136:
25:
1034:) are pronounced flat. The area around Hamamatsu in the far southwest of the prefecture has the most flat-accented words, and the further one travels east, the more final-mora stressed words occur, until virtually all of these types of two-mora words become final-mora stressed as is seen east of the Ōi River. In
371:
It is possible to subdivide
Shizuoka dialects into groups based on the former provinces that existed there historically, which results in three dialects: the ‘Izu dialect’, ‘Suruga dialect’ and ‘Enshū dialect’. It is also possible to subdivide using the
1126:). This is dependent on the area however, with varying degrees of front-mora stress actually occurring, with some areas simply pronouncing it flat. Some three-mora words that are front-mora stressed in the Tokyo standard pitch accent, such as
1072:. In comparison to somewhere like Hamamatsu, where words with three or more mora are front-mora stressed, in Maisaka and Arai such words become middle-mora stressed. In the Eastern Shizuoka dialect, three-mora nouns such as
1364:) are rare. This pattern is largely reflected in Shizuoka, save for a few exceptions. In the Central Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects (except for Maisaka and Arai), there is a unique tendency to front-mora stress
283:. In a narrow sense, this can refer purely to the Central Shizuoka dialect, whilst a broader definition encompasses all Shizuoka dialects. This article will focus on all dialects found in the prefecture.
1193:), with a flat tone. Three-mora words relating to time become front-mora stressed, whilst words with more than three mora tend to be middle-mora stressed. The table below shows some examples of this.
945:
In the
Eastern Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects there is extensive unvoicing of vowel sounds, with a less pronounced trend in the Central Shizuoka dialect and the inner parts of Enshū (
376:
as a boundary between west and east to form an ‘Eastern dialect’, ‘West Suruga dialect’ and ‘Tōtōmi dialect’. Generally, however, the following subdivisions are proposed:
821:(-ろ) in Eastern Japanese) is heard west of the Fuji River in the Central Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects, whilst the Western Japanese present continuous form -
1475:). Within Shizuoka, the central-west part of Enshū (centred largely around Hamamatsu) front-mora stresses the usually middle-mora stressed adjectives. For example,
3948:
3799:
1490:. Words that are pronounced in a flat tone, however, remain the same as in standard Japanese. In the Central Shizuoka dialect, areas west of
801:
Grammatical features are often employed as indicators to split
Shizuoka dialects between Western and Eastern Japanese. Based on the usage of
3995:
2742:
3794:
1769:
Unless stated otherwise, the following notes are on the grammar of traditional dialects prior to the influence of standard
Japanese.
359:(ない)). This makes Shizuoka a well-known example of a prefecture with a noticeable divide between the two main branches of Japanese.
4035:
3421:
89:
1936:
Several different particles are used to express volition and invitation across
Shizuoka. East of the Fuji River, the particle
2303:
The standard imperative form for
Ichidan verbs, , is used in the east of the prefecture, whilst in central and western areas
61:
3416:
68:
2666:"共同研究プロジェクト紹介 基幹型 : 方言の形成過程解明のための全国方言調査 方言分布の変化をとらえた! (English: We've Captured Changes in Dialect Distributions!)"
2119:
may be used in combination with these particles. Predominantly in the west and centre of the prefecture, the particle
2900:
108:
42:
3301:
4007:
3726:
2239:(から)), is used throughout Shizuoka. It is widely spread across the Tōkai Region, with regional variants including:
1369:
1365:
336:
75:
3680:
3675:
3201:
2735:
2012:), is found in the Central Shizuoka dialect. Additionally, another invitational particle with the same meaning,
1145:). This is noted to have occurred predominantly in the Sankan area of Enshū, specifically in the former city of
3849:
46:
1940:(べ) is used, whilst west of the Fuji River (in the central and western parts of the prefecture), the particle
3690:
3406:
1042:, depending on whether or not a particle is attached to certain words, pitch accent can change. For example,
57:
2084:(だろう) in standard Japanese, expressing conjecture about something in present or future tense. Although both
896:
Although not generally present in
Shimada and west of the Ōi River, vowel merging is sometimes heard around
3821:
3660:
3219:
2907:
296:
3554:
3534:
3338:
3291:
982:
In concordance with the Tokyo standard pitch accent (excluding areas with no pitch accent), some single-
4030:
3670:
2728:
3544:
3955:
3933:
3721:
1174:
469:. Due to historical isolation, it retains various archaic expressions and also lacks a pitch accent.
396:. It possesses features of both West Kanto and Nayashi dialects, including usage of the conjectural
3990:
3928:
3918:
3882:
3780:
3731:
3655:
3630:
3239:
191:
3296:
3374:
335:
in their basic elements, there is a marked increase the further one travels west in the usage of
316:
35:
1452:
In standard
Japanese, adjectives with three or more mora are usually middle-mora stressed, like
3391:
3575:
1088:), whereas in the Central and Western Shizuoka dialects, these words are front-mora stressed (
82:
3872:
3761:
3234:
2780:
2770:
328:
3923:
3746:
3650:
3524:
3326:
3261:
2775:
1162:
809:(ない) (Eastern Japanese), the border between Eastern and Western Japanese is located around
504:
465:- Includes the upper reaches of the Ōi River and settlements such as the former village of
426:
304:
1372:, pitch accent is standard, with predominantly flat or middle-mora stress pronunciation.
8:
3972:
3854:
3826:
3741:
3321:
1890:
393:
280:
159:
135:
3266:
1330:
In standard
Japanese, three-mora verbs tend to be middle-mora stressed or flat, such as
1146:
4002:
3943:
3864:
3751:
3685:
3570:
3283:
3025:
2208:
983:
946:
451:. Includes all of Enshū save for its eastern region. In place of the invitational form
422:
397:
3271:
3107:
3056:
319:, although in recent decades there has been an increasingly strong resemblance to the
258:
3831:
3766:
3736:
3539:
3358:
3343:
3316:
3311:
3249:
3187:
3162:
3097:
2971:
2809:
2799:
2790:
2751:
1499:
1154:
1035:
810:
444:
332:
320:
300:
276:
181:
176:
3015:
2814:
3960:
3938:
3716:
3512:
3353:
3155:
3145:
3140:
3128:
2981:
2873:
2677:
2212:
1170:
1150:
950:
186:
140:
Shizuoka dialect area with eastern (dark green) and western (light green) features.
3481:
3076:
3020:
2858:
433:
is noticeably absent, and there is a characteristic usage of the past tense form -
3985:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3348:
3121:
3032:
2932:
2893:
2888:
2849:
2829:
1534:
1495:
1166:
1158:
495:
466:
168:
3114:
1185:
There is a strong tendency to pronounce words related to telling the time, like
3980:
3331:
3306:
3229:
3209:
3182:
3133:
3085:
3049:
3003:
2947:
2942:
2922:
1491:
1039:
889:
846:
Most notably in the east of the prefecture, consecutive vowel sounds are often
500:
481:
448:
4024:
3771:
3517:
3496:
3214:
3066:
3010:
2878:
2868:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2175:
Until relatively recently in central
Shizuoka, the verb and adjective ending
2108:
is used for expressing conjecture about something in the past (equivalent to
2032:)) (行かまい(か) / 行きまい(か), is found predominantly in the west of the prefecture.
1919:
404:
389:
312:
1797:(-のぉ) is also said. In the west of the prefecture, the intensifier negative
291:
The dialects in Shizuoka Prefecture are classified as part of the so-called
3756:
3585:
3150:
3044:
2988:
2957:
2952:
2765:
847:
2035:
1813:(しん). Additionally, in all parts of Shizuoka, the negative suspended form
455:(ざあ), which is commonly found in the Central Shizuoka dialect, the phrase
3811:
3039:
2665:
1115:), may become front-mora stressed in western Shizuoka and central Enshū (
830:
373:
3840:
3806:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3486:
1018:) become front-mora stressed. In west Shizuoka, two-mora words such as
385:
2681:
1502:, the connective form of adjectives become middle-mora stressed as in
3620:
3549:
3529:
3471:
954:
897:
813:
and the Ōi River. In contrast, the Western Japanese imperative form -
324:
251:
239:
3491:
3476:
2720:
2179:(-け) has been commonly used to express the past tense. For example,
24:
3785:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3383:
3224:
1002:) are pronounced flat, whilst certain other single-mora nouns like
3900:
3877:
3816:
3433:
1957:
1368:
that are usually middle-mora stressed in standard Japanese. For
3895:
3428:
3396:
2235:(で), which indicates a reason or cause of something (much like
1518:
1517:
as is found in standard Japanese (in addition to areas east of
509:
425:. Includes the western part of Suruga and the eastern part of
3890:
3438:
3401:
149:
1635:
In the Central Shizuoka and Western Shizuoka dialects, the '
3448:
888:(うい) also fuse in a manner similar to what is found in the
2371:
in English). In the west of the prefecture, an additional
1165:. This particular feature remains in the northern part of
2123:(ず) can be used to indicate something of high certainty (
1137:), were pronounced historically with middle-mora stress (
1095:). Some words that are usually pronounced flat, such as
286:
1494:
up to Higashi-Enshū, as well as in the former towns of
2363:(-られる), used to indicate the ability to do something (
1521:
and several former towns and villages in inner Enshū.
1173:
and can be found as far as the southern region of the
1968:(行かっか)). In the far western city of Kosai, the form -
1876:
1801:(-やしない) may have its ending portion substituted with
1149:(in the Tenryū District of Hamamatsu), as well as in
1987:
421:- Includes areas west of the Fuji River and east of
331:. Although vocabulary and grammar also tend towards
1530:Standard Japanese / Eastern Shizuoka / Inner Enshū
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1964:(っか) is found mainly in central regions (Example:
1777:East of the Ōi River, the standard negative form
4022:
2155:is believed to have originated from an attached
1952:) (行かず(か)) is used instead. A similar particle,
965:(お) as is the case in standard Japanese, but as
953:) (save for in the upper reaches of the Ōi and
355:(ん (adjective used for negation), cognate with
2143:(ただら) have been increasingly used in place of
2736:
2072:(つら) are used across Shizuoka. The particles
1793:(-ん) is used. In the northern Sankan region,
829:(-ている) in Eastern Japanese) is found west of
796:
295:dialects (ナヤシ方言), a subdivision of the wider
407:certain vowels and the use of the particles
2262:
2207:(行ったっけ). Elsewhere, in the former towns of
1956:(す), is spoken from Higashi-Suruga east of
1841:Throughout Shizuoka, the conclusive phrase
474:Phrases and particles used across Shizuoka
311:dialects, it is considered most similar to
2743:
2729:
2375:(れ) sound may also be added. For example:
2131:). In recent years, the newer expressions
1353:), whereas front-mora stressed words like
134:
2567:
2092:can attach to verbs and adjectives, only
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2243:(だ) (not to be confused with the copula
1960:across the centre and west of Shizuoka.
2630:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. pp. 151–152.
2615:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. pp. 166–170.
2557:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. pp. 157–158.
4023:
2663:
2166:
805:(ん) (a western Japanese feature) over
299:, along with its close relatives, the
2750:
2724:
2670:国語研プロジェクトレビュー = Ninjal Project Review
2659:
2657:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2509:(in Japanese). 港の人. pp. 295–309.
2479:(in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 10–19.
2215:, the past tense was expressed with -
2199:is less commonly used, and the form -
1976:(-あか) may also be used (For example:
1652:Standard Japanese / Eastern Shizuoka
1381:Standard Japanese / Eastern Shizuoka
1180:
957:). Also, the object-marking particle
362:
287:Classification and regional variation
2533:
2531:
2494:(in Japanese). 港の人. pp. 83–108.
2470:
2468:
2466:
2450:
2448:
2255:(もんだで) and (east of Shizuoka City),
2226:
2096:can attach to nouns. In contrast to
1832:
1655:Central Shizuoka / Western Shizuoka
1384:Central Shizuoka / Western Shizuoka
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2459:(in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 5–9.
961:(を) is not generally pronounced as
841:
13:
2709:
2699:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 174.
2694:
2654:
2645:
2634:
2610:
2591:
2587:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 168.
2582:
2552:
2542:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 157.
2537:
2524:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 160.
2519:
2489:
2474:
2454:
2436:
2355:) in reference to the omission of
2298:
2279:(けぇが) (used in central Shizuoka),
1893:, there is euphonic change of the
1789:(-にゃあ), whilst west of the river,
1639:portion of the negative adjective
14:
4047:
2528:
2463:
2445:
2342:
1889:As far as Shizuoka’s border with
1626:
2441:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 1.
2347:Shizuoka dialects are so-called
2203:(-たっけ) is more common (Example:
1772:
1053:) (front-mora stressed) becomes
23:
2703:
2688:
2619:
2576:
2275:) has various forms, including
2115:(-ただろう)). In eastern Shizuoka,
2080:are used in the same manner as
972:
34:needs additional citations for
4036:Culture in Shizuoka Prefecture
2625:
2561:
2546:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2483:
2430:
1153:, Mori, the former village of
351:(いる) in Eastern Japanese) and
1:
2424:
2359:(ら) from the verb structure -
2311:(よお) is used in the place of
1845:(のだ) is contracted to simply
1447:
384:- Includes areas east of the
3887:Kanji pronunciation sources
3661:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
2568:Kindaichi, Haruhiko (2005).
2267:The adversative conjunction
1781:(-ない) is heard, along with -
1080:) are middle-mora stressed (
836:
7:
3996:Speculative fiction writers
3555:Transcription into Japanese
2664:Onishi, Takuichiro (2014).
2129:she's) probably going to go
339:words and phrases, such as
10:
4052:
2914:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
2056:The conjectural particles
2000:The invitational particle
1920:Volitional / invitational
1821:... (-なっこぉ). For example:
1764:
797:Western and Eastern divide
3971:
3911:
3863:
3705:
3563:
3505:
3447:
3382:
3373:
3282:
3257:
3248:
3200:
3173:
3096:
2970:
2798:
2789:
2758:
1817:... (-ないで...) can become
1161:, and the former town of
850:in the following manner:
786:
769:
741:
729:
718:
712:
683:
667:
656:
632:
597:
561:
541:
533:
521:
443:- Found in areas west of
249:
237:
232:
211:
165:
155:
145:
133:
128:
123:
3781:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
3240:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
2263:Adversative conjunctions
1621:
1325:
977:
441:Western Shizuoka dialect
419:Central Shizuoka dialect
392:and the eastern part of
382:Eastern Shizuoka dialect
223:Western Shizuoka dialect
220:Central Shizuoka dialect
217:Eastern Shizuoka dialect
3727:Godan and ichidan verbs
3545:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
2572:(in Japanese). 玉川大学出版部.
2315:like in the following:
2195:). Currently, however,
1861:(explanatory)) becomes
1177:in Nagano Prefecture.
459:(まいか) is used instead.
3832:Court lady language (
3302:Southern Amami Ōshima
3235:Yilan Creole Japanese
2714:(in Japanese). 国書刊行会.
2650:(in Japanese). Meiji.
817:(-よ) (as opposed to -
3651:Small Kana Extension
3262:Eastern Old Japanese
2901:Northern Izu Islands
2406:to be able to get up
825:(-とる, cognate with -
307:dialects. After the
43:improve this article
3202:Pidgins and creoles
2648:日本のことばシリーズ22静岡県のことば
2477:日本のことばシリーズ22静岡県のことば
2457:日本のことばシリーズ22静岡県のことば
2295:(が), among others.
1891:Kanagawa Prefecture
1877:Euphonic change of
1590:(continuous form))
1540:Central-west Enshū
1533:Central Shizuoka /
1060:when followed by a
595:Past negative form
475:
317:West Kanto dialects
281:Shizuoka Prefecture
4003:Classical Japanese
3850:Gender differences
3686:Extended shinjitai
2353:words without 'ra'
1849:(だ). For example,
1643:(無い) is stressed.
1205:Standard Japanese
1181:Time-related words
473:
363:Regional variation
323:, particularly in
58:"Shizuoka dialect"
4031:Japanese dialects
4018:
4017:
3722:Verb conjugations
3701:
3700:
3369:
3368:
3250:Japonic languages
3196:
3195:
3188:Okinawan Japanese
2752:Japanese language
2682:10.15084/00000773
2351:(ら抜き言葉 literally
2227:Reason and motive
2016:(まい), such as in
2004:(ざあ), such as in
1853:(行くのだ variously:
1762:
1761:
1619:
1618:
1445:
1444:
1323:
1322:
1208:Shizuoka dialect
1175:Shimoina District
794:
793:
321:national standard
297:Tōkai-Tōsan group
265:
264:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4043:
3961:Polivanov system
3822:Honorific speech
3717:Japanese grammar
3380:
3379:
3255:
3254:
2796:
2795:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2710:都竹, 通年雄 (1986).
2707:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2384:I can't eat that
2151:, respectively.
1905:(い), such as in
1646:
1645:
1524:
1523:
1510:, as opposed to
1464:) or flat, like
1375:
1374:
1196:
1195:
1171:Aichi Prefecture
842:General features
519:Vowel unvoicing
476:
472:
337:Western Japanese
333:Eastern Japanese
277:Japanese dialect
269:Shizuoka dialect
261:
242:
197:Shizuoka dialect
187:Eastern Japanese
171:
138:
124:Shizuoka dialect
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
16:Japanese dialect
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
3967:
3912:Transliteration
3907:
3883:Sound symbolism
3859:
3841:Role language (
3800:from Portuguese
3732:Irregular verbs
3710:
3708:
3697:
3646:Kana Supplement
3641:Kana Extended-B
3636:Kana Extended-A
3559:
3535:Historical kana
3501:
3443:
3422:by stroke count
3413:Kanji radicals
3407:by stroke count
3365:
3278:
3244:
3220:Hawaiian Creole
3192:
3169:
3092:
2966:
2785:
2754:
2749:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2697:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2695:飯豊, 毅一 (1983).
2693:
2689:
2672:(in Japanese).
2662:
2655:
2646:平山, 輝男 (2002).
2644:
2635:
2628:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2624:
2620:
2613:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2611:飯豊, 毅一 (1983).
2609:
2592:
2585:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2583:飯豊, 毅一 (1983).
2581:
2577:
2566:
2562:
2555:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2553:飯豊, 毅一 (1983).
2551:
2547:
2540:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2538:飯豊, 毅一 (1983).
2536:
2529:
2522:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2520:飯豊, 毅一 (1983).
2518:
2514:
2503:
2499:
2490:山口, 幸洋 (2003).
2488:
2484:
2475:平山, 輝男 (2002).
2473:
2464:
2455:平山, 輝男 (2002).
2453:
2446:
2439:講座方言学 6 中部地方の方言
2437:飯豊, 毅一 (1983).
2435:
2431:
2427:
2345:
2301:
2299:Imperative form
2265:
2229:
2219:(-つ) (Example:
2173:
2159:on the copula,
2054:
1998:
1934:
1887:
1869:(赤いのだ) becomes
1839:
1775:
1767:
1633:
1624:
1450:
1328:
1183:
980:
975:
900:. For example:
844:
839:
799:
780:
747:
734:
723:
701:
695:
689:
677:
672:
625:
614:
585:
573:
567:
554:
496:Shizuoka (city)
429:. The particle
365:
347:, cognate with
289:
271:(Japanese: 静岡弁
257:
238:
207:
172:
169:Language family
167:
141:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4049:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3783:
3778:
3772:Native words (
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3375:Writing system
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Pseudo-Chinese
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Bamboo English
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:Amami Japanese
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2687:
2653:
2633:
2618:
2590:
2575:
2560:
2545:
2527:
2512:
2497:
2482:
2462:
2444:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2399:
2349:ra-nuki kotoba
2344:
2343:Potential form
2341:
2300:
2297:
2264:
2261:
2228:
2225:
2172:
2165:
2053:
2034:
1997:
1986:
1933:
1918:
1886:
1875:
1838:
1831:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1303:
1302:Twelve months
1300:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1274:Eleven months
1272:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1182:
1179:
1064:(が) particle:
979:
976:
974:
971:
943:
942:
922:
894:
893:
890:Nagoya dialect
879:
843:
840:
838:
835:
798:
795:
792:
791:
785:
774:
768:
757:Imperative of
754:
753:
740:
728:
717:
711:
707:
706:
682:
666:
662:
661:
655:
649:
638:
637:
631:
619:
608:
602:
596:
592:
591:
578:
560:
547:
540:
539:Negative form
536:
535:
532:
531:Not prominent
529:
526:
525:Not prominent
523:
520:
516:
515:
514:Izu Peninsula
512:
507:
498:
493:
490:
487:
484:
479:
471:
470:
460:
438:
416:
378:
377:
364:
361:
288:
285:
263:
262:
255:
247:
246:
243:
235:
234:
233:Language codes
230:
229:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
213:
209:
208:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
175:
173:
166:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
146:Native to
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4048:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3956:Cyrillization
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Wāpuro rōmaji
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3774:yamato kotoba
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Counter words
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:Kana ligature
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Script reform
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Bonin English
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:Earlier forms
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2507:日本語東京アクセントの成立
2501:
2493:
2492:日本語東京アクセントの成立
2486:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:to be able to
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2323:(command)) →
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1988:Invitational
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:I'm going now
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:Negative form
1770:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:Ichidan verbs
1363:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
923:
920:
916:
915:
910:
906:
903:
902:
901:
899:
891:
887:
883:
880:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
853:
852:
851:
849:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
789:
783:
778:
775:
772:
767:
765:
760:
756:
755:
751:
745:
738:
732:
726:
721:
715:
709:
708:
704:
699:
693:
687:
680:
675:
670:
664:
663:
659:
653:
650:
647:
643:
640:
639:
635:
629:
623:
620:
617:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
594:
593:
589:
583:
579:
576:
571:
565:
558:
552:
548:
545:
538:
537:
530:
527:
524:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
506:
502:
499:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:
468:
464:
463:Ikawa dialect
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
390:Izu Peninsula
387:
383:
380:
379:
375:
370:
367:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
260:
256:
254:
253:
248:
244:
241:
236:
231:
226:Ikawa dialect
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
214:
210:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
178:
174:
170:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
137:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:February 2022
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3949:In Esperanto
3919:Romanization
3873:Pitch accent
3855:Dictionaries
3842:
3834:nyōbō kotoba
3833:
3787:
3786:Loan words (
3773:
3757:Topic marker
3671:ARIB STD B24
3417:by frequency
3297:Amami Ōshima
3174:
3163:
3122:
3108:
3098:
3086:
3073:East San'in
3057:
3033:
3004:
2982:
2972:
2917:
2908:
2859:
2815:
2800:
2781:Early Modern
2771:Early Middle
2712:講座方言学 1 方言概説
2711:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2673:
2669:
2647:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2456:
2438:
2432:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2394:(食べれれない) or
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2216:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:Past tense -
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Conjectural
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:shall we go?
2009:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1754:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:to disappear
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
973:Pitch accent
966:
962:
958:
944:
938:
933:
932:
928:
924:
918:
913:
912:
908:
904:
895:
885:
881:
873:
872:
866:
865:
859:
858:
854:
845:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
802:
800:
787:
781:
776:
770:
763:
762:
758:
749:
743:
736:
730:
724:
719:
713:
702:
697:
691:
685:
678:
673:
668:
657:
651:
645:
641:
633:
627:
621:
615:
610:
604:
598:
587:
581:
574:
569:
563:
556:
550:
543:
462:
456:
452:
440:
434:
430:
418:
412:
408:
400:
381:
368:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
329:pitch accent
308:
292:
290:
273:Shizuoka-ben
272:
268:
266:
250:
196:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3929:Nihon-shiki
3812:Wasei-kango
3747:Possessives
3707:Grammar and
3540:Modern kana
3525:Punctuation
3506:Orthography
3327:Tokunoshima
2939:Gifu-Aichi
2909:Tōkai–Tōsan
2776:Late Middle
2416:(起きれれる) or
2392:tabererenai
2380:taberarenai
2319: (起きろ
1944:(ず), as in
1857:(command),
1833:Conclusive
1394:to raise up
1370:Godan verbs
1340:to run away
1269:jūichigatsu
1247:Two months
1078:morning sun
986:nouns like
831:Lake Hamana
710:Invitation
665:Conjecture
405:not voicing
192:Tōkai-Tōsan
4025:Categories
3973:Literature
3843:yakuwarigo
3827:Honorifics
3807:Wasei-eigo
3795:from Dutch
3742:Adjectives
3709:vocabulary
3487:Hentaigana
3482:Man'yōgana
3322:Okinoerabu
3026:Okuyoshino
2570:金田一春彦著作集 8
2425:References
2193:It was red
1928:(ず/す) and
1897:-row mora
1867:akai no da
1865:(行くだ) and
1829:(行かなっこぉ).
1825:(行かないで) →
1785:(ねぇ) and -
1527:Adjective
1448:Adjectives
1422:to wake up
1280:uichigatsu
1219:One month
1163:Nakakawane
1113:strawberry
955:Abe Rivers
534:Prominent
528:Prominent
522:Prominent
505:Fujinomiya
486:Hamamatsu
386:Fuji River
315:and other
279:spoken in
69:newspapers
3865:Phonology
3752:Particles
3691:Half/Full
3621:Shift JIS
3550:Yotsugana
3530:Kanazukai
3472:Okurigana
3384:Logograms
2996:Shiramine
2841:Southern
2821:Northern
2414:okirereru
2402:okirareru
2398:(食べれぇない).
2396:taberēnai
2390:(食べれない),
2388:taberenai
2291:(けが) and
2231:The word
2135:(だら) and
1992:(ざあ) and
1984:(行かあか)).
1972:(-あよ) or
1851:iku no da
1799:-yashinai
1712:wakaranai
1631:(無い) stem
1537:/ Kohoku
1492:Fuji City
1297:jūnigatsu
1214:ichigatsu
898:Hamamatsu
884:(おい) and
837:Phonology
489:Kakegawa
411:(ずら) and
325:phonology
305:Yamanashi
252:Glottolog
240:ISO 639-3
3788:gairaigo
3767:Numerals
3737:Pronouns
3676:Enclosed
3656:Katakana
3631:Hiragana
3627:Unicode
3582:ISO/IEC
3564:Encoding
3467:Furigana
3462:Katakana
3457:Hiragana
3359:Yonaguni
3339:Southern
3317:Okinawan
3312:Kunigami
3292:Northern
3284:Ryukyuan
3225:Kyowa-go
3156:Tsushima
3146:Nagasaki
3141:Kumamoto
3129:Chikuzen
2993:Kanazawa
2983:Hokuriku
2918:Shizuoka
2885:Eastern
2874:Kanagawa
2865:Western
2810:Hokkaidō
2791:Dialects
2626:飯豊, 毅一.
2505:山口, 幸洋.
2420:(起きれぇる).
2412:(起きれる),
2382:(食べられない
2209:Misakubo
2068:(ら) and
2048:(ら) and
1980:(行かあよ),
1827:ikanakkō
1823:ikanaide
1809:(へん) or
1714:(わからない)
1483:becomes
1362:to enter
1308:unigatsu
1225:chigatsu
1202:Meaning
1120:-sagi ,
947:Misakubo
929:property
644:(居る) or
423:Kakegawa
398:particle
374:Ōi River
345:there is
259:shiz1237
212:Dialects
182:Japanese
160:Shizuoka
3991:Writers
3924:Hepburn
3878:Rendaku
3817:Engrish
3513:Braille
3434:Ryakuji
3354:Yaeyama
3272:grammar
3267:Hachijō
3164:Satsugū
3123:Hichiku
3109:Hōnichi
3063:San'yō
3058:Chūgoku
3034:Shikoku
2973:Western
2933:Nagaoka
2929:Echigo
2894:Tochigi
2889:Ibaraki
2850:Nairiku
2830:Tsugaru
2801:Eastern
2418:okirēru
2410:okireru
2404:(起きられる
2321:wake up
2307:(よ) or
2283:(けんど),
2253:mondade
2251:(もんで),
2223:(行っつ).
2205:ittakke
2139:(たら or
1958:Kannami
1916:(出いた).
1907:dashita
1901:(し) to
1873:(赤いだ).
1871:akai da
1765:Grammar
1663:(出来ない)
1661:dekinai
1584:shiroku
1500:Mikkabi
1242:nigatsu
1155:Toyooka
1036:Maisaka
1016:picture
857:(あい) →
811:Shimada
784:(みてこう)
782:-mitekō
636:(なかった)
634:nakatta
630:(ないっけ)
624:(にゃあっき)
622:-nyākki
618:(のーっけ)
445:Fukuroi
309:nayashi
293:nayashi
275:) is a
177:Japonic
83:scholar
3986:Poetry
3934:Kunrei
3896:Kan-on
3667:Other
3576:EUC-JP
3492:Sōgana
3477:Gojūon
3429:Kokuji
3397:Kanbun
3349:Tarama
3344:Miyako
3134:Hakata
3099:Kyūshū
3087:Umpaku
3050:Sanuki
3016:Banshū
3005:Kansai
2948:Mikawa
2943:Nagoya
2923:Narada
2816:Tōhoku
2676:: 73.
2361:rareru
2287:(けん),
2269:keredo
2259:(んて).
2213:Sakuma
2189:akakke
2185:I went
2141:tadara
2127:(行かず (
2064:(だら),
2060:(ずら),
2044:(だら),
2040:(ずら),
2026:ikimai
2018:ikamai
2008:(行かざあ
1982:ikaaka
1966:ikakka
1909:(出した)
1881:(し) →
1863:iku da
1819:-nakkō
1815:-naide
1805:(せん),
1748:(flat)
1740:(しない)
1738:shinai
1729:karana
1689:(出ない)
1546:shiroi
1519:Numazu
1318:-gatsu
1299:(十二月)
1290:-gatsu
1271:(十一月)
1262:-gatsu
1235:-gatsu
1167:Mikawa
1151:Haruno
1147:Tenryū
1124:-chigo
1108:ichigo
1103:rabbit
1024:bridge
1020:ha-shi
994:) and
969:(うお).
951:Sakuma
934:zyāsan
927:(ざいさん
925:zaisan
848:merged
827:te iru
773:(みょー)
764:to see
720:-maika
716:(まいか)
628:naikke
616:-nōkke
601:(なんだ)
510:Numazu
492:Ikawa
394:Suraga
388:; the
301:Nagano
156:Region
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4008:texts
3981:Books
3901:Tō-on
3891:Go-on
3518:Kanji
3439:Ateji
3402:Kanji
3332:Yoron
3307:Kikai
3175:Other
3077:Inshū
3067:Bingo
3021:Kishū
3011:Awaji
2879:Tokyo
2869:Gunma
2860:Kantō
2845:Kesen
2835:Akita
2825:Nanbu
2317:okiro
2281:kendo
2271:(けれど
2249:monde
2221:ittsu
2201:takke
2191:(赤っけ
2187:) or
2183:(行っけ
2163:(だ).
2149:tsura
2125:ikazu
2106:tsura
2070:tsura
2050:tsura
2024:) or
2006:ikazā
1978:ikāyo
1946:ikazu
1926:zu/su
1924:(べ),
1914:daita
1843:no da
1811:-shin
1687:denai
1649:Word
1622:Other
1614:-roku
1588:white
1550:white
1535:Kosai
1515:-roku
1496:Hosoe
1462:white
1440:-kiru
1420:(起きる
1418:okiru
1392:(上げる
1390:ageru
1378:Verb
1349:(消える
1342:) or
1338:(逃げる
1326:Verbs
1288:uichi
1253:gatsu
1244:(二月)
1216:(一月)
1199:Word
1159:Iwata
1131:-tama
1105:) or
1098:usagi
1093:-sahi
1074:asahi
1032:river
1028:ka-wa
1026:) or
1010:) or
992:child
978:Nouns
939:ぜぁあさん
907:(おまえ
869:(えぁあ)
790:(みろ)
777:-miro
752:(べよ)
750:be yo
739:(ずか)
727:(ざあ)
722:(まいか)
714:maika
674:-zura
669:-dara
660:(居る)
654:(おる)
648:(おる)
607:(んけ)
599:nanda
590:(ない)
577:(ない)
566:(にゃあ)
559:(のう)
546:(-ん)
467:Ikawa
457:maika
437:(-け).
427:Enshū
403:(べ),
369:Note:
313:Tokyo
150:Japan
90:JSTOR
76:books
3616:0213
3611:0212
3606:0211
3601:0208
3596:0201
3592:JIS
3586:2022
3449:Kana
3151:Saga
3115:Ōita
3045:Tosa
2989:Kaga
2958:Hida
2953:Mino
2408:) →
2386:) →
2289:kega
2277:kēga
2237:kara
2211:and
2181:ikke
2171:(-け)
2153:Dara
2147:and
2145:zura
2137:tara
2133:dara
2113:darō
2102:zura
2100:and
2094:zura
2090:zura
2088:and
2082:darō
2078:zura
2076:and
2062:dara
2058:zura
2052:(つら)
2042:dara
2038:zura
1996:(まい)
1974:-aka
1932:(っか)
1807:-hen
1803:-sen
1779:-nai
1753:shi-
1722:-nai
1720:kara
1678:kina
1671:-nai
1602:shi-
1597:roku
1595:shi-
1577:-roi
1565:shi-
1556:shi-
1548:(白い
1504:shi-
1498:and
1486:shi-
1477:shi-
1473:dark
1471:(暗い
1460:(白い
1454:shi-
1410:geru
1402:geru
1360:(入る
1358:-iru
1191:time
1187:toki
1135:head
1076:(朝日
1051:rain
1040:Arai
1038:and
1008:hand
984:mora
949:and
931:) →
919:おめぁあ
914:omyā
911:) →
905:omae
876:(ゃあ)
862:(えぇ)
823:toru
788:miro
779:(みろ)
761:(見る
759:miru
746:(うか)
737:zuka
733:(ざあ)
705:(ら)
700:(だら)
698:dara
694:(ずら)
692:zura
681:(ら)
676:(ずら)
671:(だら)
613:(んけ)
611:-nke
584:(ねぇ)
575:-nai
572:(ねぇ)
501:Fuji
482:Arai
449:Mori
447:and
415:(ら).
409:zura
343:(おる
327:and
303:and
267:The
62:news
3939:JSL
3681:EIS
3571:EUC
3040:Iyo
2766:Old
2678:doi
2365:can
2334:yoo
2332:oki
2325:oki
2309:yoo
2285:ken
2273:but
2257:nte
2217:tsu
2197:-ke
2177:-ke
2110:-ta
2014:mai
1994:mai
1970:ayo
1962:Kka
1930:kka
1899:shi
1885:(い)
1879:shi
1837:(だ)
1795:-nō
1787:nyā
1746:nai
1744:shi
1727:wa-
1718:wa-
1701:de-
1696:nai
1694:de-
1676:de-
1667:de-
1641:nai
1637:na'
1629:nai
1612:shi
1606:-ku
1586:(白く
1575:shi
1513:shi
1508:-ku
1488:roi
1468:rai
1432:-ru
1346:eru
1336:-ru
1332:ni-
1316:uni
1314:ju-
1306:ju-
1286:ju-
1278:ju-
1251:ni-
1233:chi
1189:(時
1169:in
1157:in
1143:-ma
1133:(頭
1111:(苺
1101:(兎
1086:-hi
1070:-ga
1049:(雨
1047:-me
1030:(川
1022:(橋
1014:(絵
1006:(手
1000:day
998:(日
990:(子
909:you
874:yeā
871:or
867:yeā
807:nai
771:myō
744:uka
731:-zā
725:-zā
703:-ra
688:(べ)
679:-ra
658:iru
652:oru
646:oru
642:iru
605:nke
588:nai
564:nyā
553:(ん)
357:nai
349:iru
341:oru
129:静岡弁
45:by
4027::
2668:.
2656:^
2636:^
2593:^
2530:^
2465:^
2447:^
2373:re
2367:/
2357:ra
2330:/
2327:yo
2313:ro
2305:yo
2293:ga
2247:)
2245:da
2241:da
2233:de
2169:ke
2161:da
2157:ra
2121:zu
2117:be
2104:,
2098:ra
2086:ra
2074:ra
2066:ra
2046:ra
2030:ka
2022:ka
2002:zā
1990:zā
1954:su
1950:ka
1942:zu
1938:be
1922:be
1855:go
1847:da
1835:da
1791:-n
1783:nē
1757:-i
1755:na
1731:-i
1705:-i
1703:na
1680:-i
1669:ki
1604:ro
1569:-i
1567:ro
1560:-i
1558:ro
1552:)
1506:ro
1481:-i
1479:ro
1466:ku
1458:-i
1456:ro
1430:ki
1428:o-
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