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Almario et al. found rather high patient-reported scores of physicians' interpersonal skills (DISQ, ~89 of 100) and SDM (SDM-Q-9, ~79–100) with no significant differences between trial arms. Slatore et al. showed that lower patient reported quality of communication was associated with higher odds of patient distress but not with patients' perceived involvement in decision-making. Tai-Seale et al. used one item on physician respect (CAHPS) and found similarly positive evaluations reported by 91–99% of participants in each of the four study arms. Observed SDM scores were between 67 and 75% (CollaboRATE, top scores reported). Jouni et al. assessed both patient self-report experiences with health care (CAHPS, six items) and self-reported and observed SDM. They documented high observed and self-reported SDM scores (OPTIONS, ~71 of 100 and SDM-Q, ~10.5 of 11) and high rates of positive responses to CAHPS questions (>97% of patients responded positively). Harter et al. also used both patient self-report measures and third-party observer measures. They reported an empathy score of ~44 of 50 (CARE) in both control and intervention arms, and SDM scores of ~73 of 100 in both arms (SDM-Q-9), and ~21 vs ~27 of 100 for control and intervention arm (OPTION12).
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interprofessional shared decision-making (IP-SDM) model is a three-level, two-axis framework that takes this complexity into account. Its three levels are contextual influences at the individual level, influences at the systemic or organizational level, and influences at the broader policy or social level. The axes are the SDM process (vertical) and the different people involved (horizontal). While interacting with one or more health professionals and family members, the patient moves through a structured process including explanation of the decision to be made; information exchange; eliciting values and preferences; discussing the feasibility of the options; the preferred choice versus the decision made; planning and implementing the decisions; and outcomes. Since this model was validated in 2011, it has been adopted in rehabilitation, dementia care, mental health, neonatal intensive care, hospital chaplaincy and educational research, among other fields.
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educated and have less severe illnesses than other patients are more likely to participate in medical decisions. That is, more education appears to increase participation levels and old age to reduce it. Another study found that age was not inversely related to participation levels but that patients who are not as fluent with numbers and statistics tended to let their physicians make medical decisions. Culture also makes a difference. In general, for example, Americans play a more active role in the physician-patient relationship, such as by asking follow-up questions and researching treatment options, than do
Germans. In one study, Black patients reported that they participate less in shared decision-making than white patients, yet another study showed that Black patients desire to participate just as much as their white counterparts and are more likely to report initiating conversation about their health care with their physicians.
281:. The model recognizes that patients have personal values that influence the interpretation of risks and benefits differently from the way a physician interprets them. Informed consent is at the core of shared decision-making, i.e. without fully understanding the advantages and disadvantages of all treatment options, patients cannot engage in making decisions. But there is frequently more than one option, with no clear choice of which option is best, especially when the decision at hand is about a preference-sensitive condition. Shared decision-making differs from informed consent in that patients base their decisions on their values and beliefs, as well as on being fully informed. Thus in certain situations the physician's point of view may differ from the decision that aligns most with the patient's values, judgments, opinions, or expectations about outcomes.
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professional teams involved in caring for an elderly person who may have several health problems at once. Some researchers, for example, are focussing on how interprofessional teams might practise shared decision-making among themselves and with their patients. Researchers are also expanding the definition of shared decision-making to include an ill person's spouse, family caregivers or friends, especially if they are responsible for giving the person medicine, transporting them or paying the bills. Decisions that ignore them may not be based on realistic options or may not be followed through. Shared decision-making is also now being applied in areas of healthcare that have wider social implications, such as decisions faced by the frail elderly and their caregivers about staying at home or moving into care facilities.
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health-related questions the patient asks along with the number of times the patient asks the physician to verify information (e.g. asking a physician to repeat information or summarizing what the physician said to ensure the information was understood). The second component is assertive utterances. e.g. making recommendations to physicians, expressing an opinion or preference, or expressing disagreement. The third component is providing information about symptoms, medical history and psychosocial factors, with or without prompting from the physician. The final component of patient participation is expressions of concern, including affective responses such as anxiety, worry, or negative feelings. The extent of participation can be determined based on how often a patient displays these four overarching behaviors.
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scales is to explore what happens in shared decision-making and how much it happens, with the goal of applying this knowledge to incite healthcare professionals to practise it. Based on these scales, simple tools are being designed to help physicians better understand their patients' decision needs. One such tool that has been validated, SURE, is a quick questionnaire for finding out in busy clinics which patients are not comfortable about the treatment decision (decisional conflict). SURE is based on O'Connor's
Decisional Conflict Scale which is commonly used to evaluate patient decision aids. The four yes-or-no questions are about being
392:(MCDA) methods. The first report of ISPOR's (International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research) MCDA Emerging Good Practices Task Force identifies SDM as supported by MCDA. The second ISPOR report by the same group states the following regarding the state of the art of MCDA use in health care: "The use of MCDA in health care is in its infancy, and so any good practice guidelines can only be considered "emerging" at this point... Although it is possible to identify good practices that should inform the use of MCDA in health care, inevitably this endeavor would benefit from further research."
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without me" a reality. The Shared
Decision-Making programme is part of the Quality Improvement Productivity and Prevention (QIPP) Right Care programme. In 2012, the programme entered an exciting new phase and, through three workstreams, is aiming to embed the practice of shared decision-making among patients and those who support them, and among health professionals and their educators. One of the components of the National Programme is the work of the Advancing Quality Alliance (AQuA), who are tasked with creating a receptive culture for shared decision-making with patients and health professionals.
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revealed that SDM description, clarification and recommendations in CPGs and CSs concerning breast cancer treatment were poor, leaving a large scope for improvement in this area. Although SDM was more frequently reported in CPGs and CSs in recent years, SDM was less often covered in medical journals. SDM should be suitably described and promoted in the future, and specific tools should be implemented to appraise its dealing and promotion in specific cancer CPGs and CSs. Medical journals should play a decisive role in supporting SDM in CPGs and CSs they publish in the future.
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385:, has published a set of standards, representing the efforts of more than 100 participants from 14 countries around the world to will help determine the quality of patient decision aids. The IPDAS standards assist patients and health practitioners to assess the content, development process, and effectiveness of decision aids. According to IPDAS, certified decision aids should, for example, provide information about options, present probabilities of outcomes, and include methods for clarifying patients' values.
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medical licensing bodies). An ongoing inventory of existing programs shows that they vary widely in what they deliver and are rarely evaluated. These observations led to an international effort to list and prioritize the skills necessary for practising shared decision-making. Discussion about what core competencies should be taught and how they should be measured returned to basic questions: what exactly is shared decision-making, do decisions always have to be shared, and how can it be accurately evaluated?
253:, which he attributed to varying physician practice styles. A key means of reducing this unwarranted variation was to recognise "the importance of sound estimates of outcome probabilities and on values that corresponded closely to patient preferences". Shared decision-making would allow patient preferences and values to determine the right rate of healthcare use. The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice consequently made shared decision-making a key element of their program of work.
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involved in the quality of their care, such as following up on abnormal test results and determining when to seek care. Providing patients with ready access to their doctors' visit notes has proven to have a positive impact on the doctor-patient relationship, enhancing patient trust, safety and engagement. Patients with access to notes also show greater interest in taking a more active role in the generation of their medical records. The adoption of open notes has recently been recommended by the
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patient, an interaction with an overconfident and overly-assertive medical professional, and general structural deficits in care that may undermine opportunities for a patient to exert control over the situation. Additional barriers to SDM may include a lack of insurance coverage or understanding it, lack of knowledge or challenges with organizational priorities related to conditions, and lack of clarity with
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dissatisfaction. Critics of the SDM model assert that physicians who choose not to question and challenge the assumptions of patients do a medical disservice to patients, who are overall less knowledgeable and skilled than the physician. Physicians who encourage patient participation can help the patient make a decision that is aligned with the patients' values and preferences. For those who are designing a
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frameworks. Some countries in South
America and south-east Asia have also introduced related policies. The rationale for these new policies ranges from respect for consumer or patient rights to more utilitarian arguments such as that shared decision-making could help control health care costs. However, in general the gap between political aspirations and practical reality is still yawning.
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and their family. Second, the clinician introduces the options in a clear way, describing and explaining the probabilities of benefits and harms that might be likely—this is option talk. In the last phase, patients' preferences are constructed, elicited and integrated—this is decision talk. A shorter five-item version of the OPTION scale has been published based on this model.
625:(QIs) focused on the evaluation of SDM. However, a recent Spanish study about quality indicators showed that there is no consensus concerning breast cancer care quality indicators and standards of care even in the same country. A wider systematic review about worldwide QIs in breast cancer have demonstrated that more than half of countries have not established a national
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best course of action, leading to c) providing information about the attributes of available options and d) supporting a deliberation process. Based on these steps, an assessment scale to measure the extent to which clinicians involve patients in decision-making has been developed (the OPTION scale) and translated into Dutch, Chinese, French, German, Spanish and
Italian.
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preferences. Interactive software or internet websites have also been designed to facilitate shared decision-making. Research has shown that the use of decision aids may increase patients' trust in physicians, thereby facilitating the shared decision-making process. Many research and implementation studies on decision aids (up to 2010) are contained in the book
474:) is a process in which both the patient and physician contribute to the medical decision-making process and agree on treatment decisions. Health care providers explain treatments and alternatives to patients and help them choose the treatment option that best aligns with their preferences as well as their unique cultural and personal beliefs.
208:) is a process in which both the patient and physician contribute to the medical decision-making process and agree on treatment decisions. Health care providers explain treatments and alternatives to patients and help them choose the treatment option that best aligns with their preferences as well as their unique cultural and personal beliefs.
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another attribute. Additive models may lead to counter-intuitive scenarios where a treatment that is associated with high quality of life but a very short life expectancy, may turn out to be recommended as a better choice than a treatment which is associated with moderately less quality of life but much longer life expectancy.
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behaviors (like reading the risks about a new treatment), and disease-specific management strategies. In a similar vein, a recent study found that among patients with diabetes, the more an individual remembers information given by a physician, the more the patient participated in self-care behaviors at home.
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The aim of the NHS RightCare Shared
Decision-Making Programme in England is to embed shared decision-making in NHS care. This is part of the wider ambition to promote patient-centred care, to increase patient choice, autonomy and involvement in clinical decision-making and make "no decision about me,
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Decision aids that answer this test with a "Yes" should not be considered for life-critical SDM because they may lead to unintended outcomes. Note that a "No" answer is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for consideration. MCDA models also need to realistically reflect individual preferences.
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Individuals who place a higher value on their health are more likely to play a passive role when it comes to medical decision-making than those who placed a lower value on health. Researchers Arora and McHorney posit that finding may be the result of their apprehension when it comes to health-related
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Some patients do not find the SDM model to be the best approach to care. A qualitative study found that barriers to SDM may include a patient's desire to avoid participation from lack of perceived control over the situation, a medical professional's inability to make an emotional connection with the
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The EMPAThiE study defined an empowered patient as a patient who "... has control over the management of their condition in daily life. They take action to improve the quality of their life and have the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes and self-awareness to adjust their behavior and to work in
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Patient empowerment enables patients to take an active role in the decisions made about their own healthcare. Patient empowerment requires patients to take responsibility for aspects of care such as respectful communications with their doctors and other providers, patient safety, evidence gathering,
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Researchers in shared decision-making are increasingly taking account of the fact that involvement in making healthcare decisions is not always limited to one patient and one healthcare professional in a clinical setting. Often more than one healthcare professional is involved in a decision, such as
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While there are numerous approaches for involving patients in using decision aids, involving them in the design and development of these tools, from the needs assessment, to reviewing the content development, through the prototyping, piloting, and usability testing, will overall benefit the process.
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Another model proposes three different "talk" phases: team talk, option talk and decision talk. First, clinicians work to create a supportive relationship with the patient as they introduce the idea of recognizing the existence of alternative actions (options)—this is to form a team with the patient
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Elwyn et al. described a set of competences for shared decision-making, consisting of the following steps a) defining the problem which requires a decision, b) the portrayal of equipoise (meaning that clinically speaking there is little to choose between the treatments) and the uncertainty about the
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Generally, physicians engage in more patient-centered communication when they are speaking with high-participation patients rather than with low-participation patients. Also, when a patient consults with a physician of the same race, the patient perceives that physician as involving them more than a
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brings together "xperts in health communication, health literacy, shared decision-making, and related fields come together to ... offer insight into how state-of-the-art advances in medical science can be transformed into state-of-the-art clinical decision making and improved health communication."
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Charles et al. described a set of characteristics of shared decision-making, stating "that at least two participants, the clinician and patient be involved; that both parties share information; that both parties take steps to build a consensus about the preferred treatment; and that an agreement is
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began a series with a session focused on "The
Greatest Untapped Resource in Healthcare? Informing and Involving Patients in Decisions about Their Medical Care." Powerful conclusions emerged among the 58 participants from 18 countries: not only is it ethically right that patients should be involved
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Several researchers in this field have designed scales for measuring to what extent shared decision-making takes place in the clinical encounter and its effects, from the perspective of patients or healthcare professionals or both, or from the perspective of outside observers. The purpose of these
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In recognition of a growing consensus that there is an ethical imperative for health care professionals to share important decisions with patients, several countries in Europe, North
America and Australia have formally recognized shared decision-making in their health policies and regulatory
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There is currently limited evidence to form a robust conclusion that involving older patients with multiple health conditions in decision-making during primary care consultations has benefits. Examples of patient involvement in decision-making about their health care include patient workshops and
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in patients, which in turn, leads to better health outcomes. When a patient participates more in the decision-making process, the frequency of self-management behaviors increases, as well. Self-management behaviors fall into three broad categories: health behaviors (like exercise), consumeristic
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communication by physicians has led to facilitating greater patient engagement. In the context of mammography screening, physicians' message delivery styles such as how they articulated relative versus absolute risk numbers had also influenced patients' perceptions towards shared decision-making.
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For those who do participate in decision-making, there are potential disadvantages. As patients take part in the decision process, physicians may communicate uncertain or unknown evidence about the risks and benefits of a decision. The communication of scientific uncertainty may lead to decision
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Providing patients with personal coronary risk information may assist patients in improving cholesterol levels. Such findings are most likely attributed to an improvement in self-management techniques in response to the personalized feedback from physicians. Additionally, the findings of another
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Training health professionals in shared decision-making attracts the attention of policy makers when it shows potential for addressing chronic problems in healthcare systems such as the overuse of drugs or screening tests. One such program, designed for primary care physicians in Quebec, Canada,
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is a field related to shared decision-making but which focuses more specifically on the patient's role in the patient-physician relationship. There are certain patient characteristics that influence the extent of their participation. One study showed that female patients who are younger and more
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than before. For example, a 2007 review of 115 patient participation studies found that the majority of respondents preferred to participate in medical decision-making in only 50% of studies prior to 2000, while 71% of studies after 2000 found a majority of respondents who wanted to participate.
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A recent study stated that the main obstacle to use SDM in clinical practice indicated for practitioners was the lack of time and resources. It is poorly reflected in clinical practice guidelines and consensus and barriers to its implementation persist. It has been already demonstrated that new
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In a systematic review of patient-provider communication published in 2018, "Humanistic communication in the evaluation of shared decision making", the authors reported, "Five other studies reported scores on humanistic aspects of conversation, and scores of SDM, without reporting associations.
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Another related measure scores patient-doctor encounters using three components of patient-centered communication: the physician's ability to conceptualize illness and disease in relation to a patient's life; to explore the full context of the patient's life setting (e.g. work, social supports,
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Harvey
Fineberg, head of the US Institute of Medicine, has suggested that shared decision-making should be shaped by the particular needs and preferences of the patient, which may be to call on a physician to assume full responsibility for decisions or, at the other extreme, to be supported and
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While some medical schools (e.g. in
Germany, the Netherlands, UK and Canada) already include such training programs in their residency programs, there is increasing demand for shared decision-making training programs by medical schools and providers of continuing professional education (such as
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SDM, or making it happen. Based on studies of barriers to shared decision-making as perceived by health professionals and patients, many researchers are developing sound, theory-based training programs and decision aids, and evaluating their results. Canada has established a research chair that
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A prime example is the case of decision aids for life-critical SDM. The use of additive MCDA models for life-critical shared decision-making is misleading because additive models are compensatory in nature. That is, good performance on one attribute can compensate for the poor performance on
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There is mounting evidence that giving patients real-time, unfettered access to their own medical records increases their understanding of their health and improves their ability to take care of themselves. Study results indicate that full record access enables patients to become more actively
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The study of SDM quality and reporting in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and consensus statements (CSs) have been inadequately addressed. There is a tool for evaluating quality and reporting of SDM in guidance documents based on the AGREE II statement and RIGHT instrument. A recent study
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in assisting the patients to choose the best treatment option. Patient decision aids, which may be leaflets, video or audio tapes, or interactive media, supplement the patient-physician relationship and assist patients in making medical decisions that most closely align with their values and
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A study of surgical consultations found that opportunities for shared decision-making were limited for life-saving surgeries. Patients and their families saw the surgeon's role as fixing the problem and, regardless of whether they had surgery, they tended to accept the decision made. Shared
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Other studies have shown that the strongest predictors of patient participation are not characteristics of the patients themselves but are specific to the situation, such as the clinical setting and the physician's style of communicating. Frequent use of partnership-building and supportive
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Measures of patient participation can also be used to measure aspects of shared decision-making. The ecological model of patient participation, based on research by Street, includes four main components of patient participation. The first is information seeking, measured as the number of
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More and more care is delivered not by individuals but by interprofessional healthcare teams that include nurses, social workers, and other care providers. In these settings, patients' health care decisions are shared with several professionals, whether concurrently or consecutively. The
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and tool support. Furthermore, dispositional factors may play an important role in the extent to which a patient feels comfortable with a participating in medical decisions. Individuals who exhibit high trait anxiety, for example, prefer not to participate in medical decision-making.
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A recent study found that individuals who participate in shared decision-making are more likely to feel secure and may feel a stronger sense of commitment to recover. Also, research has shown that SDM leads to higher judgments of the quality of care. Furthermore, SDM leads to greater
439:) concept. Their model passes the reasonableness test. The model selects the treatment that is associated with the maximum quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) defined as the product of life expectancy under a treatment multiplied by the average health utility value.
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guided by the physician to make completely autonomous decisions. This suggests that, just as with interventions, which need to match the patient's style and preferences, patient's preferences for degree of involvement also need to be taken into account and respected.
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President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1982. Making Health Care Decisions. The Ethical and Legal Implications of Informed Consent in the Patient-Practitioner Relationship. Washington, 1982. Page
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or integrated breast cancer care process to achieve excellence in breast cancer care. There was heterogeneity in QIs for the evaluation of breast cancer care quality. Quality indicators that focus on primary care, patient satisfaction, and SDM are scarce.
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Maes-Carballo, M.; Munoz-Nunez, I.; Martin-Diaz, M.; Mignini, L.; Bueno-Cavanillas, A.; Khan, K.S. Shared decision making in breast cancer treatment guidelines: Development of a quality assessment tool and a systematic review. Health Expect. 2020, 23,
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Grover SA, Lowensteyn I, Joseph L, Kaouache M, Marchand S, Coupal L, et al. (November 2007). "Patient knowledge of coronary risk profile improves the effectiveness of dyslipidemia therapy: the CHECK-UP study: a randomized controlled trial".
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The subject of designing the appropriate decision aids for SDM is a crucial one in SDM and thus it requires more work by the scientific and practitioners' communities in order to become mature and thus enable SDM to reach its full potential.
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Maes-Carballo, M.; Martín-Díaz, M.; Mignini, L.; Khan, K.S.; Trigueros, R.; Bueno-Cavanillas, A. Evaluation of the Use of Shared Decision Making in Breast Cancer: International Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2128.
713:(ISDM) Conference, which have been held at Oxford (2001), Swansea (2003), Ottawa (2005), Freiburg (2007), Boston (2009), Maastricht (2011), Lima (2013), Sydney (2015), Lyon (2017), Quebec City (2019), and Kolding, Denmark (2022).
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on 2 March 2002 aimed for a "health democracy" in which patients' rights and responsibilities were revisited, and it gave patients an opportunity to take control of their health. Similar laws have been passed in countries such as
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reached on the treatment to implement". This final element is not fully accepted by everyone in the field. The view that it is acceptable to agree to disagree is also regarded as an acceptable outcome of shared decision-making.
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Unfortunately, most of the MCDA models used today in health care were developed for non-medical applications. This has led to many instances of misuse of MCDA models in health care and in shared decision-making in particular.
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Much of the literature seems to assume that achieving shared decision-making is a matter of giving healthcare professionals enough information. Some attempts are being made to empower and educate patients to expect it.
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Frosch DL, Bhatnagar V, Tally S, Hamori CJ, Kaplan RM (February 2008). "Internet patient decision support: a randomized controlled trial comparing alternative approaches for men considering prostate cancer screening".
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Garvelink MM, Groen-van de Ven L, Smits C, Franken R, Dassen-Vernooij M, Légaré F (September 2019). "Shared Decision Making About Housing Transitions for Persons With Dementia: A Four-Case Care Network Perspective".
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by Robert Veatch in 1972. It was used again in 1982 in the "President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research". This work built on the increasing interest in
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Légaré F, Ratté S, Gravel K, Graham ID (December 2008). "Barriers and facilitators to implementing shared decision-making in clinical practice: update of a systematic review of health professionals' perceptions".
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The average health utility value is the sum of the products of the probabilities of having adverse effects under the particular treatment times the health utility value under the corresponding adverse effect(s).
420:
The above considerations have motivated Kujawski, Triantaphyllou and Yanase to introduce their "reasonableness test" for the case of life-critical SDM. Their reasonableness test asks the following key question:
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more closely in decisions about their own medical care and the risks involved, it is practical – through careful presentation of information and the use of decision aids/pathways – and it brings down costs.
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showed that shared decision-making can reduce use of antibiotics for acute respiratory problems (earaches, sinusitis, bronchitis, etc.) which are often caused by viruses and do not respond to antibiotics.
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and an increasing emphasis on recognising patient autonomy in health care interactions since the 1970s. Some would even claim that a general paradigm shift occurred in the 1980s in which patients became
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Kunneman M, Gionfriddo MR, Toloza FJ, Gärtner FR, Spencer-Bonilla G, Hargraves IG, et al. (March 2019). "Humanistic communication in the evaluation of shared decision making: A systematic review".
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Butler AM, Elkins S, Kowalkowski M, Raphael JL (February 2015). "Shared decision making among parents of children with mental health conditions compared to children with chronic physical conditions".
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Jeanne Wirpsa M, Emily Johnson R, Bieler J, Boyken L, Pugliese K, Rosencrans E, et al. (2018-10-15). "Interprofessional Models for Shared Decision Making: The Role of the Health Care Chaplain".
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study indicate that the use of a cardiovascular risk calculator led to increased patient participation and satisfaction with the treatment decision process and outcome and reduced decisional regret.
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placed physicians in a position of authority with patients playing a passive role in care. Physicians instructed patients about what to do, and patients rarely took part in the treatment decision.
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Vortel MA, Adam S, Port-Thompson AV, Friedman JM, Grande SW, Birch PH (October 2016). "Comparing the ability of OPTION(12) and OPTION(5) to assess shared decision-making in genetic counselling".
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Dunn SI, Cragg B, Graham ID, Medves J, Gaboury I (May 2018). "Roles, processes, and outcomes of interprofessional shared decision-making in a neonatal intensive care unit: A qualitative study".
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Arterburn D, Tuzzio L, Anau J, Lewis CC, Williams N, Courcoulas A, et al. (2023). "Identifying barriers to shared decision-making about bariatric surgery in two large health systems".
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Higgs, J., Patton, N., Hummell, J., Tasker, D., Croker, A., & SpringerLink (Online service). (2014). Health Practice Relationships. (Springer eBooks.) Rotterdam: SensePublishers.p.38-41
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Elwyn G, Tsulukidze M, Edwards A, Légaré F, Newcombe R (November 2013). "Using a 'talk' model of shared decision making to propose an observation-based measure: Observer OPTION 5 Item".
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Simon D, Schorr G, Wirtz M, Vodermaier A, Caspari C, Neuner B, et al. (November 2006). "Development and first validation of the shared decision-making questionnaire (SDM-Q)".
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Ferron Parayre A, Labrecque M, Rousseau M, Turcotte S, Légaré F (January 2014). "Validation of SURE, a four-item clinical checklist for detecting decisional conflict in patients".
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Höglund AT, Winblad U, Arnetz B, Arnetz JE (September 2010). "Patient participation during hospitalization for myocardial infarction: perceptions among patients and personnel".
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Härter M, Moumjid N, Cornuz J, Elwyn G, van der Weijden T (June 2017). "Shared decision making in 2017: International accomplishments in policy, research and implementation".
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policies must be designed for adequate training of professionals in integrating SDM in clinical practice, preparing them to use SDM with adequate resources and time provided.
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Légaré F, Politi MC, Drolet R, Desroches S, Stacey D, Bekker H (August 2012). "Training health professionals in shared decision-making: an international environmental scan".
2107:"When doctors share visit notes with patients: a study of patient and doctor perceptions of documentation errors, safety opportunities and the patient-doctor relationship"
5039:"Improving Decision making On Location of Care with the frail Elderly and their caregivers (the DOLCE study): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial"
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Street RL, Gordon HS, Ward MM, Krupat E, Kravitz RL (October 2005). "Patient participation in medical consultations: why some patients are more involved than others".
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Meldrum M (2017-08-25), Worthington DL, Bodie GD (eds.), "Doctors' Interpersonal Skills Questionnaire (DISQ): (Greco, Cavanagh, Brownlea, & McGovern, 1999)",
4855:"The consultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure: development and preliminary validation and reliability of an empathy-based consultation process measure"
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Kujawski E, Triantaphyllou E, Yanase J (May 2019). "Additive Multicriteria Decision Analysis Models: Misleading Aids for Life-Critical Shared Decision Making".
2056:"Patient experiences with full electronic access to health records and clinical notes through the My HealtheVet Personal Health Record Pilot: qualitative study"
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Scholl I, Koelewijn-van Loon M, Sepucha K, Elwyn G, Légaré F, Härter M, et al. (2011). "Measurement of shared decision making - a review of instruments".
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Härter M, van der Weijden T, Elwyn G (2011). "Policy and practice developments in the implementation of shared decision making: an international perspective".
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In recent years, patient-centred care and shared decision-making (SDM) have become considered more important. It has been suggested that there should be more
3487:"Can patients be trained to expect shared decision making in clinical consultations? Feasibility study of a public library program to raise patient awareness"
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decision-making was more likely in the other types of consultation. For example, should someone have surgery or which surgery do they think is best for them?
3176:"Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis for Health Care Decision Making--Emerging Good Practices: Report 2 of the ISPOR MCDA Emerging Good Practices Task Force"
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Slatore CG, Wiener RS, Golden SE, Au DH, Ganzini L (November 2016). "Longitudinal Assessment of Distress among Veterans with Incidental Pulmonary Nodules".
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605:
In 2009, British and Australian campaigns were launched to highlight the costs of unhealthy lifestyles and the need for a culture of responsibility. The
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concerns among those who place a high value on health, leading to a tendency to let an expert, rather than themselves, make important medical decisions.
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3712:"Training family physicians in shared decision-making to reduce the overuse of antibiotics in acute respiratory infections: a cluster randomized trial"
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Charles C, Gafni A, Whelan T (March 1997). "Shared decision-making in the medical encounter: what does it mean? (or it takes at least two to tango)".
3135:"Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis for Health Care Decision Making--An Introduction: Report 1 of the ISPOR MCDA Emerging Good Practices Task Force"
416:"A sure sign that a decision rule is faulty is when one applies it to a situation in which the answer is obvious and it produces the wrong result."
249:. Frustrated by variations in health care activity that could not be explained by population need or patient preference he described the concept of
1207:
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4411:"Impact of National Institutes of Health Gastrointestinal PROMIS Measures in Clinical Practice: Results of a Multicenter Controlled Trial"
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459:, i.e. making sure that scientific research results in changes in practice, researchers in shared decision-making have focussed on
3820:"Core competencies for shared decision making training programs: insights from an international, interdisciplinary working group"
3037:
585:
Various countries have passed laws and run multiple campaigns to raise awareness of these matters. For example, a law enacted in
181:
6365:. International Society for Evidence-Based Health Care (ISEHC) and International Shared Decision-Making (ISDM). Archived from
4501:"Shared decision-making following disclosure of coronary heart disease genetic risk: results from a randomized clinical trial"
3269:"User Involvement in the Design and Development of Patient Decision Aids and Other Personal Health Tools: A Systematic Review"
2686:"The Evolution of an Interprofessional Shared Decision-Making Research Program: Reflective Case Study of an Emerging Paradigm"
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family) and personal development; and to reach common ground with patients about treatment goals and management strategies.
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613:. Various medical associations have also followed the path of patients' empowerment by bills of rights or declarations.
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3994:"Why do clinicians not refer patients to online decision support tools? Interviews with front line clinics in the NHS"
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4606:"Enhancing Shared Decision Making Through Carefully Designed Interventions That Target Patient And Provider Behavior"
464:
focusses on practical methods for promoting and implementing shared decision-making across the healthcare continuum.
5883:"Trait anxiety and reactions to patient-centered and doctor-centered styles of communication: an experimental study"
3546:"Supporting Communication of Shared Decision-Making Principles in US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations"
2987:"A treatment decision aid may increase patient trust in the diabetes specialist. The Statin Choice randomized trial"
2591:"Validating a conceptual model for an inter-professional approach to shared decision making: a mixed methods study"
3069:"Developing a quality criteria framework for patient decision aids: online international Delphi consensus process"
2420:"Shared decision making and the concept of equipoise: the competences of involving patients in healthcare choices"
6934:
6876:
766:
373:
The International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration, a group of researchers led by professors
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602:. The same year, Britain passed a penalty charge to remind patients of their responsibility in healthcare.
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A major venue for dealing with the decision-making part of shared decision-making (SDM) is the use of
7100:
6983:
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5233:
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In shared decision-making, patients work with physicians to decide on the best treatment option.
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1677:
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756:
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5037:
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7069:
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6603:
6182:"How to share decision-making about major surgery for people at high risk of complications"
5456:"Hospitalized patients' participation and its impact on quality of care and patient safety"
3498:
1186:
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coaching, individual patient coaching. Further research in this developing area is needed.
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22:
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1443:
374:
6158:
6125:
5235:"Evaluation of the Use of Shared Decision Making in Breast Cancer: International Survey"
3502:
3067:
Elwyn G, O'Connor A, Stacey D, Volk R, Edwards A, Coulter A, et al. (August 2006).
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Shaw SE, Hughes G, Pearse R, Avagliano E, Day JR, Edsell ME, et al. (2023-07-01).
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4747:"Shared decision making: developing the OPTION scale for measuring patient involvement"
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2006:
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1602:
1586:"Shared decision-making in primary care: the neglected second half of the consultation"
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4025:
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2011:
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40:
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Légaré F, Stacey D, Gagnon S, Dunn S, Pluye P, Frosch D, et al. (August 2011).
2355:
2312:
1707:
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431:
The previous authors also presented a model for life-critical SDM which is based on
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4169:
4158:"Are you SURE?: Assessing patient decisional conflict with a 4-item screening test"
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5554:"Do increases in patient activation result in improved self-management behaviors?"
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5723:
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Canada Research Chair in Implementation of Shared Decision Making in Primary Care
2296:
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1723:"Can Consent to Participate in Clinical Research Involve Shared Decision Making?"
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145:
109:
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1739:
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670:, care should be taken not to simply refer casually to the advisability of SDM.
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3134:
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382:
114:
54:
6752:
6314:"A Reporting Tool for Practice Guidelines in Health Care: The RIGHT Statement"
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3039:
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5989:"Shared decision making: trade-offs between narrower and broader conceptions"
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1997:
1554:
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709:
Many researchers and practitioners in this field meet every two years at the
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363:
246:
150:
5471:
4871:
4854:
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Elwyn G, Barr PJ, Grande SW, Thompson R, Walsh T, Ozanne EM (October 2013).
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5603:"Development and testing of a short form of the patient activation measure"
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3530:
3460:"Inventory of Shared Decision Making Programs for Healthcare Professionals"
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2015:
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100:
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1234:
1160:
1152:
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7013:
6833:
4426:
4123:"Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions"
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582:
partnership with others where necessary, to achieve optimal well-being."
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Another early and important driver for shared decision-making came from
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1090:
1055:
1012:
781:
378:
6467:
6280:
5842:
4745:
Elwyn G, Edwards A, Wensing M, Hood K, Atwell C, Grol R (April 2003).
3835:
3425:
2734:
2702:
2072:
1814:
412:
Morton has proposed a generic reasonableness test for decision tools:
305:, as a means of improving diagnostic accuracy via patient engagement.
6881:
6689:
6668:
6332:
5503:
Heisler M, Bouknight RR, Hayward RA, Smith DM, Kerr EA (April 2002).
5370:"Breast Cancer Care Quality Indicators in Spain: A Systematic Review"
4352:
4350:
4045:
Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen
3638:
Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen
3603:
Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen
2637:
1941:"Race, gender, and partnership in the patient-physician relationship"
1914:
776:
599:
140:
76:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6381:"ISDM 2019 - 10e conférence internationale sur la décision partagée"
6112:
5762:
5184:"Implementing shared decision-making: consider all the consequences"
4042:
2203:
Institute of Medicine (2015). Balogh EP, Miller BT, Ball JR (eds.).
1047:
5232:
5109:
EMPATHiE: Empowering patients in the management of chronic diseases
3817:
2214:
4347:
3484:
1216:
6968:
6901:
6405:"International Shared Decision Making Conference 2022 (ISDM2022)"
6093:
5374:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
5239:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4078:
O'Connor AM (1995). "Validation of a decisional conflict scale".
3872:"From shared decision making to patient-centered decision making"
2858:"Feasibility of web-based decision aids in neurological patients"
595:
591:
6366:
5679:
5321:"Quality indicators for breast cancer care: A systematic review"
4923:
4823:
4715:
4316:
3788:
3382:
2855:
2559:
2411:
2251:"Communication in medical encounters: An ecological perspective"
1546:
1290:
6944:
6214:
4893:
4285:
2513:
OPTION: Observing patient involvement in shared decision making
1436:"Center for Shared Decision Making | Health Care Professionals"
1259:"Patient preferences for shared decisions: a systematic review"
586:
5744:
5708:
5601:
Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stockard J, Tusler M (December 2005).
3266:
2684:
Dogba MJ, Menear M, Stacey D, Brière N, Légaré F (July 2016).
844:
490:
408:
A reasonableness test for life-critical shared decision-making
3824:
The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions
3345:
3173:
2984:
2257:. Routledge Communication Series. Routledge. pp. 63–89.
1938:
6404:
5600:
5502:
3709:
3223:
2529:
2458:
5793:
5453:
4356:
3758:
3411:
3132:
3066:
1762:
Mulley AG, Eagle KA (1988). "What is inappropriate care?".
616:
6106:
6104:
6102:
5418:
5106:
5036:
4798:. 3rd International Conference on Shared Decision Making.
4793:
4603:
4408:
3600:
2905:
2418:
Elwyn G, Edwards A, Kinnersley P, Grol R (November 2000).
2417:
1796:
1577:
6123:
5552:
Hibbard JH, Mahoney ER, Stock R, Tusler M (August 2007).
5551:
5283:
4952:
4853:
Mercer SW, Maxwell M, Heaney D, Watt GC (December 2004).
2053:
362:
Shared decision-making increasingly relies on the use of
6447:
5828:
5116:
Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency
5090:"The Wise Patient's Guide to Being an Empowered Patient"
4498:
3635:
2253:. In Thompson TL, Dorsey A, Parrott R, Miller K (eds.).
1720:
1667:
924:
922:
696:
In clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements
260:
6453:
6099:
4852:
4744:
4669:
4155:
3351:
2683:
2153:
2104:
1256:
4120:
2588:
2325:
1890:
1583:
1457:
928:
840:
838:
6311:
5931:
4460:
4359:"Shared Decision Making and the Use of Decision Aids"
2777:
2202:
919:
284:
4456:
4454:
4404:
4402:
4239:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
6849:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
6037:
5649:
4281:
4279:
1979:
1721:Moulton H, Moulton B, Lahey T, Elwyn G (May 2020).
1187:"The patient-centred general practice consultation"
835:
6040:"When Guidelines Recommend Shared Decision-making"
5881:
3666:
2368:
2209:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
1463:
5181:
4451:
4399:
3991:
3938:
3208:
2820:
999:Buchanan A (Summer 1978). "Medical paternalism".
730:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
550:
7087:
6504:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
5460:International Journal for Quality in Health Care
4494:
4492:
4276:
886:
884:
6782:
5879:
1510:
495:
6907:Participative decision-making in organizations
6038:Rabi DM, Kunneman M, Montori VM (April 2020).
5986:
3029:
2255:The Routledge Handbook of Health Communication
1584:Elwyn G, Edwards A, Kinnersley P (June 1999).
1399:
1219:"Perspectives on patient-doctor communication"
1178:
890:
6768:
6552:
5980:
5787:
5738:
5702:
5643:
5594:
5545:
5496:
5447:
5412:
5001:
4489:
1852:
1516:
1184:
966:International Journal of Older People Nursing
881:
539:isk-benefit ratio, and sources of advice and
182:
5182:Elwyn G, Frosch DL, Kobrin S (August 2016).
4233:
4077:
3543:
3060:
3035:
2935:
2899:
2319:
2196:
2147:
2098:
2047:
2027:
2025:
1980:Peek ME, Tang H, Cargill A, Chin MH (2011).
1973:
1661:
6527:Global Alliance for Self Management Support
6221:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6087:
6085:
4552:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 246–251,
4127:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3922:"NHS England » Shared decision making"
3865:
3863:
1761:
1755:
1624:
1210:
992:
686:
491:Government and university training programs
6775:
6761:
6559:
6545:
6502:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
5927:
5925:
2595:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
1886:
1884:
1402:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
963:
339:
223:One of the first instances where the term
189:
175:
6288:
6240:
6157:
6065:
6055:
6014:
6004:
5963:
5953:
5770:
5626:
5577:
5528:
5479:
5395:
5385:
5344:
5260:
5250:
5209:
5199:
5064:
5054:
4978:
4870:
4770:
4697:
4687:
4621:
4524:
4434:
4382:
4173:
4019:
4009:
3897:
3887:
3843:
3735:
3577:
3520:
3510:
3453:
3451:
3328:
3284:
3191:
3150:
3092:
3042:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
3036:Elwyn G, Edwards A, eds. (29 June 2009).
3012:
3002:
2711:
2701:
2660:
2614:
2484:
2435:
2394:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2179:
2130:
2081:
2071:
2022:
2005:
1956:
1934:
1932:
1904:
1822:
1738:
1681:
1601:
1477:
1306:
1132:
16:Including patients in plans for treatment
6082:
4415:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
3992:Elwyn G, Rix A, Holt T, Jones D (2012).
3876:Israel Journal of Health Policy Research
3869:
3860:
2690:International Journal of Integrated Care
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1364:
998:
617:Measuring SDM as an indicator of quality
273:SDM relies on the basic premise of both
264:
239:more involved in medical decision-making
5932:Politi MC, Clark MA, Ombao H, Dizon D,
5922:
5880:Graugaard PK, Finset A (January 2000).
5796:Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
5421:Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
4547:
4463:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
2956:10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00010
2424:The British Journal of General Practice
2172:10.7326/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00002
1881:
1692:10.7326/0003-4819-140-1-200401060-00012
1590:The British Journal of General Practice
7088:
5087:
3946:"NHS Shared Decision Making Programme"
3448:
3307:
2509:"OPTION Instrument Sheet Translations"
2362:
2282:
2271:
2248:
1929:
1033:
568:
6756:
6566:
6540:
3544:Eder M, Ivlev I, Lin JS (July 2021).
2941:
2244:
2242:
2035:. Commonwealth Fund. 16 February 2016
1839:
1138:
1076:
725:are reduced, sometimes dramatically.
261:Patient autonomy and informed consent
6498:"Eisenberg Center Conference Series"
5509:Journal of General Internal Medicine
5135:
4550:The Sourcebook of Listening Research
2865:Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare
2060:Journal of Medical Internet Research
1329:
711:International Shared Decision Making
5987:Cribb A, Entwistle VA (June 2011).
4751:Quality & Safety in Health Care
1079:Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
716:On December 12–17, 2010, the
390:multiple-criteria decision analysis
348:
330:
13:
6927:Health information on the Internet
6532:Society for Participatory Medicine
4363:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
3457:
2340:10.1097/01.mlr.0000178172.40344.70
2239:
2206:Improving Diagnosis in Health Care
1141:The American Journal of Psychiatry
681:
535:nderstanding the information, the
468:Shared decision-making in medicine
285:Factors that predict participation
213:traditional biomedical care system
202:Shared decision-making in medicine
14:
7117:
6520:
6113:https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13112
4959:Journal of Interprofessional Care
4505:Journal of Investigative Medicine
2780:Journal of Interprofessional Care
2737:Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy
847:Maternal and Child Health Journal
512:
481:
450:
6490:
6422:
6397:
6373:
6355:
6305:
6257:
6208:
6174:
6117:
6031:
6006:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00694.x
5955:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2010.00626.x
5900:10.1097/00006842-200001000-00005
5873:
5822:
5808:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00866.x
5652:Patient Education and Counseling
5619:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00438.x
5570:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00669.x
5521:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10905.x
5433:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2009.00738.x
5361:
5312:
5277:
5226:
5175:
5129:
5100:
5081:
5030:
4995:
4896:Patient Education and Counseling
4796:Patient Education and Counseling
4676:Patient Education and Counseling
4289:Patient Education and Counseling
3761:Patient Education and Counseling
3355:Patient Education and Counseling
3004:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2008.00521.x
2607:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01515.x
2532:Patient Education and Counseling
2477:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2004.00311.x
1867:10.1097/00005650-200003000-00010
1776:10.1001/jama.1988.03410040112039
1519:Patient Education and Counseling
1414:10.1097/00003086-200104000-00012
1263:Patient Education and Counseling
1185:Levenstein JH (September 1984).
978:10.1111/j.1748-3743.2010.00245.x
943:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02328.x
455:With funding bodies emphasizing
357:
316:
227:was employed was in a report on
160:
159:
7060:Open-source healthcare software
6935:Health information on Knowledge
5114:(Report). EU Health Programme;
4946:
4887:
4846:
4787:
4738:
4663:
4638:
4597:
4573:
4541:
4190:
4149:
4114:
4071:
4036:
3985:
3959:
3914:
3811:
3752:
3703:
3660:
3629:
3594:
3537:
3478:
3405:
3301:
3260:
3167:
3126:
3109:
2978:
2849:
2814:
2771:
2728:
2677:
2631:
2582:
2501:
2375:Journal of Health Communication
1790:
1714:
1618:
1428:
1393:
1358:
1323:
1250:
1241:
1201:
1001:Philosophy & Public Affairs
767:Co-production (public services)
723:Unwarranted practice variations
321:
313:physician of a different race.
6233:10.1002/14651858.cd013124.pub2
6130:British Journal of Anaesthesia
6094:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph
4475:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201607-555OC
4135:10.1002/14651858.CD001431.pub4
3969:. Advancing Quality Alliance (
3117:"IPDAS Decision Aid Checklist"
2921:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.111
1223:The Journal of Family Practice
1122:
1113:
1070:
1027:
957:
822:Whole Health Action Management
704:
551:Patient-provider communication
521:
1:
5712:Archives of Internal Medicine
5088:Torrey T (25 November 2014).
2909:Archives of Internal Medicine
2792:10.1080/13561820.2018.1428186
2749:10.1080/08854726.2018.1501131
2387:10.1080/10810730.2020.1838003
1627:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
1488:10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00221-3
1466:Social Science & Medicine
1191:South African Family Practice
828:
792:Participative decision-making
435:theory (MAUT) and the QALYs (
5724:10.1001/archinte.167.21.2296
5337:10.1016/j.breast.2021.06.013
5325:Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland)
4971:10.3109/13561820.2010.490502
3870:Fineberg HV (January 2012).
3512:10.1371/journal.pone.0208449
2297:10.1080/10410236.2011.552482
559:
496:Canada, Germany and the U.S.
7:
6877:Doctor–patient relationship
6784:Telemedicine and telehealth
6620:Doctor-patient relationship
6321:Annals of Internal Medicine
6269:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
5118:. p. 6. Archived from
4011:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001530
3085:10.1136/bmj.38926.629329.AE
2944:Annals of Internal Medicine
2160:Annals of Internal Medicine
1740:10.1001/amajethics.2020.365
1670:Annals of Internal Medicine
931:Journal of Clinical Nursing
739:
733:Eisenberg Conference Series
651:
633:
437:quality-adjusted life years
67:Doctor-patient relationship
10:
7122:
6912:Patient Activation Measure
6194:10.3310/nihrevidence_60200
4585:www.patient-als-partner.de
4558:10.1002/9781119102991.ch21
4254:10.1207/S15327027HC1301_03
4092:10.1177/0272989x9501500105
4057:10.1016/j.zefq.2011.04.012
3646:10.1016/j.zefq.2017.05.024
3615:10.1016/j.zefq.2011.04.018
3330:10.1016/j.jval.2016.10.005
3193:10.1016/j.jval.2015.12.016
3152:10.1016/j.jval.2015.12.003
1036:The Hastings Center Report
787:Patient Activation Measure
218:
92:Social model of disability
20:
7052:
6984:Remote patient monitoring
6958:
6925:
6862:
6819:
6790:
6729:
6708:
6682:
6661:
6643:
6612:
6574:
6275:: i4852. September 2016.
6142:10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.022
5751:Annals of Family Medicine
5664:10.1016/j.pec.2010.09.025
5298:10.1007/s00063-005-1021-5
5201:10.1186/s13012-016-0480-9
5056:10.1186/s13063-015-0567-7
4908:10.1016/j.pec.2016.03.024
4808:10.1016/j.pec.2006.04.012
4689:10.1016/j.pec.2013.05.009
4623:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1398
4375:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0672
4301:10.1016/j.pec.2018.11.003
4162:Canadian Family Physician
3773:10.1016/j.pec.2012.01.002
3562:10.1177/23814683211067522
3550:MDM Policy & Practice
3367:10.1016/j.pec.2008.07.018
2544:10.1016/j.pec.2013.08.005
2267:– via Google Books.
2123:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004697
1639:10.1007/s11673-016-9743-z
1531:10.1016/j.pec.2005.06.010
1275:10.1016/j.pec.2011.02.004
905:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1078
859:10.1007/s10995-014-1523-y
797:Participatory development
611:World Health Organization
6940:Online patient education
6844:Electronic health record
5607:Health Services Research
5558:Health Services Research
5150:10.1177/0025817213497149
5138:The Medico-Legal Journal
5016:10.1188/03.ONF.1022-1028
4211:10.1177/0272989x13491463
3967:"Shared Decision Making"
3681:10.1177/1363459312438563
3286:10.1177/0272989X20984134
3238:10.1177/0272989X19844740
2111:BMJ Quality & Safety
1998:10.1177/0272989X10384739
687:Involving older patients
211:In contrast to SDM, the
6434:Salzburg Global Seminar
5171:(subscription required)
4517:10.1136/jim-2016-000318
4199:Medical Decision Making
4080:Medical Decision Making
3308:Morton A (March 2017).
3273:Medical Decision Making
3226:Medical Decision Making
2877:10.1258/jtt.2009.001012
2835:10.1001/jama.2017.10289
1986:Medical Decision Making
1174:(subscription required)
802:Person-centered therapy
718:Salzburg Global Seminar
433:multi-attribute utility
340:Interprofessional model
7065:Patient opinion leader
6917:Shared decision-making
6854:Personal health record
6625:Shared decision making
6057:10.1001/jama.2020.1525
5888:Psychosomatic Medicine
5387:10.3390/ijerph18126411
5252:10.3390/ijerph18042128
5188:Implementation Science
5004:Oncology Nursing Forum
3556:(2): 238146832110675.
1958:10.1001/jama.282.6.583
1344:10.1377/hlthaff.3.2.74
762:Concordance (medicine)
757:Choosing Wisely Canada
576:shared decision-making
418:
270:
225:shared decision-making
72:Shared decision making
6897:Knowledge translation
6864:Patient participation
5472:10.1093/intqhc/mzr002
4872:10.1093/fampra/cmh621
3889:10.1186/2045-4015-1-6
2653:10.1093/geront/gny073
1727:AMA Journal of Ethics
1379:10.1377/hlthaff.3.2.6
1153:10.1176/ajp.137.5.535
807:Patient participation
747:Biopsychosocial model
457:knowledge translation
414:
303:Institute of Medicine
290:Patient participation
268:
251:unwarranted variation
7096:Practice of medicine
7070:Research participant
6700:Medical Anthropology
6645:Health professionals
4427:10.1038/ajg.2016.305
4242:Health Communication
2285:Health Communication
812:Public participation
21:For other uses, see
6791:Background concepts
6599:Medical paternalism
6369:on 29 October 2015.
5993:Health Expectations
5942:Health Expectations
5613:(6 Pt 1): 1918–30.
5286:Medizinische Klinik
4763:10.1136/qhc.12.2.93
4581:"SDM-Q-9/SDM-Q-DOC"
3728:10.1503/cmaj.120568
3503:2018PLoSO..1308449A
3056:on 5 February 2010.
2991:Health Expectations
2465:Health Expectations
1440:Dartmouth-Hitchcock
574:smart consumerism,
569:Patient empowerment
234:patient-centredness
7044:Telerehabilitation
6798:Health informatics
6462:(mar22 3): d1745.
3926:www.england.nhs.uk
3466:. Université Laval
3420:(may14 7): g3178.
2519:on 9 October 2011.
2249:Street RL (2003).
1091:10.1353/ken.0.0084
772:Disease management
623:quality indicators
271:
229:ethics in medicine
7106:Medical sociology
7083:
7082:
7019:Teleophthalmology
7009:Telemental health
6994:Tele-epidemiology
6839:De-identification
6811:Telecommunication
6750:
6749:
6653:Hidden curriculum
6568:Medical sociology
6468:10.1136/bmj.d1745
6281:10.1136/bmj.i4852
6050:(14): 1345–1346.
5843:10.1002/oby.23647
5125:on 19 March 2015.
4567:978-1-119-10299-1
4469:(11): 1983–1991.
4421:(11): 1546–1556.
3836:10.1002/chp.21197
3426:10.1136/bmj.g3178
3049:978-0-19-954627-5
2703:10.5334/ijic.2212
2641:The Gerontologist
2264:978-1-135-64766-7
2224:978-0-309-37769-0
2073:10.2196/jmir.2356
1893:Health Psychology
1815:10.1136/bmj.i6165
937:(21): 2935–2944.
668:medical guideline
659:care coordination
199:
198:
41:Medical sociology
7113:
7101:Patient advocacy
6892:Health education
6777:
6770:
6763:
6754:
6753:
6742:Patient advocacy
6674:Labelling theory
6630:Informed consent
6561:
6554:
6547:
6538:
6537:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6409:www.isdm2022.com
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6333:10.7326/M16-1565
6318:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6292:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6161:
6121:
6115:
6108:
6097:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6069:
6059:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6008:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5957:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5885:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5774:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5718:(21): 2296–303.
5706:
5700:
5699:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5581:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5532:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5483:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5348:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5203:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5144:(Pt 3): 119–23.
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5113:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5068:
5058:
5034:
5028:
5027:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4701:
4691:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4013:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3891:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3739:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3640:. 123–124: 1–5.
3633:
3627:
3626:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3497:(12): e0208449.
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3314:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3221:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3052:. Archived from
3033:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1915:10.1037/a0022723
1908:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1685:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1442:. Archived from
1432:
1426:
1425:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1031:
1025:
1024:
996:
990:
989:
961:
955:
954:
926:
917:
916:
888:
879:
878:
842:
627:clinical pathway
375:Annette O'Connor
349:Ecological model
331:Three-talk model
279:informed consent
275:patient autonomy
191:
184:
177:
163:
162:
82:Labelling theory
28:
27:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7075:Virtual patient
7048:
7004:Teledermatology
6954:
6921:
6858:
6815:
6786:
6781:
6751:
6746:
6725:
6716:Talcott Parsons
6704:
6695:Social medicine
6678:
6657:
6639:
6608:
6570:
6565:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6505:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6452:
6448:
6438:
6436:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6389:
6387:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6316:
6310:
6306:
6263:
6262:
6258:
6213:
6209:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6122:
6118:
6109:
6100:
6090:
6083:
6036:
6032:
5985:
5981:
5930:
5923:
5878:
5874:
5827:
5823:
5792:
5788:
5763:10.1370/afm.854
5743:
5739:
5707:
5703:
5648:
5644:
5599:
5595:
5550:
5546:
5501:
5497:
5452:
5448:
5417:
5413:
5366:
5362:
5317:
5313:
5282:
5278:
5231:
5227:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5086:
5082:
5035:
5031:
5000:
4996:
4951:
4947:
4902:(10): 1717–23.
4892:
4888:
4859:Family Practice
4851:
4847:
4792:
4788:
4743:
4739:
4668:
4664:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4602:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4546:
4542:
4497:
4490:
4459:
4452:
4407:
4400:
4355:
4348:
4284:
4277:
4238:
4234:
4195:
4191:
4154:
4150:
4129:(1): CD001431.
4119:
4115:
4076:
4072:
4041:
4037:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3868:
3861:
3816:
3812:
3757:
3753:
3722:(13): E726-34.
3708:
3704:
3665:
3661:
3634:
3630:
3599:
3595:
3542:
3538:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3456:
3449:
3410:
3406:
3350:
3346:
3317:Value in Health
3312:
3306:
3302:
3265:
3261:
3222:
3209:
3180:Value in Health
3172:
3168:
3139:Value in Health
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3079:(7565): 417–0.
3065:
3061:
3050:
3034:
3030:
2983:
2979:
2940:
2936:
2904:
2900:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2819:
2815:
2776:
2772:
2733:
2729:
2682:
2678:
2636:
2632:
2587:
2583:
2528:
2524:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2457:
2453:
2416:
2412:
2367:
2363:
2324:
2320:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2247:
2240:
2225:
2201:
2197:
2152:
2148:
2103:
2099:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2023:
1978:
1974:
1937:
1930:
1906:10.1.1.687.8519
1889:
1882:
1851:
1840:
1795:
1791:
1760:
1756:
1733:(5): E365-371.
1719:
1715:
1683:10.1.1.694.1979
1666:
1662:
1623:
1619:
1596:(443): 477–82.
1582:
1578:
1515:
1511:
1479:10.1.1.452.9107
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1398:
1394:
1363:
1359:
1328:
1324:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1075:
1071:
1048:10.2307/3560825
1032:
1028:
997:
993:
962:
958:
927:
920:
889:
882:
843:
836:
831:
826:
752:Choosing Wisely
742:
707:
698:
689:
684:
682:In primary care
654:
636:
619:
571:
562:
553:
524:
515:
498:
493:
484:
453:
410:
360:
351:
342:
333:
324:
319:
287:
263:
221:
195:
146:Social medicine
110:Talcott Parsons
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7119:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7034:Telepsychiatry
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6989:Tele-audiology
6986:
6981:
6979:Remote therapy
6976:
6974:Remote surgery
6971:
6965:
6963:
6961:subspecialties
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6950:PubMed Central
6947:
6942:
6937:
6931:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6829:Admission note
6825:
6823:
6821:Medical record
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6721:Eliot Freidson
6718:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6683:Related fields
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6582:Medicalization
6578:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6522:
6521:External links
6519:
6516:
6515:
6489:
6446:
6421:
6396:
6385:www.fourwav.es
6372:
6354:
6327:(2): 128–132.
6304:
6256:
6207:
6188:. 2023-10-03.
6173:
6116:
6098:
6081:
6030:
5979:
5936:(March 2011).
5921:
5872:
5837:(2): 565–573.
5821:
5786:
5737:
5701:
5642:
5593:
5564:(4): 1443–63.
5544:
5495:
5446:
5411:
5360:
5311:
5276:
5225:
5174:
5128:
5099:
5080:
5029:
4994:
4945:
4886:
4865:(6): 699–705.
4845:
4786:
4737:
4662:
4637:
4610:Health Affairs
4596:
4572:
4566:
4540:
4511:(3): 681–688.
4488:
4450:
4398:
4346:
4295:(3): 452–466.
4275:
4232:
4189:
4168:(8): e308-14.
4148:
4113:
4070:
4035:
4004:(6): e001530.
3984:
3958:
3937:
3913:
3859:
3810:
3751:
3702:
3675:(5): 531–547.
3659:
3628:
3609:(4): 229–233.
3593:
3536:
3477:
3447:
3404:
3344:
3323:(3): 512–515.
3300:
3279:(3): 261–274.
3259:
3232:(4): 437–449.
3207:
3166:
3125:
3108:
3059:
3048:
3028:
2977:
2934:
2898:
2848:
2829:(7): 657–658.
2813:
2786:(3): 284–294.
2770:
2727:
2676:
2647:(5): 822–834.
2630:
2581:
2522:
2500:
2451:
2430:(460): 892–9.
2410:
2381:(9): 681–691.
2361:
2318:
2270:
2263:
2238:
2223:
2215:10.17226/21794
2195:
2146:
2117:(4): 262–270.
2097:
2046:
2021:
1972:
1928:
1880:
1838:
1789:
1754:
1713:
1660:
1633:(4): 571–580.
1617:
1576:
1509:
1456:
1427:
1408:(385): 68–75.
1392:
1367:Health Affairs
1357:
1332:Health Affairs
1322:
1249:
1240:
1209:
1200:
1177:
1131:
1121:
1112:
1069:
1026:
991:
956:
918:
899:(2): 276–284.
893:Health Affairs
880:
853:(2): 410–418.
833:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
741:
738:
706:
703:
697:
694:
688:
685:
683:
680:
653:
650:
635:
632:
618:
615:
607:European Union
570:
567:
561:
558:
552:
549:
543:ncouragement.
523:
520:
514:
513:United Kingdom
511:
497:
494:
492:
489:
483:
482:Law and policy
480:
452:
451:Implementation
449:
409:
406:
383:United Kingdom
377:in Canada and
359:
356:
350:
347:
341:
338:
332:
329:
323:
320:
318:
315:
286:
283:
262:
259:
220:
217:
197:
196:
194:
193:
186:
179:
171:
168:
167:
156:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
135:
134:
133:Related topics
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
115:Eliot Freidson
112:
104:
103:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
63:
62:
55:Medicalization
49:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7118:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:Roles to play
7051:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7039:Teleradiology
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7024:Telepathology
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:Teledentistry
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6959:Telemedicine
6957:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6872:Decision aids
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Mental health
6735:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6557:
6555:
6550:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6435:
6431:
6430:"Session 477"
6425:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6186:NIHR Evidence
6183:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5926:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5802:(3): 575–82.
5801:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5757:(3): 218–27.
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:(4): 243–52.
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5466:(3): 269–77.
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5288:(in German).
5287:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:. About, Inc.
5095:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5010:(6): 1022–8.
5009:
5005:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:(3): 319–27.
4801:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4616:(4): 605–12.
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4493:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4369:(40): 672–9.
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4051:(4): 313–24.
4050:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3947:
3941:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3864:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3830:(4): 267–73.
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:(2): 159–69.
3766:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3361:(3): 526–35.
3360:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3186:(2): 125–37.
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3118:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2950:(2): 127–35.
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:(4): 554–64.
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:(2): 265–71.
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:(10): 960–9.
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:(5): 427–36.
2290:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:(7): 461–70.
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:(3): 422–31.
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1899:(3): 336–41.
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1861:(3): 335–41.
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:(3): 301–12.
1524:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1472:(5): 681–92.
1471:
1467:
1460:
1446:on 2020-12-10
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1229:(4): 377–88.
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:(5): 535–44.
1146:
1142:
1135:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:(4): 370–90.
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:(4): 274–82.
971:
967:
960:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
923:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
885:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
839:
834:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
737:
734:
731:
726:
724:
719:
714:
712:
702:
693:
679:
675:
671:
669:
663:
660:
649:
645:
642:
641:self-efficacy
631:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
583:
579:
577:
566:
557:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
519:
510:
506:
502:
488:
479:
475:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
429:
425:
422:
417:
413:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
370:
365:
364:decision aids
358:Decision aids
355:
346:
337:
328:
317:Models of SDM
314:
310:
306:
304:
298:
294:
291:
282:
280:
276:
267:
258:
254:
252:
248:
247:Jack Wennberg
243:
240:
235:
230:
226:
216:
214:
209:
207:
203:
192:
187:
185:
180:
178:
173:
172:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
152:
151:Public health
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
61:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
24:
19:
7029:Telepharmacy
6803:
6709:Sociologists
6613:Medical care
6594:Iatrogenesis
6587:of sexuality
6508:19 September
6506:. Retrieved
6501:
6492:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6437:. Retrieved
6433:
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6408:
6399:
6388:. Retrieved
6384:
6375:
6367:the original
6357:
6324:
6320:
6307:
6272:
6268:
6259:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6185:
6176:
6136:(1): 56–66.
6133:
6129:
6119:
6067:1887/3577312
6047:
6043:
6033:
5999:(2): 210–9.
5996:
5992:
5982:
5948:(1): 84–91.
5945:
5941:
5891:
5887:
5875:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5754:
5750:
5740:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5658:(2): 143–7.
5655:
5651:
5645:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5427:(3): 482–9.
5424:
5420:
5414:
5380:(12): 6411.
5377:
5373:
5363:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5292:(4): 193–9.
5289:
5285:
5279:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5120:the original
5102:
5093:
5083:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4965:(1): 18–25.
4962:
4958:
4948:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4682:(1): 102–7.
4679:
4675:
4665:
4654:. Retrieved
4652:. 2019-09-16
4649:
4640:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4588:. Retrieved
4584:
4575:
4549:
4543:
4508:
4504:
4466:
4462:
4418:
4414:
4366:
4362:
4292:
4288:
4248:(1): 19–31.
4245:
4241:
4235:
4205:(1): 54–62.
4202:
4198:
4192:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4126:
4116:
4086:(1): 25–30.
4083:
4079:
4073:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3975:. Retrieved
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3940:
3929:. Retrieved
3925:
3916:
3879:
3875:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3637:
3631:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3463:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3229:
3225:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3111:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3054:the original
3038:
3031:
2997:(1): 38–44.
2994:
2990:
2980:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2915:(4): 363–9.
2912:
2908:
2901:
2871:(1): 48–52.
2868:
2864:
2851:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2743:(1): 20–44.
2740:
2736:
2730:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2517:the original
2512:
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2328:Medical Care
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1948:
1944:
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1855:Medical Care
1854:
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1444:the original
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120:Peter Conrad
101:Sociologists
71:
60:of sexuality
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6834:Blue Button
6806:health care
6804:In absentia
6439:12 February
5894:(1): 33–9.
5331:: 221–231.
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2662:2066/214879
2039:17 February
1676:(1): 54–9.
1373:(2): 6–32.
1269:(1): 9–18.
817:Shared care
705:Conferences
522:Measurement
125:Ivan Illich
7090:Categories
6887:Health 2.0
6390:2019-02-15
6111:1045–1064.
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4656:2019-09-19
4646:"Overview"
4590:2019-09-19
3977:31 January
3931:2019-01-14
3458:Légaré F.
2066:(3): e65.
1450:2019-01-14
1042:(3): 5–7.
829:References
782:Health 2.0
598:, and the
379:Glyn Elwyn
6882:E-patient
6690:Sociology
6669:Sick role
6635:Bioethics
6484:206892825
6349:207538703
6202:263661778
6150:0007-0912
5867:255773525
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5688:981635015
5672:0738-3991
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2552:0738-3991
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1678:CiteSeerX
1555:981635015
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1299:981635015
1283:0738-3991
777:E-patient
600:Catalonia
560:Expansion
141:Sociology
87:Adherence
77:Sick role
6730:See also
6662:Patients
6604:Deviance
6476:21427038
6341:27893062
6299:27600405
6251:31684697
6168:37117099
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5732:18039987
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5680:09592687
5637:16336556
5588:17610432
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5490:21307118
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5406:34199302
5355:34298301
5306:15834528
5271:33671649
5220:27502770
5158:24057310
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4881:15528286
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2092:23535584
2016:21127318
1967:10450723
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740:See also
652:Problems
634:Benefits
165:Category
47:Concepts
33:a series
31:Part of
6969:eHealth
6902:mHealth
6575:Society
6290:5012748
6242:6815935
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1103:S2CID
1052:JSTOR
1009:JSTOR
871:S2CID
531:ure,
6510:2016
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6441:2016
6416:2022
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6295:PMID
6247:PMID
6225:2019
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