511:, and other Venetian possessions were upgraded in the 1560s, employing the services of the noted military engineer Sforza Pallavicini. Their garrisons were increased, and attempts were made to make the isolated holdings of Crete and Cyprus more self-sufficient by the construction of foundries and gunpowder mills. However, it was widely recognized that, unaided, Cyprus could not hold for long. Its exposed and isolated location so far from Venice, surrounded by Ottoman territory, put it "in the wolf's mouth" as one contemporary historian wrote. In the event, lack of supplies and even gunpowder would play a critical role in the fall of the Venetian forts to the Ottomans. Venice could also not rely on help from the major Christian power of the Mediterranean,
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off the other ear and his nose. Mustafa even ordered the killing of governor
Astorre Baglioni, who was complaining that the Ottomans were not respecting the surrender agreement. Mustafa then after years of siege due to an inexplicable turn of events and surfacing of incriminating material from „sources“ learnt that Bragadin was accused of having earlier broken a promise of safe passage to a small convoy of Muslim pilgrims by murdering them despite promising their safety.
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Bragadin denied it, and probably told
Mustafa that he was trying to find an excuse to get revenge because a few hundred Venetian soldiers were able to resist for many months his 250,000 Ottoman soldiers. Suddenly, Mustafa pulled a knife and cut off Bragadin's right ear, then ordered his guards to cut
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The besieged garrison of
Famagusta put up a heroic struggle lasting well beyond the most optimistic assumptions, against far superior enemy numbers and without any hope of help from the motherland. Furthermore the Turks were employing new tactics. The entire belt of walls surrounding the town and the
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When news of
Bragadin's death reached Venice, he was regarded as a "martyr" and his story galvanized Venetian soldiers in the fleet of the Holy League. The Venetian seamen went on to fight with greater zeal than any of the other combatants at the decisive Battle of Lepanto where an Ottoman fleet was
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The
Ottoman forces kept pressure on for eleven months, while their artillery relentlessly pounded the city's bulwarks. According to Venetian chroniclers, about 6,000 garrison troops stood against some 250,000 Turks with 1,500 cannons, backed by about 150 ships enforcing a naval blockade to stave off
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There followed a massacre of all
Christians still in the city, with Bragadin himself abused. After being left in prison for two weeks, his earlier wounds festering, he was "dragged round the walls with sacks of earth and stone on his back; next, tied to a chair, he was hoisted to the yardarm of the
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Bragadin's fame rests upon the resistance that he made against the vastly superior besieging forces. From a military point of view, the besieged garrison's perseverance required a massive effort by the
Ottoman Turks, who were so heavily committed that they were unable to redeploy in time when the
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The
Ottoman commander generously agreed that, in return for the city's surrender, all Westerners in the city could exit under their own flag and be guaranteed safe passage to Crete; Greeks could leave immediately, or wait two years to decide whether to remain in Famagusta under Ottoman rule, or
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Famagusta's last defenders made terms with the
Ottomans before the city was taken by force, since the traditional laws of war allowed for negotiation before the city's defenses were successfully breached, whereas after a city fell by storm all lives and property in the city would be forfeit.
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In July, 1571 the Turks eventually breached the fortifications and their forces broke into the citadel, being repulsed only at the cost of heavy losses. With provisions and ammunition running out, and no sign of relief from Venice on August 1, Bragadin asked for terms of surrender.
561:. At this point already, overall Venetian losses (including the local population) were estimated by contemporaries at 56,000 killed or taken prisoner. The Venetian defenders of Famagusta numbered about 8,500 men with 90 artillery pieces and were commanded by
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while
Bragadin was praying the Miserere and invoking Jesus. Bragadin's quartered body was then distributed as a war trophy among the army, and his skin was stuffed with straw and sewn, reinvested with his military insignia, and exhibited riding an
565:. They would hold out for 11 months against a force that would come to number more than 200,000 men, with 145 guns, providing the time needed by the Pope to cobble together an anti-Ottoman league from the reluctant Christian European states.
607:. The Venetian garrison lost nearly 8,000 soldiers and was reduced to just nine hundred soldiers, many of them wounded and starving (like the local civilians who in the last month were continuously begging Bragadin to surrender).
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depart the city for any destination of their choice. For the next three days, evacuation proceeded smoothly. Then, at the surrender ceremony on August 5 where Bragadin offered the vacated city to
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were of no use in stopping the powerful Ottoman Army, and as many as 20,000 members of the garrison and citizens of the city were massacred; 2,000 boys were spared to be sent as sexual slaves to
922:. It is alleged that some Venetians thought about putting their limited military assets to better use in the forthcoming clash, already in sight, which would climax in the Battle of Lepanto.
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exterior plain was filled with earth up to the top of the fortifications. In the meantime a number of tunnels were dug towards and under the city walls to undermine and breach them.
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The Turks decided to conquer Cyprus and on 27 June 1570 the invasion force, some 350–400 ships and 80,000–150,000 men, set sail for Cyprus. They besieged and destroyed the capital
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in a mocking procession along the streets of Famagusta. The macabre trophy, together with the severed heads of general Alvise Martinengo, Gianantonio Querini, and
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Turkish flagship and exposed to the taunts of the sailors. Finally he was taken to the place of execution in the main square, tied naked to a column, and
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Andrea Bragadin, was hoisted upon the masthead pennant of the personal galley of the Ottoman commander, Amir al-bahr Mustafa Pasha, to be brought to
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of the Republic. Its population in the mid-16th century is estimated at 160,000. Aside from its location, which allowed the control of the
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Greek population by the Catholic Venetians had caused great resentment, so that their sympathies generally lay with the Ottomans.
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Venetian chronicles claim the Turks lost some 52,000 men in five major assaults, including the first son of the Turk commander,
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On 15 September 1570 the Turkish cavalry appeared before the last Venetian stronghold in Cyprus,
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The large and wealthy island of Cyprus had been under Venetian rule since 1489. Together with
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Accadde a Famagosta, l'assedio turco ad una fortezza veneziana ed il suo sconvolgente finale
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wrote. Historians to this day debate just why Venice did not send help to Bragadin from
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speculate that Bragadin's flaying provided the inspiration for this painting.
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by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
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trade, the island possessed a profitable production of cotton and sugar.
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1234:, a cura di Gigi Monello, Scepsi & Mattana Editori, Cagliari, 2013.
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any reinforcements. These numbers are, however, likely exaggerated.
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led the defence of Famagusta with Lorenzo Tiepolo, Captain of
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La perdita di Famagosta e la gloriosa morte di M.A. Bragadino
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Kinross, Lord (2002). Ottoman Centuries. Harper Perennial.
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crushed by the combined force of much of southern Europe.
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built up the fleet which was later victorious against the
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in August 1571 after a siege that lasted nearly a year.
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534:and other Venetian fortifications. The incomplete
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1200:Confrontation at Lepanto - Christendom vs. Islam
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1093:Alvise Zorzi, "La Repubblica del Leone" p. 348
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
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16:Battle during the Ottoman-Venetian wars
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45:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1193:The Sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta.
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684:adding citations to reliable sources
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1787:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
1777:Sieges of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars
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1007:McEvedy & Jones (1978), p. 119
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103:17 September 1570 – 5 August 1571
1807:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
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1741:Fall of the Republic of Venice
1271:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73)
1209:(Hardback). New York: Viking.
1177:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
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611:Death of Bragadin and legacy
236:52,000 dead (Venetian claim)
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1499:Napoli di Romania (Nafplio)
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1242:. New York: Vintage Books.
1207:Venice : A New History
1055:Goffman (2002), pp. 155–156
856:. Some researchers such as
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1610:(1383–1537/79), then only
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978:. McFarland. p. 26.
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605:Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha
1642:(1451–1537, 1687–1715)
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138:35.12500°N 33.94167°E
1547:Kingdom of the Morea
1448:Santa Maura (Leucas)
695:"Siege of Famagusta"
680:improve this article
574:Marcantonio Bragadin
494:overseas possessions
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1511:Lepanto (Nafpaktos)
1487:Negroponte (Euboea)
1240:A History of Venice
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69:Siege of Famagusta
1767:Conflicts in 1571
1762:Conflicts in 1570
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1709:Partitio Romaniae
1430:Zante (Zakynthos)
1216:978-0-670-02542-8
1184:978-0-275-96533-4
1157:Norwich. Page 479
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858:Helen Lessore
855:
851:
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771:This section
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697: –
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691:Find sources:
685:
681:
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674:
669:This section
667:
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241:900 prisoners
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199:Mustafa Pasha
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58:
48:
42:
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35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
1719:Frankokratia
1598:(until 1715)
1529:Thessalonica
1370:, 1392–1501)
1344:Adriatic Sea
1332:Stato da MĂ r
1257:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1206:
1199:
1198:Hopkins, T.
1192:
1173:
1165:Bibliography
1153:
1136:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
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1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
975:
957:
952:
924:
908:Christianity
892:
871:flayed alive
867:
863:
853:
835:
831:
808:
792:
772:
742:
733:
723:
716:
709:
702:
690:
678:Please help
673:verification
670:
646:
639:
633:
632:Please help
629:
602:
598:
594:
590:
572:
556:
529:
517:Dutch Revolt
502:
487:
462:-controlled
458:happened in
455:
453:
438: (1571)
429:
426: (1570)
332:Thessalonica
239:7,600 killed
176:Belligerents
74:Part of the
52:
36:
34:lead section
1689:(1489–1571)
1677:(1204–1235)
1671:(1204–1235)
1665:(1204–1261)
1648:(1484–1715)
1636:(1453–1538)
1618:(1390–1715)
1604:(1390–1537)
1580:(1220-1460)
1574:(1204-1355)
1572:Samothrachi
1568:(1204-1566)
1549:(1687–1715)
1543:(1463–1540)
1537:(1417–1500)
1531:(1423–1430)
1525:(1395–1402)
1519:(1408–1413)
1507:(1394–1463)
1501:(1388–1540)
1495:(1322–1470)
1483:(1207–1500)
1462:(1717–1797)
1456:(1684–1797)
1450:(1684–1797)
1444:(1500–1797)
1438:(1500–1797)
1432:(1479–1797)
1426:(1401–1797)
1420:(1386–1797)
1410:(1363–1797)
1376:(1420–1797)
896:Holy League
162:Territorial
141: /
1756:Categories
1596:Spinalonga
1541:Monemvasia
1436:Cephalonia
930:References
848:1570-1576
795:April 2020
775:unbalanced
736:April 2020
706:newspapers
635:improve it
478:Background
129:33°56′30″E
126:35°07′30″N
55:March 2019
1772:Famagusta
1669:Gallipoli
1630:Alonissos
1592:Gramvousa
1368:1205–1213
902:power at
880:castellan
787:talk page
641:talk page
559:Famagusta
498:Levantine
464:Famagusta
430:Famagusta
327:Gallipoli
113:Famagusta
39:summarize
1626:Skopelos
1622:Skiathos
1535:Navarino
1358:Dalmatia
1265:See also
888:Selim II
525:Orthodox
521:Moriscos
472:Ottomans
460:Venetian
442:Navarino
216:Strength
108:Location
1675:Rodosto
1602:Mykonos
1493:Pteleos
1460:Preveza
1454:Vonitsa
1334:of the
904:Lepanto
839:Mustafa
781:Please
773:may be
720:scholar
532:Nicosia
444:;(1572)
436:Lepanto
424:Nicosia
367:Seventh
164:changes
1687:Cyprus
1640:Aegina
1634:Skyros
1612:Sifnos
1578:Spezia
1523:Athens
1517:Patras
1442:Ithaca
1352:Istria
1246:
1213:
1181:
1144:
982:
900:Muslim
850:Titian
722:
715:
708:
701:
693:
578:Paphos
553:, 1574
468:Cyprus
342:Second
206:
154:Result
117:Cyprus
1656:Other
1646:Poros
1616:Tinos
1588:Souda
1584:Crete
1566:Hydra
1505:Argos
1481:Coron
1477:Modon
1424:Parga
1418:Paxos
1414:Corfu
920:Crete
916:Souda
910:, as
727:JSTOR
713:books
569:Siege
509:Corfu
505:Crete
490:Crete
347:Third
337:First
224:8,500
1632:and
1594:and
1479:and
1416:and
1406:and
1244:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1142:ISBN
980:ISBN
699:news
454:The
100:Date
852:'s
682:by
588:).
1758::
1628:,
1624:,
1590:,
1030:^
966:^
938:^
918:,
890:.
876:ox
644:.
542:.
507:,
115:,
1366:(
1324:e
1317:t
1310:v
1252:.
1219:.
1187:.
1148:.
988:.
815:)
809:(
797:)
793:(
789:.
779:.
749:)
743:(
738:)
734:(
724:·
717:·
710:·
703:·
676:.
651:)
647:(
401:e
394:t
387:v
304:e
297:t
290:v
57:)
53:(
43:.
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