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543:, and thus that the spring's water had already been diverted many centuries before Hezekiah. As originally constructed, it is understood as a 20 feet deep ditch in the ground, covered over by large rock slabs, which were then hidden in the foliage. It is narrower than the tunnel, but can still be walked by a human for most of its length. In addition to the (3 ft high) exit near the Siloam pool, the channel has several small outlets that watered the gardens facing the Kidron Valley.
445:, the tunnel was carved out of the living rock by two teams, one starting at each end of the tunnel and then meeting in the middle. The inscription is partly unreadable at present, and may originally have conveyed more information than this. It is clear from the tunnel itself that several directional errors were made during its construction. Recent scholarship has discredited the idea that the tunnel may have been formed by substantially widening a pre-existing natural
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634:"When Hezekiah saw that Sennacherib had come and that he intended to wage war against Jerusalem, he consulted with his officials and military staff about blocking off the water from the springs outside the city, and they helped him. They gathered a large group of people who blocked all the springs and the stream that flowed through the land. 'Why should the kings of Assyria come and find plenty of water?' they said." (
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411:. Since the Gihon Spring was already protected by a massive tower and was included in the city's defensive wall system, Jerusalem seems to have been supplied with enough water in case of siege even without this tunnel. According to Aharon Horovitz, director of the Megalim Institute, the tunnel can be interpreted as an additional
449:. How the Israelite engineers dealt with the difficult feat of making two teams digging from opposite ends meet far underground is still not fully understood, but some suggest that the two teams were directed from above by sound signals generated by hammering on the solid rock through which the tunnelers were digging.
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designed for keeping the entire outflow of the spring inside the walled area, which included the downstream Pool of Siloam, with the specific purpose of withholding water from any besieging forces. Both the spring itself, and the pool at the end of the tunnel, would have been used by the inhabitants
524:(c. 8th century BC), fearful that the Assyrians would lay siege to the city, blocked the spring's water outside the city and diverted it through a channel into the then Pool of Siloam. Since 1997, it is now known that the earlier Warren's shaft system had already heavily fortified the Gihon Spring.
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This weakness was removed by the
Canaanites, who built a very strongly fortified tower around the spring and connected it to the city walls on the slope by an additional wall, which carried a well-protected corridor. A Canaanite tunnel already collected the spring water since ca. 1800 BC and led it
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Excavation work in the tunnel by Ronny Reich of the
University of Haifa and Eli Shukron of the Israel Antiquities Authority has cast doubt over the attribution of the tunnel to the reign of Hezekiah. They believe the evidence points to a date several decades earlier, in the last part of the 9th
652:"You also saw the City of David, that it was great; And you gathered together the waters of the lower pool. You also made a reservoir between the two walls for the water of the old pool. But you did not look to its Maker, Nor did you have respect for him who fashioned it long ago." (
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The idea of dating the tunnel to
Hezekiah's period was derived from the Biblical text that describes construction of a water tunnel in his time. Scientific support for this, however, came from radiocarbon dates of organic matter contained in the original plastering as well as
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southwards through the bedrock. It released the water onto the fields in the Kidron Valley through several openings, and ended in an open reservoir. While allowing for important farming, this arrangement also made water available to besieging troops outside the city walls.
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located right outside the southern tip of the city walls. In contrast to that, the previous water system did release all the water not used by the city population into the Kidron Valley to the east, where besieging troops could have taken advantage of it.
555:), connected by a gently sloping tunnel, is thought to have provided ventilation, light and access to the underground water channel for construction and maintenance. At its outlet, a network of dams, gates and channels is used to distribute the water.
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century or early part of the 8th century BC. They note that the biblical passage connecting
Hezekiah to the construction of waterworks doesn't specify a place in the city, and suggest it might refer to waterworks in the Mamilla area.
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of ancient Persia, the canal or culvert, carved into the rock, led from a main water source, and was meant to channel the current to a lower place where water was needed for agricultural purposes. The well-like vertical shaft
625:"As for the other events of Hezekiah’s reign, all his achievements and how he made the pool and the tunnel by which he brought water into the city, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Judah?" (
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wrote that: "The inscription thus appears to belong to the later period of the Hebrew monarchy, and may very well be considered to agree with the
Biblical account of Hezekiah's preparations for Sennacherib's siege."
513:. This presented a major military weakness, as the city walls, if high enough to be defensible, must necessarily leave the Gihon spring outside, leaving the city without a fresh water supply in case of siege.
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as water sources. Troops positioned outside the walls wouldn't have reached any of it, because even the overflow water released from the Pool of Siloam would have fully disappeared into a
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643:"It was Hezekiah who blocked the upper outlet of the Gihon spring and channeled the water down to the west side of the City of David. He succeeded in everything he undertook." (
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In 1899, an ancient channel, also leading from the Gihon Spring halfway to the Siloam Pool area, but by a more direct route, was found. This channel is now known as the
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is not an aqueduct, and requires those desiring water to travel up and down it themselves—an arrangement that
Hezekiah seemingly must have considered inadequate.
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difference between its two ends, which corresponds to a 0.06 percent gradient, the engineers managed to convey the water from the spring to the pool.
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407:. If indeed built under Hezekiah, it dates to a time when Jerusalem was preparing for an impending siege by the Assyrians, led by
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Frumkin, Amos; Shimron, Aryeh (2006). "Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: Geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem".
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Alon De Groot and Fadida Atalya (2011). "The
Pottery Assemblage from the Rock-Cut Pool near the Gihon Spring".
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Neither
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Biblical
Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838
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Warren, Charles; Wilson, Charles
William; Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (1871). Morrison, Walter (ed.).
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The recovery of Jerusalem: a narrative of exploration and discovery in the city and the Holy Land
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A Tiny Piece of the Puzzle: Six-Letter Inscription Suggests Monumental Building of Hezekiah
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The revised dating is supported by De Groot and Fadida on the basis of pottery analysis.
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A New Perspective on the Various Components of the Siloam Water System in Jerusalem
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Jerusalem: Sites and tours in the United City (ירושלים: אתרים וסיורים בעיר המאוחדת)
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Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron (2011). "The date of the Siloam Tunnel reconsidered".
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may have been "dug by King Hezekiah" and in 1884 following the discovery of the
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from having access to water. An older water system, sometimes called the
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in 1625. It was later explored in 1838 by the American biblical scholar
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The Date of the Siloam Inscription: A Rejoinder to Rogerson and Davies
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The Bible verses relating to a tunnel in Hezekiah's time are these:
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Conduit carved in rock to the divert the waters of the Gihon Spring
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1178:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. pp. 27–32 (Warren's Shaft).
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A sketch of the tunnel, including the "Virgin's Well", i.e. the
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Flashlight (torch) lighten the way through Hezekiah's Tunnel
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1317:.Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins,133 (2017) 2.
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determined that it was constructed around 1800 BC, in the
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in ancient times, now located in the Arab neighborhood of
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Buildings and structures completed in the 8th century BC
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Ariel: A Journal for the Knowledge of the Land of Israel
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Water running the length of the conduit, carved through
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The Why, How, and When of the Siloam Tunnel Reevaluated
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in its original location inside Hezekiah's Tunnel, 2010
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The survey of Western Palestine-Jerusalem (1884) p.348
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BiblePlaces.com article containing photos & links
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Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
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The Original Length of the Siloam Tunnel in Jerusalem
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1366:Hezekiah’s Tunnel: Living proof of God’s greatness
469:The tunnel was first described in modern times by
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434:mile) long and by using the 12 inch (30 cm)
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1209:. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers.
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757:Wading through the waters of Hezekiah's Tunnel
509:, is on the side of the cliff overlooking the
424:The curving tunnel is 583 yards (533 m; about
1280:Frumkin, A., Shimron, A., and Rosenbaum, J.,
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1114:The recovery of Jerusalem, by Captain Warren
1293:Amihai Sneh, Ram Weinberger, Eyal Shalev,
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781:The conduit carved by King Hezekiah's men
695:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
609:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1260:Was the Siloam Tunnel Built by Hezekiah?
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874:. Koninlijke Brill. pp. 35, 48–50.
717:, 6th century BC tunnel on Samos, Greece
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1411:Establishments in the Kingdom of Judah
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1310:, Biblical Archaeologist, 1996, vol.59
1290:425, Jerusalem, 2003, pp. 169–71.
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900:Frumkin, Amos; Shimron, Aryeh (2006).
589:Please improve this section by adding
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128:נִקְבַּת הַשִּׁלֹחַ (Nikbat HaShiloaḥ)
1103:. New York: D. Appleton. p. 194.
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1226:Journal of Archaeological Science
906:Journal of Archaeological Science
871:Hezekiah in History and Tradition
823:Walking through Hezekiah's tunnel
272:(both upper and lower/older), by
1351:City of David archeological site
1303:359, August 2010, pp. 57–65
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769:Exploring Hezekiah's Tunnel
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1277:25, 1998, pp. 116–30.
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1205:Brisco, Thomas C. (1998).
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868:Robb Andrew Young (2012).
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1328:The Siloam TunnelAqueduct
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721:Turpan water system
715:Tunnel of Eupalinos
636:2 Chronicles 32:2–4
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41:Please help
36:verification
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599:August 2022
537:Ronny Reich
409:Sennacherib
394:speleothems
366:Sennacherib
358:upper Gihon
328:in eastern
310:תעלת חזקיהו
200: /
176:Coordinates
1375:Categories
1082:. Boston:
1074:Smith, Eli
853:References
580:references
386:radiometry
378:Bronze Age
374:Canaanites
342:2 Kings 20
284:The newer
268:, and the
239:Discovered
234:Site notes
188:35°14′08″E
185:31°46′20″N
69:newspapers
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348:) in the
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154:Location
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290:Hebrew
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338:Judah
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