606:
516:; and any married person who engages in licentious conduct. To "ride such a person skimmington" involved exposing them or their effigy to ridicule on a cart, or on the back of a horse or donkey. Some accounts describe the participants as carrying ladles and spoons with which to beat each other, at least in the case of skimmingtons prompted by marital discord. The noisy parade passed through the neighbourhood, and served as a punishment to the offender and a warning to others to abide by community norms; Roberts suggests that the homes of other potential victims were visited in a pointed manner during a skimmington. According to one citation, a skimmington was broken up by the police in a village in Dorset as late as 1917; and incidents have been reported from the 1930s, the 1950s and perhaps even the 1970s.
38:
448:
just such an occurrence. However, in the nineteenth century the practice seems to have been somewhat refocused; whilst in the early period rough music was often used against men who had failed to assert their authority over their wives, by the end of the nineteenth century it was mostly targeted against men who had exceeded their authority by beating them. Thus, in contrast to the verses above referring to a shrewish wife there were also songs referring to the use of rough music as a protection for wives.
399:
276:
1277:, Season 1, Episode 8, "The Chivaree", the couple getting married discuss the expected "chivareeing" to follow their upcoming wedding. The groom opposes, after having already been chided in the town previously, but the scorned ex-lover of the bride insists. The bride and groom sit quietly in the window and endure the ruckus for two days before inviting the crowd in for food and drink.
710:
were committing the adulterous relationship) and dispense animal blood on their doorsteps. European charivaris were highly provocative, leading to overt public humiliation. The people used them to acknowledge and correct misbehaviour. In other parts of the world, similar public rituals around nuptials were practised mostly for celebration.
248:
Villages also used charivari in cases of adulterous relationships, against wife-beaters or unmarried mothers. It was also used as a form of shaming upon husbands who were beaten by their wives and had not stood up for themselves. In some cases, the community disapproved of any remarriage by older widows or widowers.
804:. In some communities the ritual served as a gentle spoof of the newlyweds, intended to disrupt for a while any sexual activities that might be under way. In parts of the midwest US, such as Kansas, in the mid 1960–1970s, shivaree customs continued as good natured wedding humour along the lines of the musical
240:
was frequently dunked at the end of the proceedings. A safer form involved a neighbour of the wrongdoer impersonating the victim while being carried through the streets. The impersonator was obviously not him or herself punished and often cried out or sang ribald verses mocking the wrongdoer. In the common form, an
546:
of royal forest lands, the name "Lady
Skimmington" was adopted by the leader of the protest movement. According to some sources the name was used by a number of men involved with the Western Rising, who dressed in women's clothes not only as a method of disguise, but also in order to symbolise their
885:
for that reason. After he married at the age of 14, his wife did not get pregnant for eight years, so villagers ridiculed him. Later in his life, another man took over Guerre's identity and life. The trial against the impostor was what captured the events for history. In the 20th century, the events
833:
The use of excessive noise was a universal practice in association with variations in the custom. Loud singing and chanting were common in Europe, including
England, and throughout North America. For an 1860 English charivari against a wife-beater, someone wrote an original chant which the crowd was
709:
In Europe various types of charivari took place that differed from similar practices in other parts of the world. For example, the community might conduct a stag hunt against adulterers by creating a mock chase of human "stags" by human "hounds". The hounds would pursue the stags (that is, those who
677:
but it is likely that it was traditional before that. It was first recorded in France, as a regular wedding activity to celebrate the nuptials at some point after the vows had been taken. But charivari achieved its greatest importance as it became transformed into a form of community censure against
239:
Parades were of three types. In the first and generally most violent form, an alleged wrongdoer (or wrongdoers) might be dragged from his or her home or place of work and paraded by force through a community. In the process, the victim was subject to the derision of the crowd and might be pelted and
799:
This account from an
American charivari in Kansas exemplifies the North American attitude. In contrast to punitive charivari in small villages in Europe, meant to ostracize and isolate the evildoers, North American charivaris were used as "unifying rituals", in which those in the wrong were brought
701:
The charivari as celebration was a custom initially practised by the upper classes, but as time went on, the lower classes also participated and often looked forward to the next opportunity to join in. The two main purposes of the charivari in Europe were to facilitate change in the current social
511:
used in that region for cheesemaking, which was perceived as a weapon used by a woman to beat a weak or henpecked husband. The rationale for a skimmington varied, but one major theme was disapproval of a man for weakness in his relationship with his wife. A description of the custom in 1856 cites
813:
In Tampa, Florida, in
September 1885, a large chivaree was held on the occasion of local official James T. Magbee's wedding. According to historian Kyle S. Vanlandingham, the party was "the wildest and noisiest of all the chivaree parties in Tampa's history," attended by "several hundred" men and
479:
The participants were generally young men temporarily bestowed with the power of rule over the everyday affairs of the community. As above, issues of sexuality and domestic hierarchy most often formed the pretexts for rough music, including acts of domestic violence or child abuse. However, rough
447:
Rough music processions are well attested in the medieval period as punishments for violations of the assumed gender norms. Men who had allowed themselves to be dominated by their shrewish wives were liable to be targeted and a frieze from
Montecute House, an Elizabethan Manor in Somerset depicts
869:
Charivari was sometimes called "riding the 'stang", when the target was a man who had been subject to scolding, beating, or other abuse from his wife. The man was made to "ride the 'stang", which meant that he was placed backwards on a horse, mule or ladder and paraded through town to be mocked,
1071:. Effigies of the mayor and Lucetta, a former lover, are paraded through the streets on a donkey by a noisy crowd when rumours of their prior relationship surface. Lucetta, now respectably married to Henchard's rival Farfrae, collapses in distress and humiliation, miscarries her baby and dies.
418:
Noisy, masked processions were held outside the home of the accused wrongdoer, involving the cacophonous rattling of bones and cleavers, the ringing of bells, hooting, blowing bull's horns, the banging of frying pans, saucepans, kettles, or other kitchen or barn implements with the intention of
784:
As practised in North
America, the charivari tended to be less extreme and punitive than the traditional European custom. Each was unique and heavily influenced by the standing of the family involved, as well as who was participating. While embellished with some European traditions, in a North
780:
from the earliest days of
English settlers through the early 1900s. The earliest documented examples of Canadian charivari were in Quebec in the mid-17th century. One of the most notable was on June 28, 1683. After the widow of François Vézier dit Laverdure remarried only three weeks after her
247:
Communities used "rough music" to express their disapproval of different types of violation of community norms. For example, they might target marriages of which they disapproved such as a union between an older widower and much younger woman, or the premature remarriage of a widow or widower.
775:
The early French colonists took the custom of charivari to their settlements in Quebec. Some historians believe the custom spread to
English-speaking areas of Lower Canada and eventually into the American South, but it was independently common in English society, so was likely to be part of
423:, along with a litany of obscenities and insults. Alternatively, one of the participants would "ride the stang" (a pole carried between the shoulders of two or more men or youths) while banging an old kettle or pan with a stick and reciting a rhyme (called a "nominy") such as the following:
593:, a seasonal custom, takes place at midnight on the third Sunday in December. The participants march around the village for about an hour, rattling pans, dustbin lids, kettles and anything else that will make a noise. The council once attempted to stop the tin-canning; participants were
861:
Perhaps the most common usage of the word today is in relation to circus performances, where a 'charivari' is a type of show opening that sees a raucous tumble of clowns and other performers into the playing space. This is the most common form of entrance used in today's classical
852:
In Europe the noise, songs, and chants had special meanings for the crowd. When directed against adulterers, the songs represented the community’s disgust. For a too-early remarriage of a widow or widower, the noises symbolized the scream of the late husband or wife in the night.
759:
Charivari has been practiced in much of the United States, but it was most frequent on the frontier, where communities were small and more formal enforcement was lacking. It was documented into the early 20th century, but was thought to have mostly died out by mid century. In
716:
was the most common consequence of the
European charivari. The acts which victims endured were forms of social ostracism often so embarrassing that they would leave the community for places where they were not known. Sometimes the charivari resulted in
419:
creating long-lasting embarrassment to the alleged perpetrator. During a rough music performance, the victim could be displayed upon a pole or donkey (in person or as an effigy), their "crimes" becoming the subject of mime, theatrical performances or
729:
include five cases of a charivari victim's firing on his accusers: these incidents resulted in two people being blinded and three killed. Some victims committed suicide, unable to recover from the public humiliation and social exclusion.
406:
In
Warwickshire, the custom was known as "loo-belling" or "lewbelling", and in northern England as "riding the stang". Other names given to this or similar customs were "rough-musicking" and "hussitting" (said to be a reference to the
316:), literally "heaviness in the head" but also used to mean "headache", from κάρα "head" and βαρύς "heavy". In any case, the tradition has been practised for at least 700 years. An engraving in the early 14th-century French manuscript,
915:; the items consist of small trophies from game, like teeth from wild boar, or deer, jaws and fangs from foxes and various marters, feathers and claws from jaybirds and birds of prey. A Bavarian Charivari resembles the so-called "
1204:
refers to the 'dissonant piping and war-drums of vengeance' sounds of rough music in a scene where a rural town finds out that a local man beat his daughter, causing her miscarriage, and a drunken mob come to kill him for the
374:
of the victim under the eyes of their neighbours Rough music practices were irregularly scattered throughout English communities in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth they declined but endured in a few places, such as
1232:, Season 2, Episode 8, the Widow Castell is made to walk a Skimmington in order to shame her for not remarrying soon enough. The men in power want her under the control of a husband to stymie her meddling in colony politics.
1173:, the episode titled "The Shivaree" focused around a wedding between a city boy and a country girl. The groom almost calls off the marriage after being humiliated by a shivaree thrown by his wife's family and friends.
1125:
band from the West Country of England. They took their name from the Skimmington (known as Skimmity in Dorset) to reflect their music and stage show which is a mix of rough music, parody, drunkenness and audience
367:". Where effigies of the "wrongdoers" were made they were frequently burned as the climax of the event (as the inscription on the Rampton photograph indicates) or "ritually drowned" (thrown into a pond or river).
633:
618:
484:, or profiteering at times of poor harvests. Occupational groups, such as butchers, employed rough music against others in the same trade who refused to abide by the commonly agreed labour customs.
267:
As species of popular justice rites, Charivaric events were carefully planned and they were often staged at times of traditional festivity thereby blending delivering justice and celebration.
980:, the evil half-man, half-horse central character Fauvel marries the allegorical figure of Vainglory, and the townspeople hold a charivari in the street as he goes to his marriage bed.
597:
and fined, but a dance was organised to raise money to pay the fines and the custom continues. The village is sufficiently proud of its custom for it to feature on the village sign.
810:. Rituals included wheeling the bride about in a wheelbarrow or tying cowbells under a wedding bed. This ritual may be the base of the fastening of tin cans to the newlyweds car.
1105:"She's me—she's me—even to the parasol—my green parasol!" cried Lucetta with a wild laugh as she stepped in. She stood motionless for one second—then fell heavily to the floor.
903:
With the charivari widely practised among rural villagers across Europe, the term and practice were part of common culture. Over time, the word was applied to other items. In
487:
Rough music practices would often be repeated for three or up to seven nights in a row. Many victims fled their communities and cases of suicide are not unknown. As forms of
503:
Skimmingtons are recorded in England in early medieval times and they are recorded in colonial America from around the 1730s. The term is particularly associated with the
706:
within the community. The goal was to enforce social standards and to rid the community of socially unacceptable relationships that threatened the stability of the whole.
919:", a women's ornament consisting of a silver chain with numerous pendants like a mini silver box of needles, a small pair of scissors, a tiny bottle of perfume, etc..
873:
The charivari was used to belittle those who could not or would not consummate their marriage. In the mid-16th century, historic records attest to a charivari against
402:
A lewbelling in Warwickshire, 1909. The caption stated that the custom, although dying out, was still occasionally observed. Here it was applied to an immoral couple.
1251:, Season 5, Episode 12, titled "Filibuster", Cyril proposes that the servants conduct a shivaree while he and Julia Calderon consummate their marriage. She declines.
523:
described a skimmington as: "Saucepans, frying-pans, poker and tongs, marrow-bones and cleavers, bulls horns, etc. beaten upon and sounded in ludicrous processions"
1093:"Well--it mid be. The man has got on a blue coat and kerseymere leggings; he has black whiskers, and a reddish face. 'Tis a stuffed figure, with a falseface." (...)
1008:
751:
It is possible that the blowing of car horns after weddings in France (and indeed in many European countries) today is a holdover from the charivari of the past.
1268:) that they were unable to re-enter the saloon they just left because the "shivaree" (i.e., the fight they had with other bar patrons) "wore out our welcome".
232:. Since the crowd aimed to make as much noise as possible by beating on pots and pans or anything that came to hand, these parades were often referred to as
1097:
The numerous lights round the two effigies threw them up into lurid distinctness; it was impossible to mistake the pair for other than the intended victims.
1182:, in episode titled "Shivaree", two travelers are forced to get married when it is discovered that they are actually a young unmarried couple in disguise.
1913:
1286:, Cersei Lannister's hair is cut off and she is paraded naked through the streets of King's Landing, whilst a bell is rung to repeated chants of "Shame!"
2866:. It also states that "The details of the Skimmington are so accurately described by the poet, that he must have derived them from actual observation."
395:
around 1951, and an attempt at traditional rough music practice was last documented by the folklorist Theo Brown in a Devonshire village around 1973.
347:, was most commonly employed, a skimmington being a type of large wooden ladle with which an unruly wife might beat her husband. Other terms include "
480:
music was also used as a sanction against those who committed certain species of economic crimes such as blocking footpaths, preventing traditional
1602:
335:
So-called "Rough Music" practices in England were known by many regional or local designations. In the North the most commonly employed term was "
2399:
1470:
339:", a stang being a long pole carried on the shoulders of two men between which an object or a person could be mounted. In the South, the term
1001:, her husband learns with alarm that "here was some talk about a charivari" among the miners, some of whom throw snickering glances at Susan.
570:, until it was banned by the police in 1964 because of hooliganism the previous year. The fair is still held, on the first Monday after Old
2943:
Several early examples of rough music, skimmington rides and similar unnamed customs between 1562 and 1790, including one in Seville (1593)
2557:
526:
2220:
2024:
558:
Tuneless, cacophonous "rough music", played on horns, bugles, whistles, tin trays and frying pans, was a feature of the custom known as
1141:
was the name given to a French satirical magazine first published in 1832. Its British counterpart, established in 1841, was entitled
2851:
2173:
1085:"Yes. Two images on a donkey, back to back, their elbows tied to one another's! She's facing the head, and he's facing the tail."
814:
lasting "until near daylight". The music produced during the chivaree was reportedly "hideous and unearthly beyond description".
605:
698:. It did not want the community taking on the judgment and punishment of parishioners. But the custom continued in rural areas.
2796:
2876:
Several early examples of skimmington rides and similar unnamed customs between 1562 and 1790, including one in Seville (1593)
2931:
2917:
2785:
2766:
2747:
2730:
2640:
2607:
2517:
2382:
2357:
2244:
1900:
1863:
1841:
1795:
1742:
1685:
1568:
1529:
1505:
1434:
1214:, the episode titled "Return Engagement, Part 1" references a shivaree after an ex-prostitute marries the telegraph operator.
2827:
1458:
562:. This had taken place annually, possibly for several centuries, in the early hours of the morning, to herald the start of
785:
American charivari participants might throw the culprits into horse tanks or force them to buy candy bars for the crowd.
2484:
Kyle S. Vanlandingham, "James T. Magbee: ‘Union Man, Undoubted Secessionist and High Priest in the Radical Synagogue,"
310:, already referring to the custom of rattling kitchenware with an iron rod, itself probably from the Greek καρηβαρία (
2903:
2091:
1665:
922:
In the Philippines, Charivari is punishable for being a public disorder under Article 155 of the Revised Penal Code.
17:
781:
husband’s death, people of Quebec City conducted a loud and strident charivari against the newlyweds at their home.
2668:
2461:
1223:, Laurey and Curly are given a shivaree on their wedding night by a group of rowdy cowboys near the end of Act II.
1730:
1237:
789:
All in fun – it was just a shiveree, you know, and nobody got mad about it. At least not very mad.
2103:
1425:
1917:
1496:
Palmer, Bryan D. (2005). "Discordant Music: Charivaris and Whitecapping in Nineteenth-Century North America".
387:(1920s and 1936), Northamptonshire. There were in fact some examples after the Second World War in Sussex, at
1585:
1058:, which dates from the Elizabethan era, and shows a man mounted on a pole, carried on the shoulders of others
579:
507:
region of England and, although the etymology is not certain, it has been suggested that it derived from the
224:) was a European and North American folk custom designed to shame a member of the community, in which a mock
2976:
2966:
1242:
newlyweds Chris and Kay are given a shivaree by local ranchers on Kay’s first night at her husband’s ranch.
2054:(1922 edition), Sir James George Frazer, Ch 56 The Public Expulsion of Evils §1 The Omnipresence of Demons
512:
three main targets: a man who is worsted by his wife in a quarrel; a cuckolded man who accepts his wife's
2981:
1023:
590:
1968:
1625:
1408:
888:
866:, whereas the two and three-ring circuses of the last century usually preferred a parade, or a 'spec'.
748:, consisted of raucous nocturnal music, and was aimed at widows or widowers who remarried prematurely.
37:
31:
2986:
2577:
2537:
2418:
1412:
1210:
1067:
1311:
452:
376:
1978:
934:
tradition as a 'rustic' or 'pastoral' character piece. Notable examples are those of the renowned
2946:
2936:
2879:
2869:
1246:
555:
Many folk customs around the world have involved making loud noises to scare away evil spirits.
1326:
392:
2148:
2632:
2624:
2260:
Johnson, Loretta T. (1990). "Charivari/Shivaree: A European Folk Ritual on American Plains".
2036:
1939:
1255:
1227:
1004:
733:
2400:"Charivari on the Hudson: Misrule, Disorder, and Festive Play in the Countryside, 1750–1900"
252:
is the original French word, and in Canada it is used by both Anglophones and Francophones.
2991:
1331:
1039:
997:, shortly after new bride Susan Burling Ward arrives in 1876 in the California mining town
49:
1035:, features a horseback skimmington ride prompted by a woman who seeks greater independence
8:
2214:
2184:
1191:
television episode "Four Funerals and a Wedding" prominently features a Skimmington ride.
1122:
897:
627:
2848:
Ralpho upon the skimmington (not named as such in the text) and their ignominious escape
1972:
2971:
2693:
2330:
2277:
2005:
1546:
1152:
916:
371:
1974:
The Social History of the People of the Southern Counties of England in Past Centuries
1164:'s characters by holding a noisy, drunken shivaree a couple days after their nuptials.
961:
ensemble, Charivari Agréable (founded in 1993), states that their name translates as,
2927:
2913:
2899:
2781:
2762:
2743:
2737:
2726:
2636:
2603:
2597:
2378:
2353:
2240:
2087:
1896:
1859:
1837:
1817:(1905 ed.). London, Reeves and Turner. p. 563 – via Internet Archive.
1791:
1738:
1681:
1661:
1564:
1525:
1501:
1454:
1430:
1273:
954:
567:
2802:
950:. Some are quite advanced and difficult and subsequently evoke the title's origins.
2844:
Part 2, Canto 2, lines 565–844 describe the mock-heroic attack by Hudibras and his
2322:
2269:
1997:
1617:
1187:
1157:
1143:
1048:, the central character encounters a skimmington in a scene notably illustrated by
687:
647:
609:
Paris men sing a drunken serenade in Honoré Daumier's series of humorous cartoons,
563:
380:
174:
168:
133:
68:
2837:
2326:
1621:
1586:
The Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway: Folklore and customs, by Dr Peter Millington
2831:
2824:
1282:
1201:
1055:
1049:
993:
984:
976:
695:
661:
637:
622:
495:, ran-tanning and similar activities were banned under the Highways Act of 1882.
318:
281:
257:
127:
41:
2414:
2377:(in French). Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 141.
1660:, pp. 6–8, Privately published, Stanley L Hunt (printers), Rushden, 1991.
1598:
1386:
1356:
1028:
988:
947:
935:
931:
642:
539:
1812:
1381:
772:, and the Atlantic provinces, but not always as an expression of disapproval.
2960:
2209:
1321:
1032:
874:
777:
741:
652:
575:
520:
508:
398:
1471:""Stang riding" as punishment for male victims of intimate partner violence"
244:
was employed instead, abused and often burnt at the end of the proceedings.
27:
European and North American folk custom designed to shame a community member
2889:
1301:
1178:
1161:
1137:
1062:
939:
666:
504:
388:
294:
1588:
Includes a rare photograph of a ran-tan at Rampton, Nottinghamshire (1909)
965:'pleasant tumult' (from Saint-Lambert’s 1707 treatise on accompaniment)".
1420:
1416:
1336:
1169:
998:
958:
713:
691:
674:
420:
2655:
1156:, members of a North Dakota farming community celebrate the marriage of
2334:
2224:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 891.
2066:
2058:
2049:
2009:
1765:
1296:
1265:
1261:
912:
822:
657:
571:
2281:
694:
forbade the ritual of charivari and threatened its practitioners with
542:
of 1628–1631, which was a rebellion in south-west England against the
30:
This article is about the mock-serenading custom. For other uses, see
2858:
The footnote describes a skimmington, and likens it to examples from
1219:
1196:
1101:"Come in, come in," implored Elizabeth; "and let me shut the window!"
806:
543:
488:
412:
384:
2001:
2859:
2759:
Make the Night Hideous: Four English-Canadian Charivaris, 1881–1940
2273:
1306:
1044:
882:
683:
513:
481:
408:
229:
228:
was staged through the settlement accompanied by a discordant mock
54:
45:
1811:
Brand, John; Ellis, Henry; Hazlitt, William Carew (July 8, 1905).
1077:"They are coming up Corn Street after all! They sit back to back!"
2863:
2852:
Samuel Butler (ed. Henry G. Bohn, with notes from Grey and Nash)
1316:
904:
878:
765:
722:
703:
594:
2213:
2149:"British Folk Customs, Broughton Tin Can Band, Northamptonshire"
2845:
1658:
Like Dew Before the Sun – Life and Language in Northamptonshire
1016:
863:
818:
801:
769:
761:
726:
718:
241:
225:
817:
Charivari is believed to have inspired the development of the
678:
socially unacceptable marriages; for example, the marriage of
204:
116:
92:
2558:"stanging-for-a-man-beaten-by-a-wife-mentioned-top (picture)"
1992:
Allan, D. G. C. (1952). "The Rising in the West, 1628–1631".
737:
679:
776:
Anglo-American customs. Charivari is well documented in the
275:
154:
142:
2953:
Descriptions of Riding the Stang, including a ran-tan rhyme
2780:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–112.
911:
was adopted as the name for the silver ornaments worn with
800:
back into the community after what might amount to a minor
492:
195:
180:
157:
110:
83:
2129:
Wassail! A Traditional Celebration of an English Midwinter
177:
139:
101:
74:
189:
145:
104:
77:
2669:"Charivari et justice populaire au Québec de René Hardy"
682:
before the end of the customary social period of formal
2462:"Why Do We Fasten Tin Cans to Newlyweds' Car Bumpers?"
930:
Charivari would later be taken up by composers of the
2373:
Le Goff, Jacques; Schmitt, Jean-Claude, eds. (1981).
279:
Depiction of charivari, early 14th century (from the
183:
136:
71:
1716:: Illustrated London News, 14 August 1909, page 233.
1500:. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press. pp. 48–49.
201:
192:
186:
151:
113:
107:
89:
80:
2313:Alford, Violet (1959). "Rough Music or Charivari".
1760:
Seal, Graham, "A 'Hussitting' in Berkshire, 1930" (
1545:. ex officina Hackiana. 1671. p. 822 (note by
547:protest against a breach of the established order.
311:
198:
148:
98:
86:
2576:
2556:
2536:
2516:
2518:"stanging-for-man-whose-wife-beats-him (picture)"
1914:"Riot and Revelry in Early America: Introduction"
1810:
1054:A skimmington is depicted in a plaster frieze in
2958:
1893:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1880:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1834:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1678:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760-1914
1561:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1780–1918
1522:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1451:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
442:Till the blood run down like a new stuck sheep!
2794:
2723:Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914
2372:
2143:
2141:
740:"in spite of the energetic disapproval of the
2658:, from Charivari Agréable's official website.
1581:
1579:
1577:
1429:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1357:"What medieval Europe did with its teenagers"
736:recorded the survival of the custom in 1950s
48:Encounters the Skimmington" (illustration to
2761:. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
2239:. Ottawa: The Golden Dog Press. p. 57.
2062:, Ch 56 §2 The Occasional Expulsion of Evils
1996:. New series, vol. 5 (1). Blackwell: 76–85.
1756:
1754:
1591:
498:
440:She struck him so hard, and she cut so deep,
2742:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2602:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2138:
673:The custom has been documented back to the
527:A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
436:For spending a penny when he stood in need.
305:
298:
2739:Society and Culture in Early Modern France
2366:
1963:
1961:
1574:
1061:A skimmington forms a well-known scene in
942:in his five collections of pieces for the
2756:
2070:, Ch56 §3 The Periodic Expulsion of Evils
1751:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1015:depicts a charivari that occurs in rural
2949:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2939:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2882:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2872:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2622:
2350:A View of the World: Selected Journalism
2234:
2208:
1814:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
1597:
1426:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1089:"Is it meant for anybody in particular?"
1081:"What—two of 'em—are there two figures?"
968:
604:
397:
274:
36:
2856:Vol 1, p. 196, (1859) Annotated edition
2691:
2459:
2397:
2259:
2022:
1967:
1958:
1916:. Penn State University. Archived from
1853:
1724:
1722:
14:
2959:
2685:
2413:(2). Hudson River Valley Institute at
2312:
1905:
1643:
1495:
1354:
828:
660:, (also cacerolazo or cacerolada) and
325:
2735:
2692:Quinion, Michael (16 December 2000).
2595:
2347:
1991:
1985:
1790:. London: Continuum. pp. 47–48.
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1407:
1130:
974:In the 14th-century political satire
843:It is a very great shame and disgrace
370:The very essence of the practice was
2825:DarkDorset.co.uk: Skimmington Riding
2775:
2262:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2084:A Dictionary of British Folk Customs
2076:
1931:
1728:
1719:
896:, by the American history professor
466:We'll put his nose right out before.
2025:"Myth, Memory and Misunderstanding"
1937:
1785:
886:formed the basis of a French film,
870:while people banged pots and pans.
686:. In the early 17th century at the
24:
2834:(Several examples given in detail)
2715:
2398:Wermuth, Thomas S. (Spring 2016).
2135:, Fellside Records, FECD125 (1997)
2127:John Kirpatrick, Sleeve notes for
1911:
1770:
1731:"Appendix G: The Skimmington Ride"
702:structure and to act as a form of
600:
550:
451:Rough music song originating from
25:
3003:
2818:
2801:. Richard Bentley. Archived from
2237:The Charivari or Canadian Poetics
1764:, vol. 98, No. 1 (1987), 91, 93.
1708:The word was said to derive from
1355:Kremer, William (23 March 2014).
533:
438:She up with a three-footed stool;
260:. In the United States, the term
2886:Descriptions of Riding the Stang
2631:. New York: New Press. pp.
2583:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
2563:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
2543:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
2523:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
1543:Historiae Augustae scriptores VI
1475:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
1245:In the American animated sitcom
754:
519:The antiquary and lexicographer
173:
132:
67:
2838:Exclassics.com: online text of
2661:
2649:
2616:
2589:
2569:
2549:
2529:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2478:
2460:Russell, Whitney (2017-11-24).
2453:
2444:
2435:
2391:
2348:Lewis, Norman (2011). "Ibiza".
2341:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2253:
2228:
2202:
2166:
2121:
2096:
2043:
2016:
1885:
1872:
1847:
1826:
1804:
1702:
1690:
1670:
856:
434:She bang'd him, she bang'd him,
2842:by Samuel Butler, 1805 edition
2407:The Hudson River Valley Review
2086:, pp291–292, Paladin Granada,
1944:North Carolina History Project
1553:
1535:
1524:, Chapter Three Boydell Press
1514:
1489:
1463:
1443:
1401:
1374:
1348:
1144:Punch, or The London Charivari
764:, charivaris have occurred in
432:Mrs. _______ and her good man.
322:, shows a charivari underway.
13:
1:
2941:, (1905 edition) pp. 551–552.
2874:, (1905 edition) pp. 551–552.
2778:Ritual in Early Modern Europe
2736:Davis, Natalie Zemon (1975).
2725:Woodbride, UK: Boydell Press
2596:Davis, Natalie Zemon (1983).
2327:10.1080/0015587x.1959.9717197
2174:"Broughton Parish Plan (pdf)"
1622:10.1080/0015587X.1992.9715826
1342:
845:To all who live in this place
725:. Examples from the south of
256:became the common variant in
1498:Crime and Deviance in Canada
1226:In the British drama series
1194:In the fantasy novel series
1121:The Skimmity Hitchers are a
847:It is indeed, upon my life!
491:that were likely to lead to
270:
7:
2757:Greenhill, Pauline (2010).
2599:The Return of Martin Guerre
1994:The Economic History Review
1854:Bloxham, Christine (2005).
1290:
1024:The Late Lancashire Witches
925:
894:The Return of Martin Guerre
591:Broughton, Northamptonshire
312:
10:
3008:
1858:. Tempus. pp. 60–61.
1603:"Rough Music Reconsidered"
889:Le Retour de Martin Guerre
464:So if he does it any more,
460:There is a man in our town
330:
32:Charivari (disambiguation)
29:
2947:Archive.org: John Brand,
2937:Archive.org: John Brand,
2898:(1884), chapters 36, 39.
2896:The Mayor of Casterbridge
2890:Notbored.org: Rough music
2880:Archive.org: John Brand,
2870:Archive.org: John Brand,
2814:Chapter XI: The Charivari
2578:"stanging-1829 (picture)"
2538:"wife-beat-him (picture)"
2235:Longmore, George (1977).
2153:information-britain.co.uk
1895:pp. 76–82. Boydell Press
1735:The Mayor of Casterbridge
1453:pp. 71–72 Boydell Press,
1387:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1211:Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
1114:The Mayor of Casterbridge
1068:The Mayor of Casterbridge
499:Origins, history and form
472:Holler boys, holler boys.
468:Holler boys, holler boys,
462:Who often beats his wife,
2951:, (1905 edition) p. 563.
2884:, (1905 edition) p. 563.
2795:Moodie, Susanna (1854).
2623:Thompson, E. P. (1993).
2082:Hole, Christina (1978).
2023:Pericic, Marija (2009).
1312:Extrajudicial punishment
892:(1982) and the history,
877:in the small village of
616:Equivalents include the
453:South Stoke, Oxfordshire
377:Rampton, Nottinghamshire
212:, alternatively spelled
2798:Roughing It In The Bush
2506:Johnson (1990), p. 376.
2488:20, no. 1 (1994): 7–23.
2450:Johnson (1990), p. 387.
2417:: 27–52. Archived from
2303:Johnson (1990), p. 379.
2294:Johnson (1990), p. 375.
2221:Encyclopædia Britannica
1946:. John Locke Foundation
1856:Folklore of Oxfordshire
1786:Cox, Christoph (2004).
1697:Illustrated London News
1563:, P. 63 Boydell Press,
1520:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1271:In the television show
1208:In the television show
1176:In the television show
1167:In the television show
794:Johnson (1990), p. 382.
289:The origin of the word
2721:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1832:Banks Stephen, (2014)
1676:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1559:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1449:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1327:Tarring and feathering
1118:
850:
797:
665:
651:
641:
626:
613:
611:The Musicians of Paris
477:
445:
403:
306:
299:
286:
59:
2910:I Shall Wear Midnight
2776:Muir, Edward (2005).
2497:Palmer (2005), p. 49.
2441:Palmer (2005), p. 51.
2035:: 6–7. Archived from
1891:Banks Stephen (2014)
1729:Page, Norman (1997).
1264:) tells Mississippi (
1123:Scrumpy & Western
1074:
969:In art and literature
836:
787:
608:
457:
428:With a ran, tan, tan,
425:
401:
278:
40:
2190:on 30 September 2011
2104:"What's On - Dorset"
1977:. Longman. pp.
1821:Costume of Yorkshire
470:Make the bells ring,
2977:Canadian traditions
2967:Weddings by culture
2912:(2010), chapter 2.
2131:, John Kirpatrick
1737:. Broadview Press.
1631:on 13 February 2020
1238:Never A Dull Moment
898:Natalie Zemon Davis
829:Importance of noise
574:Day (10 October) –
474:God save the King.
326:Regional variations
293:is likely from the
2982:Wedding traditions
2830:2019-09-13 at the
2700:. World Wide Words
2694:"World Wide Words"
1656:Dorothy A Grimes,
1547:Claudius Salmasius
1477:. December 2, 2015
1153:The Purchase Price
1131:In popular culture
1013:The Violent Season
841:Has beat his wife!
839:Has beat his wife!
744:". It was called
614:
580:Old Style calendar
430:On my old tin can,
404:
372:public humiliation
287:
220:and also called a
60:
2932:978-0-00-655220-8
2918:978-0-385-61107-7
2908:Terry Pratchett,
2787:978-0-521-84153-5
2768:978-1-4426-4077-1
2749:978-0-8047-0868-5
2731:978-1-84383-940-8
2642:978-1-56584-003-4
2629:Customs in Common
2609:978-0-674-76690-7
2384:978-2-7132-0754-9
2359:978-1-78060-037-6
2352:. London: Eland.
2246:978-0-919614-18-5
2215:"Charivari"
1938:Kickler, Troy L.
1912:Pencak, William.
1901:978-1-84383-940-8
1865:978-0-7524-3664-7
1842:978-1-84383-940-8
1797:978-0-8264-1614-8
1744:978-1-55111-122-3
1699:, 14 August 1909.
1686:978-1-84383-940-8
1569:978-1-84383-940-8
1530:978-1-84383-940-8
1507:978-1-55130-274-4
1436:978-0-521-15255-6
1361:BBC News Magazine
1332:The Rogue's March
1280:In the TV series
1274:Death Valley Days
1254:In the 1966 film
1235:In the 1950 film
955:period instrument
568:Sherborne, Dorset
560:Teddy Rowe's Band
18:Shivaree (custom)
16:(Redirected from
2999:
2987:English folklore
2813:
2811:
2810:
2791:
2772:
2753:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2585:. December 2015.
2580:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2565:. December 2015.
2560:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2545:. December 2015.
2540:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2525:. December 2015.
2520:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2183:. Archived from
2181:kettering.gov.uk
2178:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2145:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:visit-dorset.com
2100:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2052:The Golden Bough
2047:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1851:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1768:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1726:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1624:. Archived from
1607:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1459:978-1-84383940-8
1447:
1441:
1440:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1260:, Cole Thorton (
1188:Midsomer Murders
1158:Barbara Stanwyck
1116:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
964:
834:happy to adopt:
795:
688:Council of Tours
636:
628:haberfeldtreiben
621:
564:Pack Monday Fair
411:or followers of
381:Middleton Cheney
345:skimmington ride
315:
309:
302:
264:is more common.
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
172:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
131:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
21:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2957:
2956:
2832:Wayback Machine
2821:
2808:
2806:
2788:
2769:
2750:
2718:
2716:Further reading
2713:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2594:
2590:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2486:Sunland Tribune
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2346:
2342:
2321:(4): 505–518 .
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2268:(3): 371–387 .
2258:
2254:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2081:
2077:
2048:
2044:
2021:
2017:
2002:10.2307/2591309
1990:
1986:
1969:Roberts, George
1966:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1878:Banks Stephen,
1877:
1873:
1866:
1852:
1848:
1831:
1827:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1771:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1727:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1680:Boydell Press.
1675:
1671:
1655:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1605:
1599:Thompson, E. P.
1596:
1592:
1584:
1575:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1293:
1283:Game of Thrones
1217:In the musical
1202:Terry Pratchett
1133:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1056:Montacute House
1050:William Hogarth
994:Angle of Repose
991:-winning novel
985:Wallace Stegner
977:Roman de Fauvel
971:
962:
928:
859:
849:
846:
844:
842:
840:
831:
796:
793:
757:
696:excommunication
692:Catholic Church
632:
617:
603:
601:Mainland Europe
553:
551:Similar customs
536:
501:
493:public disorder
476:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
444:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
333:
328:
319:Roman de Fauvel
282:Roman de Fauvel
273:
258:Ontario, Canada
176:
167:
166:
135:
126:
125:
97:
70:
66:
42:William Hogarth
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2934:
2922:Patrick Gale,
2920:
2906:
2894:Thomas Hardy,
2892:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2849:
2835:
2820:
2819:External links
2817:
2816:
2815:
2792:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2684:
2660:
2648:
2641:
2615:
2608:
2588:
2568:
2548:
2528:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2477:
2466:The News Wheel
2452:
2443:
2434:
2415:Marist College
2390:
2383:
2365:
2358:
2340:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2274:10.2307/204083
2252:
2245:
2227:
2212:, ed. (1911).
2210:Chisholm, Hugh
2201:
2165:
2137:
2120:
2095:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2042:
2039:on 2009-10-17.
2015:
1984:
1957:
1930:
1904:
1884:
1871:
1864:
1846:
1825:
1803:
1796:
1769:
1750:
1743:
1718:
1701:
1689:
1669:
1642:
1590:
1573:
1552:
1534:
1513:
1506:
1488:
1462:
1442:
1435:
1400:
1373:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1252:
1243:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1148:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1112:Thomas Hardy,
1109:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1065:'s 1884 novel
1059:
1052:
1036:
1029:Thomas Heywood
1020:
1011:'s 1961 novel
1002:
989:Pulitzer Prize
981:
970:
967:
944:basse de viole
936:viola da gamba
932:French Baroque
927:
924:
881:in the French
858:
855:
837:
830:
827:
791:
756:
753:
602:
599:
552:
549:
540:Western Rising
535:
534:Western Rising
532:
500:
497:
458:
426:
332:
329:
327:
324:
272:
269:
44:'s engraving "
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:0-00-424535-0
2901:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2805:on 2012-04-02
2804:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:"Rough Music"
2619:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2424:on 2018-03-04
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2092:0-586-08293-X
2089:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2050:Bartleby.com
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1945:
1941:
1940:"Skimmington"
1934:
1920:on 2006-09-01
1919:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1836:p. 92. p. 99
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1788:Audio Culture
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1666:0-9518496-0-3
1663:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Jones, Daniel
1404:
1390:(Online). n.d
1389:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Riding a rail
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:Samuel Butler
1037:
1034:
1033:Richard Brome
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Robert Goulet
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:
973:
972:
966:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
923:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:
884:
880:
876:
875:Martin Guerre
871:
867:
865:
854:
848:
835:
826:
824:
821:tradition of
820:
815:
811:
809:
808:
803:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:Hudson Valley
773:
771:
767:
763:
755:North America
752:
749:
747:
743:
742:Guardia Civil
739:
735:
731:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
707:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
669:
668:
663:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
630:
629:
624:
620:
612:
607:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
548:
545:
541:
531:
529:
528:
522:
521:Francis Grose
517:
515:
510:
506:
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
475:
456:
454:
449:
443:
424:
422:
416:
414:
410:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
323:
321:
320:
314:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
284:
283:
277:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
209:
170:
162:
129:
121:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:Samuel Butler
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2948:
2938:
2923:
2909:
2895:
2881:
2871:
2853:
2839:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:the original
2797:
2777:
2758:
2738:
2722:
2702:. Retrieved
2697:
2687:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2656:All about us
2651:
2628:
2618:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2571:
2562:
2551:
2542:
2531:
2522:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2426:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2410:
2406:
2393:
2375:Le charivari
2374:
2368:
2349:
2343:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2219:
2204:
2194:25 September
2192:. Retrieved
2185:the original
2180:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2083:
2078:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2037:the original
2032:
2028:
2018:
1993:
1987:
1973:
1948:. Retrieved
1943:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1907:
1892:
1887:
1882:Chapter Five
1879:
1874:
1855:
1849:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1787:
1761:
1734:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1677:
1672:
1657:
1633:. Retrieved
1626:the original
1613:
1609:
1593:
1560:
1555:
1542:
1537:
1521:
1516:
1497:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1450:
1445:
1424:
1421:Esling, John
1417:Setter, Jane
1413:Roach, Peter
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1302:Dorset Ooser
1281:
1272:
1256:
1247:
1236:
1228:
1218:
1209:
1195:
1186:
1179:The Rifleman
1177:
1168:
1162:George Brent
1151:
1150:In the film
1142:
1138:Le Charivari
1136:
1126:humiliation.
1113:
1076:
1066:
1063:Thomas Hardy
1043:
1027:, a play by
1022:
1012:
992:
975:
953:The British
952:
943:
940:Marin Marais
929:
921:
908:
902:
893:
887:
872:
868:
860:
857:Other usages
851:
838:
832:
816:
812:
805:
798:
788:
783:
774:
758:
750:
745:
734:Norman Lewis
732:
712:
708:
700:
672:
615:
610:
587:Tin Can Band
586:
584:
576:St Michael's
559:
557:
554:
537:
524:
518:
505:West Country
502:
486:
478:
459:
450:
446:
427:
417:
405:
391:in 1947 and
389:West Hoathly
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:stang riding
336:
334:
317:
304:, plural of
297:
295:Vulgar Latin
290:
288:
280:
266:
261:
253:
249:
246:
238:
233:
221:
217:
213:
62:
61:
53:
2992:Vigilantism
2924:Rough Music
2698:Skimmington
2673:Septentrion
1382:"charivari"
1337:Vigilantism
1170:The Waltons
999:New Almaden
959:early music
714:Humiliation
675:Middle Ages
643:katzenmusik
578:Day in the
538:During the
489:vigilantism
421:recitatives
383:(1909) and
357:ran tanning
353:tin-panning
341:skimmington
234:rough music
222:skimmington
2961:Categories
2809:2009-10-20
2678:2024-03-27
2471:2020-03-01
2428:2018-03-03
1924:2009-10-17
1394:2022-01-12
1343:References
1297:Cacerolazo
1266:James Caan
1262:John Wayne
917:chatelaine
913:Lederhosen
823:Tintamarre
746:cencerrada
658:cacerolada
656:, Spanish
653:scampanate
572:Michaelmas
349:lewbelling
307:caribarium
2972:Widowhood
2704:1 January
2158:6 January
2113:6 January
1950:1 January
1819:(quoting
1257:El Dorado
1229:Jamestown
1220:Oklahoma!
1197:Discworld
1005:Québécois
938:virtuoso
909:charivari
807:Oklahoma!
667:charivari
634:‹See Tfd›
619:‹See Tfd›
544:enclosure
530:, 1796).
413:John Huss
393:Copthorne
385:Blisworth
313:karēbaría
300:caribaria
291:charivari
271:Etymology
250:Charivari
63:Charivari
2926:(2000)
2860:Plutarch
2854:Hudibras
2840:Hudibras
2828:Archived
2315:Folklore
1971:(1856).
1762:Folklore
1616:: 3–26.
1610:Folklore
1601:(1992).
1423:(eds.).
1411:(2011).
1366:23 March
1307:Escrache
1291:See also
1110:—
1045:Hudibras
987:'s 1971
948:continuo
926:In music
883:Pyrenees
792:—
684:mourning
595:summoned
514:adultery
482:gleaning
409:Hussites
379:(1909),
262:shivaree
254:Chivaree
230:serenade
218:chivaree
214:shivaree
55:Hudibras
46:Hudibras
2864:Juvenal
2633:467–531
2335:1258223
2068:op.cit.
2060:op.cit.
2010:2591309
1823:, 1814)
1714:belling
1635:14 July
1481:15 July
1317:Mobbing
1160:'s and
1007:writer
905:Bavaria
879:Artigat
819:Acadian
766:Ontario
723:suicide
704:censure
648:Italian
361:nominey
331:England
2930:
2916:
2902:
2846:squire
2784:
2765:
2746:
2729:
2639:
2606:
2381:
2356:
2333:
2282:204083
2280:
2243:
2133:et al.
2090:
2029:Limina
2008:
1899:
1862:
1840:
1794:
1741:
1684:
1664:
1567:
1528:
1504:
1457:
1433:
1248:Archer
1205:crime.
1017:Quebec
864:circus
802:hazing
770:Quebec
762:Canada
727:France
719:murder
690:, the
680:widows
662:French
638:German
623:German
365:wooset
363:" or "
359:", a "
242:effigy
226:parade
2422:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
2331:JSTOR
2278:JSTOR
2188:(PDF)
2177:(PDF)
2006:JSTOR
1981:–536.
1629:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
738:Ibiza
509:ladle
343:, or
171:also
130:also
2928:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2900:ISBN
2862:and
2782:ISBN
2763:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2706:2010
2637:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2196:2017
2160:2017
2115:2017
2088:ISBN
1952:2010
1897:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1710:lewd
1682:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1637:2012
1565:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1483:2023
1455:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1368:2014
1185:The
1031:and
946:and
631:and
585:The
355:", "
351:", "
2323:doi
2270:doi
1998:doi
1979:535
1618:doi
1614:103
1042:'s
1038:In
983:In
721:or
589:at
566:at
415:).
216:or
155:ɑːr
143:ɑːr
52:'s
2963::
2696:.
2671:.
2635:.
2627:.
2581:.
2561:.
2541:.
2521:.
2464:.
2411:32
2409:.
2405:.
2329:.
2319:70
2317:.
2276:.
2266:20
2264:.
2218:.
2179:.
2151:.
2140:^
2106:.
2033:15
2031:.
2027:.
2004:.
1960:^
1942:.
1772:^
1767:).
1753:^
1733:.
1721:^
1712:+
1645:^
1612:.
1608:.
1576:^
1549:).
1473:.
1419:;
1415:;
1384:.
1359:.
1200:,
907:,
900:.
825:.
768:,
670:.
664::
650::
646:,
640::
625::
582:.
455::
236:.
205:iː
169:US
165:,
128:UK
124:,
117:iː
93:iː
2812:.
2790:.
2771:.
2752:.
2708:.
2681:.
2645:.
2612:.
2474:.
2431:.
2387:.
2362:.
2337:.
2325::
2284:.
2272::
2249:.
2198:.
2162:.
2117:.
2012:.
2000::
1954:.
1927:.
1868:.
1844:.
1800:.
1747:.
1639:.
1620::
1571:.
1532:.
1510:.
1485:.
1439:.
1397:.
1370:.
1240:,
1147:.
1019:.
963:"
957:/
525:(
285:)
208:/
202:r
199:ˈ
196:ə
193:v
190:ɪ
187:r
184:ˌ
181:ə
178:ʃ
175:/
161:/
158:i
152:v
149:ˈ
146:ɪ
140:ʃ
137:ˌ
134:/
120:/
114:r
111:ə
108:v
105:ɪ
102:ʃ
99:ˈ
96:,
90:r
87:ˈ
84:ə
81:v
78:ɪ
75:ʃ
72:ˌ
69:/
65:(
58:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
