Shining Path - Knowledge

2833:[José Carlos Mariátegui, one of the most influential Peruvian intellectuals of the 20th century, is recognised by the different left-wing tendencies as the founder of socialism in the country. After his death in 1930, the organisation he had founded quickly aligned itself with the parties of the Third International, influenced by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and adopted the name of the Peruvian Communist Party (PCP). (...) In the early 1960s, the repercussions of the Sino-Soviet polemic were felt within the Peruvian left and precipitated its split. On one side was the majority of trade union cadres aligned with the positions of the CPSU. On the other, the party's youth, teachers' cadres and peasant work nuclei, flying the Maoist banners. To distinguish them, the other parties began to use the name of their respective newspapers. PCP-Unity for the pro-Soviets. PCP-Red Flag for the pro-Chinese. (...) At the time of the split, Abimael Guzmán, by then a communist leader of the ‘José Carlos Mariátegui’ Regional Committee of Ayacucho, aligned himself with the PCP-Red Flag, led by the lawyer Saturnino Paredes. The unity of the Maoists, however, was short-lived. In 1967, the youth and an important sector of the teachers' work split to form the Communist Party of Peru-Red Fatherland. Although the youth offered him the leadership of this split, Guzmán continued to align himself with Saturnino Paredes, but by then he had long since formed his own ‘red faction’ in Ayacucho.] 2831:

Internacional, influenciados por el Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética (PCUS), y adoptó el nombre de Partido Comunista Peruano (PCP). (...) A principios de los años 60s, las repercusiones de la polémica chino-soviética se hicieron sentir dentro de la izquierda peruana y precipitaron su división. De un lado quedó la mayoría de cuadros sindicales alineados con las posiciones del PCUS. De otro, la juventud del partido, cuadros magisteriales y núcleos de trabajo campesino, enarbolando las banderas maoístas. Para distinguirlos, el resto de partidos comenzó a usar el nombre de sus respectivos periódicos. PCP-Unidad para los prosoviéticos. PCP-Bandera Roja para los prochinos. (...) En el momento de la ruptura, Abimael Guzmán, ya para entonces dirigente comunista del Comité Regional «José Carlos Mariátegui» de Ayacucho, se alineó con el PCP-Bandera Roja, dirigido por el abogado Saturnino Paredes. La unidad de los maoístas, sin embargo, duró poco. En 1967, la juventud y un sector importante del trabajo magisterial se escindieron para formar el Partido Comunista del Perú-Patria Roja. A pesar de que los jóvenes le ofrecieron encabezar esa escisión, Guzmán siguió alineándose con Saturnino Paredes, pero para entonces hacía ya tiempo que había formado su propia «fracción roja» en Ayacucho.

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destroying coca plants. Following the attack, the Shining Path faction, based in the Upper Huallaga Valley of Peru and headed by Florindo Eleuterio Flores Hala, alias Comrade Artemio, was operating in survival mode and lost 9 of their top 10 leaders to Peruvian National Police-led capture operations. Two of the eight leaders were killed by PNP personnel during the attempted captures. The nine arrested or killed Shining Path (Upper Huallaga Valley faction) leaders include Mono (Aug. 2009), Rubén (May 2010), Izula (Oct. 2010), Sergio (Dec. 2010), Yoli/Miguel/Jorge (Jun. 2011), Gato Larry (Jun. 2011), Oscar Tigre (Aug. 2011), Vicente Roger (Aug. 2011), and Dante/Delta (Jan. 2012). This loss of leadership, coupled with a sweep of Shining Path (Upper Huallaga Valley) supporters executed by the PNP in November 2010, prompted Comrade Artemio to declare in December 2011 to several international journalists that the guerrilla war against the Peruvian Government has been lost and that his only hope was to negotiate an amnesty agreement with the Government of Peru.

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candidate to succeed Artemio, was captured on 3 March, further ensuring the disintegration of the Alto Huallaga valley faction. On 3 April 2012, Jaime Arenas Caviedes, a senior leader in the group's remnants in Alto Huallaga Valley who was also regarded to be the leading candidate to succeed Artemio following Diaz's arrest, was captured. After Caviedes, alias "Braulio", was captured, Humala declared that the Shining Path was now unable to operate in the Alto Huallaga Valley. Shining Path rebels carried out an attack on three helicopters being used by an international gas pipeline consortium on 7 October, in the central region of Cusco. According to the military Joint Command spokesman, Col. Alejandro Lujan, no one was kidnapped or injured during the attack. The capture of Artemio effectively ended the war between Shining Path and the Government of Peru.

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their own groups and factions in other student organisations and to reflect on revolution and "the thesis of the great Lenin on the participation of women and the success of a revolution" from 1968 onwards. During these years, more and more women were studying and trying to enter the labour market. The percentage of women at university in Ayacucho was particularly high: in 1968, 30% of students were women, mainly in the departments of obstetrics and social and educational services. The unequal access to work and education exacerbated the differences between classes and between rural and urban populations, especially within the female population. Women became increasingly involved and organised in various movements as an expression of their protest and frustration.

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Shining Path; 11 percent said they had a favorable opinion of the Shining Path, and some 31 percent would not answer the question." A September 1991 poll found that 21 percent of those polled in Lima believed that the Shining Path did not torture and kill innocent people. The same poll found that 13 percent believed that society would be more just if the Shining Path won the war and 22 percent believed society would be equally just under the Shining Path as it was under the government. Polls have never been completely accurate since Peru has several anti-terrorism laws, including "apologia for terrorism", that makes it a punishable offense for anyone who does not condemn the Shining Path. In effect, the laws make it illegal to support the group in any way.

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outset; the success of the internal Peruvian revolution was explicitly made dependent on the participation of women. Up to forty per cent of the guerrillas were women, and there were countless "ladies of death" who led military commandos. In 1992, at least eight of the nineteen members of the Central Committee were women, including three of the five members of the Politburo, and in 1980 more than a third of the women arrested had a degree. In criminal proceedings against senderista in 1987, the majority were women. The Shining Path was the first guerrilla organisation to incorporate women on a completely equal military footing with its male members, actively recruiting women on a large scale and appointing them to leading positions.

1221: 510: 5949: 5845: 6117: 556: 6058: 6250: 5895: 941: 1806:... The commission attributed some of the other slayings to a smaller guerrilla group and local militias. The rest remain unattributed." The MRTA was held responsible for 1.5% of the deaths. A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate", and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path." The TRC later came out to respond to these statements. 45: 639: 225: 1818:. Between 1989 and 1992, the Shining Path and the MRTA killed up to 500 "non-heterosexual" people. According to one woman who was kidnapped by the Shining Path in 1981, a homosexual man's penis was cut into pieces before he was murdered. The Peruvian government did not reveal the name of the victim. The Shining Path defended its actions by saying that LGBT individuals were not killed because of their sexual identity, instead, they were killed because of their "collaboration with the police." 6288: 6195: 691: 5855: 5835: 6097: 704: 1472:, called "Ormeño", was captured, followed by another leader, Florentino Cerrón Cardozo, called "Marcelo", in July 2003. In November of the same year, Jaime Zuñiga, called "Cirilo" or "Dalton", was arrested after a clash in which four guerrillas were killed and an officer was wounded. Officials said he took part in planning the kidnapping of the Techint pipeline workers. He was also thought to have led an ambush against an army helicopter in 1999 in which five soldiers died. 6156: 5866: 5876: 1043: 6261: 6274: 6130: 6217: 652: 6238: 6143: 6370: 6302: 678: 589: 5959: 6169: 5919: 6182: 665: 5939: 5907: 1484: 5929: 1261: 477:). It followed a "concentric construction" model of structure with Communist Party organs as the complete center, followed by the People's Guerrilla Army surrounding it, and lastly the United Front in the outermost circle. This ensured the political party retained control of both its armed and social branches, contrasting itself with the more frequent 1700:). The RPND was first named at the third session of the first central committee, held in 1983, with its establishment meaning that the armed branch of the group would become a "People's Liberation Army," as per the group's so-called grand plan. Additionally, the term "People's Republic" was also suggested as a possible name for the upcoming state. 1526:, the guerrillas engaged a military convoy with explosives and firearms, demonstrating their continued ability to strike and inflict casualties on military targets. The conflict resulted in the death of 12 soldiers and two to seven civilians. It came one day after a clash in the Vizcatan region, which left five rebels and one soldier dead. 1584:) of the National Police, the Shining Path planned to initiate operations against the Government of Peru that included killings and surprise attacks beginning in 2021, the bicentennial of Peru's independence. Objectives were created to first attack public officials, then regain lost territory and then finally overthrow the government. 1628:

included among those arrested. Operation Olimpo included 752 military personnel and 98 government prosecutors that utilized evidence obtained through wiretapping, undercover agents and surveillance. Those arrested were charged with operating shell operations to initiate terrorist activities in Callao and Lima.

1522:, a Peruvian human rights group, which believed that those who were killed were in fact local farmers and not rebels. That same month, Artemio gave his first recorded interview since 2006. In it, he stated that the Shining Path would continue to fight despite escalating military pressure. In October 2008, in 1028:", a Maoist practice intended to purge bad habits and avoid the repetition of mistakes. During the existence of the First Military School, members of the Central Committee came under heavy criticism. Guzmán did not, and he emerged from the First Military School as the clear leader of the Shining Path. 1529:

In November 2008, the rebels utilized hand grenades and automatic weapons in an assault that claimed the lives of 4 police officers. In April 2009, the Shining Path ambushed and killed 13 government soldiers in Ayacucho. Grenades and dynamite were used in the attack. The dead included eleven soldiers

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declared a state of emergency in Huánuco and gave the police the power to search houses and arrest suspects without a warrant. On 19 February 2006, the Peruvian police killed Héctor Aponte, believed to be the commander responsible for the ambush. In December 2006, Peruvian troops were sent to counter

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culture and institutions. However, they had also made agreements and alliances with some indigenous tribes. Some did not like the brutality of its "popular trials" that sometimes included "slitting throats, strangulation, stoning, and burning." Peasants were offended by the rebels' injunction against

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The Shining Path quickly seized control of large areas of Peru. The group had significant support among peasant communities, and it had the support of some slum dwellers in the capital and elsewhere. The Shining Path's interpretation of Maoism did not have the support of many city dwellers. According

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The Movimiento Femenino Popular (MFP) group was officially formed in 1974 from the merger of two groups, the Centro Femenino Popular and the Frente Femenino Universitario. The "MFP Manifiesto" traces the origins of the group back to the mid-1960s, when female students and academics began to organise

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highlands. It gained support from local peasants by filling the political void left by the central government and providing what they called "popular justice", public trials that disregard any legal and human rights that deliver swift and brutal sentences including public executions. This caused the

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Guzman urged his followers to "continue the tasks" laid out by the guerrilla leadership. He ended his seven-minute talk, declaring, "The people's war will triumph, and from here we salute the future birth of the People's Republic of Peru." Then he shouted to journalists, "That's all. If you want an

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between 1980 and 2000 as a result of the armed conflict. The Shining Path was found to be responsible for about 54% of the deaths and disappearances reported to the commission. A statistical analysis of the available data led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to estimate that the Shining Path

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Initial government efforts to fight the Shining Path were not very effective or promising. Military units engaged in many human rights violations, which caused the Shining Path to appear in the eyes of many as the lesser of two evils. They used excessive force, tortured individuals accused of being

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The capture of Guzmán left a huge leadership vacuum for the Shining Path. "There is no No. 2. There is only Presidente Gonzalo and then the party," a Shining Path political officer said at a birthday celebration for Guzmán in Lurigancho prison in December 1990. "Without President Gonzalo, we would

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By 1990, the Shining Path had about 3,000 armed members at its greatest extent. The group had gained control of much of the countryside of the center and south of Peru and had a large presence in the outskirts of Lima. The Shining Path began to fight against Peru's other major guerrilla group, the

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In 2003, the Peruvian National Police broke up several Shining Path training camps and captured many members and leaders. By late October 2003, there were 96 attacks in Peru, projecting a 15% decrease from the 134 kidnappings and armed attacks in 2002. Also for the year, eight or nine people were

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Following a five-year intelligence operation that began in 2015 and was codenamed Operation Olimpo, 71 alleged members of the Shining Path's United Front and People's Guerrilla Army were arrested on 2 December 2020. Alfredo Crespo, the secretary general of MOVADEF and Guzmán's former lawyer, was

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suspected of supporting the Shining Path. They eventually lessened the pace at which the armed forces committed atrocities such as massacres. Additionally, the state began the widespread use of intelligence agencies in its fight against the Shining Path. However, atrocities were committed by the

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to be justifiable in June 1988, while only 17 percent considered it justifiable in 1991. In June 1991, "the total sample disapproved of the Shining Path by an 83 to 7 percent margin, with 10 percent not answering the question. Among the poorest, however, only 58 percent stated disapproval of the

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him, set him on fire, and finally shot him. The Shining Path's retaliation to this was one of the worst attacks in the entire conflict, with a group of guerrilla members entering the town and going house by house, killing dozens of villagers, including babies, with guns, hatchets, and axes. This

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Guzmán believed that communism required a "popular war" and distanced himself from organizing workers. Beginning on 17 March 1980, the Shining Path held a series of clandestine meetings in Ayacucho, known as the Central Committee's second plenary. It formed a "Revolutionary Directorate" that was

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The number of women involved in the armed struggle remained high throughout the war, participating at almost all logistical, military and strategic levels as militants, guerrilla commanders and top party leaders of the organisation. The high proportion of women was a given and desired from the

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Ideologically Maoist, the Shining Path is unique because it did not completely accept orthodox Marxist doctrine, instead, it considered the teachings of Guzmán to supersede the teachings of Marx, Lenin, Stalin and Mao. Guzmán's philosophy combined Marxism-Leninism, Maoism and indigenous Indian

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government would respond "drastically and swiftly" to any violent action. In September that same year, a comprehensive sweep by police in five cities found 17 suspected members. According to the interior minister, eight of the arrested were school teachers and high-level school administrators.

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The Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) was created on 20 November 2009 when Alfredo Crespo, the defense lawyer of Abimael Guzmán, and fifteen others gathered. MOVADEF has three sub-branches; the Central Historical Committee, the Provisional Central Committee and the National

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On 28 April 2010, Shining Path rebels in Peru ambushed and killed a police officer and two civilians who were destroying coca plantations of Aucayacu, in the central region of Haunuco, Peru. The victims were gunned down by sniper fire coming from the thick forest as more than 200 workers were

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and identifying himself as one of the Shining Path's leaders, said in a media interview that the group would resume violent operations unless the Peruvian government granted amnesty to other top Shining Path leaders within 60 days. Peru's Interior Minister, Fernando Rospigliosi, said that the

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José Carlos Mariátegui, uno de los más influyentes intelectuales peruanos del S.XX, es reconocido por las diferentes tendencias de izquierda como fundador del socialismo en el país. Luego se su muerte en 1930, la organización que había fundado se alineó rápidamente con los partidos de la III

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said the capture of Artemio marked the defeat of the Shining Path in the Alto Huallaga valley – a center of cocaine production. President Humala has stated that he would now step up the fight against the remaining bands of Shining Path rebels in the Ene-Apurímac valley. Walter Diaz, the lead

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The Shining Path has denied such allegations, stating, "It is probable that the PCP has executed a homosexual, but rest assured that it was not done because of their sexual orientation but because of their position against the revolution... Our view is that homosexual orientation is not an

1194:. On 24 April 1985, in the midst of presidential elections, it tried to assassinate Domingo García Rada, the president of the Peruvian National Electoral Council, severely injuring him and mortally wounding his driver. In 1988, Constantin (Gus) Gregory, an American citizen working for the 6707: 1396:, who himself was captured by Peruvian authorities in 1999. After Ramírez's capture, the group further splintered, guerrilla activity diminished sharply, and peace returned to the areas where the Shining Path had been active. The three remaining splinter groups were a collective in 1024:

political and military in nature and ordered its militias to transfer to strategic areas in the provinces to start the "armed struggle". The group also held its "First Military School", where members were instructed in military tactics and the use of weapons. They also engaged in "

1660:, he described his form of Marxist-Maoist thought as a "shining path" towards the liberation of Peru's natives. Because of this, the Shining Path also featured elements of Incan particularism, and it also rejected outside influences, especially non-indigenous influences. 462:(VRAEM) region. The group allegedly obtains its revenue from cocaine trafficking. The MPCP has attempted to recharacterize and distance itself from the original Shining Path groups that had attacked rural communities in the area, describing Abimael Guzman as a "traitor". 1759:

and landowner-bureaucratic states. Bourgeois states in general... Our position is very clear. We reject and condemn human rights because they are bourgeois, reactionary, counterrevolutionary rights, and are today a weapon of revisionists and imperialists, principally

1538:, said these attacks were "desperate responses by the Shining Path in the face of advances by the armed forces" and expressed his belief that the area would soon be freed of "leftover terrorists". In the aftermath, a Sendero leader called this "the strongest blow 741:, EGP) was created for the purposes of combat, mobilization and producing an income for Shining Path. The Army was officially created on 3 December 1982. Recently the EGP has made money from selling cigarettes, clothes, candy, competitions and other methods. 799:

The Front for Unity and Defense of the Peruvian People (FUDEPP) was created in 2015. In association with MOVADEF, the group announced that it had 73 provincial committees and allegedly received 400,000 to 500,000 signatures for the JNE to participate in the

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ideological matter but one of individual preference... Party membership is open to all those who support the cause of communist revolution and the principles of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, Gonzalo Thought, regardless of what their sexual preferences may be."

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the power to arbitrarily detain any suspicious person. The military abused this power, arresting scores of innocent people, at times subjecting them to torture during interrogation as well as rape. Members of the Peruvian Armed Forces began to wear black

1065:. It was the first "act of war" by the Shining Path. The perpetrators were quickly caught, and additional ballots were shipped to Chuschi. The elections proceeded without further problems, and the incident received little attention in the Peruvian press. 1663:

The Shining Path declared that it was a feminist organization and in accordance with this declaration, many women acquired leadership positions. In the organisation, 40% of the fighters and 50% of the members of its Central Committee were women.

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The Threat of the Shining Path to Democracy in Peru: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, March 11 and 12,

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renewed guerrilla activity, and according to high-level government officials, the Shining Path's strength has reached an estimated 300 members. In November 2007, police said they killed Artemio's second-in-command, a guerrilla known as JL.

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The United Front serves as the political and bureaucratic arm of the Shining Path. It has two main branches: the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) and the Front for Unity and Defense of the Peruvian People (FUDEPP).

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Some of the peasants of territories captured by the Shining Path are grouped into the FB, typically serving as reservists armed with handheld weapons such as knives, spears and machetes. FB members occasionally serve in surveillance

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Another notable splinter group called the Communist Party of Peru – Red Mantaro Base Committee (PCP-CBMR), which remains loyal to Abimael Guzman, also operates in the VRAEM region. According to the human rights organization

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district of Lima. GEIN had been monitoring the apartment since a number of suspected Shining Path militants had visited it. An inspection of the garbage of the apartment produced empty tubes of a skin cream used to treat

1389:– supposedly its social base. When Guzmán called for peace talks with the Peruvian government, the organization fractured into splinter groups, with some Shining Path members in favor of such talks and others opposed. 2349: 2891:"Con auspicios de la corona española y del Poder Pontificio, el 3 de julio de 1677 el obispo de la Diócesis de Huamanga, don Cristóbal de Castilla y Zamora, fundó la 'Universitas Guamangensis Sancti Christhophosi' 1604:. The MPCP has attempted to recharacterize themselves to distance itself from the original Shining Path groups that had attacked rural communities in the area, describing Abimael Guzman as a traitor. According to 3807: 3182:

Sandra Coliver, Paul Hoffman, Joan Fitzpatrick, Stephen Bowman, Secrecy and Liberty: National Security, Freedom of Expression and Access To Information, (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague Publishers,) 1999, p.

1123:". They were generally poorly equipped, despite being provided arms by the state. The rondas would attack the Shining Path guerrillas, with the first such reported attack occurring in January 1983, near 6561: 6456: 1179:

near the government palace and the justice palace. It was believed to be responsible for bombing a shopping mall. At the time, President Fernando Belaúnde Terry was receiving the Argentine president

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for the first time in twelve years in 1980, the Shining Path was one of the few leftist political groups that declined to take part. It chose instead to begin a guerrilla war in the highlands of the

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in the region where the Shining Path was operating. The Interior Minister, José María de la Jara, believed the group could be easily defeated through police actions. Additionally, the president,

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These members are local agricultural workers who are provided minor weapons and periodically assist FP members, then later return to their work. Skilled FL members are moved into the FP's ranks.

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Comrade Artemio was convicted of terrorism, drug trafficking, and money laundering on 7 June 2013. He was sentenced to life in prison and a fine of $ 183 million. On 11 August 2013,

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to Lima. According to sources from Peru's Interior Ministry, the rebels asked for a sizable ransom to free the hostages. Two days later, after a rapid military response which involved a

7285: 401:(VRAEM) region of Peru, and it has since distanced itself from the Shining Path's legacy in 2018 in order to maintain the support of peasants previously persecuted by the Shining Path. 4045: 1530:

and one captain, and two soldiers were also injured, with one reported missing. Poor communications were said to have made relay of the news difficult. The country's Defense Minister,

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Although the reliability of reports regarding the Shining Path's actions remains a matter of controversy in Peru, the organization's use of violence is well documented. According to

1000:, where Guzmán taught philosophy. The university had recently reopened after being closed for about half a century. Between 1973 and 1975, Shining Path members gained control of the 454:

The Shining Path splintered into several groups following its collapse in support. In 1999, brothers Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino split from the Shining Path and established the

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Within the United Front, the Shining Path instrumented multiple smaller "mass organizations", usually specified to a particular purpose or issue. Examples of these include:

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machine gun. Due to proficiency in armaments, this group is tasked with ambushing police and soldiers. They do not remain in locations, usually traveling across regions.

3763: 2895:... Clausurada en 1886 y reabierta 80 años después, reiniciando sus labores académicas el 3 de julio de 1959 como 'Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga.'" 2614: 1620:, the PCP-CBMR has infiltrated schools in the area setting up "Popular Schools" to spread the group's propaganda. The group has in the past signed documents with the 1009: 6837: 6828: 6612: 6521: 1546:

announced that Shining Path militants had attacked a military outpost in southern Ayacucho province. One soldier was killed and three others wounded in the assault.

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The Peruvian government also cracked down on the Shining Path in other ways. Military personnel were dispatched to areas dominated by the Shining Path, especially

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Throughout the 1980s, the Shining Path grew both in terms of the territory it controlled and in the number of militants in its organization, particularly in the

6642: 6627: 5701: 1465:, the rebels abandoned the hostages; according to government sources, no ransom was paid. However, there were rumors that US$ 200,000 was paid to the rebels. 1085:. At times, the civilian population of small, neglected towns participated in popular trials, especially when the victims of the trials were widely disliked. 6702: 6597: 6592: 4314: 2665: 7076: 6682: 6491: 6355: 5978: 5962: 5497: 7295: 6576: 5440: 4508: 6813: 6697: 6617: 6602: 4737: 4588: 3933: 3039: 2897:"Closed in 1886 and reopened 80 years later, it restarted its academic work 3 July 1959 as the 'National University of Saint Christopher of Huamanga.'" 2690: 2458: 1751:

as an organized class in the Communist Party, with the experience of triumphant revolutions, with the construction of socialism, new democracy and the

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was responsible for the death or disappearance of 31,331 people, 46% of the total deaths and disappearances. According to a summary of the report by

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On 29 December 1981, the government declared an "emergency zone" in the three Andean regions of Ayacucho, Huancavelica, and Apurímac and granted the

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La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 28 August 2003. "2.19. La Universidad Nacional de educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle «La Cantuta»."

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peasantry of some Peruvian villages to express some sympathy for the Shining Path, especially in the impoverished and neglected regions of

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Nathaniel C. Nash: Shining Path Women: So Many and So Furios.. Lima Journal, Abschnitt A. The New York Times, New York. 22 September 1992.

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Despite these arrests, the Shining Path continued to exist in Peru. On 22 December 2005, the Shining Path ambushed a police patrol in the

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During this period, the Shining Path assassinated specific individuals, notably leaders of other leftist groups, local political parties,

989:(1978), he expressed his own conviction of the necessity that revolutionary activity in Peru follow strictly the teachings of Mao Zedong. 4101: 3388: 3270: 1245:

The Shining Path followed Mao Zedong's dictum that guerrilla warfare should start in the countryside and gradually choke off the cities.

1100:, who returned to power in 1980, was reluctant to cede authority to the armed forces since his first government had ended in a military 5716: 5128: 5119: 4944:"Reality and risk: A refutation of S. Rendón's analysis of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission's conflict mortality study" 4746: 3490: 3427: 1782: 1580:

In a document 400 pages in length recovered from a mid-level Shining Path commander and analyzed by the Counter-Terrorism Directorate (

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On 12 February 2012, Comrade Artemio was found badly wounded after a clash with troops in a remote jungle region of Peru. President

981:, an agronomist who became a leader of the Shining Path, made several important contributions to the group's ideology. In his books 6348: 5567: 5020: 4071: 1621: 409:

The common name of this group, the Shining Path, distinguishes it from several other Peruvian communist parties with similar names

352: 6333: 5301: 3010: 7260: 7225: 7220: 5967: 5942: 5562: 5433: 4862:"Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 4827: 4774: 4763: 2878: 2562: 1124: 964: 573: 356: 183: 178: 5785: 4378: 993: 446:. All documents, periodicals, and other materials produced by the organization are signed as the Communist Party of Peru (PCP). 7118: 6451: 6253: 5898: 5800: 4353: 1744: 1609: 1425: 1249: 560: 3466: 3023: 1600:(VRAEM) region, reportedly making revenue by escorting cocaine traffickers and are reportedly led by two brothers; Víctor and 7215: 5858: 5354: 5325: 5264: 5193: 5172: 4560: 4190: 3760: 3514: 1728: 1025: 959:

Presidente Gonzalo), and a group of 11 others. Guzmán was heavily influenced by a trip to China and admired the teachings of

6220: 4996:«El Movimiento Homosexual Peruano pide un castigo contra el líder de Sendero Luminoso por la muerte de 500 gays y travestis» 3426:

La Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 28 August 2003. "2.45. Las Ejecuciones Extrajudiciales en Barrios Altos (1991.)"

3074:"A Most Unlikely Target : Good Samaritan Aiding the Peruvian Poor Became a Casualty in the Nation's Political Struggle" 1208: 7184: 6278: 6036: 5721: 5592: 4843: 2707:

Roncagliolo, Santiago (2007). "3 – Por el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui" [3 – On the Shining Path of Mariategui].

1317: 1276:

took office in 1990, he responded to Shining Path with repressive force. His government issued a law in 1991 that gave the

2251: 1159:

The Shining Path's attacks were not limited to the countryside. It executed several attacks against the infrastructure in

6753: 6341: 5848: 3453: 2167: 2028: 1732: 1593: 1405: 724: 628: 455: 394: 20: 2975: 2144: 7245: 7235: 6461: 5552: 5426: 4288: 3902: 3741: 1013: 796:(JNE) in 2011, though the application was denied. The Peruvian government has accused MOVADEF of advocating terrorism. 3921: 7230: 7070: 6733: 6662: 6364: 5287: 5215: 5095:"Disputed reality: 'Bombtrack' and Peru's internal armed conflict The song remains controversial to this day in Peru" 4713: 3788: 3601: 3548: 3345: 3235: 3201: 3137: 3116: 2720: 2538: 1951: 1931: 1913: 1895: 1163:, killing civilians in the process. In 1983, it sabotaged several electrical transmission towers, causing a citywide 1017: 240: 2588: 1570:, the Shining Path's leader in the Ene-Apurímac Valley, was killed in a battle with government forces in Llochegua. 1020:. Sometime later, it lost many student elections in the universities, including Guzmán's San Cristóbal of Huamanga. 7250: 7147: 7112: 5627: 4432: 1656:-speaking Incans and mestizos. The party's name was also coined by Guzmán, who infused his communist rhetoric with 315:" in 1980, the Shining Path's goal was to overthrow the government through guerrilla warfare and replace it with a 4458: 1442:

On 9 June 2003, a Shining Path group attacked a camp in Ayacucho and took 68 employees of the Argentinian company

6862: 6571: 6107: 5622: 5517: 5010:, artículo en el sitio web GPUC (Grupo Universitario por la Diversidad Sexual). Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012. 5007: 4406: 4339: 1752: 1637: 1385:

At the same time, the Shining Path suffered embarrassing military defeats to self-defense organizations of rural

320: 291: 135: 5492: 3969: 3311: 3153:

Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame. Citing Balibi, C.R. 1991. "Una inquietante encuesta de opinión."

2425: 7058: 4646: 4621: 2773: 2505:

Inicio, Desarrollo y Ocaso del Terrorismo en el Perú: el ABC de Sendero Luminoso y el MRTA ampliado y comentado

1574: 1393: 1284:("Committees of Self-Defense"). They were officially armed, usually with 12-gauge shotguns, and trained by the 834: 801: 386: 74: 5869: 5384: 5068: 4484:"Joint Declaration: The international unity of the communists demands the defeat of revisionism and centrism!" 7300: 7064: 5378: 5342:

United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs (1992).

3285: 2484: 2290: 1506:, killing eight. Later that day, they wounded an additional two police officers. In response, then President 1439:. Nine people were killed, and 30 were injured; the attack was suspected to be the work of the Shining Path. 1237:

Many peasants were unhappy with the Shining Path's rule for a variety of reasons, such as its disrespect for

1220: 902: 509: 3036: 2462: 1592:

Into the 2020s, Shining Path has existed in remaining splinter groups. The main remaining group, called the

362:

The Shining Path has been widely condemned for its excessive brutality, including violence deployed against

7123: 7094: 6907: 6902: 6385: 5711: 3679: 3368: 3192:

Del Pino H., Ponciano. "Family, Culture, and 'Revolution': Everyday Life with Sendero Luminoso," p. 179 in

1815: 122: 6961: 6952: 6667: 5706: 5296:

Starn, Orin. "Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history."

5136: 3102: 2350:"Peru's Multidimensional Challenge – Part 2: the economic crisis, public insecurity, and organized crime" 972: 418: 3073: 1802:... killed about half the victims, and roughly one-third died at the hands of government security forces 1420:

Although the organization's numbers had lessened by 2003, a militant faction of the Shining Path called

1292:

as of 2005; almost 4,000 are located in the central region of Peru, the stronghold of the Shining Path.

425:(from which the rest of communist parties split; now commonly known as the "PCP-Unidad") in the 1920s: " 7305: 7100: 7042: 7022: 6997: 6419: 6041: 5738: 5527: 4794: 4688: 3874: 2220: 2102:"MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like" 1307:

were declared emergency zones, allowing for some constitutional rights to be suspended in those areas.

1238: 978: 817: 793: 5241:

Martín-Baró, I. (1988) El Salvador 1987. Estudios Centroamericanos (ECA), No. 471-472, pp. 21–45.

4046:"Policía Nacional capturó a cabecilla terrorista 'Sergio' en el Alto Huallaga | El Comercio Perú" 2127: 1097: 347:

of the world communist movement. The Shining Path's ideology and tactics have influenced other Maoist

7315: 6872: 6852: 5948: 5667: 5607: 5577: 5547: 5532: 5449: 1352: 1321: 1037: 825: 604: 465:

The Shining Path primarily comprises two groups and their sub-branches; the People's Guerrilla Army (

1369:(GEIN) captured Guzmán and several Shining Path leaders in an apartment above a dance studio in the 1171:

industrial plant. That same year, it set off a powerful bomb in the offices of the governing party,

393:

in 2012, the Shining Path declined in activity. The main remaining faction of the Shining Path, the

6967: 6773: 6516: 6363: 5691: 5279: 5142: 4020:"Senderista 'Izula' es responsable del secuestro y asesinato de 40 civiles | El Comercio Perú" 3108: 2131: 2009: 1855: 968: 422: 5844: 5672: 3714:

United States Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. 29 April 2004.

3226:

Starn, Orin. "Villagers at Arms: War and Counterrevolution in the Central-South Andes," p. 237 in

1608:, Shining Path's stronghold in the VRAEM, headquartered in Vizcatán, is a similar strategy as the 1119:

In some areas, the military trained peasants and organized them into anti-rebel militias, called "

1061:. On 17 May 1980, on the eve of the presidential elections, it burned ballot boxes in the town of 963:. His teachings created the foundation of its militant Maoist doctrine. It was an offshoot of the 378:, and Canada, all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group. 7255: 7141: 7106: 6947: 6877: 6867: 6687: 6429: 6024: 5983: 5587: 5522: 5053:

Jaymie Patricia Heilman: "Family Ties: The Political Genealogy of Shining Path's Comrade Norah".

1311:

sympathizers and killed many innocent civilians. Government forces destroyed villages and killed

894: 150: 6748: 4098:"Entrevista con senderista 'Artemio': "No vamos a realizar más ataques" | El Comercio Perú" 1755:, it has been proven that human rights serve the oppressor class and the exploiters who run the 6977: 6783: 6531: 6306: 6079: 5582: 4575: 1333: 1088:

The Shining Path's credibility benefited from the government's initially tepid response to the

851: 760: 4509:"Estos son los videos y audios que demuestran cómo Sendero se reinventó en Movadef | POLITICA" 3772: 1531: 7210: 7129: 6892: 6405: 5995: 5406: 5207: 5164: 3858: 3728: 3573: 2971: 1468:

Government forces have captured three leading Shining Path members. In April 2000, Commander

1300: 1230: 1172: 1156:. Additional massacres of civilians by the Shining Path would occur throughout the conflict. 858: 3621: 7135: 6856: 6847: 6763: 5418: 5246: 3830: 3214: 2101: 1993:

The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures

1986: 1887: 1875: 1790: 1677: 1455: 1153: 1113: 619: 432: 5148:

Crenshaw, Martha, "Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches" in:

4301: 4258: 4232: 4166: 4123: 3715: 3097: 1778: 1355:, full of civilian adults and children, killing 25 people and injuring an additional 155. 8: 7002: 6972: 6526: 5637: 5617: 5572: 2019: 2014: 1881: 1645: 1523: 1462: 1447: 1325: 1082: 792:

Executive Committee (CEN). The branch filed to become a political party in Peru with the

340: 324: 4075: 3691: 3059: 940: 6833: 6481: 6007: 5819: 5542: 5202:

Isbell, Billie Jean (1994). "Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Ayacucho". In

4548: 3606: 3519: 3055: 2994: 1943: 1938: 1795: 1723:

The Shining Path rejected the concept of human rights; a Shining Path document stated:

1653: 1180: 1093: 160: 5379:

The People's War in Perú Archive – Information about the Communist Party of Perú (PCP)

4771: 4760: 3401: 2870: 1747:

were advanced for the bourgeoisie of the past. But today, since the appearance of the

1078: 7165: 6897: 6425: 6062: 5879: 5758: 5657: 5652: 5642: 5557: 5350: 5321: 5283: 5260: 5211: 5189: 5168: 4965: 4924: 4903:"A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball" 4883: 4642: 4617: 4556: 3351: 3341: 3231: 3197: 3133: 3112: 2726: 2716: 2534: 2433: 1947: 1927: 1909: 1891: 1432: 1424:("Onward") continued to be active. The group had allegedly made an alliance with the 1408:(MPCP) led by the Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino brothers, and a base committee in 1198:, was assassinated. Two French aid workers were killed on 4 December that same year. 1054: 1053:

By 1980, Shining Path had about 500 members. When Peru's military government allowed

945: 614: 412: 332: 245: 165: 6249: 5894: 2615:"Estado peruano se defenderá con firmeza frente a denuncia del Movadef ante la CIDH" 1503: 1304: 1268:, who led the violent government response towards guerrilla groups during his tenure 1101: 952: 382: 370:

groups, elected officials and the general public. The Shining Path is regarded as a

68: 7189: 6987: 6957: 6942: 6927: 6917: 6017: 5753: 5632: 5252: 4955: 4914: 4873: 3994: 2997: 2164: 2081: 1970: 1848: 1844: 1693: 1685: 1673: 1507: 1273: 1265: 1108: 482: 328: 261: 235: 145: 4006: 3956: 3886: 3842: 3663: 3585: 7179: 7037: 7012: 6823: 6415: 5973: 5393: 5343: 5315: 5183: 5179: 4847: 4801: 4778: 4767: 4668: 4220: 3909: 3811: 3767: 3748: 3642: 3497: 3375: 3043: 2982: 2528: 2503: 2171: 2151: 1962: 1641: 1514:

In September 2008, government forces announced the killing of five rebels in the

1495: 1487: 1401: 1397: 1296: 1120: 1074: 1058: 1047: 1001: 955:, a former university philosophy professor (his followers referred to him by his 866: 390: 374:

organization by the government of Peru, along with Japan, the United States, the

336: 312: 295: 283: 140: 44: 6708:

United Centre Party – Independent National Unity, Dignity, Order, and Solidarity

6400: 5412: 4840: 3643:"Esquadrão responsável pela vigilância da Amazônia completa 40 mil horas de voo" 2317: 7032: 5795: 5748: 5612: 5602: 5537: 1657: 1567: 1559: 1436: 1409: 1344: 1329: 696: 657: 609: 375: 224: 5256: 7204: 7007: 6410: 6102: 6012: 6002: 5952: 4969: 4960: 4943: 4928: 4919: 4902: 4887: 4878: 4861: 3389:

Proyectos y Actividades que Realiza la Sub Dirección de Estudios Especiales."

2843:

Colin Harding, “Antonio Díaz Martínez and the Ideology of Sendero Luminoso,”

2778: 2730: 2563:"Apología sin castigo: casos relacionados a terrorismo que fueron archivados" 2437: 2397:"Autoridades de Perú capturan a 71 supuestos integrantes de Sendero Luminoso" 2295: 2256: 2225: 1923: 1709: 1681: 1605: 1285: 1116:

to hide their identities, in order to protect themselves and their families.

709: 316: 6887: 5413:

The Search for Truth: The Declassified Record on Human Rights Abuses in Peru

7088: 6982: 6818: 6556: 6496: 6293: 6200: 6074: 5854: 5834: 5743: 5647: 5131:(2003). "La verdad después del silencio (Informe final tomo 6)". Lima. Perú 4383: 3501: 3467:

Los Asesinatos y Lesiones Graves Producidos en el Atentado de Tarata (1992)

2666:"Frente asociado al Movadef dice tener 500 mil firmas para ir a elecciones" 2070:"'Quien habla es terrorista': The political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru" 1997: 1975: 1535: 1458: 1451: 1348: 1337: 1164: 438:

This maxim was featured on the masthead of the newspaper of a Shining Path

7027: 6457:

National Alliance of Workers, Farmers, University Students, and Reservists

4723: 3962: 2086: 2069: 1712:, Shining Path would kill their opponents "with assassinations, bombings, 6551: 6540: 6536: 6435: 6161: 1756: 1748: 1736: 1692:, RPND), also known by its proposed name of "People's Republic of Peru" ( 1428:(FARC) in the early 2000s, learning how to use rockets against aircraft. 1187: 1140: 1139:

brutally killed Olegario Curitomay, one of the commanders of the town of

439: 344: 4986:(Buenos Aires) del 21 de mayo de 2007. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012. 4483: 3286:"Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred" 2709:

La cuarta espada : la historia de Abimael Guzmán y Sendero Luminoso

2485:"Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred" 1636:

As its power grew, the Shining Path changed its official ideology from "

308:, abbr. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru. 6546: 6511: 5865: 5159:

and the Defeat of Sendero Luminoso in Ayacucho". In Steve Stern (Ed.),

1713: 1543: 1089: 1042: 960: 348: 5875: 1248:

According to multiple sources, the Shining Path received support from

804:. They were ultimately prevented from participating in the elections. 7159: 7153: 7082: 6767: 6390: 6266: 5912: 5780: 2808: 1981: 1859: 1740: 1375: 1370: 956: 371: 130: 4188: 3761:"En operativo especial capturan a 17 requisitoriados por terrorismo" 3549:"La expansión ideológica del terrorista comité de base Mantaro rojo" 2713:

The Fourth Sword: The History of Abimael Guzman and the Shining Path

1483: 458:(MPCP), which consists of about 450 individuals who remained in the 428:

El Marxismo-Leninismo abrirá el sendero luminoso hacia la revolución

6992: 6506: 6216: 6135: 5775: 3695: 3230:, ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 ( 3196:, ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 ( 3132:, ed. Steve Stern, Duke University Press: Durham and London, 1998 ( 1905: 1549: 1176: 1148: 1005: 997: 5415:. Edited by Tamara Feinstein, Director, Peru Documentation Project 5069:"'More War Will Bring Peace,' Say Peru's Maoists After 15,000 Die" 4340:"Death toll climbs to 10 in Peru guerrilla attack on election eve" 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 1617: 1446:

and three police guards as hostages. They had been working on the

1392:

Guzmán's role as the leader of the Shining Path was taken over by

1343:

In one of its last attacks in Lima, on 16 July 1992, Shining Path

6029: 5922: 5512: 5276:

Vanguard Revolutionaries in Latin America: Peru, Colombia, Mexico

4998:, artículo en el sitio web M-X. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012. 3862: 2252:"US Indicts Shining Path Rebels as Drug War Focus Shifts to Peru" 1777:

After the collapse of the Fujimori government, interim President

1717: 1581: 1534:, said many soldiers "plunged over a cliff". His prime minister, 1519: 1443: 1213: 1191: 1190:, and peasant organizations, some of whom were anti-Shining Path 1144: 1062: 367: 363: 5958: 4315:"Alejandro Borda Casafranca, 2 other Senderistas killed in Peru" 3355: 3171:

Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America.

3151:

Fujimori's Coup and the Breakdown of Democracy in Latin America.

1280:

a legal status, and from that time, they were officially called

6174: 5918: 5507: 4513: 3939: 3338:

Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya

1761: 1229:

to opinion polls, only 15 percent of the population considered

756: 644: 481:

model that swept through Latin American insurgencies after the

5938: 5394:

Report of the (CVR) Truth and Reconciliation Commission (HTML)

5229:

The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction

4407:"The dangerous network of Sendero Luminoso in Peru and abroad" 4379:"Recent Attack on Peru Police Shows Shining Path Still Strong" 4354:"Recent Attack on Peru Police Shows Shining Path Still Strong" 3128:

Manrique, Nelson. "The War for the Central Sierra," p. 211 in

2863: 1847:

quotes a speech by a Shining Path officer in their 1990 song "

1809: 1785:

to investigate the conflict. The Commission found in its 2003

1288:. According to the government, there were approximately 7,226 1260: 6678:

Party for the Understanding, Recovery and Unification of Peru

6187: 6122: 4553:

Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

3833:. 12 December 2006. "Troops dispatched to corral guerrillas." 2976:"Peru: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns 1980–1995" 1168: 1069: 670: 279: 213:("Long live the People's War! People's War until communism!") 7281:

Organizations based in South America designated as terrorist

7276:

Organizations based in Latin America designated as terrorist

6477:

First The People – Community, Ecology, Liberty, and Progress

5448: 5308:

The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes

5161:

Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995.

4578:, Sous la direction d’Anouk Guiné et de Maritza Felices-Luna 3805:"Jefe militar senderista ‘Clay’ muere en operativo policial" 3402:"Government Declares State of Emergency with Curfew in Lima" 3024:

Book VII "Ataque del PCP-SL a la Localidad de Marcas (1985)"

1217:

self-defense groups organized by the Peruvian armed forces.

1131:

would later kill 13 guerrilla fighters in February 1983, in

210:¡Viva la Guerra Popular! ¡Guerra Popular hasta el comunismo! 7266:

Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union

6243: 6148: 5317:

Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995

5155:

Degregori, Carlos Iván (1998). "Harvesting Storms: Peasant

4828:"Peru – Prosecutions Should Follow Truth Commission Report" 4302:"Peru's Shining Path leader jailed for life for terrorism." 3716:"Patterns of Global Terrorism: Western Hemisphere Overview" 3228:

Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995

3194:

Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995

3130:

Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995

2589:"A propósito de capturas, qué es el Movadef y qué pretende" 1160: 683: 594: 478: 287: 7286:

Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States

5402:

Terrorism Research Center list of Terrorist Organizations.

5185:

The Shining Path: A History of the Millenarian War in Peru

4555:(3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 234–235. 4146:"Peru Arrests 'Successor' to Captured Shining Path Leader" 3922:"1 Peruvian soldier, 5 rebels killed in military campaign" 1542:... in quite a while". In November 2009, Defense Minister 5928: 4167:"Peruvian police capture 'Shining Path boss' Walter Diaz" 3890: 3846: 3667: 3589: 2401: 752: 4942:

Manrique-Vallier, Daniel; Ball, Patrick (January 2019).

4614:

State Under Siege: Development And Policy Making In Peru

3515:"Blasts Propel Peru's Rebels From Defunct To Dangerous." 3009:

Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 28 August 2003.

2915: 2737:"And at the founding in 1969, they were only 12 people." 2715:] (5th ed.). Buenos Aires: Debate. p. 78. 1012:, and they also developed a significant presence at the 5188:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 4529: 4007:"Peru rebels ambush and kill coca plantation clearers". 2813:. Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación . p. 16. 2640:"Fudepp: la nueva fachada del Movadef en cuatro claves" 1092:. For over a year, the government refused to declare a 5702:

Economic policy of the Alberto Fujimori administration

5387:

on the web site of the "Partido Comunista de España "

3729:

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2003: Peru

3574:

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Peru – 2005

3491:"Guzman arrest leaves Void in Shining Path Leadership" 1518:

region. This claim was subsequently challenged by the

335:. Their representatives stated that the then-existing 4233:"Shining Path 'defeated' in Alto Huallaga stronghold" 4191:"Peru Captures Shining Path Leader In Upper Huallaga" 4189:

Andean Air Mail & Peruvian Times (5 April 2012).

3727:

United States Department of State. 25 February 2004.

3472: 2927: 2903: 2735:"Y en su fundación de 1969 sólo eran doce personas." 2221:"Peru in Familiar Stalemate With Shining Path Rebels" 1652:

traditionalism, championing the liberation of Peru's

7291:

Organisations designated as terrorist by New Zealand

7241:

Entities added to the Consolidated List by Australia

5979:

United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru

5963:

Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists

4941: 4839:

Laura Puertas, Inter Press Service. 29 August 2003.

3991:"Peru rebels attack army outpost, killing 1 soldier" 2291:"Peru's Shining Path Plots Unlikely Return to Power" 1490:, now captured and serving a life sentence in prison 5222:

Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of a Stalinist Sect

4589:"CAPÍTULO 1 EXPLICANDO EL CONFLICTO ARMADO INTERNO" 4459:"Sendero Indoctrinates Children In Popular Schools" 4124:"Peru Shining Path leader Comrade Artemio captured" 2177: 1046:Poster of Abimael Guzmán celebrating five years of 442:. The followers of this group are generally called 319:. The Shining Path believed that by establishing a 4342:Tico Times. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016. 3859:"Peru army may have killed farmers – rights group" 1196:United States Agency for International Development 5152:, (ed. David Rapoport), 2001. Franck Cass, London 4759:Communist Party of Peru. "Sobre las Dos Colinas" 4259:"Peru rebels burn helicopters at jungle airfield" 4143: 4048:. Elcomercio.pe. 30 December 2010. Archived from 3619: 3257:Desarrollar la lucha armada del campo a la ciudad 2875:UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN CRISTÓBAL DE HUAMANGA 1358: 1255: 992:The Shining Path first established a foothold at 7202: 5097:. Translated by Sutterman, Anthony. GlobalVoices 5021:"PCP Responds to Allegations of Gay Persecution" 4639:Combating terrorism: strategies of ten countries 4304:BBC News. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013. 4100:. Elcomercio.pe. 7 December 2011. Archived from 4022:. Elcomercio.pe. 13 October 2010. Archived from 3934:"Peru's Shining Path kill four police in ambush" 3776:, 29 September 2004. Retrieved 16 January 2008. 2527:Ríos, Jerónimo; Sánchez, Marté (December 2017). 1596:(MPCP) of about 450 individuals remained in the 1550:2010s: Capture of Artemio and continued downfall 1433:car bomb exploded outside the US embassy in Lima 7311:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada 6068:Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru 5697:Judiciary reform in Peru under Alberto Fujimori 5409:, Congressional Record, (Senate—2 October 1992) 4689:"Prison in Peru Becomes a Forge for Guerrillas" 4616:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. p. 123. 3818:, 20 February 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2008. 2700: 1224:Areas where the Shining Path was active in Peru 7271:Organisations designated as terrorist by Japan 3795:, 22 December 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3173:Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame. 1415: 844:Support Committees for the Peruvian Revolution 751:Mainly armed with larger weapons, such as the 6349: 5434: 5206:, ed. David Scott Palmer. 2nd ed., New York: 4661: 3698:, 9 November 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3622:"Jato da FAB ajuda a libertar reféns no Peru" 3271:"Mad Dog and me – the Colonel Gadaffi I knew" 2501: 1865: 1739:man, a position that was at the forefront of 1364: 736: 472: 466: 426: 305:Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso 303: 273: 208: 4781:available online. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 4662:Schmidt-Lynch, Corinne (25 September 1992). 4641:. University of Michigan Press. p. 92. 4184: 4182: 4180: 3970:"Shining Path rebels stage comeback in Peru" 3903:"Peru says 14 killed in Shining Path attack" 3875:"Peru rebel leader refuses to lay down arms" 3003: 1858:released a music video for their 1993 song " 1825: 1242:burying the bodies of Shining Path victims. 744:The EGP structure is made of the following: 435:will open the shining path to revolution"). 298:. Academics often refer to the group as the 6779:Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) 4789: 4787: 3924:. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 3912:. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 3533: 3531: 3529: 3091: 2706: 2526: 2154:. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 1810:Allegations of violence against LGBT people 381:Since the captures of Shining Path founder 7296:Political parties established in the 1960s 6356: 6342: 5441: 5427: 5381:Shining Path's official website until 1998 4714:"Año: 1992 § Violencia de origen político" 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3670:, 11 June 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2008. 3610:, 10 June 2003. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3572:United States Department of State (2005). 1587: 1031: 882:, main feminist branch of the Shining Path 821:, support bases for Shining Path prisoners 488: 223: 43: 6562:Regionalist Party of National Integration 6319:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 5598:1992 Peruvian embassy attack in Stockholm 4959: 4918: 4877: 4636: 4177: 4139: 4137: 3592:. 21 March 2002. Retrieved 14 April 2009. 3547:Perú, ONG de derechos humanos Waynakuna. 3165: 3163: 3013:. (in Spanish) Retrieved 13 January 2008. 2085: 1598:Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro 887:Movement of Classist Workers and Laborers 460:Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro 399:Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro 6739:Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland 6396:Go on Country – Social Integration Party 5568:1987 North Korean embassy attack in Lima 4813:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 4793:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 4784: 3526: 3465:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 3309: 3035:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 3022:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 2958:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 2945:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. 2094: 2055:, Vol. 7, No. 2 (December 2002), p. 275. 1769:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path, 1727:We start by not ascribing to either the 1482: 1259: 1219: 1041: 951:The Shining Path was founded in 1969 by 939: 353:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) 282:PCP), is a far-left political party and 5968:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement 5563:Assassination of Juan Carlos Vega Llona 5273: 5178: 5092: 5066: 4719:Centro de Documentación e Investigación 4611: 4535: 3721: 3701: 3682:Americas.org. 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Paulo (21 September 2003). 3478: 3283: 3071: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2560: 2289:Gorder, Gabrielle (23 September 2019). 2218: 2183: 2063: 2061: 1672:The Shining Path sought to replace the 1642:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo thought 967:, which itself split from the original 574:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement 357:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement 184:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement 7203: 7119:National Front of Workers and Peasants 6744:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path 5839:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path 5801:Women in the internal conflict in Peru 5407:Peru and the Capture of Abimael Guzman 5244: 5129:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación 5120:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación 4900: 4859: 4841:Peru: 20 Years of Bloodshed and Death" 4747:Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación 4686: 4547: 4134: 3312:"Muammar Gaddafi: The Kitsch Dictator" 3160: 2768: 2766: 2561:Vásquez, Rocío La Rosa (30 May 2017). 2423: 2288: 2145:Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP. 1680:which would adhere to the doctrine of 1610:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 1426:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 417:. The name is derived from a maxim of 300:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path 6337: 6212: 5829: 5678: 5489: 5422: 5231:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5008:«Los homosexuales y Sendero Luminoso» 4664:"Peru rebel calls for 'People's War'" 3740:Issue Papers and Extended Responses. 3335: 3213:U.S. Department of State. March 1996 2962:pp. 17–18. 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April 2010, 155–169. 4144:Christopher Looft (5 March 2012). 3843:"Peru police 'kill leading rebel'" 3310:Marshall, Tim (5 September 2011). 3268: 3011:"La Masacre de Lucanamarca (1983)" 2881:from the original on 27 March 2019 2820:from the original on 7 August 2024 2743: 2581: 2554: 2530:Breve historia de Sendero Luminoso 2520: 2372: 2336: 2271: 2219:Robbins, Seth (4 September 2020). 1703: 1476:killed by the Shining Path, and 6 1209:Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement 1014:National University of Engineering 944:Shining Path poster supporting an 14: 7327: 7071:Alliance for the Progress of Peru 6586:Parties in process of registering 5932: 5372: 5306:Starn, Orin and Miguel La Serna, 5298:Journal of Latin American Studies 5245:Palmer, David Scott, ed. (1994). 5093:Antonio, Zoila (7 January 2022). 4860:Rendon, Silvio (1 January 2019). 3957:"Rebels kill 13 soldiers in Peru" 3284:Tisdall, Simon (23 August 2011). 2949:p. 41. 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Ayacucho, 1167:, and set fire and destroyed the 1018:National University of San Marcos 875:Neighborhood Class Movement (MCB) 6913:Justice, Technology, and Ecology 6368: 6312: 6300: 6286: 6272: 6259: 6248: 6236: 6215: 6193: 6180: 6167: 6154: 6141: 6128: 6115: 6095: 6056: 5957: 5947: 5937: 5927: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5874: 5864: 5853: 5843: 5833: 5238:(2019) pp. 306–346 on Peru. 5086: 5060: 5047: 5038: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4976: 4935: 4894: 4853: 4833: 4820: 4807: 4753: 4730: 4706: 4680: 4675:interview, ask your government." 4655: 4630: 4605: 4581: 4569: 4541: 4501: 4476: 4451: 4433:"In Defense of Gonzalo Thought!" 4425: 4399: 4371: 4345: 4333: 4307: 4295: 4277: 4251: 4225: 4208: 4159: 3546: 3072:Beyette, Beverly (7 July 1988). 2461:. 18 August 2015. Archived from 2348:Ellis, Evan (15 November 2020). 1494:In January 2004, a man known as 702: 689: 676: 663: 650: 637: 587: 554: 508: 6863:Decentralist Social Force Party 6572:Workers and Entrepreneurs Party 5684:Government policies and actions 5623:Japanese embassy hostage crisis 5518:Chuschi ballot burning incident 5067:de Lama, George (9 July 1989). 4901:Rendon, Silvio (1 April 2019). 4351: 4116: 4090: 4064: 4038: 4012: 4000: 3984: 3959:. BBC. 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"Maovichar", in 1753:dictatorship of the proletariat 1573:On 9 April 2016, on the eve of 830:, international relations front 782: 629:Designated as a terrorist group 449: 343:, and the Shining Path was the 321:dictatorship of the proletariat 7261:Organized crime groups in Peru 7226:Anti-imperialist organizations 7221:Anti-revisionist organizations 5943:International Communist League 5341: 5310:. New York: W.W. Norton, 2019. 5150:Inside Terrorist Organizations 4687:Atwood, Roger (1 April 1990). 3936:. AFP. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 3680:"Gas Workers Kidnapped, Freed" 2426:"Where the Shining Path Leads" 2157: 2138: 2120: 2074:Latin American Research Review 2045: 1359:Capture of Guzmán and collapse 1256:1990s: The Fujimori government 880:Popular Woman's Movement (MFP) 835:Classist Teachers Coordination 802:2016 Peruvian general election 421:, the founder of the original 179:International Communist League 16:Maoist communist party in Peru 1: 7065:Alliance for the Great Change 6693:Peruvians United: We Are Free 6037:National Intelligence Service 5523:Deng Xiaoping's dogs incident 4517:(in Spanish). 5 December 2020 3877:. AP. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 3513:Sims, Calvin (5 August 1996) 2998:"The Women's Rights Project." 2424:Strong, Simon (24 May 1992). 2405:(in Spanish). 2 December 2020 2034: 1318:National Intelligence Service 903:Popular Intellectual Movement 871:, legal and medical aid group 735:The People's Guerrilla Army ( 523:3 December 1982 – 9 June 2018 7216:1960s establishments in Peru 7124:National Solidarity Alliance 6908:Independent Patriotic Legion 6903:Independent Moralizing Front 6727:Parties without registration 6567:United Peru Democratic Party 5712:Forced sterilization in Peru 5503:Founding of the Shining Path 5502: 5139:: Crimes, Terror, Repression 4850:. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 4749:. 2003. pp. 44–45, 286. 4074:. Pnp.gob.pe. Archived from 3849:. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3751:. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3731:. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3718:. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3602:"Pipeline Workers Kidnapped" 3576:. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3443:. Retrieved 13 January 2008. 3430:. 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Retrieved 17 January 2008. 2847:7#1 (January 1988) pp 65–73. 2039: 1960:, a first-season episode of 1902:Strange Tunnels Disappearing 1816:violence against LGBT people 1448:Camisea gas pipeline project 1026:Criticism and Self-criticism 987:China, La Revolución Agraria 983:Ayacucho, Hambre y Esperanza 738:Ejército Guerrillero Popular 502:Ejército Guerrillero Popular 468:Ejército Guerrillero Popular 327:, and eventually sparking a 311:When it first launched its " 7: 6953:National United Renaissance 6452:Agricultural People's Front 6445:Extra-parliamentary parties 5707:National Population Program 5628:Operation Chavín de Huántar 5137:The Black Book of Communism 5134:Courtois, Stephane (1999). 4745:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. 4072:"Policía Nacional del Perú" 3997:. Retrieved 4 January 2022. 3523:. Retrieved 17 January 2008 3456:. 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Sanki. p. 110 1866:Other fictional depictions 1733:Convention on Human Rights 1698:República Popular del Perú 1336:, which were committed by 1035: 935: 930: 818:Shining Trenches of Combat 794:National Jury of Elections 275:Partido Comunista del Perú 36:Partido Comunista del Perú 18: 7246:Internal conflict in Peru 7236:Communist parties in Peru 7185:List of political parties 7175: 7113:National Democratic Front 7051: 6873:Democratic Reconstruction 6806: 6792: 6726: 6585: 6444: 6378: 6365:Political parties in Peru 5990: 5984:Peruvian drug traffickers 5815:Shining Path and remnants 5814: 5668:San Miguel del Ene attack 5608:Frecuencia Latina bombing 5578:Three Martyrs of Chimbote 5548:Peruvian prison massacres 5533:1983 Lucanamarca massacre 5493:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 5483: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5450:Internal conflict in Peru 5320:. Duke University Press. 5257:10.1007/978-1-137-05210-0 4982:artículo en el sitio web 4637:Alexander, Yonah (2002). 3893:. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 3865:. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 3789:"Rebels Kill 8 Policemen" 3336:Davis, Brian Lee (1990). 3169:Kenney, Charles D. 2004. 3149:Kenney, Charles D. 2004. 2174:. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 1826:Women in the Shining Path 1365: 1345:detonated a powerful bomb 1322:Army Intelligence Service 1038:Internal conflict in Peru 717: 627: 605:Internal conflict in Peru 600: 582: 544: 536: 528: 516: 507: 501: 500: 495: 397:(MPCP), is active in the 231: 222: 217: 204: 193: 172:International affiliation 171: 159: 121: 113: 103: 92: 84: 61: 51: 42: 30: 7231:Banned communist parties 7095:Cambio 90 – New Majority 6923:Let's Make Progress Peru 6774:Peruvian Communist Party 6638:Federal Democratic Party 6517:Party of Good Government 6462:Christian People's Party 5692:Peruvian Agrarian Reform 5498:Revolutionary Government 5385:Shining Path communiqués 5314:Stern, Steve J. (1998). 5280:Lynne Rienner Publishers 5248:The Shining Path of Peru 5236:Maoism: A Global History 5143:Harvard University Press 4961:10.1177/2053168019835628 4920:10.1177/2053168019840972 4879:10.1177/2053168018820375 4777:1 September 2006 at the 4766:14 November 2006 at the 4612:Mauceri, Philip (1996). 3664:"Peru hostages set free" 3374:19 February 2006 at the 3109:Harvard University Press 3042:3 September 2018 at the 2858:Maoism: A Global History 2533:(in Spanish). Catarata. 2170:19 November 2006 at the 2150:22 November 2011 at the 2132:U.S. Department of State 2010:Definitions of terrorism 1856:Rage Against the Machine 1843:American hard rock band 969:Peruvian Communist Party 915:Street Vendors' Movement 423:Peruvian Communist Party 117:People's Liberation Army 35: 19:Not to be confused with 7251:Maoism in South America 7059:Alliance for the Future 6688:Peruvian Humanist Party 6613:Citizens for Peru Party 6522:Patriotic Party of Peru 6430:Peruvian Humanist Party 5588:1992 Peruvian self-coup 5025:www.prisonlegalnews.org 4948:Research & Politics 4913:(2): 2053168019840972. 4907:Research & Politics 4872:(1): 2053168018820375. 4866:Research & Politics 4800:4 February 2007 at the 3908:11 October 2008 at the 3747:6 December 2008 at the 3504:.com, 14 September 1992 3340:. Praeger. p. 17. 3325:– via Yahoo News. 2322:Encyclopedia Britannica 1588:2020s: VRAEM stronghold 1290:comités de auto defensa 1282:Comités de auto defensa 1098:Fernando Belaúnde Terry 1032:1980s: The People's War 1004:at the Universities of 925:Poor Peasants' Movement 895:Popular Artist Movement 761:Heckler & Koch HK21 489:People's Guerrilla Army 404: 331:, they could arrive at 292:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 270:Communist Party of Peru 161:Political position 151:Revolutionary socialism 136:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 33:Communist Party of Peru 7148:Possible Peru Alliance 7097:(1995-2000, 2001-2006) 6978:Odriist National Union 6759:Movement for Socialism 6532:Peruvian Aprista Party 6467:Democratic Green Party 6307:19th of April Movement 6080:Rodrigo Franco Command 5953:Ethnocacerist movement 5583:Barrios Altos massacre 5300:27.2 (1995): 399–421. 5278:. Boulder and London: 4954:(1): 205316801983562. 2810:Final Report - Book II 2459:"Shining Path is Back" 2163:Government of Canada. 1775: 1697: 1689: 1491: 1363:On 12 September 1992, 1334:Barrios Altos massacre 1269: 1225: 1050: 973:José Carlos Mariátegui 948: 910:Popular Youth Movement 852:Musical Guerrilla Army 826:Peru People's Movement 759:rifles as well as the 737: 496:People's Guerilla Army 473: 467: 427: 419:José Carlos Mariátegui 304: 274: 265: 209: 6893:Hayist Bases Movement 6648:Forward United People 6623:Country for All Party 6386:Alliance for Progress 6379:Parliamentary parties 5996:Peruvian Armed Forces 5165:Duke University Press 4846:21 March 2004 at the 4265:. BBC. 7 October 2012 4219:12 April 2012 at the 3810:28 March 2008 at the 3766:28 March 2008 at the 3496:22 April 2018 at the 3387:Army of Peru (2005). 3078:The Los Angeles Times 2981:30 March 2008 at the 2972:Amnesty International 2691:"Los actores armados" 2087:10.1353/lar.2006.0036 1771:Sobre las Dos Colinas 1725: 1602:Jorge Quispe Palomino 1486: 1412:led by Netzel López. 1263: 1223: 1045: 979:Antonio Díaz Martínez 943: 862:, youth organizations 839:, teacher union front 7301:Rebel groups in Peru 6962:National Restoration 6857:Peruvians for Change 6829:And It's Called Peru 6764:Peru Secure Homeland 6749:Lo Justo por el Perú 6663:National Restoration 6643:For the Love of Peru 6628:Democratic Integrity 5663:Founding of the MPCP 5227:Laqueur, W. (1999). 5204:Shining Path of Peru 4984:Actitud Gay Magazine 4358:www.insightcrime.org 3972:. CNN. 21 April 2009 3831:The Washington Times 3037:"Press Release 170." 2465:on 26 September 2015 1987:Santiago Roncagliolo 1888:Nicholas Shakespeare 1876:Nicholas Shakespeare 1648:grew around Guzmán. 1470:José Arcela Chiroque 1456:signals intelligence 1431:On 20 March 2002, a 1154:Lucanamarca massacre 620:Lucanamarca massacre 471:) and United Front ( 7023:Revolutionary Union 7003:Peruvian Resurgence 6703:Popular Cooperation 6598:ADP Political Party 6593:ADN Political Party 6420:National Solidarity 5638:2001 Peru shootdown 5618:La Cantuta massacre 5573:1989 Callao bombing 5163:Durham and London: 4130:. 13 February 2012. 3645:. 17 September 2015 3537:Rochlin, pp. 71–72. 2020:Left-wing terrorism 2015:Communist terrorism 1882:The Dancer Upstairs 1854:American rock band 1646:cult of personality 1532:Antero Flores Aráoz 1524:Huancavelica Region 1463:Brazilian Air Force 1353:Miraflores District 1326:La Cantuta massacre 1211:(MRTA), as well as 529:Active regions 351:groups such as the 337:socialist countries 325:cultural revolution 57:PCP-SL (unofficial) 7077:APRA-UNO Coalition 6933:National Awakening 6482:Front of Hope 2021 5820:Government of Peru 5731:Illegal drug trade 5543:Accomarca massacre 5208:St. Martin's Press 4291:on 7 October 2012. 4078:on 24 October 2012 4009:BBC, 28 April 2010 3793:The New York Times 3607:The New York Times 3553:ONG Waynakuna Perú 3520:The New York Times 3247:Degregori, p. 140. 3056:Human Rights Watch 2995:Human Rights Watch 2960:Book III Chapter 2 2871:"Reseña Histórica" 2860:(2019) pp 306–346. 2430:The New York Times 2360:on 1 December 2020 1944:Mario Vargas Llosa 1939:Death in the Andes 1839:In popular culture 1796:Human Rights Watch 1731:or the Costa Rica 1720:victims to death. 1492: 1270: 1226: 1094:state of emergency 1051: 949: 808:Mass organizations 595:Government of Peru 518:Dates of operation 268:), self-named the 7306:Terrorism in Peru 7198: 7197: 7166:Together for Peru 7136:People's Solution 7052:Former coalitions 6968:New Left Movement 6793:Active coalitions 6577:Works Civic Party 6426:Together for Peru 6331: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6063:Rondas campesinas 5759:Operation Snowcap 5673:Operation Patriot 5658:Llochegua Clashes 5653:Hatun Asha ambush 5643:2002 Lima bombing 5558:Aucayacu massacre 5356:978-0-16-039086-9 5327:978-0-8223-2217-7 5266:978-0-312-10619-5 5195:978-0-8078-4676-6 5173:978-0-8223-2217-7 4726:on 20 March 2021. 4693:Los Angeles Times 4562:978-1-4129-7059-4 4439:. 21 January 2011 3500:Associated Press/ 3408:. 7 February 1986 3098:Stéphane Courtois 2947:Book VI Chapter 1 2924:, pp. 29–36. 2491:. 23 August 2011. 2324:. 11 January 2023 2165:"Listed Entities" 1974:a movie starring 1779:Valentín Paniagua 1678:People's Republic 1668:People's Republic 1135:. In March 1983, 946:electoral boycott 767:Local Force (FL): 733: 732: 721:Succeeded by 615:Hatun Asha ambush 568:Non-state allies: 413:Communism in Peru 254: 253: 241:Political parties 7323: 7316:Anti-Americanism 7190:Politics of Peru 7142:Popular Alliance 6988:Peru Progressing 6958:National Victory 6948:National Renewal 6943:National Justice 6928:Liberty Movement 6878:Direct Democracy 6868:Democratic Force 6838:Land and Freedom 6698:Popular Unity UP 6618:Conscious People 6603:A Different Path 6527:People's Liberty 6373: 6372: 6371: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6219: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6018:Peruvian Marines 5961: 5951: 5941: 5931: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5897: 5878: 5868: 5859:Huallaga Faction 5857: 5847: 5837: 5771: 5754:Coca eradication 5734: 5687: 5633:Locumba uprising 5460: 5459: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5420: 5419: 5398: 5390: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5293: 5270: 5251:(2nd ed.). 5220:Koppel, Martin. 5199: 5180:Gorriti, Gustavo 5125: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4963: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4857: 4851: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4791: 4782: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4722:. Archived from 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4321:. 13 August 2013 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4229: 4223: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4175: 4174: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3995:Associated Press 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3900: 3894: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3856: 3850: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3802: 3796: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3758: 3752: 3742:Available online 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3699: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3599: 3593: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3524: 3511: 3505: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3158: 3147: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3053: 3047: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2969: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2819: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2770: 2741: 2740: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2393: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2356:. Archived from 2354:Global Americans 2345: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2286: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2216: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2161: 2155: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2065: 2056: 2049: 1971:Escape from L.A. 1920:The Evening News 1805: 1801: 1773: 1674:Republic of Peru 1541: 1508:Alejandro Toledo 1368: 1367: 1274:Alberto Fujimori 1266:Alberto Fujimori 1202:Level of support 1016:in Lima and the 1002:student councils 773:Base Force (FB): 749:Main Force (FP): 740: 727:(splinter group) 708: 706: 705: 695: 693: 692: 682: 680: 679: 669: 667: 666: 656: 654: 653: 643: 641: 640: 601:Battles and wars 593: 591: 590: 559: 558: 557: 524: 519: 512: 503: 493: 492: 483:Cuban Revolution 476: 470: 433:Marxism–Leninism 430: 416: 329:world revolution 307: 277: 266:Sendero Luminoso 236:Politics of Peru 227: 212: 199: 146:Anti-revisionism 99: 47: 28: 27: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7180:Portal:Politics 7171: 7047: 7038:With Force Peru 7013:Project Country 6842:Sowing Movement 6824:All for Victory 6807:Defunct parties 6802: 6788: 6784:Socialist Party 6722: 6713:Unity and Peace 6683:People's Voices 6581: 6492:Let's Save Peru 6487:I Believe Party 6440: 6416:Popular Renewal 6374: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6332: 6327: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6287: 6285: 6273: 6271: 6260: 6258: 6237: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6181: 6179: 6168: 6166: 6155: 6153: 6142: 6140: 6129: 6127: 6116: 6114: 6096: 6094: 6086: 6057: 6055: 6025:National Police 5988: 5974:FARC dissidents 5906: 5904: 5889: 5884: 5880:FARC-EP in Peru 5825: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5735: 5728: 5726: 5688: 5681: 5487: 5453: 5447: 5396: 5388: 5375: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5290: 5267: 5234:Lovell, Julia. 5196: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5073:Chicago Tribune 5065: 5061: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4940: 4936: 4899: 4895: 4858: 4854: 4848:Wayback Machine 4838: 4834: 4825: 4821: 4812: 4808: 4802:Wayback Machine 4792: 4785: 4779:Wayback Machine 4768:Wayback Machine 4758: 4754: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4685: 4681: 4669:Washington Post 4660: 4656: 4649: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4413:. 20 April 2018 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4387:. 20 March 2017 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4352:Goi, Leonardo. 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4221:Wayback Machine 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4187: 4178: 4173:. 4 March 2012. 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 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1803: 1799: 1798:, "Shining Path 1774: 1768: 1706: 1704:Use of violence 1670: 1634: 1590: 1552: 1539: 1496:Comrade Artemio 1488:Comrade Artemio 1418: 1402:Comrade Artemio 1398:Huallaga Valley 1382:have nothing." 1361: 1303:, Apurímac and 1272:When President 1258: 1250:Gaddafi's Libya 1204: 1059:Ayacucho Region 1040: 1034: 938: 933: 810: 785: 729: 728: 723: 703: 701: 690: 688: 677: 675: 664: 662: 651: 649: 638: 636: 588: 586: 555: 553: 522: 517: 491: 452: 407: 391:Comrade Artemio 296:Gonzalo Thought 284:guerrilla group 250: 197: 189: 155: 141:Gonzalo Thought 104:Split from 97: 80: 56: 38: 37: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7329: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7256:Maoist parties 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7130:National Unity 7127: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7033:Union for Peru 7030: 7025: 7020: 7018:Radical Change 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6938:National Force 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6850: 6845: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6653:Free and Equal 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6423: 6413: 6408: 6406:Popular Action 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6361: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6256: 6246: 6226: 6225: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6190: 6177: 6164: 6151: 6138: 6125: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6010: 6005: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5955: 5945: 5935: 5925: 5915: 5902: 5883: 5882: 5872: 5862: 5851: 5841: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5796:Huallaga River 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Narcoterrorism 5746: 5741: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:Tarata bombing 5610: 5605: 5603:Santa massacre 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5538:Putis massacre 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452:(1980–present) 5446: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5399: 5391: 5382: 5374: 5373:External links 5371: 5369: 5368: 5355: 5339: 5326: 5311: 5304: 5294: 5288: 5271: 5265: 5242: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5200: 5194: 5176: 5153: 5146: 5132: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5085: 5059: 5046: 5037: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4975: 4934: 4893: 4852: 4832: 4819: 4806: 4783: 4752: 4729: 4705: 4679: 4654: 4647: 4629: 4622: 4604: 4580: 4568: 4561: 4540: 4538:, p. 185. 4528: 4500: 4475: 4450: 4424: 4398: 4370: 4344: 4332: 4306: 4294: 4276: 4250: 4239:. 6 April 2012 4224: 4207: 4195:Peruvian Times 4176: 4158: 4133: 4115: 4104:on 2 June 2013 4089: 4063: 4052:on 2 June 2013 4037: 4026:on 2 June 2013 4011: 3999: 3983: 3961: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3895: 3879: 3867: 3851: 3835: 3823: 3797: 3781: 3753: 3733: 3720: 3700: 3684: 3672: 3656: 3634: 3612: 3594: 3578: 3565: 3539: 3525: 3506: 3483: 3471: 3458: 3445: 3432: 3419: 3393: 3380: 3361: 3346: 3328: 3302: 3276: 3261: 3249: 3240: 3219: 3206: 3185: 3175: 3159: 3142: 3121: 3090: 3064: 3048: 3028: 3015: 3002: 2987: 2964: 2951: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2877:(in Spanish). 2862: 2856:Julia Lovell, 2849: 2836: 2793: 2774:"Shining Path" 2742: 2721: 2699: 2682: 2657: 2631: 2606: 2580: 2553: 2539: 2519: 2494: 2476: 2450: 2416: 2371: 2335: 2318:"Shining Path" 2309: 2270: 2239: 2188: 2176: 2156: 2137: 2119: 2093: 2057: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1989: 1978: 1967: 1955: 1935: 1917: 1899: 1878: 1867: 1864: 1840: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1811: 1808: 1781:established a 1766: 1705: 1702: 1669: 1666: 1658:Inca mythology 1633: 1630: 1618:Waynakuna Peru 1589: 1586: 1568:Comrade Alipio 1560:Ollanta Humala 1551: 1548: 1504:Huánuco region 1437:George W. Bush 1417: 1414: 1410:Mantaro Valley 1360: 1357: 1330:Santa massacre 1324:, notably the 1257: 1254: 1203: 1200: 1173:Popular Action 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 953:Abimael Guzmán 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 899: 891: 883: 877: 872: 863: 855: 848: 840: 831: 822: 809: 806: 784: 781: 780: 779: 770: 764: 731: 730: 719: 718: 715: 714: 713: 712: 699: 697:United Kingdom 686: 673: 660: 658:European Union 647: 632: 625: 624: 623: 622: 617: 612: 610:Tarata bombing 602: 598: 597: 584: 580: 579: 578: 577: 565: 564: 546: 542: 541: 538: 534: 533: 530: 526: 525: 520: 514: 513: 505: 504: 498: 497: 490: 487: 451: 448: 406: 403: 383:Abimael Guzmán 376:European Union 333:full communism 252: 251: 249: 248: 243: 238: 232: 229: 228: 220: 219: 215: 214: 206: 202: 201: 195: 191: 190: 188: 187: 181: 175: 173: 169: 168: 163: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 127: 125: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 88:Abimael Guzmán 86: 82: 81: 79: 78: 72: 69:Abimael Guzmán 65: 63: 59: 58: 55:PCP (official) 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7328: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008:Possible Peru 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6918:Let's Go Peru 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6848:Citizen Force 6846: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472:Faith in Peru 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Popular Force 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6366: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6298: 6295: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6202: 6191: 6189: 6178: 6176: 6165: 6163: 6152: 6150: 6139: 6137: 6126: 6124: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6103:United States 6093: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5468:Participants 5465: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5432: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5289:1-58826-106-9 5285: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5216:0-312-10619-X 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5096: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5041: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4815:Book I Part I 4810: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4741: 4740: 4739:Informe final 4733: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4147: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3935: 3930: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3644: 3638: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3481:, p. 71. 3480: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3347:9780275933029 3343: 3339: 3332: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3236:0-8223-2217-X 3233: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3203: 3202:0-8223-2217-X 3199: 3195: 3189: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3139: 3138:0-8223-2217-X 3135: 3131: 3125: 3118: 3117:0-674-07608-7 3114: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2936:, p. 17. 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2912:, p. 21. 2911: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2832: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2781: 2780: 2779:InSight Crime 2775: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2722:9789871117468 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2692: 2686: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2542: 2540:9788490973950 2536: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2298: 2297: 2296:InSight Crime 2292: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2259: 2258: 2257:InSight Crime 2253: 2246: 2244: 2228: 2227: 2226:InSight Crime 2222: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1985:: a novel by 1984: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1952:0-14-026215-6 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1932:0-385-50424-1 1929: 1925: 1924:Arthur Hailey 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914:1-85411-302-X 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1896:0-385-72107-2 1893: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1845:Guns N' Roses 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1807: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1765: 1764:imperialists. 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:InSight Crime 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:New Democracy 1679: 1675: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1606:InSight Crime 1603: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1547: 1545: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:Óscar Ramírez 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1349:Tarata Street 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1286:Peruvian Army 1283: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1262: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1181:Raúl Alfonsín 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:nom de guerre 954: 947: 942: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 904: 900: 898: 896: 892: 890: 888: 884: 881: 878: 876: 873: 870: 868: 864: 861: 860: 856: 854: 853: 849: 847: 845: 841: 838: 836: 832: 829: 827: 823: 820: 819: 815: 814: 813: 805: 803: 797: 795: 789: 778: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 739: 726: 722: 716: 711: 710:United States 700: 698: 687: 685: 674: 672: 661: 659: 648: 646: 635: 634: 633: 630: 626: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 606: 603: 599: 596: 585: 581: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569: 562: 552: 551: 550: 549:State allies: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 521: 515: 511: 506: 499: 494: 486: 484: 480: 475: 469: 463: 461: 457: 447: 445: 441: 436: 434: 429: 424: 420: 414: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:Óscar Ramírez 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 323:, inducing a 322: 318: 317:New Democracy 314: 309: 306: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 230: 226: 221: 216: 211: 207: 203: 196: 192: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 174: 170: 167: 164: 162: 158: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 128: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 95: 91: 87: 83: 76: 75:Óscar Ramírez 73: 70: 67: 66: 64: 60: 54: 50: 46: 41: 29: 26: 22: 7211:Shining Path 7132:(2001, 2006) 7089:Center Front 6973:New Majority 6819:All for Peru 6743: 6557:Purple Party 6497:Modern Force 6401:Podemos Perú 6296:(until 1991) 6294:Soviet Union 6229: 6228: 6224:(until 1997) 6208: 6204:(until 1991) 6201:Soviet Union 6088: 6087: 6075:Grupo Colina 6049: 6048: 5994: 5970:(until 2012) 5901:(until 2011) 5886: 5885: 5861:(until 2012) 5838: 5805: 5767: 5744:War on drugs 5730: 5683: 5648:Andahuaylazo 5485: 5478:Key aspects 5477: 5472: 5467: 5397:(in Spanish) 5389:(in Spanish) 5360:. Retrieved 5344: 5331:. Retrieved 5316: 5307: 5297: 5275: 5247: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5203: 5184: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5135: 5124:(in Spanish) 5099:. Retrieved 5088: 5076:. Retrieved 5072: 5062: 5054: 5049: 5040: 5028:. Retrieved 5024: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4835: 4822: 4809: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4724:the original 4717: 4708: 4696:. Retrieved 4692: 4682: 4673: 4667: 4657: 4638: 4632: 4613: 4607: 4595:. Retrieved 4583: 4571: 4552: 4543: 4536:Gorriti 1999 4531: 4519:. Retrieved 4512: 4503: 4491:. Retrieved 4487: 4478: 4466:. Retrieved 4462: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4437:Mantaro Rojo 4436: 4427: 4415:. Retrieved 4410: 4401: 4389:. Retrieved 4384:InsightCrime 4382: 4373: 4361:. Retrieved 4357: 4347: 4335: 4323:. Retrieved 4318: 4309: 4297: 4289:the original 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4262: 4253: 4241:. Retrieved 4236: 4227: 4210: 4198:. Retrieved 4194: 4170: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4127: 4118: 4106:. Retrieved 4102:the original 4092: 4080:. 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Retrieved 2809: 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2777: 2736: 2734: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2685: 2673:. Retrieved 2670:RPP Noticias 2669: 2660: 2648:. Retrieved 2643: 2634: 2622:. Retrieved 2618: 2609: 2597:. Retrieved 2592: 2583: 2571:. Retrieved 2569:(in Spanish) 2566: 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2529: 2522: 2510:. Retrieved 2504: 2497: 2489:The Guardian 2488: 2479: 2469:15 September 2467:. Retrieved 2463:the original 2453: 2441:. Retrieved 2429: 2419: 2407:. Retrieved 2400: 2362:. Retrieved 2358:the original 2353: 2326:. Retrieved 2321: 2312: 2300:. Retrieved 2294: 2261:. Retrieved 2255: 2230:. Retrieved 2224: 2186:, p. 3. 2184:Rochlin 2003 2179: 2159: 2140: 2122: 2110:. Retrieved 2096: 2077: 2073: 2052: 2047: 1998:Tony Kushner 1996:, a play by 1991: 1980: 1976:Kurt Russell 1969: 1961: 1957: 1937: 1919: 1901: 1880: 1871: 1853: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1813: 1787:Final Report 1786: 1776: 1770: 1726: 1722: 1707: 1671: 1662: 1650: 1635: 1626: 1614: 1591: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1536:Yehude Simon 1528: 1513: 1501: 1493: 1477: 1474: 1467: 1441: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1362: 1342: 1338:Grupo Colina 1312: 1309: 1301:Huancavelica 1294: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1247: 1244: 1236: 1227: 1212: 1205: 1188:labor unions 1185: 1158: 1136: 1128: 1118: 1106: 1087: 1083:Huancavelica 1067: 1052: 1048:people's war 1022: 991: 986: 982: 977: 950: 924: 919: 914: 909: 901: 893: 885: 879: 874: 867:People's Aid 865: 857: 850: 842: 833: 824: 816: 811: 798: 790: 786: 783:United Front 777: 772: 766: 748: 743: 734: 720: 576:(until 2012) 567: 566: 563:(until 2011) 548: 474:Frente Unido 464: 453: 450:Organization 443: 437: 408: 389:in 1999 and 380: 361: 313:people's war 310: 299: 290:, following 269: 258:Shining Path 257: 255: 52:Abbreviation 25: 7079:(1963-1968) 6834:Broad Front 6718:Vision Peru 6608:Battle Peru 6552:Progresemos 6541:Peru Nation 6537:Peru Action 6502:Modern Peru 6436:We Are Peru 6162:North Korea 4549:Martin, Gus 3558:8 September 2644:El Comercio 2593:El Comercio 2567:El Comercio 2546:28 November 2443:8 September 2112:21 November 1791:disappeared 1757:imperialist 1749:proletariat 1478:senderistas 1141:Lucanamarca 985:(1969) and 971:founded by 444:senderistas 440:front group 341:revisionist 77:(1993–1999) 71:(1969–1993) 7205:Categories 6960:(formerly 6898:Hope Front 6888:Hacer País 6855:(formerly 6766:(formerly 6673:New People 6547:Peru First 6539:(formerly 6512:Now Nation 6428:(formerly 6418:(formerly 5473:Timeline 5362:13 January 5333:13 January 4648:0472098241 4623:0813336074 4521:5 December 4391:4 December 3649:7 November 3627:7 November 3412:4 February 3321:4 February 3295:4 February 3083:13 October 2786:4 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