329:
318:
307:
296:
279:
203:
146:
725:
797:. Muravyov was authorized by the tsar to change his name to "Muravyov-Karsky" to commemorate his part in taking the fortress. On entering the city the Russians "were immediately horrified to discover masses of men too weak to be evacuated, many of them in the throes of death". Despite the lack of aid from Istanbul, Williams remained steadfast to his Ottoman troops and stated that "they fell dead at their posts, in the tents, and throughout the camp, as brave men should who cling to their duty through the slightest glimmering of hope of saving a place entrusted to their custody".
262:
245:
214:
801:
289:
272:
255:
32:
341:
226:
721:. Morale was low and desertion high. Appalled by the situation, Williams took command along with several other foreign officers. He quickly set to work to institute discipline, train the troops and reinforce the city's defences. By the spring of 1855, 17,000 troops in high spirits stood ready to defend Kars.
766:
coast north of Kars induced
Muravyov to begin a third assault on the Ottoman forces, which had been nearly starved. On 29 September, the Russians undertook a general attack on Kars, which lasted seven hours with extreme desperation, but they were repulsed. General Williams remained isolated, however,
742:
The first attack was repulsed by the
Ottoman garrison under Williams. Muravyov's second assault pushed the Turks back, and he took the main road and the heights over the city, but the renewed vigour of the Ottoman troops took the Russians by surprise. The ferocious fighting that had ensued made them
717:. Williams found the city in a deplorable state. The Ottoman forces included many newly-conscripted recruits, the men had not been paid in months and many had obsolete weapons. Support services such as hospitals were nonexistent. Many of the senior Ottoman officers were absent and lived in
872:
was 1.632,000 drachmas. According to this calculation it turned out that the daily meat allowance was enough for 20,400 men — the figure of the regular troops who were about half of July in Kars." (N. Muravyov-Karsky; from undercover agent
1038:Керсновский А. А. История русской армии. От взятия Парижа до покорения Средней Азии 1814—1881 гг / Публ. В. Хлодовского; комм. С. Нелиповича. — М.: Голос, 1993. — Т. 2. — 334 с. —
786:
to prevent the
Russians from advancing further into Anatolia. The Russians sent a small force from the Kars lines to stop his advance and defeated the Ottomans at the
778:
Heavy snowfall in late
October made the Ottoman reinforcement of Kars quite impractical. Selim Pasha, Omar's son, landed another army at the ancient city of
1108:. The Crimean War - The Causes and Consequences of a Medieval Conflict Fought in a Modern Age. Constable & Robinson Ltd, London, 2006. pp. 298-299
793:
The garrison of Kars declined to face further hardships of the winter siege and surrendered to
General Muravyov on 28 November 1855, according to the
465:
1210:
1205:
941:
1127:
728:
694:. Uniting disparate contingents under his command into a strong corps of 25,725 soldiers, 96 light guns, Muravyov decided to attack
1161:
882:
Agent Hüseyin-Effendi-Hassan-Oğlu's testimony. As per the information he possessed, this figure may be higher than the actual one.
632:
458:
96:
68:
1200:
775:
in the aftermath. In the meantime, the
Ottoman reserves in Kars were running out, and the supply lines had been thinned.
748:
743:
change tactics and start a siege that would last until late
November. Upon hearing news of the attack, Ottoman Commander
675:
605:
710:
1220:
1078:
1043:
1023:
115:
75:
451:
751:
and redeployed to Asia Minor mainly with the idea of relieving Kars. After many delays, primarily put in place by
283:
1155:] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Saint Petersburg: A. N. Demidova; Типография Товарищества "Общественная Польза".
20:
82:
53:
49:
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767:
as Omar Pasha never reached the city. Instead of relieving the garrison he plunged into prolonged warfare in
984:
736:
519:
724:
64:
627:
1215:
815:
615:
322:
145:
706:
588:
333:
249:
524:
1144:
699:
683:
345:
42:
912:
Most of the deaths were caused by starvation which 100 people died from daily during the siege.
679:
654:
583:
975:Гиппиус В. Г. Осады и штурм крепости Карса в 1877 году. Исторический очерк. СПб.: 1885. С. 372
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8:
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1074:
1056:
1039:
1019:
649:
534:
529:
1136:
502:
497:
709:
had been sent to Kars to assess the situation and report directly to Lord Raglan (
288:
271:
254:
556:
300:
1001:
869:
865:
687:
328:
317:
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278:
261:
244:
230:
218:
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207:
202:
175:
921:
About 7,500—6,500 losses during a phase of the battle (29 September storming).
1194:
1176:
1163:
1116:
The Siege of Kars 1855: Defence and
Capitulation Reported by General Williams
1011:
833:
311:
752:
732:
366:
800:
561:
671:
475:
137:
744:
691:
1131:(in Russian). Vol. 28: Карданахи – Керо. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (
1015:
768:
763:
713:), the commander-in-chief of the British expeditionary forces in the
31:
718:
1132:
900:
892:
783:
779:
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756:
1087:
1066:
714:
340:
225:
443:
954:
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950:
948:
787:
426:
1060:
1005:
695:
171:
945:
747:
asked for
Ottoman troops to be moved from the line at the
674:. In June 1855, attempting to alleviate pressure on the
1125:; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1895). "Карс" [Kars].
895:, the 2,000 who remained in hospitals, and the 6,500
864:"The daily portion of meat for 1 man consisted of 80
1121:
1093:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
891:Not counting the 3,000 who managed to sneak into
1192:
868:, and the daily allowance for the whole mass of
459:
1128:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1010:. Modern Wars in Perspective (2 ed.).
1007:The Ottomans, 1700-1923: An Empire Besieged
782:, to the west, and began marching south to
729:Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Kars
466:
452:
971:
969:
967:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1143:
1055:
958:
799:
723:
1193:
964:
1000:
759:with 45,000 soldiers on 6 September.
447:
1118:London: The Stationery Office, 200.
686:to lead his troops against areas of
670:was the last major operation of the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1211:Sieges involving the Russian Empire
1206:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
425:10,000 prisoners and defectors (12
13:
711:FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan
391: • Infantry: 19,275
14:
1232:
755:, Omar Pasha left the Crimea for
698:, the most important fortress of
1094:Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1895
938:The Victorians at War, 1815-1914
422:8,500 killed and died of disease
394: • Cavalry: 6,450
339:
327:
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305:
294:
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243:
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30:
1153:War beyond the Caucasus in 1855
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915:
473:
41:needs additional citations for
21:Battle of Kars (disambiguation)
994:
978:
930:
906:
885:
876:
858:
705:Late in 1854, British General
19:For other Battle of Kars, see
16:1855 battle of the Crimean War
1:
989:Восточная война 1853–1856 гг.
851:
846:Decline of the Ottoman Empire
1065:. Modern Wars (2 ed.).
991:(1876): vol. IV. pp. 398–399
985:Modest Ivanovich Bogdanovich
873:Hüseyin-Effendi-Hassan-Oğlu)
762:Omar Pasha's arrival on the
737:Province House (Nova Scotia)
7:
1149:Война за Кавказом в 1855 г.
839:
628:Charge of the Light Brigade
10:
1237:
1201:Battles of the Crimean War
1062:The Crimean War: 1853-1856
816:Port Williams, Nova Scotia
18:
940:, ABC-CLIO, 2004. p. 199
814:Namesake of Kars Street,
808:
483:
410:
351:
236:
194:
154:
143:
135:
130:
1221:Military history of Kars
707:William Fenwick Williams
250:William Fenwick Williams
150:The Capitulation of Kars
804:The Siege of Kars, 1855
346:Nikolay Muravyov-Karsky
162:June – 29 November 1855
805:
739:
237:Commanders and leaders
1106:Alexis S. Troubetzkoy
1071:Bloomsbury Publishing
822:Karsdale, Nova Scotia
803:
727:
676:defence of Sevastopol
411:Casualties and losses
1139:). pp. 606–608.
1123:Arsenyev, Konstantin
419:18,500 total losses
267:Christopher Teesdale
50:improve this article
1177:40.6167°N 43.1000°E
1173: /
961:, pp. 151–152.
903:who were sent home.
899:(army reserve) and
828:Kars, New Brunswick
749:siege of Sevastopol
406:16 rocket launchers
1135:), Ilya A. Efron (
1057:Baumgart, Winfried
806:
795:Gregorian calendar
740:
362:: 17,000 to 20,400
360:Regular militaries
1216:Conflicts in 1855
1145:Muravyov, Nikolay
936:Harold E. Raugh,
663:
662:
633:The Thin Red Line
442:
441:
190:
189:
126:
125:
118:
100:
1228:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:40.6167; 43.1000
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1156:
1140:
1137:Saint Petersburg
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1029:
998:
992:
982:
976:
973:
962:
956:
943:
934:
922:
919:
913:
910:
904:
889:
883:
880:
874:
862:
700:Eastern Anatolia
684:Nikolay Muravyov
682:ordered General
551:Naval Operations
478:
468:
461:
454:
445:
444:
374:Local conscripts
344:
343:
332:
331:
321:
320:
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309:
299:
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282:
281:
274:
265:
264:
257:
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229:
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217:
216:
206:
205:
156:
155:
148:
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1073:. p. 195.
1054:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:. p. 219.
1002:Aksan, Virginia
999:
995:
983:
979:
974:
965:
957:
946:
935:
931:
926:
925:
920:
916:
911:
907:
890:
886:
881:
877:
863:
859:
854:
842:
811:
790:on 6 November.
664:
659:
479:
474:
472:
438:>7,500–6,500
434:
405:
403:
402:
397:
338:
326:
325:
315:
314:
304:
303:
293:
292:
276:
275:
259:
258:
242:
223:
211:
210:
200:
186:Russian victory
178:
149:
122:
111:
105:
102:
65:"Siege of Kars"
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1079:
1048:
1031:
1024:
993:
977:
963:
944:
928:
927:
924:
923:
914:
905:
884:
875:
870:regular troops
856:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
841:
838:
837:
836:
830:
824:
818:
810:
807:
661:
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652:
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637:
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586:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
559:
553:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
515:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
488:
484:
481:
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471:
470:
463:
456:
448:
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436:
433:
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430:
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413:
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407:
396:
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388:
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384:
383:
377:
371:
363:
354:
353:
349:
348:
336:
239:
238:
234:
233:
231:Russian Empire
221:
219:British Empire
208:Ottoman Empire
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
176:Ottoman Empire
170:
168:
164:
163:
160:
152:
151:
141:
140:
133:
132:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1080:9781350083455
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1044:5-7117-0058-8
1041:
1035:
1027:
1025:9781000440362
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:New York City
1009:
1008:
1003:
997:
990:
986:
981:
972:
970:
968:
960:
959:Muravyov 1877
955:
953:
951:
949:
942:
939:
933:
929:
918:
909:
902:
898:
894:
888:
879:
871:
867:
861:
857:
847:
844:
843:
835:
834:Kars, Ontario
831:
829:
825:
823:
819:
817:
813:
812:
802:
798:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:siege of Kars
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
585:
584:Petropavlovsk
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
485:
482:
477:
469:
464:
462:
457:
455:
450:
449:
446:
437:
428:
424:
421:
420:
418:
417:
415:
414:
409:
400:
393:
390:
389:
387:
385:Total: 30,000
381:
378:
375:
372:
370:: up to 6,270
369:
368:
367:Bashi-bazouks
364:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:
347:
342:
337:
335:
330:
324:
319:
313:
312:Hurshid Pasha
308:
302:
297:
290:
285:
280:
273:
268:
263:
256:
251:
246:
241:
240:
235:
232:
227:
222:
220:
215:
209:
204:
199:
198:
193:
185:
182:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
153:
147:
142:
139:
134:
131:Siege of Kars
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120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1089:
1061:
1051:
1034:
1006:
996:
988:
980:
937:
932:
917:
908:
896:
887:
878:
860:
832:Namesake of
826:Namesake of
820:Namesake of
792:
777:
761:
753:Napoleon III
741:
733:William Gush
704:
690:interest in
680:Alexander II
667:
665:
544:
398:
379:
373:
365:
359:
301:Ismail Pasha
195:Belligerents
136:Part of the
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1180: /
788:River Ingur
672:Crimean War
616:Great Redan
577:Suomenlinna
525:Başgedikler
520:Akhaltsikhe
476:Crimean War
404:96 cannons,
284:Vasıf Pasha
138:Crimean War
1195:Categories
1168:43°06′00″E
1165:40°37′00″N
852:References
745:Omar Pasha
692:Asia Minor
678:, Emperor
606:Sevastopol
334:Nassim Bey
76:newspapers
1016:Routledge
780:Trebizond
771:and took
769:Mingrelia
764:Black Sea
645:Eupatoria
623:Balaclava
572:Bomarsund
567:Halkokari
562:Åland War
540:Kurekdere
508:Silistria
429:captured)
106:July 2010
1147:(1877).
1059:(2020).
1004:(2021).
901:militias
866:drachmas
840:See also
719:Istanbul
655:Chernaya
650:Taganrog
640:Inkerman
611:Malakoff
514:Caucasus
493:Oltenița
435:114 guns
401:: 25,725
382:: ~2,000
380:Militias
376:: ~1,330
352:Strength
323:Emir Bey
167:Location
1133:Leipzig
893:Erzerum
784:Erzerum
773:Sukhumi
757:Sukhumi
688:Ottoman
589:Kinburn
535:Choloki
530:Nigoiti
503:Calafat
487:Balkans
90:scholar
1077:
1067:London
1042:
1022:
809:Legacy
715:Crimea
595:Crimea
498:Cetate
427:pashas
286:
269:
252:
183:Result
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1151:[
897:redif
557:Sinop
399:Total
97:JSTOR
83:books
1075:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1020:ISBN
696:Kars
666:The
601:Alma
545:Kars
172:Kars
159:Date
69:news
731:by
52:by
1197::
1069::
1014::
987:.
966:^
947:^
735:,
702:.
174:,
1096:.
1083:.
1046:.
1028:.
467:e
460:t
453:v
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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