enver ordered the rebellion suppressed in November. Parts of the
1409:
1353:
1280:
1232:
1111:
1092:
1023:
833:
821:
677:
509:
372:
225:
7427:
7317:
6989:
Gaunt, David (2023). "Late Recognition of the Assyrian Genocide".
6200:
Gaunt, David (2013). "Failed Identity and the Assyrian Genocide".
5384:
5372:
3484:
3151:
1951:
Rhétoré estimated that before the war, 60,000 Christians lived in
1212:
8432:
7825:
7747:
7627:
6275:
Christians of the Arab world: an archipelago in the land of Islam
5336:
3340:
3262:
3187:
1965:
1666:
1638:
1601:
1305:
1154:
Djalila, a Chaldean Catholic woman who survived deportation from
779:
727:
631:
548:
481:
335:
238:
205:
44:
6553:Üngör, Uğur Ümit (2017). "How Armenian was the 1915 Genocide?".
5324:
5019:
5017:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3129:
3127:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2910:
2908:
2149:
2121:
1487:
204:
There is no universally accepted translation in English for the
11561:
10601:
8405:
8209:
8138:
8111:
8094:
7127:
6175:
Gaunt, David (2011). "The Ottoman Treatment of the Assyrians".
4386:
4374:
1763:
1577:
1518:
1459:
1376:
1239:
1177:
1159:
1096:
1055:
983:
972:
681:
615:
505:
489:
473:
339:
308:
5252:
4989:
4987:
4936:
3716:
3538:
1300:
became enthusiastic executioners for Reshid, but parts of the
1279:) who were joined by released convicts. Many local officials (
10158:
8133:
8121:
6076:
Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide: A History
5534:
5312:
5276:
5119:
5068:
5014:
4960:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4648:
4049:
3971:
3797:
3550:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3301:
3124:
2968:
2905:
1751:
1673:
1573:
1413:
1225:
1155:
873:
783:
552:
302:
11292:
5809:
5807:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4520:
4518:
4466:
4464:
4451:
4449:
4212:
4210:
4208:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3687:
3685:
3591:
3589:
3516:
3514:
754:
incited a pro-Ottoman revolt in Russia in the event of war.
687:
Like other genocides, the Sayfo had a number of causes. The
357:
to distinguish themselves from the official religion of the
264:, "speaking of an 'Assyrian Genocide' is anachronistic". In
165:
initiated a genocide of all of the Christian communities in
157:). Ottoman forces and Kurds attacked the Assyrian tribes of
9256:
5682:
5680:
5641:
4984:
4861:
3833:
3821:
3613:
3291:
3289:
3204:
3202:
1755:
1677:
1228:
1038:
944:
536:
501:
5288:
5264:
4892:
4772:
4760:
4665:
4663:
4530:
4505:
4503:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4025:
3988:
3986:
3959:
3869:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3448:
2494:
2492:
1692:
in northeastern Syria. Other Assyrians were exiled in the
1150:
11103:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
5804:
5792:
5780:
5768:
5740:
5046:
5044:
4972:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4707:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4614:
4612:
4515:
4461:
4446:
4398:
4205:
4061:
4015:
4013:
3908:
3886:
3884:
3749:
3728:
3682:
3625:
3586:
3511:
3088:
2932:
2694:
2692:
2628:
2626:
2509:
2507:
2427:
2425:
2321:
719:
triggered an exodus of Muslim refugees from the Balkans.
6530:
Tamcke, Martin (2009). "World War I and the Assyrians".
5728:
5677:
5631:
5629:
5586:
5522:
5510:
5348:
5218:
5216:
4796:
4078:
4076:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3574:
3460:
3371:
3286:
3250:
3199:
3041:
3029:
2985:
2862:
2740:
2728:
2551:
2188:
1777:
The remaining population lived in submission to Kurdish
1037:
In response, Persia shut down the Ottoman consulates in
237:
was the first to adopt an identity derived from ancient
6729:"Identity conflicts among Oriental Christian in Sweden"
5716:
5653:
5614:
5558:
5500:
5498:
5485:
5483:
5360:
5300:
5240:
5203:
5201:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5143:
5131:
5097:
5095:
5056:
5004:
5002:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4849:
4784:
4697:
4695:
4660:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4500:
4488:
4422:
4410:
4352:
4350:
4323:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4181:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
3983:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3697:
3501:
3499:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3330:
3328:
3019:
3017:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2489:
2449:
1319:
872:, an Assyrian interpreter for the Russian consulate in
11966:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
6440:
The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies
6271:
Chrétiens du monde arabe: un archipel en terre d'Islam
5917:
The Extermination of Armenians in the Diarbekir Region
5704:
5420:
5041:
5029:
4820:
4724:
4675:
4636:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4542:
4362:
4335:
4275:
4251:
4037:
4010:
3998:
3881:
3857:
3526:
3226:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
2944:
2786:
2784:
2689:
2655:
2653:
2623:
2563:
2504:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2397:
2395:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2299:
2297:
1513:
Armies and a Turkish–German expeditionary force under
1138:
of the execution of Chaldeans in the Wadi Wawela gorge
11894:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
11747:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
11214:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
9745:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
5626:
5546:
5408:
5213:
5167:
5080:
4837:
4073:
3947:
3845:
3809:
3785:
3773:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3472:
3214:
2638:
2178:
2176:
2161:
11182:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
6601:
Border Terrains: World Diasporas in the 21st Century
5692:
5665:
5495:
5480:
5456:
5432:
5396:
5228:
5198:
5179:
5107:
5092:
4999:
4948:
4909:
4873:
4808:
4748:
4736:
4692:
4566:
4554:
4476:
4434:
4347:
4263:
4222:
4193:
4169:
4157:
4100:
4088:
3932:
3896:
3601:
3562:
3496:
3424:
3352:
3325:
3313:
3274:
3238:
3175:
3163:
3139:
3100:
3014:
2997:
2956:
2920:
2893:
2874:
2850:
2838:
2764:
2716:
2704:
2575:
2282:
2109:
141:
Mass killing of Assyrian civilians began during the
6246:Gaunt, David (2020). "The Long Assyrian Genocide".
5155:
3436:
3112:
3065:
2781:
2752:
2677:
2665:
2650:
2599:
2587:
2477:
2437:
2407:
2392:
2364:
2352:
2333:
2309:
2294:
1001:
959:, the Lizan valley, and Lower Tyari from the west.
6408:
5390:
5378:
2270:
2173:
2155:
2127:
1657:); some died of exhaustion. Many were killed near
398:
233:, is often determined by political alignment. The
9234:Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation
6925:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6369:
5342:
1637:Assyrian recruits drilled by British soldiers in
798:
12260:
11071:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
10817:
7344:Newspaper documentation of the Assyrian genocide
7143:
6277:] (in French). Autrement. pp. 127–145.
1542:
680:Muslims and Armenians, as well as Assyrians and
12309:Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
10003:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
9129:Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings
1110:arrived in Azerbaijan with reinforcements from
982:and bishop Mar Yalda Yahwallah from Barwari to
840:, and the local Special Organization branch by
395:. Each church considered the others heretical.
12339:Persecution of Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire
11645:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
11639:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
7179:
6786:
6291:
6108:Reverberations: Violence Across Time and Space
5450:
5330:
5318:
5282:
5125:
5074:
4966:
3544:
3490:
3418:
3401:
3389:
3346:
3307:
3268:
3193:
3157:
3133:
2979:
2914:
2617:
2060:International Association of Genocide Scholars
1125:
769:
750:offering an autonomous Armenian region if the
11826:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
11633:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
11278:
10296:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
9272:
8464:
7443:
7072:
7058:
6412:(2018). "Syriac Identity in the Modern Era".
6340:
5540:
1525:and the German ambassador in Constantinople,
531:mountains east of Tur Abdin (adjacent to the
11948:Violence against Hindus in independent India
7467:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
6347:The Cambridge History of the First World War
6151:
5965:
5758:
5604:
5576:
4993:
4942:
4867:
2541:
2525:
2467:
2382:
2260:
2241:
2225:
2209:
2045:
962:
277:
12160:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
11675:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
11190:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
10930:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
2066:
1292:), and many who had supported the anti-CUP
832:The Ottoman garrison in the border town of
285:
215:. The choice of which term to use, such as
64:
11285:
11271:
11137:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
9279:
9265:
8595:Association for Defence of National Rights
8471:
8457:
7450:
7436:
7065:
7051:
6376:Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere
1238:After leaving Siirt, Djevdet proceeded to
11795:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
9752:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
9229:How happy is the one who says I am a Turk
6800:
6754:"The Complexity of the Assyrian Genocide"
6575:
5944:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
5937:
5813:
5798:
5474:
5023:
4978:
4718:
4654:
4524:
4470:
4455:
4404:
4216:
4067:
4055:
3977:
3803:
3743:
3691:
3631:
3595:
3520:
3256:
1875:between December 1914 and February 1915.
1789:
12294:World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire
7011:
6874:
5306:
5294:
5270:
5258:
2021:
2009:
1793:
1644:
1629:
1567:
1445:
1367:
1149:
1129:
1065:
1005:
908:
773:
663:
566:
547:; a Chaldean enclave was just north, in
402:
31:
11759:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
9624:Indigenous peoples in the United States
9134:2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault
8478:
6965:
6829:
6648:
6598:
6460:
6314:
5988:
5857:
5734:
5686:
5659:
5647:
5620:
5592:
5426:
3839:
3827:
3710:
3619:
3532:
3220:
2115:
1482:In June 1915, many Syriacs from Midyat
863:
851:. Russian forces captured Bashkale and
14:
12261:
11705:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
6933:
6621:
6529:
6344:; Bloxham, Donald (2014). "Genocide".
6268:
6070:
5911:
5710:
5698:
5173:
5086:
5050:
5035:
4903:
4831:
4778:
4766:
4730:
4686:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4603:
4591:
4548:
4536:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4341:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4257:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4004:
3890:
3875:
3863:
3767:
3643:
3580:
2802:
2644:
2327:
2050:The Sayfo is less well known than the
1723:
562:
99:in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's
11954:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
11266:
11167:
11048:
10816:
10793:Mass killings under communist regimes
10310:
10073:
9768:
9429:
9309:
9260:
8452:
7431:
7418:
7046:
6988:
6751:
6739:from the original on 10 February 2022
6726:
6703:
6552:
6506:
6483:
6396:from the original on 10 February 2022
6245:
6222:
6199:
6174:
6128:
6105:
6042:
5885:
5834:
5786:
5774:
5722:
5671:
5635:
5564:
5552:
5462:
5438:
5414:
5402:
5366:
5354:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5207:
5192:
5161:
5149:
5137:
5113:
5101:
5062:
5008:
4954:
4930:
4886:
4855:
4843:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4754:
4742:
4701:
4669:
4579:
4560:
4509:
4494:
4482:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4356:
4329:
4269:
4245:
4233:
4199:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4115:
4094:
4082:
3992:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3851:
3815:
3791:
3779:
3755:
3722:
3676:
3655:
3607:
3568:
3556:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3430:
3377:
3365:
3334:
3319:
3295:
3280:
3244:
3232:
3208:
3181:
3169:
3145:
3118:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3023:
3008:
2991:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2899:
2887:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2790:
2775:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2632:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2513:
2498:
2483:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2416:
2401:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2315:
2303:
2288:
2194:
2182:
2167:
2139:
346:dates to 410, when Christians in the
330:, Chaldean, or Aramean are native to
10742:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
9109:1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt
7419:
6907:from the original on 22 January 2022
6680:
6434:
6014:
5746:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5489:
3505:
3442:
2758:
2276:
1492:repelled this and subsequent attacks
1479:with the food aid of local Yazidis.
1320:Targeting of non-Armenian Christians
60:
12289:History of West Azerbaijan province
12098:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
12048:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
11960:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
11753:Christianization of the Sámi people
10978:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
7457:
7334:May 1915 Triple Entente declaration
6673:
1022:by the Ottoman government inflamed
1020:November 1914 proclamation of jihad
891:, leaving only combatants behind.
622:. Violence worsened after the 1908
551:. There was a Chaldean area around
521:Patriarch of the Church of the East
371:communities were devastated by the
245:has officially rejected the use of
24:
8780:Nationalist and Conservative Party
7096:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
6959:
6370:Müller-Sommerfeld, Hannah (2016).
2808:"A Deportation that Did Not Occur"
2063:commemorate victims of the Sayfo.
1363:
766:, however, accepted conscription.
592:devastated Hakkari and Tur Abdin,
25:
12350:
11942:Violence against Muslims in India
11936:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
11882:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
9209:Confiscation of Armenian property
9079:Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul
8727:Republican Villagers Nation Party
7389:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
6862:from the original on 3 March 2022
6787:Hellot-Bellier, Florence (2020).
1743:) descendants still live there.
1271:On 25 March, CUP founding member
1106:In April, Ottoman army commander
1041:, Tabriz, and Urmia and expelled
752:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
134:, some of which were effectively
12237:
11168:
11049:
10311:
10074:
9769:
9430:
8431:
8419:
8376:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
7529:
7518:
7507:
6112:University of Pennsylvania Press
5841:University of Pennsylvania Press
2826:from the original on 17 May 2021
1619:
1555:
1002:Ottoman occupation of Azerbaijan
935:were temporarily transferred to
449:, the Ottoman Empire recognized
143:Ottoman occupation of Azerbaijan
12314:Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
12214:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
12184:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
9583:Indigenous peoples in Australia
9310:
8706:Committee of Union and Progress
8655:Turkish Resistance Organisation
7271:Committee of Union and Progress
6817:from the original on 8 May 2020
6727:Gaunt, David (4 October 2010).
5921:İstanbul Bilgi University Press
2796:
2073:denial of the Armenian genocide
1515:Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter
724:Committee of Union and Progress
399:Assyrians in the Ottoman Empire
306:(Arabic for 'catastrophe') and
12202:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
12172:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
11906:Communist Romanian persecution
10507:Genocide of indigenous peoples
10098:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
9399:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
9245:Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!
9114:Zirve Publishing House murders
9104:Assassination of Kemal Türkler
9069:1957 arson attack at Tahtakale
8042:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
7905:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
7394:Assyrian independence movement
7253:Military of the Ottoman Empire
7015:Genocide Studies International
6895:(inactive 12 September 2024).
6759:Genocide Studies International
6684:Genocide Studies International
5966:Koohi-Kamali, Farideh (2003).
3770:, pp. xiii, 116–117, 168.
2014:Memorial ceremony in Sweden's
1704:, and a few immigrated to the
1497:Against the advice of General
799:Massacres of lowland Assyrians
660:Persian campaign (World War I)
649:
601:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
199:
13:
1:
12220:2024 Istanbul church shooting
12196:Christchurch mosque shootings
11984:Religious violence in Nigeria
11978:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
11222:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
10352:Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs
9518:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
7786:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
7404:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
7118:Ottoman Empire in World War I
6853:10.1080/01419870.2019.1572908
2098:
2056:Armenian genocide recognition
1826:
1543:Ethnic violence in Azerbaijan
1531:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1523:Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz
1249:
782:, southeast of the line from
656:Ottoman Empire in World War I
315:
27:Assyrian genocide (1914–1924)
12110:War crimes in the Kosovo War
11900:Communist Polish persecution
11771:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
11699:Crusades against schismatics
11153:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
10954:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
10800:Anti-communist mass killings
9526:Indigenous peoples in Canada
9462:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
9286:
9094:Political violence in Turkey
8396:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
8371:Assyrian Democratic Movement
7155:
6720:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789
5835:Biner, Zerrin Özlem (2019).
4633:, pp. 329–331, 333–334.
2103:
1820:Turkish nationalist movement
1537:
1431:
1061:
638:began negotiations with the
7:
11087:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
10247:National Population Program
9124:Assassination of Hrant Dink
9029:Turkish War of Independence
8559:Turkish Cypriot nationalism
8381:Assyrian Universal Alliance
7607:Assyrian Church of the East
7582:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
7576:Assyrian Evangelical Church
7499:Terms for Syriac Christians
7160:
6098:
1494:over the next three weeks.
1256:1915 genocide in Diyarbekir
1126:Butcher battalion in Bitlis
1077:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
770:Ethnic cleansing of Hakkari
672:, a Persian border district
409:1919 Paris peace conference
124:Assyrian Church of the East
10:
12355:
11002:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
10946:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
10772:Effects on young survivors
10199:Sabra and Shatila massacre
9084:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
8737:Nationalist Movement Party
8391:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
7613:Ancient Church of the East
6410:Murre-van den Berg, Heleen
6353:Cambridge University Press
6026:Princeton University Press
5822:
1727:
1623:
1435:
1253:
653:
463:Armenian national movement
319:
278:
87:, was the mass murder and
12234:
12142:South Thailand insurgency
12118:Walisongo school massacre
12086:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
11735:Expulsion of the Moriscos
11711:European wars of religion
11625:
11469:
11304:
11176:
11057:
10970:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
10938:Supreme National Tribunal
10828:
10809:
10719:
10641:
10544:
10422:
10321:
10084:
9779:
9541:Residential school system
9440:
9320:
9294:
9219:Denial of Kurds by Turkey
9147:
8984:
8808:
8785:Rights and Equality Party
8714:Republican People's Party
8688:
8582:
8564:Turkish-Islamic synthesis
8486:
8414:
8361:
8232:
8064:
8055:
7968:
7897:
7804:
7745:
7728:
7685:
7626:
7591:
7554:
7543:
7505:
7476:
7465:
7425:
7371:
7326:
7245:
7224:
7136:
7083:
6939:Relations Internationales
6875:Lundgren, Svante (2021).
6840:Ethnic and Racial Studies
5541:Kieser & Bloxham 2014
5477:, pp. 390, 394, 415.
2046:International recognition
2005:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1554:
1549:
1343:Armenian Apostolic Church
1204:Chaldean diocese of Siirt
978:In July, Mar Shimun sent
963:Invasion of the highlands
594:killing several thousands
12329:History of the Assyrians
12304:Persecution of Assyrians
12274:Ethnic cleansing in Asia
11532:Extrajudicial punishment
9833:Christians in Diyarbekir
9239:Armenian genocide denial
9004:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
8765:Independent Turkey Party
8499:Atatürk personality cult
7911:Muslim conquest of Syria
7601:Chaldean Catholic Church
6206:Indiana University Press
6204:(illustrated ed.).
5827:
4395:, pp. 290, 334–335.
4383:, pp. 421–422, 429.
3725:, pp. 89, 251, 254.
2620:, pp. 110, 112–113.
2067:Denial and justification
1649:Baqubah camp around 1920
738:set up the paramilitary
385:Syriac Catholic Churches
369:Middle Eastern Christian
322:History of the Assyrians
128:Chaldean Catholic Church
12299:Massacres of Christians
12225:Crocus City Hall attack
11972:Persecution of Tibetans
11729:French Wars of Religion
11651:Yellow Turban Rebellion
10779:Politics of recognition
9326:Destruction of Carthage
9204:Citizen, speak Turkish!
8645:Turkish Revenge Brigade
8494:16 Great Turkic Empires
8438:Christianity portal
8401:Syriac Military Council
8000:Massacres of Diyarbekir
7935:Principality of Antioch
7888:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
7695:Assyrian folk/pop music
7313:Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde
7197:Flavianus Michael Malke
6830:Koinova, Maria (2019).
6183:Oxford University Press
6054:Oxford University Press
5869:Oxford University Press
5391:Murre-van den Berg 2018
5379:Murre-van den Berg 2018
3559:, pp. 84, 104–105.
2156:Murre-van den Berg 2018
2128:Murre-van den Berg 2018
1934:According to historian
1580:near Urmia in late 1915
1572:Assyrian refugees from
1390:Pirinççizâde Aziz Feyzi
885:Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun
744:German–Ottoman alliance
705:Arab national movements
668:Assyrian warriors from
636:Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin
630:by the Kurdish emir of
620:massacres of Diyarbekir
614:in the form of Kurdish
451:religious denominations
334:and historically spoke
12324:Persecution by Muslims
12178:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
12154:Maspero demonstrations
12002:Huế Phật Đản shootings
11230:South Africa v. Israel
11198:Rohingya genocide case
10735:Names of the Holocaust
10191:Chittagong Hill Tracts
9899:Kinder der Landstrasse
9785:Late Ottoman genocides
9160:Turkish History Thesis
9139:Murder of Deniz Poyraz
9054:Racism-Turanism trials
8156:Al-Hasakah Governorate
7994:Massacres of Badr Khan
7768:Middle Assyrian Empire
7570:Syriac Catholic Church
7564:Syriac Orthodox Church
7349:Paris Peace Conference
6349:: Volume 1: Global War
5343:Müller-Sommerfeld 2016
2031:
2019:
1812:Paris Peace Conference
1803:
1800:Paris Peace Conference
1790:Paris Peace Conference
1650:
1642:
1581:
1529:, informed Chancellor
1527:Konstantin von Neurath
1451:
1380:
1192:
1162:
1139:
1099:Kurdish tribe, led by
1071:
1011:
920:
795:
792:Ottoman–Persian border
673:
580:
533:Ottoman–Persian border
442:
326:The people now called
243:Syriac Orthodox Church
186:Paris Peace Conference
120:Syriac Orthodox Church
48:
12148:Boko Haram insurgency
11807:Pontic Greek genocide
11717:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
11527:Extrajudicial killing
11294:Religious persecution
11095:Bosnian genocide case
10749:Holocaust terminology
10392:Christians under ISIS
10122:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
9551:1740 Batavia massacre
9375:Harrying of the North
9187:1934 Resettlement Law
9024:Deportations of Kurds
8946:Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu
8896:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
8775:People's Ascent Party
8675:Youth Union of Turkey
8670:Sultan Murad Division
8640:Peace at Home Council
8024:Independence movement
7780:Post-imperial Assyria
7756:Early Assyrian period
7107:Young Turk Revolution
7028:10.3138/GSI-2022-0002
6893:10.31377/chr.v41i.689
6752:Gaunt, David (2015).
5972:Palgrave Macmillan UK
5949:Bloomsbury Publishing
5261:, pp. 63–64, 66.
3457:, pp. 81, 83–84.
2025:
2016:Botkyrka Municipality
2013:
1797:
1728:Further information:
1648:
1633:
1624:Further information:
1571:
1477:held out successfully
1449:
1436:Further information:
1371:
1153:
1133:
1069:
1009:
912:
777:
667:
624:Young Turk Revolution
570:
492:(west of Tur Abdin):
406:
320:Further information:
79:), also known as the
35:
12130:September 11 attacks
12066:1984 anti-Sikh riots
11930:Rawalpindi massacres
11876:White Terror (Spain)
11687:Massacre at Ayyadieh
11572:Population cleansing
11246:Nicaragua v. Germany
11145:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
10521:Utilitarian genocide
10500:Transgender genocide
9859:Osage Indian murders
9559:Great Gypsy Round-up
8851:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul
8524:Nine Lights Doctrine
7700:Music of Mesopotamia
7647:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
7642:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
7258:Special Organization
7171:Near East Foundation
6995:Taylor & Francis
6972:Taylor & Francis
6657:. pp. 177–214.
6634:. pp. 213–228.
6584:. pp. 105–124.
6538:. pp. 203–220.
6492:. pp. 132–147.
6469:. pp. 119–140.
6446:. pp. 158–177.
6420:. pp. 770–782.
6382:. pp. 258–283.
6355:. pp. 585–614.
6300:. pp. 107–134.
6208:. pp. 317–333.
6185:. pp. 245–259.
6137:. pp. 205–218.
5749:, pp. 184, 186.
5453:, pp. 109, 129.
3968:, pp. 153, 155.
3160:, pp. 117, 125.
3097:, pp. 122, 300.
2941:, pp. 123, 140.
2806:(17–18 April 2008).
2197:, pp. 132, 136.
2082:Those attempting to
1883:(including Hakkari)
1604:, where the British
1294:1914 Bedirhan revolt
1091:lured Christians to
864:Preparations for war
740:Special Organization
12334:Turkish nationalism
12319:Mass murder in 1915
12042:Bangladesh genocide
12022:Cultural Revolution
12014:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
11777:Circassian genocide
11663:Rhineland massacres
11577:Population transfer
11542:Forced displacement
11349:Jehovah's Witnesses
10632:Settler colonialism
10581:Forced assimilation
10279:Srebrenica massacre
10051:Chechens and Ingush
9809:Thracian Bulgarians
9655:Sand Creek massacre
9616:Siege of Tripolitsa
9367:Ancestral Puebloans
9182:Animal name changes
9044:1934 Thrace pogroms
8906:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt
8760:Bright Turkey Party
8742:Nation Party (1992)
8732:Nation Party (1962)
8722:Nation Party (1948)
8539:Sun Language Theory
8480:Turkish nationalism
8006:Rise of nationalism
7947:Jalayirid Sultanate
7774:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7762:Old Assyrian period
7705:Syriac sacral music
7525:Aramean-Syriac flag
7484:Assyrian continuity
7379:Assyrians in Turkey
7327:Cultural depictions
7192:Shamoun Hanna Haydo
7078:(Assyrian genocide)
6951:10.3917/ri.173.0045
6707:Citizenship Studies
6697:10.3138/gsi.10.2.04
6467:Bloomsbury Academic
6114:. pp. 83–116.
6016:Suny, Ronald Grigor
5789:, pp. 374–375.
5777:, pp. 210–211.
5650:, pp. 202–203.
5531:, pp. 194–195.
5519:, pp. 192–193.
5451:Hellot-Bellier 2018
5331:Hellot-Bellier 2020
5319:Hellot-Bellier 2020
5283:Hellot-Bellier 2020
5126:Hellot-Bellier 2020
5075:Hellot-Bellier 2020
5026:, pp. 744–745.
4967:Hellot-Bellier 2020
4906:, pp. 138–139.
4781:, pp. 340–342.
4769:, pp. 343–345.
4657:, pp. 376–377.
4539:, pp. 338–339.
4320:, pp. 316–317.
4308:, pp. 313–314.
4296:, pp. 309–311.
4154:, pp. 425–426.
4142:, pp. 345–346.
4130:, pp. 424–425.
4058:, pp. 363–364.
4034:, pp. 422–423.
3980:, pp. 362–363.
3917:, pp. 154–155.
3878:, pp. 132–133.
3842:, pp. 206–207.
3830:, pp. 204–205.
3806:, pp. 338–339.
3758:, pp. 254–255.
3622:, pp. 129–130.
3545:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3493:, pp. 121–122.
3491:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3469:, pp. 108–109.
3419:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3402:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3390:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3380:, pp. 253–254.
3349:, pp. 120–121.
3347:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3308:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3298:, pp. 103–104.
3271:, pp. 119–120.
3269:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3211:, pp. 129–130.
3196:, pp. 117–118.
3194:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3158:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3134:Hellot-Bellier 2018
3050:, pp. 257–258.
3038:, pp. 143–144.
2994:, pp. 142–143.
2980:Hellot-Bellier 2018
2915:Hellot-Bellier 2018
2871:, pp. 136–137.
2749:, pp. 128–129.
2737:, pp. 247–248.
2618:Hellot-Bellier 2018
2560:, pp. 323–324.
2330:, pp. 203–204.
1846:
1833:Lausanne Conference
1806:In 1919, Assyrians
1730:Assyrians in Turkey
1724:Assyrians in Turkey
808:sent a telegram to
748:Armenian conference
689:rise of nationalism
563:Worsening conflicts
478:Diyarbekir province
416: More than 50%
344:Syriac Christianity
190:Lausanne Conference
167:Diyarbekir province
101:Azerbaijan province
12279:Diyarbekir vilayet
12136:2002 Gujarat riots
12060:Cambodian genocide
12054:Lebanese Civil War
11832:Soviet persecution
11669:Jerusalem massacre
11582:Sectarian violence
11567:Political violence
11111:Slobodan Milošević
10962:Erich von Manstein
10574:Extermination camp
10327:Effacer le tableau
10090:Hyderabadi Muslims
10035:Nanshitou Massacre
10019:Muslims and Croats
9721:Hamidian massacres
9608:Al-Jawazi massacre
9598:Stolen Generations
9301:list by death toll
9199:The Twenty Classes
9165:Place name changes
9119:Gezi Park protests
9064:Battle of Tillyria
8999:Hamidian massacres
8861:Ali bey Huseynzade
8426:History portal
7868:Church of the East
7657:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
7494:Chaldean Catholics
7362:The Last Assyrians
7101:Hamidian massacres
6795:(in French) (32).
6793:Les Cahiers d'EMAM
6772:10.3138/gsi.9.1.05
6607:. pp. 73–83.
6582:Ashgate Publishing
6561:. pp. 33–53.
6342:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
6326:. pp. 21–40.
6254:. pp. 56–96.
6231:. pp. 54–69.
5939:Kévorkian, Raymond
5357:, pp. 88, 96.
4805:, pp. 90, 95.
2501:, pp. 59, 61.
2458:, pp. 57, 59.
2032:
2026:Sayfo monument in
2020:
1842:
1804:
1772:Treaty of Lausanne
1651:
1643:
1587:Russian Revolution
1582:
1499:Mahmud Kâmil Pasha
1452:
1450:Old Midyat in 2013
1381:
1341:and 97 percent of
1339:Armenian Catholics
1163:
1140:
1072:
1012:
921:
896:Fyodor Chernozubov
812:, the governor of
796:
790:, and west of the
674:
581:
443:
363:West Syriac church
355:Church of the East
235:Church of the East
182:Ottoman government
49:
12269:Assyrian genocide
12256:
12255:
12250:
12249:
12190:Rohingya genocide
11918:Direct Action Day
11870:Šahovići massacre
11820:Armenian genocide
11814:Assyrian genocide
11701:(13th–15th cent.)
11695:(12th–16th cent.)
11693:Northern Crusades
11537:Forced conversion
11487:Cultural genocide
11482:Communal violence
11359:post–Cold War era
11344:Eastern Orthodoxy
11260:
11259:
11256:
11255:
11163:
11162:
11044:
11043:
10890:Euthanasia trials
10810:Legal proceedings
10553:Cultural genocide
10479:Cultural genocide
10418:
10417:
10343:Masalit massacres
10306:
10305:
10207:Sri Lankan Tamils
10114:Arabs in Zanzibar
10069:
10068:
9987:Three Alls policy
9764:
9763:
9697:Putumayo genocide
9425:
9424:
9254:
9253:
9155:Atatürk's reforms
9034:Elza Niego affair
9019:Assyrian genocide
9014:Armenian genocide
8921:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu
8871:Zeki Velidi Togan
8846:Noman Çelebicihan
8755:Great Unity Party
8660:Turkists of Gebze
8615:Counter-Guerrilla
8590:9 September Front
8504:Idealism (Turkey)
8446:
8445:
8357:
8356:
8073:
8051:
8050:
8018:Assyrian genocide
7917:Abbasid Caliphate
7739:
7622:
7621:
7489:Assyrian diaspora
7412:
7411:
7384:Assyrians in Iraq
7232:Defence of Iwardo
7220:
7219:
7123:Armenian genocide
7091:Assyrian homeland
7004:978-1-000-83361-4
6981:978-1-000-83361-4
6847:(11): 1890–1910.
6802:10.4000/emam.2912
6664:978-1-4632-3996-1
6641:978-1-4632-1660-3
6614:978-1-84888-117-4
6591:978-0-7546-7783-3
6568:978-1-78533-499-3
6545:978-1-4632-1713-6
6522:978-1-4632-3996-1
6515:. pp. 1–20.
6499:978-1-78533-499-3
6476:978-1-78831-241-7
6453:978-1-138-28405-0
6427:978-1-317-48211-6
6389:978-90-04-32328-5
6362:978-0-511-67566-9
6333:978-1-4632-0730-4
6307:978-1-4632-0730-4
6284:978-2-7467-0390-2
6261:978-1-78920-451-3
6238:978-1-78533-499-3
6215:978-0-253-00631-8
6192:978-0-19-978104-1
6167:978-1-78533-499-3
6160:. pp. 1–32.
6144:978-1-78533-499-3
6121:978-0-8122-9812-3
6089:978-0-19-063346-2
6063:978-0-19-965522-9
6035:978-1-4008-6558-1
6007:978-1-78533-326-2
5981:978-0-230-53572-5
5958:978-0-85771-930-0
5930:978-605-399-333-9
5904:978-1-59333-301-0
5878:978-0-19-927356-0
5850:978-0-8122-9659-4
5725:, pp. 14–15.
5567:, pp. 94–95.
5369:, pp. 96–97.
5297:, pp. 69–70.
5273:, pp. 67–68.
5249:, pp. 14–15.
5152:, pp. 89–90.
5140:, pp. 88–89.
5065:, pp. 80–81.
4994:Koohi-Kamali 2003
4945:, pp. 76–77.
4943:Koohi-Kamali 2003
4868:Koohi-Kamali 2003
4858:, pp. 77–78.
4793:, pp. 91–92.
4672:, pp. 89–90.
4512:, pp. 47–48.
4497:, pp. 39–40.
4431:, pp. 38–39.
4419:, pp. 36–38.
4332:, pp. 35–36.
4248:, pp. 45–46.
4190:, pp. 83–84.
3995:, pp. 65–66.
3929:, pp. 60–61.
3583:, pp. 67–68.
3235:, pp. 60–61.
3062:, pp. 88–89.
2953:, pp. 93–94.
2701:, pp. 56–57.
2635:, pp. 97–98.
2572:, pp. 63–64.
2516:, pp. 60–61.
2474:, pp. 2, 20.
2434:, pp. 86–87.
2267:, pp. 18–19.
2170:, pp. 12–14.
2052:Armenian genocide
2040:freedom of speech
2036:their persecution
2003:
2002:
1936:Raymond Kévorkian
1837:Armenian genocide
1626:Assyrians in Iraq
1566:
1565:
1438:Defence of Iwardo
1218:Rafael de Nogales
1144:Kurdish rebellion
1136:Leonardo de Mango
1134:1920 painting by
878:Mehmed Shefik Bey
836:was commanded by
762:August. Those in
691:led to competing
332:Upper Mesopotamia
194:Assyrian diaspora
178:Armenian genocide
97:Syriac Christians
85:Assyrian genocide
16:(Redirected from
12346:
12242:
12241:
12208:2020 Delhi riots
12124:Kosheh massacres
12104:Bosnian genocide
11924:1946 Bihar riots
11587:Social cleansing
11512:Ethnic cleansing
11287:
11280:
11273:
11264:
11263:
11249:
11241:
11233:
11225:
11217:
11209:
11201:
11193:
11185:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11156:
11148:
11140:
11130:
11122:
11119:Radovan Karadžić
11114:
11106:
11098:
11090:
11082:
11079:Belgrade Process
11074:
11066:
11052:
11046:
11045:
11037:
11029:
11021:
11013:
11010:Treblinka trials
11005:
10997:
10989:
10981:
10973:
10965:
10957:
10949:
10941:
10933:
10925:
10917:
10909:
10901:
10893:
10885:
10877:
10869:
10861:
10853:
10850:Épuration légale
10845:
10837:
10823:
10820:Holocaust trials
10814:
10813:
10802:
10795:
10788:
10781:
10774:
10767:
10760:
10751:
10744:
10737:
10730:
10712:
10705:
10698:
10691:
10684:
10677:
10670:
10661:
10654:
10634:
10627:
10620:
10613:
10604:
10597:
10590:
10583:
10576:
10569:
10567:Ethnic cleansing
10562:
10555:
10537:
10530:
10523:
10516:
10509:
10502:
10495:
10488:
10481:
10474:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10440:
10433:
10411:
10403:
10395:
10387:
10384:Shias under ISIS
10379:
10371:
10363:
10355:
10345:
10338:
10330:
10316:
10308:
10307:
10299:
10291:
10281:
10274:
10266:
10258:
10250:
10242:
10234:
10226:
10218:
10210:
10202:
10194:
10186:
10178:
10168:
10161:
10154:
10149:
10141:
10133:
10125:
10117:
10109:
10101:
10093:
10079:
10071:
10070:
10062:
10054:
10046:
10038:
10030:
10022:
10014:
10011:Serbs in Croatia
10006:
9998:
9990:
9982:
9974:
9971:Nanjing Massacre
9966:
9963:Parsley massacre
9958:
9955:Polish Operation
9950:
9947:Romani Holocaust
9942:
9934:
9926:
9918:
9910:
9902:
9894:
9891:Napalpí massacre
9886:
9878:
9870:
9862:
9854:
9844:
9836:
9828:
9820:
9812:
9802:
9795:
9787:
9774:
9766:
9765:
9755:
9747:
9740:
9732:
9724:
9716:
9708:
9700:
9692:
9684:
9676:
9668:
9658:
9650:
9642:
9634:
9626:
9619:
9611:
9601:
9593:
9585:
9578:
9570:
9562:
9554:
9544:
9536:
9528:
9521:
9513:
9505:
9497:
9489:
9481:
9473:
9465:
9457:
9449:
9435:
9427:
9426:
9418:
9410:
9402:
9394:
9386:
9383:Mongol conquests
9378:
9370:
9362:
9352:
9345:
9337:
9329:
9315:
9307:
9306:
9281:
9274:
9267:
9258:
9257:
9089:Beyazıt massacre
8916:Abulfaz Elchibey
8911:Alparslan Türkeş
8751:
8718:
8710:
8709:(Ottoman Empire)
8702:
8701:(Ottoman Empire)
8534:Racism in Turkey
8473:
8466:
8459:
8450:
8449:
8436:
8435:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8069:
8062:
8061:
8036:Post-Saddam Iraq
7862:Nestorian schism
7856:Christianization
7828:(132 BCE–244 CE)
7822:(247 BCE–224 CE)
7782:(609 BCE–240 CE)
7743:
7742:
7733:
7593:East Syriac Rite
7556:West Syriac Rite
7552:
7551:
7533:
7522:
7511:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7429:
7428:
7420:Related articles
7416:
7415:
7355:The Hidden Pearl
7237:Defense of Azakh
7177:
7176:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7008:
6985:
6954:
6930:
6924:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6861:
6836:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6804:
6783:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6723:
6714:(3–4): 367–379.
6700:
6674:Journal articles
6668:
6645:
6618:
6595:
6572:
6549:
6526:
6503:
6480:
6457:
6431:
6414:The Syriac World
6405:
6403:
6401:
6366:
6337:
6311:
6288:
6265:
6242:
6219:
6196:
6171:
6148:
6125:
6093:
6067:
6044:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
6039:
6011:
5985:
5962:
5934:
5908:
5882:
5854:
5817:
5811:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5624:
5618:
5612:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5487:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5211:
5205:
5196:
5190:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5012:
5006:
4997:
4991:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4907:
4901:
4890:
4884:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4705:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4673:
4667:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4513:
4507:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4459:
4453:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4220:
4214:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2812:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2399:
2390:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2258:
2249:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
1969:
1916:
1906:Catholic priest
1847:
1845:
1841:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1442:Defense of Azakh
1426:
1359:
1208:Abdülhalik Renda
1193:kassablar taburu
1175:
850:
586:stateless region
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
377:Mongol invasions
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
283:
282:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
62:
21:
12354:
12353:
12349:
12348:
12347:
12345:
12344:
12343:
12259:
12258:
12257:
12252:
12251:
12246:
12236:
12230:
12166:Yazidi genocide
12072:Revival Process
12008:Thích Quảng Đức
11996:Buddhist crisis
11990:Istanbul pogrom
11858:1970–1987
11853:1958–1964
11848:1928–1941
11843:1921–1928
11838:1917–1921
11723:Goa Inquisition
11657:Battle of Tours
11647:(c.550–c. 1200)
11641:(c. 324–c. 491)
11621:
11522:Ethnic violence
11517:Ethnic conflict
11465:
11464:
11463:
11418:minority Muslim
11300:
11291:
11261:
11252:
11244:
11236:
11228:
11220:
11212:
11206:Uyghur Tribunal
11204:
11196:
11188:
11180:
11172:
11169:
11159:
11151:
11143:
11135:
11125:
11117:
11109:
11101:
11093:
11085:
11077:
11069:
11061:
11053:
11050:
11040:
11032:
11026:Fedorenko trial
11024:
11016:
11008:
11000:
10992:
10984:
10976:
10968:
10960:
10952:
10944:
10936:
10928:
10922:Stutthof trials
10920:
10912:
10904:
10898:Nuremberg trial
10896:
10888:
10880:
10872:
10864:
10858:Majdanek trials
10856:
10848:
10840:
10834:Krasnodar trial
10832:
10824:
10818:
10805:
10798:
10791:
10784:
10777:
10770:
10763:
10756:
10747:
10740:
10733:
10726:
10715:
10708:
10701:
10694:
10687:
10680:
10673:
10666:
10657:
10650:
10637:
10630:
10623:
10616:
10609:
10600:
10593:
10586:
10579:
10572:
10565:
10558:
10551:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10512:
10505:
10498:
10491:
10484:
10477:
10470:
10459:
10452:
10445:
10436:
10429:
10414:
10406:
10398:
10390:
10382:
10374:
10366:
10360:Southern Kaduna
10358:
10350:
10341:
10333:
10325:
10317:
10312:
10302:
10294:
10286:
10277:
10269:
10261:
10253:
10245:
10237:
10229:
10221:
10213:
10205:
10197:
10189:
10181:
10173:
10164:
10157:
10152:
10144:
10136:
10128:
10120:
10112:
10104:
10096:
10088:
10080:
10075:
10065:
10057:
10049:
10041:
10033:
10025:
10017:
10009:
10001:
9993:
9985:
9977:
9969:
9961:
9953:
9945:
9939:Simele massacre
9937:
9929:
9921:
9913:
9905:
9897:
9889:
9881:
9873:
9865:
9857:
9849:
9839:
9831:
9823:
9815:
9807:
9798:
9790:
9783:
9775:
9770:
9760:
9750:
9743:
9735:
9729:Herero and Nama
9727:
9719:
9711:
9703:
9695:
9687:
9679:
9671:
9663:
9653:
9645:
9637:
9629:
9622:
9614:
9606:
9596:
9588:
9581:
9573:
9565:
9557:
9549:
9539:
9531:
9524:
9516:
9508:
9500:
9492:
9484:
9476:
9468:
9460:
9452:
9444:
9436:
9431:
9421:
9413:
9405:
9397:
9389:
9381:
9373:
9365:
9357:
9348:
9340:
9334:Asiatic Vespers
9332:
9324:
9316:
9311:
9298:
9290:
9285:
9255:
9250:
9177:Language reform
9143:
9059:Istanbul pogrom
9049:Dersim massacre
8986:
8980:
8961:Yusuf Halaçoğlu
8951:Kemal Kerinçsiz
8831:Kâzım Karabekir
8804:
8795:Patriotic Party
8749:
8716:
8708:
8700:
8690:
8684:
8650:Turkish Hearths
8635:Ottoman Hearths
8630:Kuva-yi Milliye
8600:Alperen Hearths
8578:
8482:
8477:
8447:
8442:
8430:
8420:
8418:
8410:
8353:
8228:
8205:Mardin Province
8068:
8047:
8030:Simele massacre
7964:
7893:
7858:(1st to 3rd c.)
7840:(64 BCE–637 CE)
7834:(66 BCE–217 CE)
7820:Parthian Empire
7814:Seleucid Empire
7806:
7800:
7796:Assyrian tribes
7764:(2025–1364 BCE)
7758:(2600–2025 BCE)
7737:
7735:
7732:
7724:
7681:
7634:
7618:
7587:
7546:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7503:
7472:
7461:
7459:Assyrian people
7456:
7421:
7413:
7408:
7399:Simele massacre
7367:
7322:
7241:
7216:
7180:Notable victims
7175:
7132:
7079:
7071:
7005:
6982:
6962:
6960:Further reading
6957:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6908:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6834:
6820:
6818:
6742:
6740:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6642:
6615:
6592:
6569:
6546:
6523:
6500:
6477:
6454:
6428:
6399:
6397:
6390:
6363:
6334:
6308:
6285:
6262:
6239:
6216:
6193:
6168:
6145:
6122:
6101:
6096:
6090:
6064:
6036:
6008:
5982:
5959:
5931:
5905:
5879:
5859:Bloxham, Donald
5851:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5812:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5757:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5737:, p. 1897.
5733:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5709:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5689:, p. 1901.
5685:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5634:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5603:
5599:
5595:, p. 1900.
5591:
5587:
5583:, pp. 7–8.
5575:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5148:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5022:
5015:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4910:
4902:
4893:
4885:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4708:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4676:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4223:
4215:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3015:
3007:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2816:Armenian Weekly
2810:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2540:
2536:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2259:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2069:
2048:
2018:, 26 April 2015
2008:
1960:
1910:
1908:Jacques Rhétoré
1843:
1829:
1792:
1732:
1726:
1686:Simele massacre
1628:
1622:
1610:Ali İhsan Sâbis
1556:
1545:
1540:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1373:Syriac Orthodox
1366:
1364:Mardin district
1357:
1350:Austria-Hungary
1334:Uğur Ümit Üngör
1330:Greek Catholics
1322:
1258:
1252:
1169:
1167:Jacques Rhétoré
1128:
1064:
1004:
965:
866:
844:
838:Kazim Karabekir
801:
772:
734:CUP politician
662:
654:Main articles:
652:
612:political Islam
571:Mata Khtata, a
565:
557:Bitlis province
527:controlled the
525:Assyrian tribes
459:Armenian millet
441:
437:
435:
431:
429:
425:
423:
419:
417:
413:
401:
393:Catholic Church
348:Sasanian Empire
324:
318:
297:
294:
291:
288:
202:
147:Bitlis province
76:
73:
70:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12352:
12342:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12254:
12253:
12248:
12247:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12228:
12222:
12217:
12211:
12205:
12199:
12193:
12192:(2016–ongoing)
12187:
12186:(2014–ongoing)
12181:
12175:
12174:(2014–ongoing)
12169:
12163:
12157:
12151:
12150:(2009–ongoing)
12145:
12144:(2004–ongoing)
12139:
12133:
12127:
12121:
12115:
12114:
12113:
12107:
12101:
12089:
12083:
12082:
12081:
12069:
12063:
12057:
12051:
12050:(1971–ongoing)
12045:
12039:
12038:
12037:
12031:
12019:
12018:
12017:
12011:
12005:
11993:
11987:
11986:(1953–ongoing)
11981:
11975:
11974:(1950–ongoing)
11969:
11968:(1949–ongoing)
11963:
11957:
11951:
11950:(1947–ongoing)
11945:
11944:(1947–ongoing)
11939:
11938:(1947–ongoing)
11933:
11927:
11921:
11915:
11912:Noakhali riots
11909:
11903:
11897:
11891:
11885:
11879:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11829:
11823:
11817:
11811:
11810:
11809:
11801:Greek genocide
11798:
11792:
11789:Adana massacre
11786:
11780:
11774:
11768:
11762:
11756:
11750:
11744:
11738:
11732:
11726:
11720:
11714:
11708:
11702:
11696:
11690:
11684:
11678:
11672:
11666:
11660:
11654:
11653:(c.184–c. 205)
11648:
11642:
11636:
11629:
11627:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11602:State religion
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11507:Discrimination
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11473:
11471:
11467:
11466:
11462:
11461:
11459:Zoroastrianism
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11385:
11384:
11383:
11381:Untouchability
11378:
11368:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11310:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11302:
11301:
11298:discrimination
11290:
11289:
11282:
11275:
11267:
11258:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11250:
11242:
11234:
11226:
11218:
11210:
11202:
11194:
11186:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11157:
11149:
11141:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11123:
11115:
11099:
11091:
11083:
11075:
11067:
11058:
11055:
11054:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11030:
11022:
11014:
11006:
10998:
10990:
10986:Eichmann trial
10982:
10974:
10966:
10958:
10950:
10942:
10934:
10926:
10918:
10910:
10902:
10894:
10886:
10878:
10870:
10866:Chełmno trials
10862:
10854:
10846:
10838:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10811:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10803:
10796:
10789:
10782:
10775:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10745:
10738:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10713:
10706:
10699:
10692:
10685:
10678:
10671:
10664:
10663:
10662:
10659:Trivialization
10647:
10645:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10635:
10628:
10621:
10614:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10598:
10595:Killing Fields
10584:
10577:
10570:
10563:
10556:
10548:
10546:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10531:
10524:
10517:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10489:
10482:
10475:
10468:
10467:
10466:
10465:
10464:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10419:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10404:
10396:
10388:
10380:
10372:
10364:
10356:
10348:
10347:
10346:
10331:
10322:
10319:
10318:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10300:
10292:
10284:
10283:
10282:
10267:
10259:
10251:
10243:
10235:
10227:
10223:Kuwaiti Bedoon
10219:
10211:
10203:
10195:
10187:
10179:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10162:
10150:
10142:
10134:
10126:
10118:
10110:
10102:
10094:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10063:
10059:Crimean Tatars
10055:
10047:
10039:
10031:
10023:
10015:
10007:
9999:
9991:
9983:
9975:
9967:
9959:
9951:
9943:
9935:
9927:
9919:
9911:
9903:
9895:
9887:
9883:Kantō Massacre
9879:
9871:
9863:
9855:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9837:
9829:
9821:
9813:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9780:
9777:
9776:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9741:
9733:
9725:
9717:
9709:
9701:
9693:
9685:
9677:
9669:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9651:
9643:
9639:Trail of Tears
9635:
9631:Indian removal
9620:
9612:
9604:
9603:
9602:
9594:
9579:
9571:
9563:
9555:
9547:
9546:
9545:
9537:
9522:
9514:
9506:
9498:
9490:
9482:
9474:
9470:Kashmiri Shias
9466:
9458:
9450:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9411:
9403:
9395:
9387:
9379:
9371:
9363:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9338:
9330:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9304:
9292:
9291:
9284:
9283:
9276:
9269:
9261:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9248:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9193:Varlık Vergisi
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9099:Maraş massacre
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9074:Sivas massacre
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9039:Zilan massacre
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9009:Greek genocide
9006:
9001:
8996:
8994:Adana massacre
8990:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8841:Ömer Seyfettin
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8812:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8790:National Party
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8770:Homeland Party
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:Workers' Party
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8711:
8703:
8694:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8586:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8509:Islamokemalism
8506:
8501:
8496:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8483:
8476:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8453:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8428:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8334:
8332:United Kingdom
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8238:
8236:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8085:Nineveh Plains
8076:
8074:
8059:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8045:
8039:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8012:Adana massacre
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7988:Schism of 1552
7985:
7982:Ottoman Empire
7979:
7976:Safavid Empire
7972:
7970:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7923:Emirs of Mosul
7920:
7914:
7908:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7865:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7829:
7823:
7817:
7810:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7770:(1363–912 BCE)
7765:
7759:
7752:
7750:
7740:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7597:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7560:
7558:
7549:
7541:
7540:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7455:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7432:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7268:
7266:Kurdish tribes
7262:
7261:
7260:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7183:
7181:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7070:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7009:
7003:
6986:
6980:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6935:Yacoub, Joseph
6931:
6872:
6827:
6784:
6749:
6724:
6701:
6691:(2): 183–209.
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6663:
6646:
6640:
6619:
6613:
6596:
6590:
6573:
6567:
6559:Berghahn Books
6550:
6544:
6527:
6521:
6504:
6498:
6490:Berghahn Books
6481:
6475:
6458:
6452:
6432:
6426:
6406:
6388:
6367:
6361:
6338:
6332:
6316:Hofmann, Tessa
6312:
6306:
6289:
6283:
6266:
6260:
6252:Berghahn Books
6243:
6237:
6229:Berghahn Books
6220:
6214:
6197:
6191:
6172:
6166:
6158:Berghahn Books
6149:
6143:
6135:Berghahn Books
6126:
6120:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6072:Yacoub, Joseph
6068:
6062:
6040:
6034:
6012:
6006:
5998:Berghahn Books
5986:
5980:
5963:
5957:
5935:
5929:
5913:Kaiser, Hilmar
5909:
5903:
5883:
5877:
5855:
5849:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5816:, p. 121.
5814:Wolvaardt 2014
5803:
5801:, p. 118.
5799:Wolvaardt 2014
5791:
5779:
5767:
5751:
5739:
5727:
5715:
5713:, p. 211.
5703:
5691:
5676:
5664:
5662:, p. 215.
5652:
5640:
5638:, p. 375.
5625:
5623:, p. 197.
5613:
5597:
5585:
5569:
5557:
5555:, p. 317.
5545:
5543:, p. 585.
5533:
5521:
5509:
5507:, p. 185.
5494:
5492:, p. 184.
5479:
5475:Kévorkian 2011
5467:
5455:
5443:
5431:
5419:
5417:, p. 300.
5407:
5395:
5393:, p. 775.
5383:
5381:, p. 776.
5371:
5359:
5347:
5345:, p. 270.
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5287:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5225:, p. 371.
5212:
5197:
5178:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5091:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5053:, p. 142.
5040:
5038:, p. 139.
5028:
5024:Kévorkian 2011
5013:
4998:
4983:
4981:, p. 744.
4979:Kévorkian 2011
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4908:
4891:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4846:, p. 122.
4836:
4834:, p. 138.
4819:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4733:, p. 340.
4723:
4721:, p. 377.
4719:Kévorkian 2011
4706:
4691:
4689:, p. 337.
4674:
4659:
4655:Kévorkian 2011
4647:
4645:, p. 334.
4635:
4623:
4621:, p. 333.
4608:
4606:, p. 332.
4596:
4594:, p. 331.
4584:
4565:
4553:
4551:, p. 324.
4541:
4529:
4527:, p. 378.
4525:Kévorkian 2011
4514:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4473:, p. 376.
4471:Kévorkian 2011
4460:
4458:, p. 373.
4456:Kévorkian 2011
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4407:, p. 372.
4405:Kévorkian 2011
4397:
4385:
4373:
4371:, p. 320.
4361:
4346:
4344:, p. 316.
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4284:, p. 314.
4274:
4262:
4260:, p. 322.
4250:
4238:
4221:
4219:, p. 379.
4217:Kévorkian 2011
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4099:
4087:
4085:, p. 327.
4072:
4070:, p. 366.
4068:Kévorkian 2011
4060:
4056:Kévorkian 2011
4048:
4046:, p. 323.
4036:
4024:
4022:, p. 419.
4009:
4007:, p. 420.
3997:
3982:
3978:Kévorkian 2011
3970:
3958:
3956:, p. 155.
3946:
3931:
3919:
3907:
3895:
3893:, p. 136.
3880:
3868:
3866:, p. 198.
3856:
3854:, p. 252.
3844:
3832:
3820:
3818:, p. 253.
3808:
3804:Kévorkian 2011
3796:
3794:, p. 256.
3784:
3782:, p. 255.
3772:
3760:
3748:
3746:, p. 340.
3744:Kévorkian 2011
3727:
3715:
3713:, p. 132.
3696:
3694:, p. 339.
3692:Kévorkian 2011
3681:
3679:, p. 251.
3660:
3658:, p. 250.
3648:
3636:
3634:, p. 237.
3632:Kévorkian 2011
3624:
3612:
3600:
3598:, p. 234.
3596:Kévorkian 2011
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3547:, p. 127.
3537:
3525:
3523:, p. 227.
3521:Kévorkian 2011
3510:
3508:, p. 167.
3495:
3483:
3481:, p. 255.
3471:
3459:
3447:
3445:, p. 165.
3435:
3433:, p. 254.
3423:
3421:, p. 126.
3406:
3404:, p. 122.
3394:
3392:, p. 120.
3382:
3370:
3368:, p. 110.
3351:
3339:
3337:, p. 106.
3324:
3322:, p. 105.
3312:
3310:, p. 119.
3300:
3285:
3283:, p. 103.
3273:
3261:
3259:, p. 226.
3257:Kévorkian 2011
3249:
3247:, p. 252.
3237:
3225:
3213:
3198:
3186:
3184:, p. 249.
3174:
3172:, p. 250.
3162:
3150:
3148:, p. 129.
3138:
3136:, p. 112.
3123:
3111:
3109:, p. 259.
3099:
3087:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3026:, p. 312.
3013:
3011:, p. 144.
2996:
2984:
2982:, p. 129.
2967:
2965:, p. 142.
2955:
2943:
2931:
2929:, p. 138.
2919:
2917:, p. 128.
2904:
2902:, p. 137.
2892:
2890:, p. 257.
2873:
2861:
2859:, p. 251.
2849:
2847:, p. 130.
2837:
2804:Kaiser, Hilmar
2795:
2780:
2778:, p. 248.
2763:
2761:, p. 234.
2751:
2739:
2727:
2725:, p. 310.
2715:
2713:, p. 127.
2703:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2649:
2647:, p. 217.
2637:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2584:, p. 323.
2574:
2562:
2550:
2534:
2518:
2503:
2488:
2476:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2421:
2406:
2391:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2293:
2291:, p. 318.
2281:
2269:
2250:
2234:
2218:
2199:
2187:
2172:
2160:
2158:, p. 777.
2148:
2132:
2130:, p. 770.
2120:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2068:
2065:
2047:
2044:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1953:Siirt district
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1869:Donald Bloxham
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1828:
1825:
1791:
1788:
1725:
1722:
1682:Mandatory Iraq
1621:
1618:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1551:
1550:External image
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1433:
1430:
1365:
1362:
1326:Greek Orthodox
1321:
1318:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1127:
1124:
1063:
1060:
1058:on 8 January.
1003:
1000:
992:Constantinople
980:Malik Khoshaba
964:
961:
937:Mosul province
925:defense of Van
865:
862:
800:
797:
771:
768:
709:Donald Bloxham
651:
648:
640:Russian Empire
564:
561:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
400:
397:
389:full communion
317:
314:
258:Ottoman Empire
201:
198:
132:Ottoman Empire
109:Kurdish tribes
105:Ottoman forces
37:Jilu Assyrians
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12351:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12264:
12245:
12240:
12233:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12215:
12212:
12209:
12206:
12203:
12200:
12197:
12194:
12191:
12188:
12185:
12182:
12179:
12176:
12173:
12170:
12167:
12164:
12161:
12158:
12155:
12152:
12149:
12146:
12143:
12140:
12137:
12134:
12131:
12128:
12125:
12122:
12119:
12116:
12111:
12108:
12105:
12102:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12093:
12092:Yugoslav Wars
12090:
12087:
12084:
12079:
12078:Big Excursion
12076:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12067:
12064:
12061:
12058:
12055:
12052:
12049:
12046:
12043:
12040:
12035:
12032:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12015:
12012:
12009:
12006:
12003:
12000:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11991:
11988:
11985:
11982:
11979:
11976:
11973:
11970:
11967:
11964:
11961:
11958:
11955:
11952:
11949:
11946:
11943:
11940:
11937:
11934:
11931:
11928:
11925:
11922:
11919:
11916:
11913:
11910:
11907:
11904:
11901:
11898:
11895:
11892:
11889:
11888:The Holocaust
11886:
11883:
11880:
11877:
11874:
11871:
11868:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11827:
11824:
11821:
11818:
11815:
11812:
11808:
11805:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11796:
11793:
11790:
11787:
11784:
11783:Dungan Revolt
11781:
11778:
11775:
11772:
11769:
11766:
11763:
11760:
11757:
11754:
11751:
11748:
11745:
11742:
11739:
11736:
11733:
11730:
11727:
11724:
11721:
11718:
11715:
11712:
11709:
11706:
11703:
11700:
11697:
11694:
11691:
11688:
11685:
11682:
11679:
11676:
11673:
11670:
11667:
11664:
11661:
11658:
11655:
11652:
11649:
11646:
11643:
11640:
11637:
11634:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11624:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11597:State atheism
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11492:Deprogramming
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11468:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11444:Protestantism
11442:
11440:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11429:
11428:
11425:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11394:
11391:
11390:
11389:
11386:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11354:LDS or Mormon
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11288:
11283:
11281:
11276:
11274:
11269:
11268:
11265:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11179:
11178:
11175:
11166:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11134:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11107:
11104:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11047:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11019:
11018:Sobibor trial
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10882:Belsen trials
10879:
10875:
10874:Dachau trials
10871:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10842:Kharkov trial
10839:
10835:
10831:
10830:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10801:
10797:
10794:
10790:
10787:
10786:Justification
10783:
10780:
10776:
10773:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10755:
10750:
10746:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10731:
10729:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10718:
10711:
10707:
10704:
10700:
10697:
10693:
10690:
10686:
10683:
10679:
10676:
10672:
10669:
10665:
10660:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10652:The Holocaust
10649:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10640:
10633:
10629:
10626:
10622:
10619:
10615:
10612:
10611:Death marches
10608:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10571:
10568:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10554:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10543:
10536:
10532:
10529:
10525:
10522:
10518:
10515:
10511:
10508:
10504:
10501:
10497:
10494:
10490:
10487:
10483:
10480:
10476:
10473:
10469:
10462:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10451:
10450:
10448:
10444:
10439:
10435:
10434:
10432:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10421:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10368:Iraqi Turkmen
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10344:
10340:
10339:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10323:
10320:
10315:
10309:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10280:
10276:
10275:
10272:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10167:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10086:
10083:
10078:
10072:
10060:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9995:The Holocaust
9992:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9877:(1920s–1930s)
9876:
9875:Ingrian Finns
9872:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9801:
9800:Pontic Greeks
9797:
9796:
9793:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9773:
9767:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9715:(1890s–1900s)
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9542:
9538:
9535:(1700s–1800s)
9534:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9439:
9434:
9428:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9385:(1200s–1360s)
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9351:
9347:
9346:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9319:
9314:
9308:
9305:
9302:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9282:
9277:
9275:
9270:
9268:
9263:
9262:
9259:
9247:
9246:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8983:
8977:
8976:Bülent Ecevit
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8956:Meral Akşener
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8941:Doğu Perinçek
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8891:Nejdet Sançar
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8866:Ahmet Ağaoğlu
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8715:
8712:
8707:
8704:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8583:Organizations
8581:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8569:Turkification
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8469:
8467:
8462:
8460:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8427:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8337:United States
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8231:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8054:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7957:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7929:Buyid amirate
7927:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7850:Roman Assyria
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7776:(911–609 BCE)
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7744:
7741:
7731:
7727:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7678:
7677:Syriac script
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7542:
7537:
7536:Chaldean flag
7532:
7526:
7521:
7515:
7514:Assyrian flag
7510:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7470:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7448:
7446:
7441:
7439:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7424:
7417:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7291:Mehmed Reshid
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7202:Leonard Melki
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7068:
7063:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7048:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7022:(2): 95–108.
7021:
7017:
7016:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6963:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6941:(in French).
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6833:
6828:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6766:(1): 83–103.
6765:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6666:
6660:
6656:
6655:Gorgias Press
6652:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6633:
6632:Gorgias Press
6629:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6537:
6536:Gorgias Press
6533:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6514:
6513:Gorgias Press
6510:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6324:Gorgias Press
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6299:
6298:Gorgias Press
6295:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5990:Sjöberg, Erik
5987:
5983:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5896:
5895:Gorgias Press
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5800:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5765:, p. 23.
5764:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5674:, p. 13.
5673:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5530:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5465:, p. 85.
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5441:, p. 71.
5440:
5435:
5429:, p. 98.
5428:
5423:
5416:
5411:
5405:, p. 49.
5404:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5344:
5339:
5332:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5309:, p. 71.
5308:
5307:Lundgren 2021
5303:
5296:
5295:Lundgren 2021
5291:
5284:
5279:
5272:
5271:Lundgren 2021
5267:
5260:
5259:Lundgren 2021
5255:
5248:
5243:
5237:, p. 69.
5236:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5210:, p. xv.
5209:
5204:
5202:
5195:, p. 88.
5194:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5116:, p. 81.
5115:
5110:
5104:, p. 72.
5103:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5064:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5011:, p. 77.
5010:
5005:
5003:
4996:, p. 77.
4995:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4963:
4957:, p. 79.
4956:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4933:, p. 80.
4932:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4889:, p. 78.
4888:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4870:, p. 76.
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4817:, p. 87.
4816:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4757:, p. 91.
4756:
4751:
4745:, p. 91.
4744:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4704:, p. 90.
4703:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4582:, p. 85.
4581:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4563:, p. 89.
4562:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4485:, p. 39.
4484:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4443:, p. 85.
4442:
4437:
4430:
4425:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4365:
4359:, p. 36.
4358:
4353:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4272:, p. 84.
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4242:
4236:, p. 96.
4235:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4202:, p. 92.
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4178:, p. 65.
4177:
4172:
4166:, p. 99.
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4118:, p. 35.
4117:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4097:, p. 97.
4096:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3944:, p. 61.
3943:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3905:, p. 60.
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3646:, p. 54.
3645:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3610:, p. 37.
3609:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3571:, p. 93.
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3535:, p. 30.
3534:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3223:, p. 74.
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3121:, p. 73.
3120:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3085:, p. 94.
3084:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2793:, p. 70.
2792:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2686:, p. 56.
2685:
2680:
2674:, p. 58.
2673:
2668:
2662:, p. 98.
2661:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2608:, p. 85.
2607:
2602:
2596:, p. 56.
2595:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2532:, p. 20.
2531:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2486:, p. 59.
2485:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2446:, p. 64.
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2419:, p. 59.
2418:
2413:
2411:
2404:, p. 58.
2403:
2398:
2396:
2389:, p. 19.
2388:
2386:
2379:
2373:, p. 15.
2372:
2367:
2361:, p. 13.
2360:
2355:
2349:, p. 87.
2348:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2318:, p. 60.
2317:
2312:
2306:, p. 57.
2305:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2279:, p. 48.
2278:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2248:, p. 18.
2247:
2245:
2238:
2232:, p. 17.
2231:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2185:, p. 86.
2184:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2142:, p. 9,
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2118:, p. 73.
2117:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:and elsewhere
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:Basil Nikitin
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1783:denaturalized
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:South America
1711:
1707:
1706:United States
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1620:Exile in Iraq
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1553:
1548:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:urban warfare
1466:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Mehmed Reshid
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1246:and Gharzan.
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1043:Sunni Muslims
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1008:
999:
995:
993:
989:
988:Barzani tribe
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
915:
911:
907:
905:
904:Basil Nikitin
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
861:
859:
854:
848:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
817:
815:
811:
807:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
767:
765:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
671:
666:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
578:
574:
569:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Deyrulzafaran
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
465:. Unlike the
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:millet system
410:
405:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
323:
313:
311:
310:
305:
304:
281:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
163:Mehmed Reshid
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
58:
54:
46:
42:
41:Asadabad Pass
39:crossing the
38:
34:
30:
19:
12094:(1991–2001)
12074:(1984–1989)
12034:Famen Temple
12024:(1966–1976)
11834:(1922–1991)
11813:
11803:(1913–1922)
11334:Christianity
11324:Baháʼí Faith
11170:21st century
11127:Ratko Mladić
11051:20th century
10994:Belzec trial
10758:Genocide law
10618:Death squads
10528:Mass killing
10438:Autogenocide
10314:21st century
10077:1946 to 1999
9949:(1935–1945)
9907:Libyan Arabs
9816:
9772:1913 to 1945
9433:1490 to 1913
9243:
9191:
9169:
9018:
8936:Attilâ İlhan
8881:Papa Eftim I
8856:Yusuf Akçura
8821:Talaat Pasha
8665:TurkHackTeam
8544:Turkish Left
8017:
7953:Qara Qoyunlu
7816:(312–63 BCE)
7547:Christianity
7360:
7353:
7308:Simko Shikak
7276:Talaat Pasha
7246:Perpetrators
7212:Ashur Yousif
7113:Adana (1909)
7074:
7073:
7019:
7013:
6990:
6967:
6945:(1): 45–64.
6942:
6938:
6921:cite journal
6909:. Retrieved
6884:
6880:
6864:. Retrieved
6844:
6838:
6819:. Retrieved
6792:
6763:
6757:
6741:. Retrieved
6732:
6711:
6705:
6688:
6682:
6650:
6627:
6623:
6600:
6577:
6554:
6531:
6508:
6485:
6462:
6439:
6413:
6398:. Retrieved
6375:
6345:
6319:
6293:
6274:
6270:
6247:
6224:
6201:
6177:
6153:
6130:
6107:
6075:
6048:
6020:
5993:
5967:
5943:
5916:
5890:
5887:Gaunt, David
5863:
5836:
5794:
5782:
5770:
5760:
5754:
5742:
5735:Koinova 2019
5730:
5718:
5706:
5694:
5687:Koinova 2019
5667:
5660:Sjöberg 2016
5655:
5648:Sjöberg 2016
5643:
5621:Sjöberg 2016
5616:
5611:, p. 8.
5606:
5600:
5593:Koinova 2019
5588:
5578:
5572:
5560:
5548:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5434:
5427:Bloxham 2005
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5169:
5164:, p. 8.
5157:
5145:
5133:
5121:
5109:
5082:
5070:
5058:
5031:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4726:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4599:
4587:
4556:
4544:
4532:
4490:
4478:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4376:
4364:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4090:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4000:
3973:
3961:
3949:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3840:Yuhanon 2018
3835:
3828:Yuhanon 2018
3823:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3718:
3711:Polatel 2019
3651:
3639:
3627:
3620:Polatel 2019
3615:
3603:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3533:Hofmann 2018
3528:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3342:
3315:
3303:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3221:Bloxham 2005
3216:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3055:
3043:
3031:
2987:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2895:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2814:
2798:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2679:
2667:
2640:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2548:, p. 2.
2543:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2384:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2323:
2311:
2284:
2272:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2227:
2221:
2216:, p. 7.
2211:
2190:
2163:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2123:
2116:Wozniak 2012
2111:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:high culture
2070:
2049:
2033:
1830:
1817:
1805:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1733:
1671:
1663:Sahin Ghal'e
1652:
1606:Dunsterforce
1599:
1595:Simko Shikak
1591:
1583:
1496:
1483:
1481:
1453:
1421:
1417:
1399:
1395:
1382:
1347:
1323:
1310:
1270:
1259:
1237:
1222:
1211:
1201:
1186:
1164:
1141:
1105:
1101:Simko Shikak
1089:
1081:
1073:
1047:
1036:
1029:
1017:
1013:
996:
977:
966:
941:Oramar tribe
922:
893:
882:
867:
831:
818:
814:Van province
806:Talaat Pasha
802:
756:
733:
721:
686:
675:
628:Lizan valley
610:The rise of
609:
598:
582:
514:
471:
444:
434: 10–20%
428: 20–30%
422: 30–40%
367:
359:Roman Empire
325:
307:
301:
273:
269:
255:
250:
249:in favor of
246:
230:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
175:
140:
117:
84:
80:
52:
50:
29:
12284:Van vilayet
12180:(2014–2017)
12168:(2014–2017)
12162:(2013–2016)
12100:(1992–1996)
12062:(1975–1979)
12056:(1975–1990)
11962:(1948–1980)
11908:(1945–1989)
11902:(1945–1989)
11896:(1941–1945)
11890:(1939–1945)
11878:(1936–1975)
11863:legislation
11828:(1917–1990)
11822:(1915–1923)
11816:(1914–1924)
11797:(1912–1913)
11785:(1862–1877)
11767:(1857–1858)
11761:(1789–1801)
11749:(1683–1922)
11743:(1673–1829)
11737:(1609–1614)
11731:(1562–1598)
11725:(1561–1812)
11719:(1526–1791)
11713:(1522–1712)
11707:(1500–1526)
11683:(1184–1908)
11681:Inquisition
11592:Segregation
11557:Intolerance
11497:Desecration
11439:Neopaganism
11432:Persecution
11393:Persecution
11376:Persecution
11339:Catholicism
11319:Exclusivism
11240:(2023–2024)
11208:(2020–2021)
11155:(1999–2015)
11147:(1997–2022)
11139:(1994–2015)
11129:(2011–2017)
11121:(2008–2016)
11113:(2002–2006)
11105:(1993–2017)
11097:(1993–2007)
11089:(1946–1948)
11073:(1946–1948)
11063:Budak trial
11034:Finta trial
11020:(1965–1966)
11012:(1964–1970)
11004:(1963–1989)
10996:(1963–1965)
10980:(1961–1962)
10956:(1946–1949)
10948:(1946–1948)
10940:(1946–1948)
10932:(1946–1953)
10924:(1946–1947)
10908:(1945–1946)
10906:Minsk trial
10900:(1945–1946)
10892:(1945–1949)
10884:(1945–1948)
10876:(1945–1947)
10868:(1945–2001)
10860:(1944–1989)
10852:(1944–1951)
10822:(1943–2022)
10728:Definitions
10378:(2014–2017)
10370:(2014–2017)
10362:(2011–2023)
10329:(2002–2003)
10298:(1996–1997)
10273:(1992–1995)
10265:(1991–2003)
10249:(1987–2002)
10241:(1987–1989)
10233:(1986–1989)
10217:(1983–1987)
10215:Gukurahundi
10209:(1983–2009)
10193:(1977–1997)
10185:(1975–1979)
10177:(1974–1999)
10140:(1970–2003)
10138:Feyli Kurds
10132:(1966–1970)
10108:(1962–1996)
10100:(1956–1989)
10061:(1944–1948)
10053:(1944–1948)
10045:(1943–1945)
10037:(1942–1945)
10021:(1941–1945)
10013:(1941–1945)
10005:(1941–1945)
9997:(1941–1945)
9989:(1940–1942)
9981:(1939–1945)
9973:(1937–1938)
9957:(1937–1938)
9933:(1932–1933)
9917:(1930–1933)
9909:(1929–1932)
9901:(1926–1973)
9869:(1919–1933)
9861:(1918–1931)
9853:(1916–1917)
9843:(1916–1934)
9827:(1915–1917)
9819:(1915–1919)
9794:(1913–1922)
9754:(1912–1913)
9739:(1905–1907)
9731:(1904–1907)
9723:(1894–1896)
9707:(1888–1893)
9699:(1879–1913)
9689:Circassians
9683:(1850–1864)
9649:(1846–1873)
9641:(1830–1850)
9633:(1830–1847)
9600:(1869–1977)
9592:(1825–1832)
9577:(1785–2017)
9543:(1874–1996)
9520:(1648–1657)
9512:(1640–1649)
9504:(1636–1638)
9472:(1548–1872)
9448:(1492–1514)
9417:(1402–1496)
9409:(1393–1394)
9393:(1209–1229)
9377:(1069–1070)
9313:Before 1490
9224:Article 301
9214:Surname Law
8926:Namık Kemal
8901:Peyami Safa
8886:Nihal Atsız
8826:Enver Pasha
8816:Ziya Gökalp
8750:(left-wing)
8717:(1923–1944)
8698:Young Turks
8625:Grey Wolves
8605:Atsız Youth
8574:Ulusalcılık
8529:Pan-Turkism
8312:New Zealand
8307:Netherlands
8071:Settlements
7984:(1555–1917)
7961:(1453–1501)
7955:(1375–1468)
7949:(1335–1432)
7943:(1258–1335)
7937:(1098–1268)
7898:Middle ages
7838:Roman Syria
7832:Syrian Wars
7469:Middle East
7286:Djevdet Bey
7281:Enver Pasha
6866:19 February
6743:10 February
6733:Sens public
6400:10 February
5711:Yacoub 2016
5699:Yacoub 2018
5174:Yacoub 2018
5087:Yacoub 2018
5051:Hellot 2003
5036:Hellot 2003
4904:Hellot 2003
4832:Hellot 2003
4779:Kaiser 2014
4767:Kaiser 2014
4731:Kaiser 2014
4687:Kaiser 2014
4643:Kaiser 2014
4631:Kaiser 2014
4619:Kaiser 2014
4604:Kaiser 2014
4592:Kaiser 2014
4549:Kaiser 2014
4537:Kaiser 2014
4393:Kaiser 2014
4381:Kaiser 2014
4369:Kaiser 2014
4342:Kaiser 2014
4318:Kaiser 2014
4306:Kaiser 2014
4294:Kaiser 2014
4282:Kaiser 2014
4258:Kaiser 2014
4152:Kaiser 2014
4140:Kaiser 2014
4128:Kaiser 2014
4044:Kaiser 2014
4032:Kaiser 2014
4020:Kaiser 2014
4005:Kaiser 2014
3891:Yacoub 2016
3876:Yacoub 2016
3864:Yacoub 2016
3768:Yacoub 2016
3644:Yacoub 2016
3581:Yacoub 2016
2645:Yalcin 2009
2328:Tamcke 2009
2030:, Australia
1919:Edward Noel
1911: [
1655:Sayyid Taha
1345:adherents.
1298:Raman tribe
1277:Circassians
1170: [
1116:declaration
1108:Halil Pasha
889:Upper Tyari
870:Agha Petros
858:gendarmerie
845: [
810:Djevdet Bey
736:Enver Pasha
717:Balkan Wars
713:imperialism
650:World War I
644:World War I
599:During the
575:village in
494:Mor Gabriel
440: 5–10%
266:Neo-Aramaic
262:David Gaunt
200:Terminology
113:World War I
89:deportation
12263:Categories
11677:(643–1526)
11552:Iconoclasm
11547:Hate crime
11477:Censorship
11366:Falun Gong
10914:Riga trial
10765:Prevention
10710:Indigenous
10625:Incitement
10493:Gendercide
10454:Classicide
10447:Politicide
10408:Gaza Strip
10175:East Timor
10146:Bangladesh
10106:Guatemalan
10027:Sook Ching
9923:La Matanza
9647:California
9359:Bar Kokhba
8985:Historical
8971:Sinan Oğan
8966:Ümit Özdağ
8800:Good Party
8620:Deep State
8610:Black Gang
8514:İttihadism
8195:Diyarbakır
8166:Tell Tamer
8161:Al-Hasakah
8057:By country
7969:Modern era
7959:Aq Qoyunlu
7931:(945–1055)
7925:(905–1383)
7919:(750–1258)
7734:(including
7710:Folk dance
7225:Resistance
7207:Addai Sher
7166:Diyarbekir
7084:Background
6911:22 January
6436:Naby, Eden
5787:Biner 2011
5775:Donef 2017
5723:Talay 2018
5672:Talay 2018
5636:Biner 2011
5565:Gaunt 2015
5553:Gaunt 2013
5463:Üngör 2011
5439:Gaunt 2020
5415:Gaunt 2006
5403:Üngör 2017
5367:Gaunt 2015
5355:Gaunt 2015
5247:Biner 2019
5235:Gaunt 2020
5223:Biner 2011
5208:Biner 2019
5193:Gaunt 2020
5162:Talay 2018
5150:Altuğ 2021
5138:Altuğ 2021
5114:Gaunt 2020
5102:Gaunt 2020
5063:Gaunt 2020
5009:Gaunt 2020
4955:Gaunt 2020
4931:Gaunt 2020
4887:Gaunt 2020
4856:Gaunt 2020
4844:Gaunt 2006
4815:Gaunt 2020
4803:Gaunt 2015
4791:Gaunt 2015
4755:Gaunt 2015
4743:Gaunt 2020
4702:Gaunt 2015
4670:Gaunt 2015
4580:Gaunt 2020
4561:Gaunt 2015
4510:Üngör 2017
4495:Üngör 2017
4483:Üngör 2017
4441:Gaunt 2015
4429:Üngör 2017
4417:Üngör 2017
4357:Üngör 2017
4330:Üngör 2017
4270:Gaunt 2020
4246:Üngör 2017
4234:Gaunt 2015
4200:Üngör 2011
4188:Gaunt 2020
4176:Gaunt 2017
4164:Üngör 2011
4116:Üngör 2017
4095:Üngör 2011
4083:Gaunt 2011
3993:Gaunt 2017
3966:Gaunt 2006
3954:Gaunt 2006
3942:Üngör 2011
3927:Üngör 2011
3915:Gaunt 2006
3903:Üngör 2011
3852:Gaunt 2006
3816:Gaunt 2006
3792:Gaunt 2006
3780:Gaunt 2006
3756:Gaunt 2006
3723:Gaunt 2006
3677:Gaunt 2006
3656:Gaunt 2006
3608:Gaunt 2006
3569:Gaunt 2015
3557:Gaunt 2006
3479:Gaunt 2011
3467:Gaunt 2006
3455:Gaunt 2006
3431:Gaunt 2011
3378:Gaunt 2011
3366:Gaunt 2006
3335:Gaunt 2006
3320:Gaunt 2006
3296:Gaunt 2006
3281:Gaunt 2006
3245:Gaunt 2011
3233:Gaunt 2006
3209:Gaunt 2006
3182:Gaunt 2011
3170:Gaunt 2011
3146:Gaunt 2006
3119:Gaunt 2020
3107:Gaunt 2011
3095:Gaunt 2006
3083:Gaunt 2015
3060:Gaunt 2015
3048:Gaunt 2011
3036:Gaunt 2006
3024:Gaunt 2006
3009:Gaunt 2006
2992:Gaunt 2006
2963:Gaunt 2006
2951:Gaunt 2015
2939:Gaunt 2006
2927:Gaunt 2006
2900:Gaunt 2006
2888:Gaunt 2011
2869:Gaunt 2006
2857:Gaunt 2011
2845:Gaunt 2006
2791:Gaunt 2020
2776:Gaunt 2011
2747:Gaunt 2006
2735:Gaunt 2011
2723:Gaunt 2006
2711:Gaunt 2006
2699:Gaunt 2006
2684:Üngör 2011
2672:Gaunt 2006
2660:Gaunt 2015
2633:Gaunt 2015
2606:Gaunt 2006
2594:Gaunt 2006
2582:Gaunt 2011
2570:Gaunt 2017
2558:Gaunt 2013
2514:Gaunt 2017
2499:Gaunt 2017
2484:Gaunt 2017
2456:Gaunt 2020
2444:Gaunt 2017
2432:Gaunt 2015
2417:Gaunt 2020
2402:Gaunt 2020
2371:Üngör 2011
2359:Üngör 2011
2347:Gaunt 2015
2316:Gaunt 2020
2304:Gaunt 2020
2289:Gaunt 2013
2195:Talay 2017
2183:Gaunt 2015
2168:Gaunt 2010
2140:Gaunt 2010
2099:References
1899:Diyarbekir
1873:Azerbaijan
1827:Death toll
1659:Heydarabad
1402:Tell Ermen
1375:family in
1313:Viranşehir
1266:Diyarbekir
1250:Diyarbekir
1197:mutasarrif
1182:Addai Sher
929:Haydar Bey
590:Bedir Khan
541:Lake Urmia
515:Under the
455:Nestorians
316:Background
256:Since the
126:, and the
12028:Four Olds
11741:Test Acts
11607:Terrorism
11449:Rastafari
11398:Ahmadiyya
10703:Cambodian
10696:Holodomor
10588:Massacres
10472:Ethnocide
10461:Eliticide
10183:Cambodian
9931:Holodomor
9825:Armenians
9817:Assyrians
9590:Black War
9478:Huguenots
9361:(132–136)
9344:(50s BCE)
9328:(146 BCE)
9296:Genocides
8931:Gün Sazak
8836:Ali Suavi
8689:Political
8680:Wind Unit
8386:Dawronoye
8317:Palestine
8247:Australia
8220:Tur Abdin
8100:Tel Keppe
8020:(1914–20)
8008:(19th c.)
7990:(16th c.)
7978:(1508–55)
7941:Ilkhanate
7890:(502–628)
7884:(226–651)
7882:Asoristan
7852:(116–118)
7807:antiquity
7805:Classical
7738:contexts)
7635:languages
7372:Aftermath
7339:Blue Book
7303:Ömer Naji
7298:Halil Kut
7187:Toma Audo
7103:(1894–96)
7036:257178308
6901:1608-7526
6887:: 63–73.
6811:1969-248X
6780:2291-1847
6444:Routledge
6418:Routledge
5747:Atto 2016
5529:Atto 2016
5517:Atto 2016
5505:Atto 2016
5490:Atto 2016
3506:Naby 2017
3443:Naby 2017
2759:Suny 2015
2277:Suny 2015
2104:Citations
2028:Fairfield
1737:Kurdified
1614:Toma Audo
1538:Aftermath
1465:telegraph
1456:Tur Abdin
1432:Tur Abdin
1386:Hilmi Bey
1384:governor
1281:kaymakams
1120:Blue Book
1062:Massacres
1051:Gulpashan
943:attacked
933:Shemdinan
842:Ömer Naji
678:Caucasian
579:, c. 1900
517:Qudshanis
486:Tur Abdin
467:Armenians
391:with the
171:Tur Abdin
155:Assyrians
151:Armenians
136:stateless
107:and some
12244:Religion
11765:Utah War
11635:(64–313)
11612:Violence
11502:Domicide
11454:Yazidism
11371:Hinduism
11329:Buddhism
11305:By group
10668:Armenian
10535:Domicide
10514:Policide
10486:Eugenics
10431:Democide
10400:Rohingya
10043:Volhynia
9867:Cossacks
9713:Selk'nam
9575:Chechens
9567:Dzungars
9494:Lameyans
9486:Kalinago
9456:(1500s–)
9415:Guanches
9350:Eburones
9336:(88 BCE)
9288:Genocide
9171:Öztürkçe
9148:Policies
8876:Rıza Nur
8554:Turanism
8519:Kemalism
8487:Ideology
8363:Politics
8234:Diaspora
8215:Mazıdağı
8171:Qamishli
8144:Sanandaj
8117:Shaqlawa
8105:Bartella
8090:Qaraqosh
8066:Homeland
7864:(5th c.)
7846:(15–116)
7844:Adiabene
7791:Arameans
7746:Ancient
7720:Clothing
7662:Hertevin
7477:Identity
7149:Haftevan
7137:Genocide
6905:Archived
6857:Archived
6821:13 March
6815:Archived
6737:Archived
6394:Archived
6099:Chapters
6074:(2016).
6046:(2011).
6018:(2015).
5992:(2016).
5941:(2011).
5915:(2014).
5889:(2006).
5861:(2005).
5333:, 15–16.
2821:Archived
1996:250,000
1808:attended
1768:Qamishli
1760:Adiyaman
1741:Arabized
1694:Caucasus
1475:, which
1416:(Cizre)
1410:Nusaybin
1354:Holy See
1352:and the
1302:Heverkan
1262:Qarabash
1244:Schirwan
1233:Hertevin
1112:Rowanduz
1093:Haftevan
1084:Lazarist
1024:jihadist
969:Mar Zaya
900:Moyanjik
834:Bashkale
822:Julamerk
670:Tergawar
605:Hamidiye
510:Adiyaman
381:Chaldean
375:and the
373:Crusades
328:Assyrian
247:Assyrian
231:Chaldean
217:Assyrian
93:Assyrian
43:towards
11998:(1963)
11755:(1700s)
11470:Methods
11427:Judaism
11413:Sunnism
11403:Shi'ism
11314:Atheism
11232:(2023–)
11224:(2022–)
11216:(2022–)
11200:(2019–)
11192:(2012–)
11184:(2005–)
10689:Rwandan
10682:Bosnian
10675:Serbian
10602:Pogroms
10545:Methods
10410:(2023–)
10402:(2017–)
10394:(2014–)
10386:(2014–)
10376:Yazidis
10354:(2003–)
10337:(2003–)
10288:Rwandan
10271:Bosnian
10263:Ahwaris
10257:(1990–)
10225:(1985–)
10153:Burundi
9915:Kazakhs
9705:Hazaras
9691:(1860s)
9681:Manchus
9673:Moriori
9665:Charrúa
9569:(1750s)
9533:Beothuk
9502:Pequots
9464:(1500–)
9407:Assyria
9391:Cathars
8691:parties
8349:Uruguay
8342:Detroit
8297:Lebanon
8277:Germany
8272:Georgia
8262:Finland
8252:Belgium
8242:Armenia
8190:Hakkari
8044:(2014–)
8038:(2003–)
8026:(1919–)
7996:(1840s)
7826:Osroene
7748:Assyria
7736:related
7730:History
7715:Cuisine
7687:Culture
7628:Aramaic
7615:(1968–)
7609:(1692–)
7603:(1552–)
7584:(1940–)
7578:(1870–)
7572:(1662–)
7156:Hakkari
6881:Chronos
6630:].
5823:Sources
2830:27 June
2084:justify
1966:Der Zor
1948:38,000
1931:15,000
1903:63,000
1886:80,000
1864:40,000
1861:Persia
1853:Losses
1850:Region
1702:Lebanon
1667:Baqubah
1639:Hamadan
1602:Hamadan
1414:Djezire
1306:Yazidis
1290:Dekşuri
1189:Turkish
1032:Entente
788:Khoshab
784:Djezire
780:Amadiya
728:Turkify
701:Persian
697:Kurdish
693:Turkish
642:before
632:Barwari
616:shaikhs
577:Hakkari
549:Salamas
537:Kurdish
529:Hakkari
519:-based
482:vilayet
445:In its
336:Aramaic
289:
239:Assyria
226:Aramean
213:Suryoye
209:Suryoyo
206:endonym
159:Hakkari
111:during
83:or the
68:
45:Baqubah
12227:(2024)
12216:(2023)
12210:(2020)
12204:(2019)
12198:(2019)
12156:(2011)
12138:(2002)
12132:(2001)
12126:(2000)
12120:(2000)
12112:(1999)
12106:(1995)
12088:(1990)
12080:(1989)
12068:(1984)
12044:(1971)
12036:(1966)
12030:(1966)
12016:(1963)
12010:(1963)
12004:(1963)
11992:(1955)
11980:(1950)
11956:(1948)
11932:(1947)
11926:(1946)
11920:(1946)
11914:(1946)
11884:(1933)
11872:(1924)
11791:(1909)
11779:(1864)
11773:(1860)
11689:(1191)
11671:(1099)
11665:(1096)
11626:Events
11562:Pogrom
11408:Sufism
11248:(2024)
11081:(1946)
11065:(1945)
11036:(1994)
11028:(1986)
10988:(1961)
10972:(1958)
10964:(1949)
10916:(1946)
10844:(1943)
10836:(1943)
10720:Issues
10643:Denial
10335:Darfur
10290:(1994)
10255:Amhara
10201:(1982)
10148:(1971)
10130:Biafra
10124:(1966)
10116:(1964)
10092:(1948)
10029:(1942)
9965:(1937)
9941:(1933)
9925:(1932)
9893:(1924)
9885:(1923)
9851:Kyrgyz
9835:(1915)
9811:(1913)
9792:Greeks
9675:(1835)
9667:(1831)
9657:(1864)
9618:(1821)
9610:(1816)
9561:(1749)
9553:(1740)
9496:(1636)
9488:(1626)
9480:(1572)
9401:(1311)
9369:(800s)
8987:events
8809:People
8549:Taksim
8406:Sutoro
8327:Sweden
8322:Russia
8302:Mexico
8292:Jordan
8287:Israel
8282:Greece
8267:France
8257:Canada
8210:Mardin
8200:Elazığ
8185:Turkey
8178:Khabur
8139:Salmas
8112:Ankawa
8095:Alqosh
8032:(1933)
8014:(1909)
8002:(1895)
7913:(630s)
7907:(630s)
7672:Mlaḥsô
7667:Senaya
7652:Turoyo
7632:Syriac
7566:(518–)
7545:Syriac
7161:Bitlis
7128:Midyat
7109:(1908)
7034:
7001:
6978:
6899:
6809:
6778:
6661:
6638:
6611:
6588:
6565:
6542:
6519:
6496:
6473:
6450:
6424:
6386:
6359:
6330:
6304:
6281:
6258:
6235:
6212:
6189:
6164:
6141:
6118:
6086:
6060:
6032:
6004:
5978:
5955:
5927:
5901:
5875:
5847:
5761:et al.
5759:Gaunt
5607:et al.
5605:Gaunt
5579:et al.
5577:Gaunt
2544:et al.
2542:Gaunt
2528:et al.
2526:Gaunt
2470:et al.
2468:Gaunt
2385:et al.
2383:Gaunt
2263:et al.
2261:Gaunt
2244:et al.
2242:Gaunt
2228:et al.
2226:Gaunt
2212:et al.
2210:Gaunt
2144:passim
2006:Legacy
1993:Total
1985:9,000
1972:5,000
1944:Bitlis
1927:Harput
1856:Notes
1802:, 1919
1764:Aleppo
1718:Europe
1716:, and
1710:Canada
1698:Russia
1690:Khabur
1641:, 1918
1578:Tkhuma
1519:Tabriz
1509:, and
1507:Fourth
1473:Iwardo
1460:Midyat
1425:'s
1379:, 1904
1377:Mardin
1358:
1264:(near
1240:Bitlis
1178:sanjak
1160:Aleppo
1097:Shekak
1056:Dilman
984:Tabriz
973:Tkhuma
957:Ashita
951:, and
914:Oramar
764:Mardin
703:, and
682:Azeris
545:Persia
508:, and
506:Harput
490:Mardin
474:Midyat
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
379:. The
361:. The
351:formed
340:schism
309:firman
251:Syrian
241:. The
229:, and
221:Syriac
122:, the
61:ܣܲܝܦܵܐ
57:Syriac
47:, 1918
11659:(732)
11388:Islam
10423:Terms
10239:Isaaq
10231:Anfal
9979:Poles
9841:Kurds
9737:Ukame
9510:Huron
9446:Taíno
9342:Gauls
8151:Syria
8134:Urmia
8122:Zakho
7318:Çetes
7264:Some
7075:Sayfo
7032:S2CID
6860:(PDF)
6835:(PDF)
6626:[
6605:Brill
6380:Brill
6273:[
6080:Hurst
5828:Books
5321:, 23.
5285:, 18.
5176:, 13.
5128:, 27.
5089:, 17.
5077:, 36.
4969:, 17.
2824:(PDF)
2811:(PDF)
1962:Adana
1915:]
1779:aghas
1752:Adana
1700:, or
1674:Duhok
1574:Tyari
1511:Sixth
1503:Third
1406:Eqsor
1286:Milli
1226:Sawro
1213:çetes
1174:]
1156:Siirt
874:Urmia
853:Sarai
849:]
826:Gawar
553:Siirt
476:, in
303:nakba
295:sword
274:Seyfo
270:Sayfo
81:Seyfo
74:sword
53:Sayfo
18:Seyfo
11296:and
10560:Rape
10166:1993
10159:1972
9454:Ainu
8129:Iran
8080:Iraq
7876:1552
7144:Iran
6999:ISBN
6976:ISBN
6927:link
6913:2022
6897:ISSN
6868:2022
6823:2021
6807:ISSN
6776:ISSN
6745:2022
6659:ISBN
6636:ISBN
6609:ISBN
6586:ISBN
6563:ISBN
6540:ISBN
6517:ISBN
6494:ISBN
6471:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6422:ISBN
6402:2022
6384:ISBN
6357:ISBN
6328:ISBN
6302:ISBN
6279:ISBN
6256:ISBN
6233:ISBN
6210:ISBN
6187:ISBN
6162:ISBN
6139:ISBN
6116:ISBN
6084:ISBN
6058:ISBN
6030:ISBN
6002:ISBN
5976:ISBN
5953:ISBN
5925:ISBN
5899:ISBN
5873:ISBN
5845:ISBN
5763:2017
5701:, 3.
5609:2017
5581:2017
2832:2021
2546:2017
2530:2017
2472:2017
2387:2017
2265:2017
2246:2017
2230:2017
2214:2017
1981:Urfa
1810:the
1756:Urfa
1739:(or
1678:Akre
1676:and
1635:Jilu
1576:and
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