Small modular reactor

22: 3568: 959:(2022) has the merit to have raised relevant questions that cannot be ignored by reactor designers, or decision-makers, and to have triggered open and fresh discussions on important outcomes for SMRs and radwaste management in general. Amongst the various types of SMR projects initiated today by many start-up companies, only those correctly addressing these questions and really contributing to minimize the radioactive waste they produce have a chance to be supported by the public and governmental organisations (nuclear safety authorities and radioactive waste management organisations) and their research to be funded by long-term national policies. 1161:'s VOYGR SMR is fully licensed for use in the United States. However, not all countries follow the NRC or IAEA licensing standards. In the United States and IAEA adhering countries, the licensing is based on a rigorous, independent analysis and reviewing work of all structures, systems and components critical for the nuclear safety under normal and accidental conditions on the whole service life of the installation including the long-term management of radioactive waste. Licensing is based on the examination and scrutiny of the risk assessment studies and safety files elaborated by the fabricant and the exploitant of the SMR in the frame of the 664:

regulatory requirements, for example, with regard to the required degree of redundancy or diversity in safety systems. Some developers even demand that current requirements be waived, for example in the area of internal accident management or with reduced planning zones, or even a complete waiver of external emergency protection planning. Since the safety of a reactor plant depends on all of these factors, based on the current state of knowledge it is not possible to state, that a higher safety level is achieved by SMR concepts in principle."

10106: 10096: 10076: 1277: 343: 3628:, the project was canceled in November 2023 for cost reasons. NuScale said in January 2023 the target price for power from the plant was $ 89 per megawatt hour, up 53% from the previous estimate of $ 58 per MWh, raising concerns about customers' willingness to pay. Still, increased cost estimates remain well below traditional nuclear power used for commercial facilities and most other less reliable and more environmentally hazardous forms of power production. 514: 1166:

operational safety, its security (access protection), the nuclear safeguard (risk of proliferation), the proper conditioning of radioactive waste under a stable physico-chemical form, and the long-term safety related to the final disposal of the different types of radwaste produced, including all the waste produced during dismantling operations after decommissioning of the installation. A particularly important point of attention for the backend of the

10086: 1205:) are working to define SMR licensing. The challenge of facilitating the development of SMRs is to prevent a weakening of the safety regulations: the risk of lightened regulations adopted more rapidly is to lower the safety characteristics of SMRs. While deploying identical systems built in manufacturing plants with an improved quality control can be considered an advantage, SMRs remain nuclear reactors with a very high 951:"There's definitely a disconnect between the people working on the back end of the fuel cycle—especially with geologic repository development—and those actually designing reactors. And, there is not a lot of motivation for these reactor designers to think about the geologic disposal aspects because the NRC's new reactor design certification application does not have a chapter on geologic disposal..." 1181:). Early designs for large-scale reactors date back to the 1960s and 1970s during the construction of the nuclear reactor fleet currently in service. Some adaptations of the original licensing process by the US's Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) have been repurposed to better correspond to the specific characteristics and needs of the deployment of SMR units. In particular, the US 571:(LBE) are liquid metal coolants studied for 4th generation SMRs. There was a large focus on sodium during early work on large-rated reactors which has since carried over to SMRs to be a prominent choice as a liquid metal coolant. SMRs have lower cooling water requirements, which expands the number of sites where a SMR could be built, including remote areas typically incorporating 1100:, or the use of nuclear materials to create weapons, is a concern for small modular reactors. As SMRs have lower generation capacity and are physically smaller, they are intended to be deployed in many more locations than conventional plants. SMRs are expected to substantially reduce staffing levels. The combination creates physical protection and security concerns. 196:

conventional large reactors. Moreover, extremely limited information about SMR modules transportation has been published. Critics say that modular building will only be cost-effective for a high number of the same SMR type, given the still remaining high costs for each SMR. A high market share is thus needed to obtain sufficient orders.

7936: 1222:. The potential "proliferation" of large SMR fleets and the high diversity of their design also complicate the licensing process. The nuclear safety cannot be sacrificed for industrial or economical interests and the risk of nuclear accident increases with the number of reactors in service, small or large unit. 688:

Some SMR designs feature an integral design of which the primary reactor core, steam generator and the pressurizer are integrated within the sealed reactor vessel. This integrated design allows for the reduction of a possible accident as contamination leaks could be contained. In comparison to larger

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Negative temperature coefficients in the moderators and the fuels keep the fission reactions under control, causing the reaction to slow as temperature increases. After the shutdown of a nuclear reactor, the reactor needs to be cooled continuously in order to dissipate decay heat. A loss of emergency

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is working with Wisconsin's Dairyland Power to evaluate VOYGR SMR power plants for potential deployment. The US leader in SMR technology believes its load-following capabilities can be used to support Dairyland's existing renewables portfolio, as well as facilitate growth. Additionally, VOYGR plants

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These authors have identified the neutron leakage as the first issue for SMRs because they have a higher surface area with respect to their core volume. They have calculated that the neutron leakage rates are much higher for SMRs, because in smaller reactor cores, emitted neutrons have fewer chances

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around 2030, but this deal has since fallen through after the customers backed out due to rising costs. The United States has plans for several modular reactors. Dominion Energy Virginia is now accepting proposals. The U.S. has nearly 4 gigawatts in announced SMR projects in addition to almost 3 GW

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had plans to construct up to 16 SMRs in the UK. In 2019, the company received £18 million to begin designing the modular system. An additional £210 million was awarded to Rolls-Royce by the British government in 2021, complemented by a £195 million contribution from private firms. In November 2022,

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Construction costs per SMR reactor were claimed in 2016 to be less than that for a conventional nuclear plant, while exploitation costs might be higher for SMRs due to low scale economics and the higher number of reactors. SMR staff operating costs per unit output can be as much as 190% higher than

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The high diversity of SMR reactors and their respective fuel cycles may also require more diverse waste management strategy to recycle, or to safely dispose, their nuclear waste. A larger number of spent fuel types will be more difficult to manage than only one type as it is presently the case with

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In 2017, an Energy Innovation Reform Project (EIRP) study of eight companies looked at reactor designs with capacity between 47.5 MWe and 1,648 MWe. The study reported average capital cost of $ 3,782/kW, average operating cost total of $ 21/MWh and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $ 60/MWh.

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Some SMR designs are designed for one-time fueling. This improves proliferation resistance by eliminating on-site nuclear fuel handling and means that the fuel can be sealed within the reactor. However, this design requires large amounts of fuel, which could make it a more attractive target. A 200

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Contrasting to conventional large reactors, SMRs can be adapted to be installed in a sealed underground chamber; therefore, "reducing the vulnerability of the reactor to a terrorist attack or a natural disaster". New SMR designs enhance the proliferation resistance, such as those from the reactor

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In response, researchers at Oregon State University introduced a new strategy to build smaller reactors, which were expected to be faster to fabricate, safer to operate, and operate at a reduced cost per reactor. Despite the loss of scale advantages and considerably less power output, funding was

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A production cost calculation done by the German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (BASE), taking into account economies of scale and learning effects from the nuclear industry, suggests that an average of 3,000 SMR would have to be produced before SMR production would be

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they have to submit to the safety authority (regulatory body) when applying for a licence to construct and safely exploit the installation. For NRC and IAEA licensing, the safety and feasibility cases of nuclear installations have to take into account all processes and elements important for the

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emissions without wasting time, a rapid and massive deployment of a large number of SMRs (several thousands to tens of thousands of units) is critical and represents an unprecedented challenge for the nuclear industry, the safety authorities, and the civil society (acceptance by the public, the

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The hypothesised flexibility and modularity of SMR is intended to allow additional power generation capability to be installed at existing power plants. A site could host several SMRs, one going off-line for refueling while the other reactors stay online as it is presently already the case for

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Small nuclear reactors, in comparison to conventional nuclear power plants, offer potential advantages related to the flexibility of their modular construction. It would be possible to incrementally connect additional units to the grid in the event electrical load increases. Additionally, this

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The backend of the nuclear fuel cycle of SMR is a complex and challenging issue remaining disputed. The quantity and the radiotoxicity of the radioactive waste produced by SMR mainly depend on their design and the related fuel cycle. As the notion of SMR encompasses a broad spectrum of nuclear

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Some SMR designs proposes cooling systems only based on thermoconvection – natural circulation – to eliminate cooling pumps that could break down. Convection can keep removing decay heat after reactor shutdown. However, some SMRs may need an active cooling system to back up the passive system,

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Proponents claim that SMRs would be less expensive due to the use of standardized modules that could be industrially produced off-site in a dedicated factory. SMRs do, however, also have economic disadvantages. Several studies suggest that the overall costs of SMRs are comparable with those of

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features that do not require human intervention, although this is not specific to SMRs but rather a characteristic of most modern reactor designs. SMRs are also claimed to have lower power plant staffing costs, as their operation is fairly simple, and are claimed to have the ability to bypass

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reactors, reduced from twelve in earlier plans. Estimated target electricity generation price after subsidies was $ 89/MWh in 2023, an increase from $ 58/MWh in 2021. The increased generation cost led to the decision to cancel the project in November 2023. Before its cancellation, the project

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desalination. The membrane desalination process uses only electricity to power water pumps and is the most employed of the two methods. In the thermal process, the feed water stream is evaporated in different stages with continuous decreases in pressure between the stages. The thermal process

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CAREM-25 is a prototype of 25 MWe, the first nuclear power plant completely designed and developed in Argentina. The project was suspended several times before being resumed. In October 2022, CNEA expected that the civil construction works would be finished by 2024. If construction continues

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advantages compared to power plants with a larger power output, as they have a lower radioactive inventory per reactor and aim for a higher safety level especially through simplifications and an increased use of passive systems. In contrast, however, various SMR concepts also favour reduced

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in production, due to volume manufacture in an offsite factory. Some studies instead find the capital cost of SMRs to be equivalent to larger reactors. Substantial capital is needed to construct the factory – ameliorating that cost requires significant volume, estimated to be 40–70 units.

3334:(EDF) created a new subsidiary to develop and construct a new SMR named Nuward. It was a 340 MWe design with two independent light water reactors of 170 MWe. The twin reactors were sheltered in a single containment building sharing most of their equipment. In August 2023, EDF submitted a 3419:. The project is estimated to be completed by 2026–2027, which will make the power plant the first of its kind in Europe. The power plant is expected to generate 462 MWe, securing the consumption of about 46.000 households and would help to avoid the release of 4 million tons of CO 3549:

SMRs differ in terms of staffing, safety and deployment time. US government studies to evaluate SMR-associated risks are claimed to have slowed the licensing process. One main concern with SMRs and their large number, needed to reach an economic profitability, is preventing

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an intrinsic guarantee for a better safety. Any severe accident with external radioactive contamination release could have potential serious consequences not so different from that of a large LWR reactor. It would also probably signify the final rejection of

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Furthermore, many SMRs offer the ability to go periods of greater than 10 years without requiring any form of refueling therefore improving the proliferation resistance as compared to conventional large reactors of which entail refueling every 18–24 months.

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To ensure adequate guidelines for the nuclear safety, while helping the licensing process, the IAEA has encouraged the creation of a central licensing system for SMRs. A workshop in October 2009 and another in June 2010 considered the topic, followed by an

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Proponents say that nuclear energy with proven technology can be safer; the nuclear industry contends that smaller size will make SMRs even safer than larger conventional plants. This is because the main problem associated with nuclear meltdowns is the

1031:(BASE) found that extensive interim storage and fuel transports are still required for SMRs. A deep geological repository is still unavoidable in any case because of the presence of highly mobile long-lived fission products that, due to their too low 188:

expected to be easier thanks to the introduction of modular construction and projects with anticipated shorter timescales. The generic SMR proposal is to swap the economies of unit scale for the economies of unit mass production. Partnering with OSU,

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reactors having numerous components outside the reactor vessel, this feature increases the safety by decreasing the risks of an uncontained accident. Some SMR designs also envisage to install the reactor and the spent-fuel storage pools underground.

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founder Bret Kugelmass claimed that thousands of SMRs could be built in parallel, "thus reducing costs associated with long borrowing times for prolonged construction schedules and reducing risk premiums currently linked to large projects".

789:, which is considered by their promotors as a way to reduce the long-term waste radiotoxicity compared to the uranium cycle. However, using the thorium cycle also presents big operational challenges because of the production and the use of 846:

to interact with the fissile atoms present in the fuel and to produce nuclear fission. Instead, neutrons exit the reactor core without interacting with the nuclear fuel, and they are absorbed outside the core by the materials used for the

943:, Lindsay Krall, the lead author of the study and a former MacArthur postdoctoral fellow at Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) answered to questions and criticisms, amongst others, those raised by the 1300:

Another potential advantage is that a future power station using SMRs can begin with a single module and expand by adding modules as demand grows. This reduces startup costs associated with conventional designs. Some SMRs also have a

1288:, were scrapped due to excessive increases in power generation costs. Although the project cancelation represents a setback for the US nuclear industry, NuScale has three new projects planned in the US and five more in Eastern Europe. 550:

as coolants. Coolant type is determined based on the reactor type, reactor design, and the chosen application. Large-rated reactors primarily use light water as coolant, allowing for this cooling method to be easily applied to SMRs.

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needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction is also lower. As a direct consequence, the number of spent fuels present in a waste canister will also be lower and a larger number of canisters and overpacks will be necessary to avoid

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In July 2024, EDF announced it was discontinuing the existing design process for Nuward, and will work on an SMR design based on existing rather than innovative technologies, following discussions with prospective SMR customers.

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has focused mainly on conventional reactors. Design and safety specifications, human and organizational factors (including staffing requirements) have been developed for reactors with electrical output of more than 700 MWe.

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and dedicated to powering turboshaft props rather than delivering commercial electricity. In addition, there are many more safety controls absent from naval reactors due to the space limitations these reactors were designed for.

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when the temperature in the reactor becomes too high. Since the initial decay heat is a fraction of the reactor operating power the lower operating power of SMRs makes them much safer since less heat needs to be dissipated.

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A study of 2022 made by Krall, Macfarlane and Ewing is more critical and reports that some types of SMR could produce more waste per unit of output power than conventional reactors, in some cases more than 5× the number of

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Often, the startup companies developing unconventional SMR prototypes advocate waste reduction as an advantage of the proposed solution and even sometimes claim that their technology could eliminate the need for a deep

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is working with Associated Electric Cooperative Inc. (Associated) in Missouri to evaluate deployment of VOYGR SMR power plants as part of Associated's due diligence to explore reliable, responsible sources of energy.

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that is present after reactor shutdown, which would be much lower for SMRs because of their lower power output. Critics say that many more small nuclear reactors pose a higher risk, requiring more transportation of

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A report by the German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (BASE) considering 136 different historical and current reactors and SMR concepts stated: "Overall, SMRs could potentially achieve

245:

nuclear power reactors in the world today, BASE, the German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management, warns that it would be necessary to build several thousands to tens of thousands of SMRs.

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Electricity needs in remote locations are usually small and variable, making them suitable for a smaller plant. The smaller size may also reduce the need to access to a large grid to distribute their output.

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Updated as of 2022. Some reactors are not included in IAEA Report. Not all IAEA reactors are listed there are added yet and some are added (anno 2023) that were not yet listed in the now dated IAEA report.

1385:. Unsubsidized cost estimates at cancellation were a capital cost of $ 20,139/kW and generating cost of $ 119/MWe. This raised concerns about the commercial prospects in the U.S. of the other SMR designs. 2672: 6569: 4470:

Alexey Likhachov, director general of state nuclear corporation Rosatom, said Akademik Lomonosov had thus becomes the world's first nuclear power plant based on SMR technology to generate electricity.

3137:'s definition of a SMR being smaller than 300MWe and will require more on-site construction, which calls into question the claimed benefits of SMRs. The firm is targeting a 500-day construction time. 1328:

the fixed operating cost of fewer large reactors. Modular building is a very complex process and there is "extremely limited information about SMR modules transportation", according to a 2019 report.

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Power Module reactor (50 MWe). The NuScale Power Module is the first SMR approved for commercial use in the United States. In 2023, plans to build the first NuScale VOYGR plant in Idaho, known as the

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estimated that electricity produced in Australia by a SMR constructed from 2023 would cost roughly 2.5 times that produced by a traditional large nuclear plant, falling to about 1.6 times by 2030.

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to dispose of high-level and long-lived radioactive waste. This is especially the case for companies studying fast neutron reactors of 4th generation (molten salts reactors, metal-cooled reactors (

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According to a 2014 study of electricity production in decentralized microgrids, the total cost of using SMRs for electricity generation would be significantly lower compared to the total cost of

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journal has attracted many reactions ranging from criticisms on the quality of their data and hypotheses to international debates on radioactive waste produced by SMRs and their decommissioning.

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and the long-term and social relevance of the study to adequately manage and dispose of radioactive waste without imposing a negative burden onto the future generations, the publication of Krall

4238: 40:, designed to be built in a factory, shipped to operational sites for installation and then used to power buildings or other commercial operations. The term SMR refers to the size, capacity and 8606: 8138: 7759: 5882: 6596: 997:). To avoid to exacerbate spent fuel storage and disposal issues it will be mandatory to reprocess and to condition them in an appropriate and safe way before final geological disposal. 8690: 6269: 5269: 4017: 3245:(MoU) "committing to collaborate on the development and deployment of innovative, versatile and scalable nuclear reactors, known as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)." They were joined by 2352: 3311:(CNNC) started construction, and in October 2021, the containment vessel bottom of the first of two units was installed. It is the world's first commercial land-based SMR prototype. 1245:

flexibility in a standardized SMRs design revolving around modularity could allow for a faster production at a decreasing cost following the completion of the first reactor on site.

819:. So, the presence of these radionuclides seriously complicates the radiation shielding of the fresh nuclear fuel and the long-term storage and disposal of their spent nuclear fuel. 1361:

showed that none were profitable or economically competitive. For the closer to market PWR SMRs the median LCOEs ranged from $ 218/MWh to $ 614/MWh (in 2020 US dollars), with lower

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is to avoid to producing poorly conditioned waste, or waste types without sustainable final destination or susceptible to generating unexpected reprocessing and disposal costs.

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The U.S. Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program was expected to help license and build two prototype SMRs during the 2020s, with up to $ 4 billion of government funding.

4878: 880:, therefore increasing the waste volume. To sustain the nuclear chain reactions in the core of a smaller reactor, an alternative is to use nuclear fuel more enriched in 249:

Several fleets of SMRs of exactly the same type, industrially manufactured in large numbers, should be rapidly deployed worldwide to significantly reduce emissions of CO

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reactor (300 MW) in Poland by 2030. A feasibility study was completed in December 2020 and the licensing process started with the Polish National Atomic Energy Agency.

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to develop a process to license and regulate microreactor designs. The Act is intended to expedite the deployment of microreactors, among other nuclear technologies.

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reactor. The project was "effectively stalled". Toshiba never began the expensive process for approval that is required by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

6314: 5142:"Management of spent fuel, radioactive waste and decommissioning in SMRs or advanced reactor technologies. 7-10 November 2022, Ottawa, Canada. Workshop programme" 3594:

are well-suited for replacing Dairyland's retiring coal plant sites, preserving critical jobs and helping communities transition to a decarbonized energy system.

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directly uses thermal energy and avoids the conversion of thermal power into electricity. Thermal desalination is further divided into two main technologies: the

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in December 2019. This ESP is valid for 20 years, and addresses site safety, environmental protection and emergency preparedness. This ESP is applicable for any

9123: 4673: 10109: 8836:"My View Following Saved Energy Energy Grid & Infrastructure Nuclear Sustainable Markets NuScale ends Idaho project, in blow to US nuclear power ambitions" 7444: 5763: 4169: 3249:

in August 2020. With continued support from citizens and government officials have led to the execution of a selected SMR at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratory.

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Modular reactors are expected to reduce on-site construction and increase containment efficiency. These reactors are also expected to enhance safety by using

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received a $ 1.355 billion cost-share award toward construction costs from the US government in 2020 plus an estimated $ 30/MWh generation subsidy from the

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worthwhile. This is because the construction costs of SMRs are relatively higher than those of large nuclear power plants due to the low electrical output.

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Licensed in the USA (Request for NRC review made Jan. 1, 2023 for power output upgrade to 77 MWe and up to 12 modules (924 MWe). Engineering change only.)

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in a deep geological repository. This also contributes to increase the total waste volume and the number of disposal galleries in a geological repository.

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SMRs are envisioned in multiple designs. Some are simplified versions of current reactors, others involve entirely new technologies. All proposed SMRs use

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per module. SMRs may also be designed purely for desalinization or facility heating rather than electricity. These SMRs are measured in megawatts thermal

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Reactor designs using liquid metal coolants (molten sodium, lead, lead-bismuth eutectic, LBE) also become radioactive and contains activated impurities.

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and ENTRA1 Energy to develop SMR-powered facilities in Pennsylvania and Ohio that will together produce nearly two gigawatts of clean, reliable energy.

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Executive Vice President Jon Ball agreed, saying the modular elements of SMRs would also help reduce costs associated with extended construction times.

9240: 3222:. It was later announced that SMR proponents Advanced Reactor Concepts and Moltex would open offices there. One unit is scheduled for construction at 1115:

design company Gen4. These models of SMR offer a solution capable of operating sealed underground for the life of the reactor following installation.

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caused a major set-back for the nuclear industry, with worldwide suspension of development, cutting down of funding, and closure of reactor plants.

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When electrical energy is not needed, some SMR designs foresee the direct use of thermal energy, minimizing so the energy loss. This includes "

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Economic factors of scale mean that nuclear reactors tend to be large, to such an extent that size itself becomes a limiting factor. The 1986

8863:"Estimated unsubsidized levelized costs of energy generation in the United States in 2023, by technology (in U.S. dollars per megawatt hour)" 3388: 1929: 1631: 1541: 8332: 7884: 3133:

reactor should take 40,000 m (430,000 sq ft), 10% of that needed for a traditional plant. This unit is too large to meet the

9209: 8549: 5967: 2841: 21: 8835: 7910: 5941: 5166: 4864: 6993: 5013:

Section 5.3, WASH 1097 "The Use of Thorium in nuclear power reactors", available as a PDF from Liquid-Halide Reactor Documents database:

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is aimed to immediately "burn" the fuel that it breeds without requiring its removal from the reactor core and its further reprocessing.

8585: 5792: 4723: 7505: 5444: 4700: 3843: 3010: 2827: 2639: 2115: 1644: 223:(IEA) considers that worldwide nuclear power should be multiplied by two between 2020 and 2050. Antonio Vaya Soler, an expert from the 6830: 4264: 1111:, the mixture of fission products and fissile materials is highly radioactive and requires special handling, preventing casual theft. 9299: 4551: 2867: 2370: 9538: 6459: 5246: 8019: 7155: 5115: 3223: 3219: 2956: 2626: 2446: 1877: 1799: 1005: 868:(2022) related to the higher neutron leakage in SMR is that a lower fraction of their nuclear fuel is consumed, leading to a lower 6049: 966:

As previously stressed by Krall and Macfarlane (2018), some types of SMR spent fuels, or coolants, (highly reactive and corrosive

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to foster collaboration between research organizations, nuclear industry, safety authorities, and governments, in order to reduce

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Overnight desalination requires sufficient freshwater storage capacity to deliver water at times other than when it is produced.

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Licensing is an essential process required to guarantee the safety, security and safeguards of a new nuclear installation. Only

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and longer fuel cycles. Longer refueling intervals could contribute to decrease the proliferation risks. Once the fuel has been

9494: 9233: 9019: 8458: 8382: 6372:"Uncertainties in estimating production costs of future nuclear technologies: A model-based analysis of small modular reactors" 4992: 3684: 3574: 3341: 2750: 90:. Many SMR designs rely on a modular system, allowing customers to simply add modules to achieve a desired electrical output. 8214: 5599: 9143: 8989: 8059: 7292: 6642: 4635: 3932: 3261: 1401: 141: 8004: 7318: 6749: 5412: 10130: 9545: 8239: 7344: 6935: 5030: 3787: 1149:. This implies an independent transport of the fuel to the site and therefore increases the risk of nuclear proliferation. 8567: 6348: 4576: 4523: 1173:

The most common licensing process, applied by existing commercial reactors, is for the operation of light water reactors (

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Standard Power, a provider of infrastructure as a service to advanced data processing companies, has chosen to work with

3068: 2914: 2528: 2404: 2378: 2326: 2171: 1366: 1195: 8480: 6968: 5857: 5570: 9744: 7635: 6322: 5141: 4924: 3813: 3617: 3308: 3284: 3134: 2893: 2147: 2128: 2093: 2041: 1890: 1814: 1581: 1202: 8189: 6668: 3901:"Power Reactor Information System (PRIS), International Atomic Energy Agency - Akademik Lomonosov-1 - Reactor Details" 9226: 9073: 8359: 8041: 6891: 5914: 5835: 4317: 4214: 3474: 3173: 1357:

collated the basic economic data of 19 more developed SMR designs, and modeled their costs in a consistent manner. A

940: 7041: 5774: 4461: 10079: 10054: 9919: 6105: 5625:

Pistner, Christoph; Englert, Matthias; Wealer, Ben; Hirschhausen, Christian von; Donderer, Richard (1 March 2021).

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Given the potential technical and economical importance of SMRs to supply zero-carbon electrical energy needed to

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Until 2020, no truly modular SMRs had been commissioned for commercial use. In May 2020, the first prototype of a

9997: 9831: 9433: 9311: 9163: 8280:"Prima centrală cu mini reactor nuclear din Europa va fi la Doicești, Dâmbovița. Cum funcționează o centrală SMR" 5915:"Small modular nuclear reactors won't solve nuclear power's safety, security and cost problems, new report finds" 3717: 3582: 3502: 3319: 3197: 1382: 6823:"První milník: koncepční návrh malého modulárního reaktoru byl představen veřejnosti | Centrum výzkumu Řež" 10135: 9987: 9836: 9294: 8888: 6537: 3900: 3486: 3292: 647: 8279: 8254: 4239:"Sicherheitstechnische Analyse und Risikobewertung einer Anwendung von SMR-Konzepten (Small Modular Reactors)" 3526:, Wylfa, Sellafield and Oldbury would be prioritised for assessment as potential locations for multiple SMRs. 1942: 9761: 9594: 4599: 4196: 3741: 3651: 3498: 3494: 3047: 2229: 1966: 1605: 1233: 1182: 129: 7733: 6628: 5650:"Preconditions for the safe use of small modular reactors: Outlook for the licensing system (STUK, Finland)" 4866:

Sicherheitstechnische Analyse und Risikobewertung einer Anwendung von SMR-Konzepten (Small Modular Reactors)

619:

electrical power; some proposed designs are aimed to adjust their power output based on electricity demand.

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Carelli, Mario; Petrovic, B; Mycoff, C; Trucco, Paolo; Ricotti, M.E.; Locatelli, Giorgio (1 January 2007).

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SMRs are transported from the factories without fuel, as they are fueled on the ultimate site, except some

295: 9007: 8942: 3715: 10099: 10061: 9899: 9726: 9664: 9489: 9393: 9279: 7962:"Premier Ford, Premier Higgs and Premier Moe Sign Agreement on the Development of Small Modular Reactors" 7828: 3917:

Cite error: The named reference "klt-40_pris" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

3510: 3242: 660: 539: 220: 94: 6853:"Westinghouse Begins Joint Licensing Process with U.S. and Canadian Regulators for eVinci™ Microreactor" 4290: 9947: 9626: 8812: 8512: 7377: 3647: 3632: 3331: 1626: 1523: 1302: 914: 711: 673: 669: 591:, rather than boiling water, such that thermal energy can be used directly. Heat could also be used in 266: 181: 8914: 8089: 7371:"Coastal Co-generating Water Desalinating Facility Powered by Replaceable SVBR 75/100 Nuclear Reactor" 2809: 9924: 9533: 9316: 8691:"Is Small Really Beautiful? The Future Role of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) In The Military" 5647: 5377:

Kang, J.; Von Hippel, F. N. (2001). "U-232 and the proliferation-resistance of U-233 in spent fuel".

5192: 4018:"Is Small Really Beautiful? The Future Role of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) in the Military" 3844:"Small nuclear reactors could power the future — the challenge is building the first one in the U.S." 3655: 3625: 3621: 3042: 2992: 2938: 2835: 2814: 2732: 2706: 2680: 2618: 2604: 2578: 2554: 2502: 2478: 2454: 2428: 2300: 2274: 2249: 2224: 2123: 1987: 1911: 1885: 1835: 1809: 1780: 1759: 1702: 1678: 1600: 1576: 1549: 1373: 1345: 1285: 1174: 921: 45: 9181: 7069: 6370:

Steigerwald, Björn; Weibezahn, Jens; Slowik, Martin; von Hirschhausen, Christian (15 October 2023).

5270:"Is Small Really Beautiful?The Future Role of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) In The Military" 5245:

Keto, Paula; Juutilainen, Pauli; Schatz, Timothy; Naumer, Sami; Häkkinen, Silja (28 February 2022).

4499: 4198:

Chapter 23 – The future of nuclear energy and small modular reactors. In: Living with Climate Change

4170:"Nuclear power can play a major role in enabling secure transitions to low emissions energy systems" 3400: 464:

into fissionable ones. A common use for a breeder reactor is to surround the core by a "blanket" of

426:. This usually means changing the fuel arrangement within the core, or using different fuels. E.g., 10089: 10014: 9914: 9826: 3541:

The US Department of Energy had estimated the first SMR in the United States would be completed by

3478: 3267:

On 11 August 2022, Invest Alberta, the Government of Alberta's crown corporation signed a MoU with

3253: 3114: 2758: 2634: 2067: 1728: 1652: 715: 626:, maintaining consistent heat output, while diverting otherwise unneeded heat to an auxiliary use. 140:

As of 2024, only China and Russia have successfully built operational SMRs. There are more than 80

7108: 6736:"Specialists of JSC concern TITAN-2 continue to work at the site of the proryv project in Seversk" 6629:"Westinghouse Unveils Game-Changing AP300™ Small Modular Reactor for Mid-Sized Nuclear Technology" 5193:"Burning waste or playing with fire? Waste management considerations for non-traditional reactors" 3202:, the national nuclear energy company, are cooperating to achieve the realization of the project. 10044: 10019: 9633: 9410: 9206: 7250: 3188: 1369:

designs, which needed more development time, had lower median LCOEs from $ 116/MWh to $ 137/MWh.

363: 53: 37: 10002: 9074:"Small Isn't Always Beautiful. Safety, Security, and Cost Concerns about Small Modular Reactors" 5721: 4757: 1012:(SNF) and low- and intermediate-level waste (LILW) from a possible future deployment of SMRs in 334:

politicians, and the governments in the larger countries), in the short time frame considered.

9909: 5516: 3373: 1358: 775: 118: 5627:

Safety analysis and risk assessment of an application of SMR concepts (Small Modular Reactors)

5626: 5370: 4756:

Locatelli, Giorgio; Boarin, Sara; Pellegrino, Francesco; Ricotti, Marco E. (1 February 2015).

3716:

BASE, the German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (15 January 2023).

3533:

in July 2023 to administer a competition to create SMRs, and will co-fund any viable project.

1961: 1123:

30-year core life light water SMR could contain about 2.5 tonnes of plutonium at end of life.

152:) commercially, since 2020. The floating plant is the first of its kind in the world. China's 9939: 9894: 9356: 9284: 5800: 3551: 3530: 3412: 3018: 2964: 1754: 1178: 1135: 1097: 1036: 1032: 894: 707: 622:

Another approach, especially for SMRs designed to provide high temperature heat, is to adopt

568: 458: 224: 49: 7553: 5390: 4697: 698:

reactor types, no simple answer can be easily given to the question. SMR may comprise small

144:

under development in 19 countries. Russia has been operating a floating nuclear power plant

109:. The electrical output for modern naval reactors are generally limited to less than 165 MW 44:

construction. Reactor type and the nuclear processes may vary. Of the many SMR designs, the

9889: 9874: 8651: 8337: 6383: 6139: 5736: 5471: 5386: 5204: 4821: 4772: 4361: 3518: 3163: 2737: 2711: 2609: 2507: 1340: 1313: 1261: 1146: 1139: 910: 502: 419: 367: 57: 8410: 8307:"Ghiţă (Nuclearelectrica): Suntem încrezători în potenţialul pe care amplasamentul de la." 7657: 7271: 7229: 7087: 7019:"EDF pulls out of UK SMR competition; GEH, Rolls-Royce, Holtec and NuScale submit tenders" 6179:"Economics and finance of Small Modular Reactors: A systematic review and research agenda" 4417:"Economics and finance of Small Modular Reactors: A systematic review and research agenda" 3959:"Economics and finance of Small Modular Reactors: A systematic review and research agenda" 3379:

announced signing of contract to construct a first operational reactor in Poland by 2029.

3376: 291:. SMRs require new designs with new technology, the safety of which has yet to be proven. 8: 10024: 9809: 9403: 9271: 9250: 9037:

Vinoya, Carlo L.; Ubando, Aristotle T.; Culaba, Alvin B.; Chen, Wei-Hsin (3 April 2023).

7156:"Rolls-Royce SMR begins UK Generic Design Assessment - Nuclear Engineering International" 5311:

Proliferation issues related to the deployment of Small & Medium Size reactors (SMRs)

3663: 3639:

was a proposed micro nuclear reactor installation. It was a potential deployment for the

2888: 2862: 2785: 2776: 2198: 2176: 2017: 1937: 1916: 1859: 1683: 1321: 1309: 1257: 986: 978: 699: 638: 592: 547: 535: 518: 209: 205: 61: 8655: 8062:

China approves construction of demonstration SMR : New Nuclear - World Nuclear News

6387: 6143: 5740: 5475: 5208: 4825: 4776: 4365: 3399:

signed an agreement to build a power plant with six small-scale nuclear reactors at the

2489:

Design (Conceptual). In July 2024, existing design discontinued for a simpler redesign.

985:

sodium from liquid metal cooled fast breeders) cannot be directly disposed of in a deep

9929: 9766: 9693: 9504: 7686: 7194: 6788: 6455: 5497: 5402: 5220: 4653: 4392: 4349: 4206: 3998: 3762: 3268: 2357: 2203: 1864: 1293: 1167: 1009: 877: 851: 832: 828: 824: 786: 556: 543: 487: 216: 177: 157: 153: 145: 106: 65: 4722:

Locatelli, Giorgio; Fiordaliso, Andrea; Boarin, Sara; Ricotti, Marco E. (1 May 2017).

4500:"Innovative Nuclear Reactor Development: Opportunities for International Co-operation" 3314:

In August 2023, the core module was installed. The core module includes an integrated

3303:

province by the end of the year. On 7 June 2021, the demonstration project, named the

947:

reactor company. One of the main concerns Krall expressed in this interview is that:

122:

financial and safety barriers that inhibit the construction of conventional reactors.

93:

Small reactors were first designed mostly for military purposes in the 1950s to power

16:

Small nuclear reactors that could be manufactured in a factory and transported on site

9261: 9060: 8985: 7169: 6297: 6251: 6210: 6076: 6023: 5831: 5769:. Special Committee on Nuclear Power, Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources. 5671: 5545: 5489: 5438: 5359: 5224: 5038: 4971: 4847: 4641: 4631: 4397: 4379: 4210: 4126: 4077: 4057: 4002: 3990: 3206:

according to plan, the first criticality of CAREM-25 is foreseen by the end of 2027.

1786: 1186: 847: 604: 379: 288: 9026: 8915:"NRC to Issue Early Site Permit to Tennessee Valley Authority for Clinch River Site" 8215:"Feasibility study completed on SMRs for Poland - Nuclear Engineering International" 4989: 208:

recognized SMR technology as an important contributor to decarbonization as part of

9218: 9050: 8977: 8669: 8659: 7632:"Energy Department Announces New Investments in Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors..." 6391: 6241: 6200: 6190: 6157: 6147: 6013: 6005: 5993: 5823: 5744: 5600:"DIS-16-04, Small Modular Reactors: Regulatory Strategy, Approaches and Challenges" 5501: 5479: 5406: 5394: 5351: 5339: 5212: 4837: 4829: 4808:

Locatelli, Giorgio; Boarin, Sara; Pellegrino, Francesco; Ricotti, Marco E. (2015).

4788: 4780: 4738: 4438: 4428: 4387: 4369: 4202: 4116: 4106: 3980: 3970: 3605: 3578: 3482: 3404: 3392: 3177: 1482:

The stated power refers to the capacity of one reactor unless specified otherwise.

1353: 1317: 1265: 1219: 1017: 967: 936: 873: 739: 677: 630:, desalination and hydrogen production have been proposed as cogeneration options. 627: 461: 408: 262: 98: 69: 6009: 5355: 5216: 4809: 4742: 4241:[Safety analysis and risk assessment of the application of SMR concepts]. 3763:"Small Modular Reactors: Nuclear Energy Market Potential for Near-term Deployment" 850:

and the shielding (thermal and gamma shields), turning them as radioactive waste (

10007: 9967: 9421: 9213: 8664: 8639: 6396: 6371: 6152: 6127: 5815: 5748: 5419: 4996: 4833: 4784: 4704: 4580: 4527: 3514: 3315: 3264:

to be completed by 2028. A licence for construction still had to be applied for.

3130: 2969: 2943: 2596: 2583: 2559: 2409: 2383: 2279: 2098: 2046: 1720: 1554: 1021: 898: 735: 702:

of third generation as well as small fast neutron reactors of fourth generation.

634: 454: 359: 347: 9499: 7131:"Commissioning of first floating nuclear plant for Baimsky project set for 2028" 5994:"Cogeneration: An option to facilitate load following in Small Modular Reactors" 5992:

Locatelli, Giorgio; Fiordaliso, Andrea; Boarin, Sara; Ricotti, Marco E. (2017).

5827: 4724:"Cogeneration: An option to facilitate load following in Small Modular Reactors" 3226:, Canada, in July 2018. Both Moltex and ARC Nuclear are vying for the contract. 1089:

onto the negatively charged minerals and are not retarded in geological media).

9962: 9957: 9952: 9702: 9609: 9578: 9560: 8586:"Licensing Small Modular Reactors: An Overview of Regulatory and Policy Issues" 8490: 8436: 7491: 6270:

Small modular reactors - Can building nuclear power become more cost-effective?

6195: 6178: 6095: 4573: 4520: 4433: 4416: 3975: 3958: 3636: 3307:, was approved by China's National Development and Reform Commission. In July, 3023: 2763: 1996: 1733: 1657: 1362: 1276: 1206: 513: 232: 228: 41: 9982: 7988:"Opinion: Small nuclear reactors can play big role in clean energy transition" 6300:"Small Modular Reactors - Was ist von den neuen Reaktorkonzepten zu erwarten?" 5968:"Newly Signed Bill Will Boost Nuclear Reactor Deployment in the United States" 5648:

Ahonen, E., Heinonen, J., Lahtinen, N., Tuomainen, M., & Lång, O. (2020).

5398: 4645: 4060:"Small Modular Reactors - Was ist von den neuen Reaktorkonzepten zu erwarten?" 2184:

Operational (Single reactor. Station connected to the grid in December 2021.)

10124: 9438: 9064: 8165:"Licensing process begins for Nuward Small Modular Reactor project in France" 7445:"Phase 1 pre-licensing vendor design review executive summary: Moltex Energy" 6255: 6214: 6027: 5363: 5042: 4975: 4851: 4383: 4130: 3994: 3609: 3597: 3590: 3558: 3542: 3517:

unit is £1.8 billion for the fifth unit built. In 2020, it was reported that

3466: 3396: 3369: 3234: 3215: 2997: 1903: 1670: 1377: 1281: 1268:", uses for which the present conventional larger reactors are not designed. 1215: 1158: 1054: 905: 904:

If higher concentrations of fissile materials subsist in the spent fuel, the

760: 522: 351: 189: 125: 8981: 8753:"Dairyland Power Cooperative WisconsinDairyland Power Cooperative Wisconsin" 7420:"Moltex Energy | Safer Cheaper Cleaner Nuclear | Stable Salt Reactors | SSR" 6570:"IAEA Report: Updated status on global SMR development as of September 2014" 5541:

Security Safety and Safeguards (3S) risk analysis for small modular reactors

4374: 897:

and could require more stringent safeguard measures to prevent it (see also

595:

and other industrial operations, such as desalination and the production of

538:

typically use water as a coolant and neutron moderator. SMRs may use water,

9713: 8778: 8752: 8726: 8640:"Deeds not words: Barriers and remedies for Small Modular nuclear Reactors" 6460:"Eye-popping new cost estimates released for NuScale small modular reactor" 6128:"Deeds not words: Barriers and remedies for Small Modular nuclear Reactors" 5493: 4810:"Load following with Small Modular Reactors (SMR): A real options analysis" 4758:"Load following with Small Modular Reactors (SMR): A real options analysis" 4401: 4348:

Krall, Lindsay M.; Macfarlane, Allison M.; Ewing, Rodney C. (7 June 2022).

4076:

Mignacca, Benito; Hasan Alawneh, Ahmad; Locatelli, Giorgio (27 June 2019).

3546:

in early development or pre-development stages, according to Utility Dive.

3432: 3304: 3238: 3110: 1253: 623: 576: 501:, which can be removed from the reactor during refueling, and subsequently 423: 284: 7170:"Assessment of reactors - Generic Design Assessment (GDA) of new reactors" 6369: 4111: 4094: 3218:

announced it would invest $ 10 million for a demonstration project at the

989:

because of their chemical reactivity in the underground environment (deep

555:

is often elected as a gas coolant for SMRs because it yields a high plant

48:(PWR) is the most common. However, recently proposed SMR designs include: 9771: 9361: 8674: 7658:"Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments -2022 Edition" 6205: 6162: 6018: 5942:"U.S. Department of Energy rushes to build advanced new nuclear reactors" 5167:"Interview: Small modular reactors get a reality check about their waste" 4443: 4079:

Transportation of small modular reactor modules: What do the experts say?

3985: 3646:

Although the SMR now under consideration has yet to be NRC licensed, the

3523: 3335: 2305: 2292: 2072: 2059: 1305:

design such that they could produce less electricity when demand is low.

1229: 1162: 1108: 1067: 882: 804: 791: 744: 723: 588: 342: 102: 8971: 8638:

Mignacca, Benito; Locatelli, Giorgio; Sainati, Tristano (20 June 2020).

8255:"Romania, the US agree on location of first small-scale nuclear reactor" 6994:"EDF rethink on Nuward SMR design in favour of established technologies" 6126:

Mignacca, Benito; Locatelli, Giorgio; Sainati, Tristano (20 June 2020).

5014: 4842: 4793: 4121: 3408: 2621:

licensing in April 2022 A 16-month assessment was started in April 2023

9477: 9055: 9038: 6298:

Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (10 March 2021).

5762:

Rysavy, Charles F.; Rhyne, Stephen K.; Shaw, Roger P. (December 2009).

5720:

Sainati, Tristano; Locatelli, Giorgio; Brookes, Naomi (15 March 2015).

4967:

Small modular reactors : a possible path forward for nuclear power

4058:

Bundesamt für die Sicherheit der nuklearen Entsorgung (10 March 2021).

3933:"Chasing Cheap Nuclear: Economic Trade-Offs for Small Modular Reactors" 3640: 3604:

The Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems (UAMPS) had partnered with

3506: 3436: 3296: 1515: 1079: 1041: 1016:. It also indicates that larger masses (per GWe-year) of SNF and other 982: 779: 313: 279: 9006:. U.S. Department of Energy. DOE-HDBK-1019, DE93012223. Archived from 7802:"CNEA and Nucleoeléctrica sign CAREM SMR agreement : New Nuclear" 6246: 6229: 5549: 5539: 4625: 3457:, Russia. This concept is based on the design of nuclear icebreakers. 9482: 9472: 4965: 3659: 3416: 3185: 3159: 2906: 2254:

Innovative Small Modular Reactor Development Agency (KHNP and KAERI)

2102: 1103:

SMRs can be designed to use unconventional fuels allowing for higher

994: 816: 616: 600: 596: 428: 387: 9977: 7911:"N.B. makes step forward on second nuclear reactor at Point Lepreau" 5484: 5459: 5065:"Mini nuclear power stations may produce more waste than large ones" 4600:"Flibe Energy Liquid Flouride [sic] Thorium Reactor Company" 3322:, primary pump receiver. The reactor's planned capacity is 125 MWe. 3275:

in Western Canada through an interprovincial MoU it joined earlier.

192:

was the first to apply this manufacturing strategy starting in 2006

9851: 9846: 9786: 9455: 9383: 9366: 9351: 9326: 8485: 6100: 5722:"Small Modular Reactors: Licensing constraints and the way forward" 4925:"Small Modular Reactors: Safety, Security and Cost Concerns (2013)" 3362: 3257: 3073: 2930: 2880: 2854: 2546: 2009: 1979: 1746: 1086: 855: 839: 642: 383: 227:(NEA), agrees that although renewable energy is essential to fight 8912: 5000: 1406:

Numerous reactor designs have been proposed. Notable SMR designs:

238:

emissions and nuclear energy capacity should be at least doubled.

199: 9992: 9972: 9371: 9346: 8999:

Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (January 1993).

6669:"The Angstrem project: Present status and development activities" 6601: 3359: 3246: 3230: 3129:

SMRs are expected to require less land, e.g., the 470 MWe 3-loop

2801: 2724: 2698: 2494: 1974:

Design (Pre-licensing communications with the US NRC initiated.)

1767:

Design (Pre-licensing communications with the US NRC initiated.)

1618: 1528: 1131: 1013: 944: 756: 396: 391: 25:

Illustration of a light water small modular nuclear reactor (SMR)

9207:

Overview and Status of SMRs Being Developed in the United States

9191: 7885:"Moltex molten salt reactor being built in New Brunswick Canada" 6909: 6050:"NuScale cancels first-of-a-kind nuclear project as costs surge" 5991: 5624: 4807: 4755: 4721: 3581:

coal power plant and dry cask storage, July 2023. The La Crosse

3191:

agency in charge of nuclear energy research and development and

1039:, as it is the case with dose-dominating radionuclides such as 1029:

German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management

1024:

would be produced by a light water SMR compared to a large NPP.

9781: 9776: 9756: 9736: 9721: 9604: 9341: 9321: 9289: 9001:"DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory" 6693:"Kepco E&C teams up with shipbuilder for floating reactors" 6597:"China launches first commercial onshore small reactor project" 4708: 4584: 4265:""Accelerating SMRs for Net Zero" initiative launched at COP28" 3513:

were stated to be possibilities. The target cost for a 470 MWe

3449: 3300: 3288: 3060: 2265: 2163: 2085: 2033: 1567: 1104: 869: 572: 560: 552: 322: 316:. The operation of the first commercial land-based, 125 MW 304: 254: 160: 84: 73: 8481:"Nuclear energy: How environmentally-friendly and safe is it?" 8333:"Mini nuclear power stations in UK towns move one step closer" 8113:"Core module instaled at China's Linglong One modular reactor" 7867:"Moltex to partner in nuclear research and innovation cluster" 6910:"Terrestrial Energy | Integral Molten Salt Reactor Technology" 5116:"Stanford's questionable study on spent nuclear fuel for SMRs" 4075: 1138:

resistance compared to the conventional uranium cycle, though

422:

don't use moderators. Instead they rely on the fuel to absorb

9818: 9674: 9467: 9331: 9018:

Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (May 2001).

8092:

China launches first commercial onshore small reactor project

7708: 5247:

Waste Management of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors in Finland

5091:"Small modular reactors produce high levels of nuclear waste" 5031:"Smaller reactors may still have a big nuclear waste problem" 3613: 3470: 3454: 3155: 2685: 2533: 2459: 2433: 1992: 1827: 1389: 1082: 835: 827:

per kilowatt, and as much as 35× for other waste produced by

309: 149: 7211: 6545:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

5793:"Special Committee on Nuclear Power, Message From The Chair" 5191:

Krall, Lindsay M.; Macfarlane, Allison M. (31 August 2018).

3814:"NuScale Power secures NRC certification for its SMR design" 3650:

was authorized to receive an Early Site Permit (ESP) by the

326:(Linglong One) is due to start in China by the end of 2026. 171: 9679: 9568: 9378: 9336: 9142: 8437:"Rolls-Royce gets funding to develop mini nuclear reactors" 8020:"Pact signed to advance IMSR development in western Canada" 7864: 7845: 7826: 7687:"Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments" 7580:"NuScale US460 Standard Design Approval Application Review" 7466: 7419: 6789:"Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments" 6434:"Further cost refinements announced for first US SMR plant" 6074: 5538:

Williams, Adam David; Osborn, Douglas; Cohn, Brian (2019).

5244: 4531: 4315: 3358:

Polish chemical company Synthos declared plans to deploy a

3272: 2520: 2189: 1840: 990: 929: 564: 9104:"Advanced Reactor Information System (ARIS) IAEA database" 7042:"Tech Guru's Plan—Fight Climate Change with Nuclear Power" 4674:"Small nuclear power reactors - World Nuclear Association" 4553:

Small Modular Reactors - Technology and Deployment Choices

9652: 9516: 9122: 9103: 6412:"US government backs NuScale projects at home and abroad" 5333: 5331: 1120: 411:. Most conventional operating reactors are of this type. 312:, Russia. This concept is based on the design of nuclear 68:

models. Commercial SMRs have been designed to deliver an

8637: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7506:"Urenco ends its support for U-Battery advanced reactor" 6536:

Graham, Paul; Hayward, Jenny; Foster, James (May 2024).

6511:"Large-scale nuclear included in Australian cost report" 6125: 6077:"Economic comparison of different size nuclear reactors" 5340:"Deliberately small reactors and the second nuclear era" 5082: 4480: 4478: 4415:

Mignacca, Benito; Locatelli, Giorgio (1 November 2019).

4145:"Small Modular Reactors explained - European Commission" 9201: 8913:

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (17 December 2019).

7293:"Korea, Saudi Arabia progress with SMART collaboration" 6936:"See how this company plans to transform nuclear power" 6464:

Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis

6234:

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems

5719: 4624:

Carelli, Mario D., Ingersoll, D. T. (22 October 2020).

4082:. 27th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. 3585:

is not in these photos since it was demolished in 2019.

2541:

Cancelled - demonstration plant postponed indefinitely

9196: 9186: 9144:"Small Modular Reactors: Challenges and Opportunities" 9036: 9020:"Report to Congress on Small Modular Nuclear Reactors" 8972:

Daniel T. Ingersoll and Mario D. Carelli, ed. (2021).

6363: 6230:"Study of small modular reactors in modern microgrids" 5571:"NRC Approves First U.S. Small Modular Reactor Design" 5328: 4911:

Reactor Technology for High Power Nuclear Power Plants

3842:

Kimball, Spencer; Cortés, Gabriel (7 September 2024).

3101:

Multi-unit complex based on the GT-MHR reactor design

8612:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2013. Archived from 7829:"$ 10 million committed for nuclear research cluster" 7789: 6342: 6340: 6228:

Islam, Md. Razibul; Gabbar, Hossam A. (6 June 2014).

5888:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2013. Archived from 5184: 4475: 3745: 9248: 7865:

Government of New Brunswick, Canada (13 July 2018).

7827:

Government of New Brunswick, Canada (26 June 2018).

7726: 7528:"NuScale Small Modular Reactor Design Certification" 5514: 4503: 4347: 9039:"State-of-the-Art Review of Small Modular Reactors" 8139:"NUWARD SMR, leading the way to a low‑carbon world" 7846:Government of New Brunswick, Canada (9 July 2018). 6535: 6486:"Deal to build pint-size nuclear reactors canceled" 6349:"Industry heads warn nuclear costs must be slashed" 5544:. INMM Annual Meeting. Sandia National Laboratory. 5088: 4872: 3666:SMR design under development in the United States. 1372:The first SMR deployment project in the US was the 9017: 8631: 8459:"Study identifies potential Rolls-Royce SMR sites" 8006:OPG chooses BWRX-300 SMR for Darlington new build. 7783: 7508:. Nuclear Engineering International. 22 March 2023 6337: 6119: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 5537: 5249:(Report). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 4568: 4566: 4486:Installation of containment starts at Chinese SMR. 4071: 4069: 3391:, the state-owned Romanian nuclear energy company 559:and supplies a sufficient amount of reactor heat. 8411:"Rolls-Royce plans 16 mini-nuclear plants for UK" 7021:. Nuclear Engineering International. 11 July 2024 6884: 6643:"ARC-100 passes Canadian pre-licensing milestone" 6176: 5933: 5795:. Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources. 5303: 5301: 4515: 4513: 4414: 4093:Boarin, Sara; Ricotti, Marco E. (5 August 2014). 3956: 1493: 1365:estimates from $ 188/MWh to $ 385/MWh. The three 10122: 8380: 7752: 7534:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 19 January 2023 7070:"World Nuclear Association - World Nuclear News" 7013: 7011: 6996:. Nuclear Engineering International. 4 July 2024 6988: 6986: 6477: 5693:"Applicability of the safety objectives to SMRs" 5531: 5108: 4545: 4543: 4541: 3166:of a prototype reactor. The CAREM acronym means 1351:In October 2023, an academic paper published in 1292:A key driver of interest in SMRs is the claimed 785:The design of some SMR reactors is based on the 582: 231:, it will not be sufficient to achieve net zero 7848:"Partner announced in nuclear research cluster" 7319:"South Korean SMR design approved by regulator" 6961:"Formal licence review begins for Canadian SMR" 6315:"What Will Advanced Nuclear Power Plants Cost?" 6177:Mignacca, B.; Locatelli, G. (1 February 2020). 6034: 5761: 5190: 5158: 4858: 4563: 4354:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4230: 4099:Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 4066: 4009: 3957:Mignacca, B.; Locatelli, G. (1 February 2020). 3162:with the civil engineering construction of the 2022:International Thorium Molten Salt Forum (ITMSF) 935:In an interview with François Diaz-Maurin, the 650:(MSF) and the Multi-Effect Desalination (MED). 200:Contribution to the net zero emissions pathways 8240:"NuScale, KGHM agree to deploy SMRs in Poland" 7598: 7345:"UK regulators begin assessment of Holtec SMR" 6448: 5376: 5298: 4907:Reaktortechnik für Hochleistungskernkraftwerke 4510: 4095:"An Evaluation of SMR Economic Attractiveness" 4053: 4051: 4049: 3865: 3863: 615:SMR designs are generally expected to provide 587:Some gas-cooled reactor designs could drive a 475:, the most easily available isotope. Once the 253:. The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) launched at 9905:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) 9234: 8998: 8688: 8383:"Rolls-Royce SMR - Nuclear Academics Meeting" 8381:Macfarlane-Smith, Sophie (8 September 2021). 8352: 8087: 8034: 7716:Small Modular Reactors UK, promotion brochure 7607:"Westinghouse backs off small nuclear plants" 7498: 7337: 7311: 7008: 6983: 6262: 5267: 5024: 5022: 4892: 4715: 4538: 4316:Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) (November 2023). 4188: 4092: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3841: 3389:2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference 3167: 2693:Licensed in Korea (standard design approval) 2080:Design (Conceptual) (Company Ceased Trading) 1388:In 2024, Australian scientific research body 439:is more likely to absorb a fast neutron than 8889:"Nuclear Power and the Perils of Pioneering" 8599: 8374: 6685: 6635: 6564: 6562: 6529: 6503: 6426: 6404: 6291: 5875: 5816:"Licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs)" 5676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4658:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4318:"Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for Net Zero" 4236: 3339: 1804: 457:. These reactors release enough neutrons to 329:To cope with the 2050 targets of net zero CO 241:To produce the same electrical power as the 9025:. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from 8190:"Billionaire Pole to build nuclear reactor" 7937:"Collaboration memorandum of understanding" 7765:(Report). Rolls-Royce. 2017. Archived from 6227: 5618: 5594: 5592: 5164: 5056: 4350:"Nuclear waste from small modular reactors" 4046: 3860: 3742:"The Galena Project Technical Publications" 3683:Berniolles, Jean-Marie (29 November 2019). 3291:SMR on the north-west side of the existing 373: 10085: 9241: 9227: 8974:Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors 8779:"Associated Electric Cooperative Missouri" 8252: 8156: 6096:"The nuclear industry: a small revolution" 5820:Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors 5690: 5019: 4963: 4627:Handbook of small modular nuclear reactors 4597: 4194: 3886: 3682: 1395: 517:An example of proposed SMR type: Pumpless 132:and in 2022 began to market it in the US. 9054: 8698:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence 8673: 8663: 8473: 8360:"UK confirms funding for Rolls-Royce SMR" 7734:"What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?" 6559: 6454: 6395: 6245: 6204: 6194: 6161: 6151: 6017: 5684: 5483: 5337: 5277:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence 4841: 4792: 4442: 4432: 4408: 4391: 4373: 4334: 4120: 4110: 4025:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence 4015: 3984: 3974: 3435:small nuclear reactors embarked on board 3055:Cancelled. Preliminary design completed. 172:Hope of enhanced safety and reduced costs 9817: 8130: 7064: 7062: 6892:"Demonstration HTR-PM connected to grid" 6661: 6279:(Report). gov.uk. March 2016. p. 38 6183:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6093: 5858:"Advanced Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)" 5641: 5589: 5577:. Department of Energy. 2 September 2020 5307: 5238: 4462:"Russia connects floating plant to grid" 4456: 4454: 4421:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4309: 4283: 4257: 3963:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3522:Rolls-Royce announced that the sites at 3439:. In May 2020, the first prototype of a 3224:Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station 3220:Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station 3169:Central ARgentina de Elementos Modulares 3124: 2796:Design (Phase 1, vendor design review). 1275: 1130:Light-water reactors designed to run on 1092: 1006:VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland 512: 341: 20: 8682: 8560: 8044:CNNC launches demonstration SMR project 7467:"ThorCon | Thorium Molten Salt Reactor" 7039: 5907: 5261: 5134: 5062: 4623: 4162: 3785: 3477:– and on the site of former nuclear or 1438: Licensed in one or more countries 10123: 9832:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) 9187:American Nuclear Regulatory Commission 8727:"Standard Power Ohio and Pennsylvania" 8689:Trakimavičius, Lukas (November 2020). 8461:. World Nuclear News. 11 November 2022 8330: 8110: 7604: 7128: 7033: 6933: 6047: 5457: 5443:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5268:Trakimavičius, Lukas (November 2020). 5165:Diaz-Maurin, François (17 June 2022). 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4619: 4617: 4549: 3869: 3837: 3835: 3788:"Squaring the energy circle with SMRs" 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3685:"De-mystifying small modular reactors" 2287:Operational May 2020 (floating plant) 1486:List of small nuclear reactor designs 287:and also increasing the production of 9837:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) 9222: 9071: 8860: 8362:. World Nuclear News. 7 November 2019 8162: 7760:UK SMR – brochure with specifications 7059: 7040:Proctor, Darrell (25 February 2020). 6621: 6591: 6589: 6414:. World Nuclear News. 19 October 2020 5813: 5790: 5015:http://www.energyfromthorium.com/pdf/ 4550:Glaser, Alexander (5 November 2014), 4451: 3811: 3757: 3755: 3735: 1402:List of small modular reactor designs 1376:, which planned to deploy six 77 MWe 1020:and larger volumes (per GWe-year) of 815:, both radioisotopes emitting strong 8542: 8304: 7459: 6436:. World Nuclear News. 9 January 2023 6312: 5965: 5959: 5308:Greneche, Dominique (18 June 2010), 4917: 3786:Furfari, Samuele (31 October 2019). 3781: 3779: 3431:Russia has started to deploy on its 3346:(ASN), the French safety authority. 3229:On 1 December 2019, the Premiers of 3182:Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica 1152: 692: 272: 9842:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) 8833: 8538:Pint-size nuclear reactors canceled 8136: 8048:. World Nuclear News. 22 July 2019. 7492:"Thorium Molten Salt Reactor China" 6902: 6483: 6346: 6221: 5939: 5089:Stanford University (30 May 2022). 4942: 4698:"Nuclear Process Heat for Industry" 4614: 3916: 3874:. Nuclear Engineering International 3832: 3702: 3485:. Existing nuclear sites including 1367:high-temperature gas-cooled reactor 893:. This could increase the risks of 378:Thermal-neutron reactors rely on a 163:was connected to the grid in 2021. 135: 128:developed a design approved by the 13: 9651: 9202:International Atomic Energy Agency 8976:. Elsevier – Woodhead Publishing. 8964: 8253:Chirileasa, Andrei (24 May 2022). 6586: 5604:Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission 5028: 4207:10.1016/B978-0-443-18515-1.00012-5 3870:Perera, Judith (18 January 2023). 3752: 3465:In 2016, it was reported that the 3309:China National Nuclear Corporation 3285:China National Nuclear Corporation 3214:In 2018, the Canadian province of 3135:International Atomic Energy Agency 2894:China National Nuclear Corporation 1582:China National Nuclear Corporation 1203:United States Department of Energy 993:formations, crystalline rocks, or 864:Another issue pinpointed by Krall 771:that can be used as nuclear fuel. 14: 10147: 9096: 8111:Largue, Pamela (11 August 2023). 7135:Nuclear Engineering International 6934:Halper, Evan (18 February 2023). 6094:Harrabin, Roger (23 March 2016). 5517:"What is a Nuclear Microreactor?" 5197:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5171:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4904: 4883:Süddeutsche Zeitung, 9. März 2021 3776: 3676: 3475:Trawsfynydd nuclear power station 3473:SMR sites – including the former 3460: 3174:National Atomic Energy Commission 3144: 1218:by the public and the end of the 1008:also addressed the management of 941:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 653: 610: 265:to net zero before 2050 to limit 10105: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10084: 10075: 10074: 9925:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) 9162: 8935: 8906: 8881: 8854: 8827: 8797: 8771: 8745: 8719: 8578: 8531: 8505: 8451: 8429: 8403: 8324: 8298: 8272: 8246: 8232: 8207: 8182: 8163:Lopez, Alicia (10 August 2023). 8104: 8081: 8052: 8012: 7998: 7980: 7954: 7929: 7903: 7877: 7858: 7839: 7820: 7777: 7679: 7650: 7624: 7605:Litvak, Anya (2 February 2014). 7586:. National Regulatory Commission 7572: 7546: 7520: 7484: 7437: 7412: 7395: 7363: 7285: 7264: 7243: 7222: 7204: 7187: 7162: 7148: 7122: 7101: 7080: 6953: 6927: 6859: 6845: 6815: 6798: 6781: 6756: 6742: 6728: 6547:. pp. xii, 30–33, 50–52, 90 6484:Cho, Adrian (10 November 2023). 6319:Energy Innovation Reform Project 6106:British Broadcasting Corporation 6048:Bright, Zach (9 November 2023). 4291:"Accelerating SMRs for Net Zero" 3812:Musto, Julia (25 January 2023). 3566: 3536: 3529:The British government launched 3104: 3095: 755:(99.3% of natural uranium) into 641:are the two main techniques for 599:derivative (extracting oil from 414: 259:"Accelerating SMRs for Net Zero" 9072:Lyman, Edwin (September 2013). 8117:Power Engineering International 6711: 6306: 6170: 6087: 6068: 5985: 5850: 5807: 5784: 5755: 5713: 5563: 5508: 5451: 5007: 4982: 4898: 4886: 4801: 4749: 4691: 4666: 4591: 4492: 4137: 4086: 3950: 3925: 3256:announced they plan to build a 1853:Copenhagen Atomics Waste Burner 1324:electricity generation plants. 508: 215:In its pathway to reach global 9915:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) 9164:"Small Modular Reactors (SMR)" 9124:"Small Nuclear Power Reactors" 8943:"TVA - Small Modular Reactors" 8607:"Small isn't always beautiful" 8489:. 17 July 2023. Archived from 8088:Editing staff (13 July 2021). 6605:. 14 July 2021. Archived from 5966:Goff, Michael (10 July 2024). 5883:"Small isn't always beautiful" 5822:, Elsevier, pp. 279–292, 5773:. pp. 1–3. Archived from 5691:WENRA RHWG (12 January 2021). 4990:"TR10: Traveling Wave Reactor" 4598:brian wang (13 October 2011). 4237:Öko-Institut (10 March 2021). 4201:. Elsevier. pp. 465–512. 3805: 3718:"Small Modular Reactors (SMR)" 3407:, located near the village of 3293:Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant 2332:Ultra Safe Nuclear Corporation 1422: Designed or under design 1249:conventional larger reactors. 1239: 1209:and their smaller size is not 648:multi-stage flash distillation 350:chain is required to generate 1: 8331:McCann, Kate (2 April 2016). 6967:. 20 May 2021. Archived from 6010:10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.12.012 5919:Union of Concerned Scientists 5379:Science & Global Security 5356:10.1016/j.pnucene.2009.01.003 5217:10.1080/00963402.2018.1507791 5063:Vaughan, Adam (30 May 2022). 4970:. American Security Project. 4929:Union of Concerned Scientists 4743:10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.12.012 3669: 3652:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 3048:Westinghouse Electric Company 2168:210 (2 reactors one turbine) 1967:Westinghouse Electric Company 1606:Westinghouse Electric Company 1234:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1183:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 721:Fast breeder reactors "burn" 583:Thermal/electrical generation 166: 130:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 9715:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz 9182:DOE Office of Nuclear Energy 8665:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118137 7721:(Report). Rolls-Royce. 2017. 6397:10.1016/j.energy.2023.128204 6153:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118137 5791:Smith, Tyson (25 May 2012). 5749:10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.079 4913:] (in German). Springer. 4834:10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.040 4785:10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.040 4195:Vaya Soler, Antonio (2024). 3441:floating nuclear power plant 3342:autorité de sûreté nucléaire 3287:announced it would build an 3149: 2925:Cancelled. Design archived. 1383:2020 Inflation Reduction Act 1271: 955:The critical study of Krall 296:floating nuclear power plant 95:ballistic missile submarines 7: 10131:Nuclear power reactor types 10062:Aircraft Reactor Experiment 9148:Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) 5940:Cho, Adrian (20 May 2020). 5828:10.1533/9780857098535.3.279 4295:Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) 4269:Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) 3872:"IAEA ups support for SMRs" 3243:memorandum of understanding 1232:directed the United States 963:light water reactors only. 221:International Energy Agency 79:(electric) and up to 300 MW 10: 10152: 9900:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) 7074:www.world-nuclear-news.org 6896:www.world-nuclear-news.org 6347:Day, Paul (21 July 2020). 6196:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109519 5998:Progress in Nuclear Energy 5519:. Office of Nuclear Energy 5515:Office of Nuclear Energy. 5344:Progress in Nuclear Energy 4731:Progress in Nuclear Energy 4505:OECD Nuclear Energy Agency 4434:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109519 3976:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109519 3648:Tennessee Valley Authority 3633:Galena Nuclear Power Plant 3403:, on the site of a former 3382: 3330:At the beginning of 2023, 1399: 928:(2022) in the prestigious 915:nuclear criticality safety 712:sodium-cooled fast reactor 674:Three Mile Island accident 670:Fukushima nuclear accident 529: 337: 267:global surface temperature 182:Fukushima nuclear disaster 10070: 10037: 10025:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) 9938: 9920:Reduced-moderation (RMWR) 9885: 9868: 9808: 9735: 9727:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR) 9701: 9692: 9644: 9624: 9577: 9559: 9515: 9420: 9402: 9270: 9257: 9192:World Nuclear Association 9128:World Nuclear Association 8519:. US Department of Energy 6083:– via ResearchGate. 5399:10.1080/08929880108426485 5203:(5). Routledge: 326–334. 4964:Cunningham, Nick (2012). 4710:World Nuclear Association 4586:World Nuclear Association 4533:World Nuclear Association 3656:Clinch River Nuclear Site 3654:for siting an SMR at its 3626:Carbon Free Power Project 3622:Idaho National Laboratory 3479:coal-fired power stations 3426: 3353: 3325: 3209: 3193:Nucleoeléctrica Argentina 3085: 2815:GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy 1760:GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy 1509: 1503: 1500: 1490: 1374:Carbon Free Power Project 1346:GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy 1286:Carbon Free Power Project 1142:have a substantial risk. 156:modular high-temperature 46:pressurized water reactor 10090:List of nuclear reactors 9930:Dual fluid reactor (DFR) 9546:Steam-generating (SGHWR) 9197:American Nuclear Society 8550:"Small Modular Reactors" 8137:EDF (16 December 2022). 5797:American Bar Association 5771:American Bar Association 5764:"Small Modular Reactors" 5460:"Thorium fuel has risks" 5458:Ashley, Stephen (2012). 5338:Ingersoll, D.T. (2009). 4880:Für die Zukunft zu spät. 4703:16 February 2013 at the 4579:12 February 2013 at the 4574:"Nuclear Power Reactors" 4526:24 February 2013 at the 3278: 3254:Ontario Power Generation 1446: Under construction 1256:, industrial processes, 1196:US congressional hearing 1035:, cannot be efficiently 716:lead-cooled fast reactor 525:as mini nuclear reactor. 462:non-fissionable elements 374:Thermal-neutron reactors 364:thermal-neutron reactors 148:, in Russia's Far East ( 54:thermal-neutron reactors 38:nuclear fission reactors 36:s) are a class of small 10080:Nuclear fusion reactors 10045:Organic nuclear reactor 9251:nuclear fission reactor 8982:10.1016/c2019-0-00070-2 8513:"Technology Deployment" 7968:. Government of Ontario 7942:. Government of Ontario 7784:Report to Congress 2001 7636:US Department of Energy 7611:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 7129:Tracey (24 June 2024). 7109:"First SMRs for Export" 5391:2001S&GS....9....1K 5317:, Areva, archived from 4995:11 October 2011 at the 4521:"Fast Neutron Reactors" 4375:10.1073/pnas.2111833119 3453:– started operation in 3158:SMR project started in 1639:Design (Vendor Review) 1396:List of reactor designs 802:and long-lived fertile 668:cooling such as in the 605:synthetic oil from coal 362:with designs including 308:– started operation in 142:modular reactor designs 8439:. BBC. 9 November 2021 8068:world-nuclear-news.org 7251:"Atoms Grow in Appeal" 5629:(Report). Öko-Institut 4016:Trakimavičius, Lukas. 3415:, 90 km North of 3401:Doicești power station 3340: 3181: 3168: 3154:In February 2014, the 3113:in collaboration with 1943:cs:Centrum výzkumu Řež 1359:Monte Carlo simulation 1289: 776:traveling wave reactor 526: 355: 320:demonstration reactor 30:Small modular reactors 26: 10136:Small modular reactor 9212:28 March 2014 at the 8284:Europa Liberă România 7403:"SVBR AKME Antysheva" 6081:Simposio LAS/ANS 2007 4678:www.world-nuclear.org 3552:nuclear proliferation 3531:Great British Nuclear 3447:reactors – the type 3372:and the large mining 3332:Électricité de France 3125:Siting/infrastructure 2745:Seeking UK licensing 2567:Under construction 1430: Seeking license 1279: 1098:Nuclear proliferation 1093:Nuclear proliferation 1033:neutron cross section 1000:A study made by Keto 911:criticality accidents 895:nuclear proliferation 708:geological repository 637:membrane and thermal 569:lead-bismuth eutectic 516: 490:reaction, it becomes 453:Fast reactors can be 368:fast-neutron reactors 345: 302:reactors – the type 225:Nuclear Energy Agency 204:In February 2024 the 58:fast-neutron reactors 24: 9910:Traveling-wave (TWR) 9394:Supercritical (SCWR) 8619:on 25 September 2019 8338:The Sunday Telegraph 8194:www.thefirstnews.com 7554:"VOYGR Power Plants" 6313:EIRP (1 July 2017). 5895:on 25 September 2019 5814:Black, R.L. (2015), 4468:. 19 December 2019. 3792:Sustainability Times 3689:Sustainability Times 3618:Department of Energy 3608:to explore siting a 3164:containment building 3081:Design (Conceptual) 3031:Design (Conceptual) 2919:U-Battery consortium 2875:Design (Conceptual) 2849:Design (Conceptual) 2738:Holtec International 2719:Design (Conceptual) 2712:Holtec International 2515:Design (Conceptual) 2508:Energy Impact Center 2467:Design (Conceptual) 2441:Design (Conceptual) 2417:Design (Conceptual) 2391:Design (Conceptual) 2365:Design (Conceptual) 2336:United States/Canada 2313:Design (Conceptual) 2268:S Akademik Lomonosov 2158:Design (Conceptual) 2136:Design (Conceptual) 2110:Design (Conceptual) 2107:United States/France 2028:Design (Conceptual) 2004:Design (Conceptual) 1950:Design (Conceptual) 1924:Design (Conceptual) 1872:Design (Conceptual) 1822:Design (Completion) 1794:Design (Conceptual) 1684:Babcock & Wilcox 1665:Design (Conceptual) 1341:Energy Impact Center 1314:solar thermal energy 1140:molten salt reactors 979:molten salt reactors 922:fight climate change 738:), but also convert 700:light water reactors 536:light-water reactors 9280:Aqueous homogeneous 9013:on 9 November 2012. 8656:2020Ene...20618137M 8219:www.neimagazine.com 7740:. 13 September 2023 7532:federalregister.gov 7325:. 26 September 2024 6898:. 21 December 2021. 6582:on 19 October 2014. 6458:(11 January 2023). 6388:2023Ene...28128204S 6144:2020Ene...20618137M 5921:. 26 September 2013 5741:2015Ene....82.1092S 5476:2012Natur.492...31A 5209:2018BuAtS..74e.326K 4826:2015Ene....80...41L 4777:2015Ene....80...41L 4602:. Nextbigfuture.com 4366:2022PNAS..11911833K 4360:(23): e2111833119. 4149:energy.ec.europa.eu 4112:10.1155/2014/803698 3664:light-water reactor 3443:with two 30 MW 3387:On the occasion of 2901:Under construction 2819:United States/Japan 2591:Under construction 2054:Design (Completed) 1917:Kurchatov Institute 1848:Under construction 1764:United States/Japan 1741:Under construction 1589:Under construction 1487: 1414: 1310:offshore wind power 1258:hydrogen production 987:geologic repository 876:left over in their 593:hydrogen production 519:light water reactor 298:with two 30 MW 206:European Commission 72:output as low as 5 10100:Nuclear technology 9056:10.3390/en16073224 8861:Fernández, Lucía. 8834:Gardner, Timothy. 8815:on 19 January 2017 8593:Hoover Institution 8568:"Utility-Dive-SMR" 8417:. 11 November 2020 7806:World Nuclear News 7383:on 11 October 2014 7349:World Nuclear News 7323:World Nuclear News 7297:World Nuclear News 6965:World Nuclear News 6914:Terrestrial Energy 6697:World Nuclear News 6647:World Nuclear News 6515:World Nuclear News 5425:on 3 December 2014 4893:DOE-HDBK-1019 1993 4466:World Nuclear News 3616:, possibly on the 3368:In February 2022, 3338:for Nuward to the 3269:Terrestrial Energy 2977:Design (Detailed) 2822:Design (Detailed) 2771:Design (Detailed) 2358:Elysium Industries 2339:Seeking licensing 2211:Design (Detailed) 2204:Terrestrial Energy 1882:400 (non-electric) 1865:Copenhagen Atomics 1715:Design (Detailed) 1613:Design (Detailed) 1562:Design (Detailed) 1536:Design (Detailed) 1485: 1412: 1322:solar photovoltaic 1294:economies of scale 1290: 1262:shale oil recovery 1228:In July 2024, the 1168:nuclear fuel cycle 1010:spent nuclear fuel 848:neutron reflectors 829:neutron activation 787:thorium fuel cycle 557:thermal efficiency 527: 505:and used as fuel. 488:neutron absorption 394:and generally use 356: 217:net zero emissions 178:Chernobyl disaster 158:gas-cooled reactor 146:Akademik Lomonosov 107:nuclear propulsion 66:gas-cooled reactor 27: 10118: 10117: 10110:Nuclear accidents 10033: 10032: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9804: 9803: 9688: 9687: 9620: 9619: 9130:. 7 February 2018 8991:978-0-12-823916-2 8022:. NuclearNewswire 7917:. 9 December 2019 7808:. 30 October 2023 7351:. 7 December 2023 6538:"GenCost 2023‐24" 6277:Ernst & Young 6247:10.1002/etep.1945 5029:Barber, Gregory. 5002:Technology Review 4869:. BASE, März 2021 4637:978-0-12-823917-9 4297:. 5 December 2023 4271:. 5 December 2023 3377:KGHM Polska Miedź 3091: 3090: 2832:50 (non-electric) 1787:Candu Energy Inc. 1479: 1478: 1456: Operational 1280:A diagram of the 1153:Licensing process 913:and to guarantee 874:fissile materials 740:fertile materials 693:Radioactive waste 685:increasing cost. 289:radioactive waste 273:Future challenges 99:aircraft carriers 10143: 10108: 10107: 10098: 10097: 10088: 10087: 10078: 10077: 10020:Helium gas (GFR) 9883: 9882: 9878: 9815: 9814: 9699: 9698: 9649: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9636: 9418: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9220: 9219: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9091: 9089: 9087: 9078: 9068: 9058: 9033: 9032:on 16 July 2011. 9031: 9024: 9014: 9012: 9005: 8995: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8919: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8811:. Archived from 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8783:nuscalepower.com 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8757:nuscalepower.com 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8731:nuscalepower.com 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8700:. Archived from 8695: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8667: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8618: 8611: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8590: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8546: 8540: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8387: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8242:. February 2022. 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8016: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7798: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7764: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7691: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7662: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7558:nuscalepower.com 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7424:moltexenergy.com 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7382: 7376:. Archived from 7375: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7299:. 7 January 2020 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7216:www.leadcold.com 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7066: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7015: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6990: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6829:. Archived from 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6699:. 6 October 2020 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6649:. 2 October 2019 6639: 6633: 6632: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6575:. Archived from 6574: 6566: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6456:Schlissel, David 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6382:(15). Elsevier. 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6325:on 16 April 2022 6321:. Archived from 6310: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6240:(9): 1943–1951. 6225: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6198: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6155: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6045: 6032: 6031: 6021: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5799:. Archived from 5788: 5782: 5781: 5780:on 4 March 2016. 5779: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5697: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5487: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5424: 5418:. Archived from 5417: 5410: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5350:(4–5): 589–603. 5335: 5326: 5325: 5324:on 24 March 2017 5323: 5316: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5279:. Archived from 5274: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5026: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4961: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4902: 4896: 4895:, pp. 23–29 4890: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4728: 4719: 4713: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4595: 4589: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4547: 4536: 4517: 4508: 4498:INEA, NEA, IEA. 4496: 4490: 4489:WNN, 25 Oct 2021 4482: 4473: 4472: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4436: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4377: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4124: 4114: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4027:. Archived from 4022: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3988: 3978: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3759: 3750: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3680: 3606:Energy Northwest 3570: 3483:Northern England 3413:Dâmbovița county 3405:coal power plant 3393:Nuclearelectrica 3345: 3201: 3171: 3118: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3036:Westinghouse SMR 1806: 1488: 1484: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1266:district heating 1220:nuclear industry 1201:The NRC and the 1134:offer increased 1077: 1074: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1027:A report by the 976: 968:uranium fluoride 937:associate editor 892: 889: 888: 814: 811: 810: 801: 798: 797: 770: 767: 766: 754: 751: 750: 733: 730: 729: 678:Nuclear meltdown 676:can result in a 628:District heating 500: 498: 497: 485: 483: 482: 474: 472: 471: 455:breeder reactors 449: 447: 446: 438: 435: 434: 409:fissile material 406: 403: 402: 263:carbon emissions 244: 136:Operational SMRs 70:electrical power 10151: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10066: 10029: 9934: 9879: 9872: 9871: 9856: 9800: 9731: 9706: 9684: 9656: 9638: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9616: 9582: 9573: 9555: 9520: 9511: 9425: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9398: 9312:Natural fission 9266: 9265: 9253: 9247: 9214:Wayback Machine 9172: 9170: 9153: 9151: 9133: 9131: 9113: 9111: 9102: 9099: 9094: 9085: 9083: 9076: 9029: 9022: 9010: 9003: 8992: 8967: 8965:Further reading 8962: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8897: 8895: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8785:. NuSclae Power 8777: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8759:. NuScale Power 8751: 8750: 8746: 8736: 8734: 8733:. NuScale Power 8725: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8707:on 31 July 2022 8704: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8636: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8493:on 10 June 2023 8479: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8420: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8394: 8392: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8329: 8325: 8315: 8313: 8310:www.agerpres.ro 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8259:Romania Insider 8251: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8109: 8105: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8009:WNN, 2 Dec 2021 8003: 7999: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7892: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7863: 7859: 7844: 7840: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7809: 7800: 7799: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7774:(5 MB) Archived 7772:on 8 June 2019. 7769: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7272:"SMR Prospects" 7270: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7230:"SMR Dashboard" 7228: 7227: 7223: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7195:"SMR Book 2020" 7193: 7192: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7158:. 4 April 2022. 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7088:"Going Onshore" 7086: 7085: 7081: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7050: 7048: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6940:Washington Post 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6833:on 3 March 2022 6821: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6806:"Medlov FHR v1" 6804: 6803: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6702: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6612: 6610: 6609:on 13 July 2021 6595: 6594: 6587: 6579: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6492: 6482: 6478: 6468: 6466: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6311: 6307: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6226: 6222: 6175: 6171: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6092: 6088: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6046: 6035: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5812: 5808: 5803:on 9 June 2012. 5789: 5785: 5777: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5632: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5513: 5509: 5485:10.1038/492031a 5470:(7427): 31–33. 5456: 5452: 5436: 5435: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5413:"Archived copy" 5411: 5375: 5371: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5286:on 31 July 2022 5283: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5097: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 4997:Wayback Machine 4987: 4983: 4962: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4859: 4806: 4802: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4705:Wayback Machine 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4651: 4650: 4638: 4622: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4581:Wayback Machine 4571: 4564: 4556: 4548: 4539: 4528:Wayback Machine 4518: 4511: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4476: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4413: 4409: 4346: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4067: 4056: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4034:on 31 July 2022 4031: 4020: 4014: 4010: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3898: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3747:Burns & Roe 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3714: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3624:. Known as the 3588: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3571: 3539: 3515:Rolls-Royce SMR 3463: 3446: 3429: 3422: 3385: 3356: 3328: 3320:steam generator 3316:pressure vessel 3281: 3262:Darlington site 3212: 3195: 3152: 3147: 3131:Rolls-Royce SMR 3127: 3122: 3121: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 2988: 2970:Atomstroyexport 2944:OKBM Afrikantov 2597:Rolls-Royce SMR 2584:OKBM Afrikantov 2560:OKBM Afrikantov 2410:OKBM Afrikantov 2384:OKBM Afrikantov 2280:OKBM Afrikantov 2260:Design (Basic) 2238:Design (Basic) 2152:Stratek Global 2099:General Atomics 2047:OKBM Afrikantov 1898:Design (Basic) 1555:OKBM Afrikantov 1497: 1494:Gross power (MW 1481: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1418: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1274: 1242: 1155: 1095: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1040: 975: 971: 899:IAEA safeguards 887: 885: 884: 883: 881: 809: 807: 806: 805: 803: 796: 794: 793: 792: 790: 765: 763: 762: 761: 759: 749: 747: 746: 745: 743: 736:natural uranium 728: 726: 725: 724: 722: 695: 656: 635:Reverse osmosis 613: 585: 532: 511: 496: 494: 493: 492: 491: 481: 479: 478: 477: 476: 470: 468: 467: 466: 465: 445: 443: 442: 441: 440: 433: 431: 430: 429: 427: 417: 401: 399: 398: 397: 395: 376: 360:nuclear fission 348:nuclear fission 340: 332: 319: 301: 275: 252: 242: 236: 202: 174: 169: 138: 112: 88: 82: 77: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10149: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10102: 10092: 10082: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10011: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9944: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9895:Integral (IFR) 9892: 9886: 9880: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9821: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9741: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9654: 9646: 9639: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9525: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9465: 9460: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9430: 9428: 9423: 9415: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9282: 9276: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9246: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9160: 9140: 9120: 9098: 9097:External links 9095: 9093: 9092: 9069: 9034: 9015: 8996: 8990: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8934: 8905: 8880: 8853: 8826: 8796: 8770: 8744: 8718: 8681: 8630: 8598: 8577: 8559: 8541: 8530: 8504: 8472: 8450: 8428: 8402: 8373: 8351: 8323: 8297: 8271: 8245: 8231: 8206: 8181: 8155: 8129: 8103: 8080: 8051: 8033: 8011: 7997: 7979: 7953: 7928: 7902: 7891:. 19 July 2018 7876: 7857: 7838: 7819: 7788: 7776: 7751: 7725: 7707: 7678: 7649: 7623: 7597: 7571: 7545: 7519: 7497: 7483: 7458: 7436: 7411: 7394: 7362: 7336: 7310: 7284: 7263: 7242: 7221: 7203: 7186: 7174:www.onr.org.uk 7161: 7147: 7121: 7100: 7079: 7058: 7046:Power Magazine 7032: 7007: 6982: 6971:on 22 May 2021 6952: 6926: 6901: 6883: 6858: 6844: 6814: 6797: 6780: 6764:"GEH BWRX-300" 6755: 6741: 6727: 6710: 6684: 6660: 6634: 6620: 6585: 6558: 6528: 6502: 6476: 6447: 6425: 6403: 6362: 6336: 6305: 6290: 6261: 6220: 6169: 6118: 6086: 6067: 6033: 5984: 5958: 5932: 5906: 5874: 5849: 5836: 5806: 5783: 5754: 5712: 5683: 5640: 5617: 5588: 5562: 5530: 5507: 5450: 5369: 5327: 5322:(presentation) 5297: 5260: 5237: 5183: 5157: 5133: 5107: 5081: 5055: 5018: 5006: 4981: 4941: 4916: 4897: 4885: 4871: 4857: 4800: 4748: 4714: 4690: 4665: 4636: 4613: 4590: 4562: 4557:(presentation) 4537: 4509: 4491: 4474: 4450: 4407: 4333: 4308: 4282: 4256: 4229: 4215: 4187: 4176:. 30 June 2022 4161: 4136: 4085: 4065: 4045: 4008: 3949: 3924: 3885: 3859: 3831: 3804: 3775: 3751: 3734: 3701: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3637:Galena, Alaska 3573: 3572: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3538: 3535: 3469:was assessing 3462: 3461:United Kingdom 3459: 3444: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3384: 3381: 3355: 3352: 3327: 3324: 3283:In July 2019, 3280: 3277: 3211: 3208: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3145:Proposed sites 3143: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117:and Kinectrics 3103: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3024:OKB Gidropress 3021: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922:United Kingdom 2920: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846:Czech Republic 2844: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793:United Kingdom 2791: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2764:OKB Gidropress 2761: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2614:United Kingdom 2612: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2310:United States 2308: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1734:Atomenergoprom 1731: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1671:B&W mPower 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658:OKB Gidropress 1655: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1466: 1464: Canceled 1458: 1449: 1448: 1440: 1432: 1424: 1400:Main article: 1397: 1394: 1363:first quartile 1303:load-following 1273: 1270: 1241: 1238: 1216:nuclear energy 1207:energy density 1154: 1151: 1094: 1091: 1071: 1058: 1045: 1004:(2022) at the 973: 953: 952: 886: 808: 795: 764: 748: 727: 694: 691: 655: 654:Nuclear safety 652: 612: 611:Load following 609: 584: 581: 531: 528: 510: 507: 495: 480: 469: 444: 432: 416: 413: 400: 375: 372: 339: 336: 330: 317: 299: 274: 271: 257:an initiative 250: 234: 229:global warming 201: 198: 173: 170: 168: 165: 137: 134: 119:passive safety 110: 86: 80: 75: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10148: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10111: 10103: 10101: 10093: 10091: 10083: 10081: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9940:Generation IV 9937: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9890:Breeder (FBR) 9888: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9876: 9867: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9795: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 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9215: 9211: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9150:. 3 July 2023 9149: 9145: 9141: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9110:. 17 May 2016 9109: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9082: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8969: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8809:www.uamps.com 8806: 8805:"Carbon Free" 8800: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8703: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8676: 8675:11311/1204935 8671: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8615: 8608: 8602: 8594: 8587: 8581: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8460: 8454: 8438: 8432: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8361: 8355: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8327: 8312:(in Romanian) 8311: 8308: 8301: 8286:(in Romanian) 8285: 8281: 8275: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8235: 8220: 8216: 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Power 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370:NuScale Power 3366: 3364: 3361: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3260:SMR at their 3259: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235:New Brunswick 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216:New Brunswick 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3184:, CNEA), the 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3080: 3078:United States 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3052:United States 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3002:United States 3001: 2999: 2998:NuScale Power 2996: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2895: 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2084: 2083: 2079: 2077:United States 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1971:United States 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1688:United States 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 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