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52:
1098:
February. The French army commander staged obvious preparations for a full-scale assault, such as the display of scaling ladders in the trenches. This finally broke the morale of the defenders. Izquierdo ordered the surviving members of the garrison to be evacuated by
Gravina's squadron on the night of 3 February, leaving a 300-man rear guard behind to cover the operation. The rear guard was supposed to be taken off in small boats in the morning, but they were abandoned by the fleet and became French prisoners.
1097:
to the south of Roses, threatening to advance to its relief. By 25 January, when wintry weather compelled Sauret to suspend siege operations, Urrutia's army had grown menacingly large. Determined to take the fortress, Pérignon decided to try bluff again. He stormed the
Spanish advanced positions on 1
1106:
The
Spanish reported 113 killed, 470 wounded, and 1,160 sick during the siege. In addition, 300 soldiers fell into French hands. French losses are unknown but were claimed to be light. Annoyed that Pérignon was unable to advance beyond the Fluvià, the French government replaced him at the end of May
1069:
On 29 November, the first battery opened fire on the fortress and the French began digging siege trenches. By 7 December, six batteries were pounding the defenses. Izquierdo launched several ineffectual sorties at the French as their siege parallels drew closer to the citadel. By this time Pérignon
1074:, whose fire caused serious damage to the besiegers, was the key position. He ordered that heavy guns be installed on Mont Puy-Bois. When the French engineers protested that it could not be done, the commanding general overrode their objections. The French soldiers, whose nickname for the
1021:
On 28 November the French invested Roses with 13,261 soldiers. While Sauret had immediate command over the besiegers, Pérignon remained the driving force in prosecuting the siege. Six brigades were subordinated to Sauret for the operation. The brigades were commanded by
221:
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1050:
214:
904:
soon realized that an outlying fort was the key to Roses and concentrated their energy on reducing it. A month after the fort fell, the
Spanish fleet evacuated the garrison by sea.
207:
332:
1004:
310:
1046:
1432:
638:
1030:
837:
396:
1247:. This source stated that François Gilles Guillot served in the Eastern Pyrenees and was wounded on 20 November 1794 (that is, at the Battle of the Black Mountain).
608:
551:
389:
765:
1346:
1371:
772:
1491:
502:
1486:
991:
in 1543 and completed by 1570. The citadel had a modified pentagonal shape with five bastions and demi-lunes on all sides except the sea side. The
827:
1362:
1034:
1086:
and its garrison was taken off in boats on 1 January. From the newly captured position, the French opened fire on the citadel and the fleet.
1082:(the Pimple), managed to haul three batteries to the summit by 25 December. The batteries on Mont Puy-Bois finally breached the walls of the
927:
17:
300:
934:. The French army routed their adversaries in a four-day combat in which both commanding generals were killed. General of Division
1506:
995:
was a 4-pointed star-shaped work on a 60 metres (197 ft) height. The citadel is located just west of the town while the
1108:
881:
was soon restored to Spain. Roses is a coastal city in northeastern Spain, located 43 kilometres (27 mi) northeast of
832:
452:
305:
413:
529:
935:
866:
143:
1391:
1335:
1090:
869:
commanded the French army and
Domingo Salvator Izquierdo led the Spanish defenders. The siege took place during the
1501:
1011:
124:
507:
1496:
1138:, in which Pérignon played a key role, followed on 19 August 1796. By this pact, Spain became an ally of France.
1018:
and 45 other vessels lay in the Bay of Roses. These ships provided gunfire and logistic support to the garrison.
1123:
1135:
999:
crowns a promontory 2.3 km south-southeast of the citadel. The 300-meter high Mont Puy-Bois dominated the
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660:
481:
474:
365:
988:
755:
650:
920:
633:
1481:
1372:"1793–1795 La Convention contre L'Espagne: Le bluff de Dominique Perignon depasse la realite de l'histoire"
931:
913:
893:
715:
695:
675:
462:
337:
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342:
900:
and its fortress. At the same time, they undertook a formal siege of Roses. Pérignon and his lieutenant
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1471:
255:
874:
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417:
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951:
901:
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512:
381:
1112:
735:
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447:
290:
1414:
1516:
1511:
984:
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561:
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360:
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265:
154:
1142:
862:
705:
546:
457:
280:
112:
28:
670:
1026:
613:
1115:
on 14 June. French losses numbered 2,500 while the
Spanish army only lost 546 casualties.
573:
8:
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on 22 July 1795 officially ended the fighting. Spanish forces under
Lieutenant General
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924:
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270:
556:
1407:
The following reference is an excellent source for the full names of French generals.
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51:
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Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 a 1850
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27:
This article is about the siege in 1794–1795. For the siege in 1808, see
857:) began on 28 November 1794 and lasted until 4 February 1795 when the
199:
896:
in
November 1794. In the aftermath, the French army quickly captured
886:
411:
1415:"Generals Who Served in the French Army during the Period 1789–1815"
1094:
938:
assumed command of the French army and quickly occupied the city of
939:
897:
1008:
976:
1053:'s 2,586 infantry and 211 cavalry were in support at Castillon.
1322:
Ostermann, Georges (1987). "Pérignon: The
Unknown Marshal". In
972:
946:
José Andrés Valdes into surrendering the 9,000-man garrison of
882:
149:
138:
107:
1134:
in late July, before news of the peace reached the front. The
161:
119:
892:
The French inflicted a severe defeat on the
Spanish army at
1234:. Prats placed Abel Joseph Guillot in Sauret's division.
1049:(1,019 infantry and 123 cavalry). General of Division
950:
on 28 November. On the same day, General of Division
1145:happened in November and December 1808, during the
861:garrison abandoned the port and the forces of the
1007:commanded the 4,800 men of the Spanish garrison.
1463:
1205:
1203:
1149:. Previous sieges occurred in 1645 and 1693.
397:
215:
1378:
1200:
1361:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1217:
1215:
1089:Meanwhile, the army of Lieutenant General
928:Luis Firmin de Carvajal, Conde de la Union
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208:
1321:
1492:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
1060:
1487:Sieges of the French Revolutionary Wars
1212:
1181:
1179:
987:. These fortifications were ordered by
229:
14:
1464:
1344:
1412:
1369:
1304:
1003:on the northeast. Lieutenant General
971:The defenses of Roses consisted of a
385:
203:
1176:
568:Third invasion of Portugal 1810–1811
496:First invasion of Portugal 1807–1808
24:
1256:Ostermann-Chandler (1987), 413–414
1197:Ostermann-Chandler (1987), 415 map
1111:. Urrutia defeated Schérer at the
1051:Jean Baptiste Beaufort de Thorigny
70:28 November 1794 – 4 February 1795
25:
1528:
1401:
877:. The war ended in July 1795 and
1012:Federico Carlos Gravina y Napoli
912:On 17 November 1794, the French
530:Second invasion of Portugal 1809
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1109:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
1093:held a position behind the Rio
936:Dominique Catherine de Pérignon
867:Dominique Catherine de Pérignon
1283:Ostermann-Chandler (1987), 409
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1224:
1209:Ostermann-Chandler (1987), 413
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1164:Ostermann-Chandler (1987), 408
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1136:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
1107:1795 with General of Division
1091:José de Urrutia y de las Casas
13:
1:
1507:Military history of Catalonia
1384:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
1298:
989:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
942:. The French general bluffed
907:
436:War of the Pyrenees 1793-1795
1152:
1124:Gregorio García de la Cuesta
932:Battle of the Black Mountain
914:Army of the Eastern Pyrenees
7:
1330:. New York, NY: Macmillan.
475:Mediterranean Campaign 1798
10:
1533:
1101:
1005:Domingo Salvator Izquierdo
921:Jacques François Dugommier
57:Citadel of Roses: Sea Gate
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18:Siege of Roses (1794-1795)
1126:won two minor actions at
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1345:Mullié, Charles (1852).
1031:Joseph Magdelaine Martin
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37:Siege of Roses 1794–1795
1502:Sieges involving France
1370:Prats, Bernard (2007).
1305:Goode, Dominic (2010).
1072:Castillo de la Trinidad
1047:François Gilles Guillot
993:Castillo de la Trinidad
930:'s Spanish army in the
489:War of the Oranges 1801
453:Sant Llorenç de la Muga
1497:Sieges involving Spain
1309:. fortified-places.com
1066:
1045:(2,118 infantry), and
985:Castell de la Trinitat
952:Pierre François Sauret
902:Pierre François Sauret
873:which was part of the
131:Commanders and leaders
1417:. The Napoleon Series
1386:. London: Greenhill.
1292:Smith (1998), 271–272
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954:invested the port of
863:First French Republic
184:Casualties and losses
29:Siege of Roses (1808)
1027:Claude Perrin Victor
1482:War of the Pyrenees
1444: /
1351:(in French). Paris.
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1132:Bellver de Cerdanya
1039:Jean-Jacques Causse
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871:War of the Pyrenees
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233:War of the Pyrenees
44:War of the Pyrenees
1324:Chandler, David G.
1070:realized that the
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1065:Dominique Pérignon
1041:(1,403 infantry),
1037:(1,799 infantry),
1033:(1,747 infantry),
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948:Sant Ferran Castle
925:Lieutenant General
894:the Black Mountain
676:Arroyo dos Molinos
338:Sans Culottes Camp
144:Dominique Pérignon
82:, Catalonia, Spain
1477:Conflicts in 1795
1472:Conflicts in 1794
1413:Broughton, Tony.
1274:Smith (1998), 104
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1140:
1117:
1105:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1035:Robert Motte
1020:
1000:
996:
992:
970:
911:
891:
854:
850:
848:
756:Roncesvalles
589:Trant's raid
366:Fort-Dauphin
320:
266:Peyrestortes
100:Belligerents
56:
42:Part of the
1451: /
716:Tordesillas
706:Majadahonda
686:3rd Badajoz
661:2nd Badajoz
651:1st Badajoz
629:2nd Almeida
579:1st Almeida
458:Villelongue
281:Villelongue
1466:Categories
1299:References
983:) and the
908:Background
721:San Millan
614:Casal Novo
448:2nd Boulou
291:2nd Boulou
276:1st Boulou
194:1,160 sick
1357:cite book
1153:Footnotes
1128:Puigcerdà
923:attacked
887:Catalonia
701:Salamanca
574:River Côa
562:2nd Porto
547:1st Porto
348:Orbaizeta
261:Perpignan
1382:(1998).
1243:Mullié,
1232:Le Bluff
1084:Castillo
1076:Castillo
1001:Castillo
997:castillo
940:Figueres
898:Figueras
822:Overseas
810:Toulouse
785:Bidassoa
761:Sorauren
746:Pyrenees
736:Pamplona
671:El Bodón
609:Condeixa
552:Amarante
414:Portugal
271:Truillas
171:Strength
75:Location
1436:42°16′N
1421:7 April
1326:(ed.).
1245:Guillot
1102:Results
1009:Admiral
977:citadel
859:Spanish
815:Bayonne
790:Nivelle
766:Lizasso
726:Vitoria
691:Almaraz
656:Barrosa
624:Sabugal
604:Redinha
584:Bussaco
523:Vimeiro
468:Bascara
463:Capmany
416:in the
353:Bascara
251:Mas Deu
1439:3°11′E
1390:
1334:
1313:1 June
1095:Fluvià
1057:Action
975:-type
973:Vauban
967:Forces
916:under
883:Girona
833:Guiana
805:Orthez
800:Garris
773:Buenza
731:Tolosa
711:Burgos
666:Usagre
599:Pombal
537:Chaves
518:Roliça
443:Toulon
361:Toulon
343:Baztan
176:13,261
113:France
88:Result
1187:Roses
962:Siege
956:Roses
879:Roses
557:Grijó
542:Braga
513:Évora
503:Olhão
482:Malta
321:Roses
189:light
179:4,800
125:Spain
80:Roses
1423:2012
1388:ISBN
1363:link
1332:ISBN
1315:2012
1130:and
1118:The
1078:was
853:(or
849:The
795:Nive
751:Maya
420:and
67:Date
1468::
1359:}}
1355:{{
1214:^
1202:^
1178:^
958:.
889:.
885:,
1425:.
1396:.
1365:)
1340:.
1317:.
979:(
405:e
398:t
391:v
223:e
216:t
209:v
31:.
20:)
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